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Combe M, Reverter M, Caruso D, Pepey E, Gozlan RE. Impact of Global Warming on the Severity of Viral Diseases: A Potentially Alarming Threat to Sustainable Aquaculture Worldwide. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11041049. [PMID: 37110472 PMCID: PMC10146364 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11041049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
With an ever-increasing human population, food security remains a central issue for the coming years. The magnitude of the environmental impacts of food production has motivated the assessment of the environmental and health benefits of shifting diets, from meat to fish and seafood. One of the main concerns for the sustainable development of aquaculture is the emergence and spread of infectious animal diseases in a warming climate. We conducted a meta-analysis to investigate the influence of global warming on mortality due to viral infections in farmed aquatic animals. We found a positive trend between increasing temperature and increasing viral virulence, with an increase in water temperature of 1 °C resulting in an increase in mortality of 1.47-8.33% in OsHV-1 infected oysters, 2.55-6.98% in carps infected with CyHV-3 and 2.18-5.37% in fishes infected with NVVs. We suggest that global warming is going to pose a risk of viral disease outbreaks in aquaculture and could compromise global food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Combe
- ISEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Miriam Reverter
- ISEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 34095 Montpellier, France
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Domenico Caruso
- ISEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Elodie Pepey
- ISEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 34095 Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR ISEM, 34398 Montpellier, France
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Machat R, Pojezdal L, Gebauer J, Matiasovic J, Tesarik R, Minarova H, Hodkovicova N, Faldyna M. Early immune response of two common carp breeds to koi herpesvirus infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 128:206-215. [PMID: 35940535 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Economic importance of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) increases every year. Viral diseases are major threat for carp aquaculture and cause significant economic losses. Koi herpesvirus (KHV) is one of the most serious carp diseases. Current study is focused on confirmation of possible differences in early immune response to KHV depending on level of resistance. Class I interferon signalling, complement cascade and cell-mediated cytotoxicity are hypothesized as major mechanisms of early innate immune response against KHV. Different breeds of common carp show distinct level of resistance to KHV. Two breeds of common carp with completely different susceptibility to KHV were chosen for current research: amur wild carp (AS) as highly resistant and koi carp (KOI) as very susceptible breed. KHV infection caused no mortalities, but the viral load in selected tissues increased during infection. Levels of expressions of chosen genes was examined using qRT-PCR and overall change in protein expression profiles was analysed by mass spectrometry. Significant differences in immune response between AS and KOI were detected mostly at the level of protein expression. Although cell-mediated cytotoxicity showed minimal influence during KHV infection, many immune response parameters related to class I interferon signalling pathway and complement cascade were increased earlier during KHV infection in AS comparing to KOI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radek Machat
- Department of Infection Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, 621 00, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Lubomir Pojezdal
- Department of Infection Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, 621 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Gebauer
- Department of Infection Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, 621 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Matiasovic
- Department of Infection Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, 621 00, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Tesarik
- Department of Infection Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, 621 00, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Minarova
- Department of Infection Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, 621 00, Czech Republic; Department of Ecology & Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, 612 42, Czech Republic
| | - Nikola Hodkovicova
- Department of Infection Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, 621 00, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Faldyna
- Department of Infection Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, 621 00, Czech Republic.
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Dharmaratnam A, Sudhagar A, Das S, Nair RR, Nithianantham SR, Preena PG, Lekshmi N, Swaminathan TR. Immune gene expression and protective effects in goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) immunized with formalin-inactivated cyprinid herpesvirus-2 (CyHV-2) vaccine. Microb Pathog 2022; 164:105452. [PMID: 35217179 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The goldfish hematopoietic necrosis viral disease (GHNVD) has led to worldwide economic losses in goldfish aquaculture. The present study has focused on the development of an inactivated vaccine for the cyprinid herpesvirus (CyHV-2) and to check the immunogenicity of the vaccine in the host. The fantail goldfish fin (FtGF) cell line was used in the propagation of the CyHV-2 and the viral titer obtained were of 107.8 TCID50/ml. Followed by the virus was inactivated using 0.1% formalin for 2 days. Various concentrations of formalin-inactivated CyHV-2 (1%, 0.7%, 0.5%, 0.3% and 0.1%) were studied in the FtGF cell line. Morphological changes were observed in the FtGF cell line in all other concentrations of formalin except 0.1% formalin-inactivated CyHV-2 vaccine. The goldfishes were intraperitoneally injected with 300 μl of vaccine and various immune gene responses were studied for a period of 30 days. The gene expression of the adaptive markers CD8, CD4, IFN-ϒ, the cytokines (IL-10, IL-12) was studied in kidney and spleen tissues. Formalin-inactivated CyHV-2 vaccine showed a significant up-regulation of the genes CD8 and IFN-ϒ by the 6th hr post-vaccination onwards. The experimental fish were challenged intraperitoneally with CyHV-2 virus of concentration 107.8 TCID50/ml after 30 days of post-vaccination. A significant difference in cumulative mortality rate was observed for the vaccinated fishes from the unvaccinated fishes. The relative percent survival for formalin immunized fish was 74.03%. Our results have proven that the formalin-inactivated vaccines were efficient and it resulted in triggering the immune gene expression in goldfish. The development and further enhanced studies for this vaccine will lead to a promising low-cost commercial vaccine for CyHV-2 viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arathi Dharmaratnam
- PMFGR Centre National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Kochi, Kerala, 682018, India
| | - Arun Sudhagar
- PMFGR Centre National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Kochi, Kerala, 682018, India
| | - Sweta Das
- PMFGR Centre National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Kochi, Kerala, 682018, India
| | - Reshma Rajeev Nair
- PMFGR Centre National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Kochi, Kerala, 682018, India
| | | | | | - Narendrakumar Lekshmi
- PMFGR Centre National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Kochi, Kerala, 682018, India
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Tolo IE, Bajer PG, Wolf TM, Mor SK, Phelps NBD. Investigation of Cyprinid Herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) Disease Periods and Factors Influencing CyHV-3 Transmission in A Low Stocking Density Infection Trial. Animals (Basel) 2021; 12:ani12010002. [PMID: 35011108 PMCID: PMC8749781 DOI: 10.3390/ani12010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pathogens are the primary limitation to aquaculture production of fish and a major issue in consideration of the interface between cultured and wild populations of fishes worldwide. While rapid spread of fish pathogens between populations (wild or farmed) is generally anthropogenic and the result of trade, the mechanisms of transmission once a pathogen has been introduced to a fish population are not well understood. The most widespread pathogen impacting both aquaculture and wild populations of common carp (Cyprinus carpio, carp) is Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3). To understand how CyHV-3 is transmitted in a population we conducted a series of infection trials, designed to determine the kinetics CyHV-3 infections, identify the contributions of direct and indirect forms of CyHV-3 transmission, and to determine the contributions of contact rate, viral load, pathogenicity, and contact type. We found that direct contact between fish was the primary mechanism of CyHV-3 transmission rather than transmission through contaminated water. Additionally, CyHV-3 transmission occurred primarily during the incubation period of CyHV-3, prior to the appearance of disease signs and disease-associated reduction in contact rate. Abstract Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) is the etiological agent of koi herpesvirus disease (KHVD) and important pathogen of aquaculture and wild populations of common carp worldwide. Understanding the relative contributions of direct and indirect transmission of CyHV-3 as well as the factors that drive CyHV-3 transmission can clarify the importance of environmental disease vectors and is valuable for informing disease modeling efforts. To study the mechanisms and factors driving CyHV-3 transmission we conducted infection trials that determined the kinetics of KHVD and the contributions of direct and indirect forms of CyHV-3 transmission, as well as the contributions of contact rate, viral load, pathogenicity and contact type. The incubation period of KHVD was 5.88 + 1.75 days and the symptomatic period was 5.31 + 0.87 days. Direct transmission was determined to be the primary mechanism of CyHV-3 transmission (OR = 25.08, 95%CI = 10.73–99.99, p = 4.29 × 10−18) and transmission primarily occurred during the incubation period of KHVD. Direct transmission decreased in the symptomatic period of disease. Transmissibility of CyHV-3 and indirect transmission increased during the symptomatic period of disease, correlating with increased viral loads. Additionally, potential virulence-transmission tradeoffs and disease avoidance behaviors relevant to CyHV-3 transmission were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaiah E. Tolo
- Minnesota Aquatic Invasive Species Research Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (I.E.T.); (P.G.B.); (S.K.M.)
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, College of Food, Agriculture and Natural Resource Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Przemyslaw G. Bajer
- Minnesota Aquatic Invasive Species Research Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (I.E.T.); (P.G.B.); (S.K.M.)
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, College of Food, Agriculture and Natural Resource Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Tiffany M. Wolf
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA;
| | - Sunil K. Mor
- Minnesota Aquatic Invasive Species Research Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (I.E.T.); (P.G.B.); (S.K.M.)
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA;
| | - Nicholas B. D. Phelps
- Minnesota Aquatic Invasive Species Research Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (I.E.T.); (P.G.B.); (S.K.M.)
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, College of Food, Agriculture and Natural Resource Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
- Correspondence:
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Murray KN, Clark TS, Kebus MJ, Kent ML. Specific Pathogen Free - A review of strategies in agriculture, aquaculture, and laboratory mammals and how they inform new recommendations for laboratory zebrafish. Res Vet Sci 2021; 142:78-93. [PMID: 34864461 PMCID: PMC9120263 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Specific pathogen-free (SPF) animals are bred and managed to exclude pathogens associated with significant morbidity or mortality that may secondarily pose a risk to public health, food safety and food security, and research replicability. Generating and maintaining SPF animals requires detailed biosecurity planning for control of housing, environmental, and husbandry factors and a history of regimented pathogen testing. Successful programs involve comprehensive risk analysis and exclusion protocols that are rooted in a thorough understanding of pathogen lifecycle and modes of transmission. In this manuscript we review the current state of SPF in domestic agriculture (pigs and poultry), aquaculture (salmonids and shrimp), and small laboratory mammals. As the use of laboratory fish, especially zebrafish (Danio rerio), as models of human disease is expanding exponentially, it is prudent to define standards for SPF in this field. We use the guiding principles from other SPF industries and evaluate zebrafish pathogens against criteria to be on an SPF list, to propose recommendations for establishing and maintaining SPF laboratory zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina N Murray
- Zebrafish International Resource Center, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA.
| | - Tannia S Clark
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Myron J Kebus
- Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection, Madison, WI 53708, USA
| | - Michael L Kent
- Zebrafish International Resource Center, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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Wen J, Xu Y, Su M, Lu L, Wang H. Susceptibility of Goldfish to Cyprinid Herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2) SH01 Isolated from Cultured Crucian Carp. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091761. [PMID: 34578342 PMCID: PMC8473056 DOI: 10.3390/v13091761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2), a member of the Alloherpesviridae family belonging to the genus Cyprinivirus, is a fatal contagious aquatic pathogen that affects goldfish (Carassius auratus) and crucian carp (Carassius carassius). Although crucian carp and goldfish belong to the genus Carassius, it is unclear whether they are susceptible to the same CyHV-2 isolate. In addition, the origin of the crucian carp-derived CyHV-2 virus isolate remains unclear. CyHV-2 SH01 was isolated during herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis disease (HVHN) outbreaks in crucian carp at a local fish farm near Shanghai. CyHV-2 SH01 was confirmed by PCR and Western blot analysis of kidney, spleen, muscle, and blood tissue from the diseased crucian carp. Moreover, histopathological and ultra-pathological analyses revealed pathological changes characteristic of CyHV-2 SH01 infection in the tissues of the diseased crucian carp. In the present study, goldfish and crucian carp were challenged with CyHV-2 SH01 to elucidate viral virulence. We found that CyHV-2 SH01 could cause rapid and fatal disease progression in goldfish and crucian carp 24 h post-injection at 28 °C. Experimental infection of goldfish by injection indicated that the average virus titer in the kidney of the goldfish was 103.47 to 103.59 copies/mg. In addition, tissues exhibited the most prominent histopathological changes (cellular wrinkling and shrinkage, cytoplasmic vacuolation, fusion of the gill lamellae, and hepatic congestion) in CyHV-2 SH01-infected goldfish and crucian carp. Thus, crucian carp and goldfish showed a high sensitivity, with typical symptoms, to HVHN disease caused by CyHV-2 SH01.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxuan Wen
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (J.W.); (Y.X.); (M.S.); (L.L.)
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yao Xu
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (J.W.); (Y.X.); (M.S.); (L.L.)
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Meizhen Su
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (J.W.); (Y.X.); (M.S.); (L.L.)
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Liqun Lu
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (J.W.); (Y.X.); (M.S.); (L.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Hao Wang
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (J.W.); (Y.X.); (M.S.); (L.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Technology, Qingdao 266200, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-021-61900453 (ext. 201306)
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Wang ZH, Ke F, Zhang QY, Gui JF. Structural and Functional Diversity among Five RING Finger Proteins from Carassius Auratus Herpesvirus (CaHV). Viruses 2021; 13:v13020254. [PMID: 33562288 PMCID: PMC7914681 DOI: 10.3390/v13020254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Carassius auratus herpesvirus (CaHV) has been identified as a high-virulence pathogenic virus that infects aquatic animals, but the key factor for virus–host interaction is still unclear. Five Really interesting new genes (RING) finger proteins (39L, 52L, 131R, 136L, and 143R) of CaHV were screened to determine structural diversity. RING finger proteins were also predicted in other known fish herpesviruses, with an arrangement and number similar to CaHV. We performed multifaceted analyses of the proteins, including protein sizes, skeleton structures, subcellular localizations, and ubiquitination activities, to determine their precise roles in virus–host interactions. The five proteins were overexpressed and detected different levels of ubiquitination activities, and 143R showed the highest activity. Then, the prokaryotic expressed and purified full-length proteins (131R and 136L), RING domain isolates (131R12–43 and 136L45–87), and RING domain-deleted mutants (131RΔ12–43 and 136LΔ45–87) were prepared to detect their activities through ubiquitination assays. The results indicate that both full-length proteins and their isolates have activities that catalyze ubiquitination, and the full-length proteins possess higher activity than the isolates, but RING domain-deleted mutants lose their activities. Furthermore, the activities of the five proteins were verified as E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, showing that the RING domains determine the ubiquitination activity. These proteins present different subcellular localization. RING domain-deleted mutants showed similar subcellular localization with their full-length proteins, and all the isolates diffused in whole cells. The current results indicate that the sequence outside the RING domain determines subcellular localization and the level of ubiquitination activity, suggesting that the RING finger proteins of fish herpesviruses might have diverse functions in virus–host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (Z.-H.W.); (F.K.)
- College of Modern Agriculture Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Fei Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (Z.-H.W.); (F.K.)
- College of Modern Agriculture Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qi-Ya Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (Z.-H.W.); (F.K.)
- College of Modern Agriculture Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Correspondence: (Q.-Y.Z.); (J.-F.G.); Tel.: +86-027-68780792 (Q.-Y.Z.); +86-027-68780707 (J.-F.G.)
| | - Jian-Fang Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (Z.-H.W.); (F.K.)
- College of Modern Agriculture Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Correspondence: (Q.-Y.Z.); (J.-F.G.); Tel.: +86-027-68780792 (Q.-Y.Z.); +86-027-68780707 (J.-F.G.)
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Hwang JA, Kim JE, Kim HS, Park J, Lee JH. Susceptibility of Koi, Koi×Red Common Carp, and Red Common Carp×Koi to Koi Herpesvirus (KHV). Dev Reprod 2021; 24:277-286. [PMID: 33537514 PMCID: PMC7837415 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2020.24.4.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The disease-causing koi herpes virus (KHV), also known as cyprinid herpesvirus-3
(CyHV-3), causes mass mortality of koi and carp. Koi (Cyprinus
carpio) is a host for KHV, one of 12 virus species in the
Alloherpesviridae family. We examined the effects of KHV
disease koi (KK), and on koi×red common carp (KR) and red common
carp×koi (RK) cross, using a virus challenge test. The infected fish had
clinical signs that included gill necrosis and skin lesions. The RK and KR were
highly more resistant (cumulative mortality: RK; 6% and KR; 8%) to
KHV infection than KK fish (cumulative mortality: 28%). KHV DNA was
confirmed in the tissues of all dead fish in groups by use of polymerase chain
reaction (PCR), and the presence of the KHV protein in kidney was confirmed by
immunohistochemistry. Histological analysis showed severe gill lesions and
fusion of the lamellae in KK fish, but less severe damage in RK fish. In
immunohistochemistry analysis, the KHV protein localized in the cytoplasm of
infected kidney cells of KK, but the cross groups had lower levels of KHV
antigen. Our data indicate that the cross groups had increased resistance to KHV
disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Ae Hwang
- Inland Aquaculture Research Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), Changwon 51688, Korea
| | - Jung Eun Kim
- Inland Aquaculture Research Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), Changwon 51688, Korea
| | - Hyeong Su Kim
- Inland Aquaculture Research Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), Changwon 51688, Korea
| | - Junseong Park
- Inland Aquaculture Research Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), Changwon 51688, Korea
| | - Jeong-Ho Lee
- Inland Aquaculture Research Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), Changwon 51688, Korea
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Costa VA, Mifsud JCO, Gilligan D, Williamson JE, Holmes EC, Geoghegan JL. Metagenomic sequencing reveals a lack of virus exchange between native and invasive freshwater fish across the Murray-Darling Basin, Australia. Virus Evol 2021; 7:veab034. [PMID: 34017611 PMCID: PMC8121191 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veab034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological invasions are among the biggest threats to freshwater biodiversity. This is increasingly relevant in the Murray-Darling Basin, Australia, particularly since the introduction of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio). This invasive species now occupies up to ninety per cent of fish biomass, with hugely detrimental impacts on native fauna and flora. To address the ongoing impacts of carp, cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) has been proposed as a potentially effective biological control agent. Crucially, however, it is unknown whether CyHV-3 and other cyprinid herpesviruses already exist in the Murray-Darling. Further, little is known about those viruses that naturally occur in wild freshwater fauna, and the frequency with which these viruses jump species boundaries. To document the evolution and diversity of freshwater fish viromes and better understand the ecological context to the proposed introduction of CyHV-3, we performed a meta-transcriptomic viral survey of invasive and native fish across the Murray-Darling Basin, covering over 2,200 km of the river system. Across a total of thirty-six RNA libraries representing ten species, we failed to detect CyHV-3 nor any closely related viruses. Rather, meta-transcriptomic analysis identified eighteen vertebrate-associated viruses that could be assigned to the Arenaviridae, Astroviridae, Bornaviridae, Caliciviridae, Coronaviridae, Chuviridae, Flaviviridae, Hantaviridae, Hepeviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Picornaviridae, Poxviridae, Reoviridae and Rhabdoviridae families, and a further twenty-seven that were deemed to be associated with non-vertebrate hosts. Notably, we revealed a marked lack of viruses that are shared among invasive and native fish sampled here, suggesting that there is little virus transmission from common carp to native fish species, despite co-existing for over fifty years. Overall, this study provides the first data on the viruses naturally circulating in a major river system and supports the notion that fish harbour a large diversity of viruses with often deep evolutionary histories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo A Costa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Jonathon C O Mifsud
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Dean Gilligan
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Batemans Bay Fisheries Office, Batemans Bay 2536, Australia
| | - Jane E Williamson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Edward C Holmes
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jemma L Geoghegan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, Porirua 5022, New Zealand
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10
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Ababneh M, Hananeh W, Alzghoul M. Mass mortality associated with koi herpesvirus in common carp in Iraq. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04827. [PMID: 32923729 PMCID: PMC7476233 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Koi herpesvirus disease is a serious disease affecting both wild and common carp species in different continents throughout the world. Based on pathological and molecular findings, we document the presence of koi herpesvirus disease in Iraq as a cause of mass mortality among the common carp of the Tigris river. On a macroscopic level, the fish exhibited variably sized skin ulcerations throughout the entire trunk. The gills showed variable degrees of discoloration with an increased amount of slimy mucus. Microscopically, degeneration and necrosis with infiltration of a heterogenous population of inflammatory cells characterized different organs, primarily the skin and gills, with occasional intranuclear inclusion bodies that are consistent with koi herpesvirus disease. A semi-nested PCR assay coupled with sequencing confirmed the pathological diagnosis. Genotyping and sequence analysis of the TK gene, ORF 136 and markers I and II identified the isolated CyHV-3 as variant A1 of the Asian genotype TUSMT1 (J strain) displaying the I++II+ allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Ababneh
- Department of Basic Medical Veterinary Sciences, Jordan University of Science & Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Wael Hananeh
- Department of Pathology and Public Health, Jordan University of Science & Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Alzghoul
- Department of Basic Medical Veterinary Sciences, Jordan University of Science & Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
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11
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Biocontrol of the Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) in Australia: A Review and Future Directions. FISHES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/fishes5020017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Invasive pest species are recognized as one of the important drivers of reduced global biodiversity. In Australia, the 267 invasive plant, animal and microbial species, established since European colonization in the 1770s, have been unequivocally declared the most important threat to species diversity in this country. One invasive pest, the common carp (Cyprinus carpio), has been targeted in an integrated pest management plan that might include cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) as a potential biocontrol agent. The species-specificity of the released virus (and of field variants that will inevitably arise) has been assessed, and the virus judged to be safe. It has also been hypothesised that, because the virulence of the CyHV-3 will likely decline following release, the virus should be used strategically: initially, the aim would be to markedly reduce numbers of carp in naive populations, and then some other, as yet uncertain, complementary broad-scale control measure would knock-down carp numbers even further. Brief results are included from recent studies on the modelling of release and spread of the virus, the ecological and social concerns associated with virus release, and the restoration benefits that might be expected following carp control. We conclude that, while further work is required (on the virus, the target species, environmental issues, and especially the identification of a suitable broad-scale complementary control measure), optimism must prevail in order to ensure an eventual solution to this important environmental problem.
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12
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Bergmann SM, Jin Y, Franzke K, Grunow B, Wang Q, Klafack S. Koi herpesvirus (KHV) and KHV disease (KHVD) - a recently updated overview. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 129:98-103. [PMID: 32077213 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Over the last years, there has been an enormous increase in the knowledge on koi herpesvirus (KHV), koi herpesvirus disease (KHVD), pathogenesis and virus variants. Different KHV lineages have clearly been identified, possible genomic changes during replication in different cell cultures at different temperatures but also in several hosts have been identified, a persistent stage of infection has been specified and it has been shown that infection with KHV is not host specific at all, but KHVD is. Additionally, it has been shown that it is possible to combat KHVD by immunization with inactivated and attenuated live vaccines using different delivery systems but also to benefit from alternative treatments with e.g. exopolysaccharids obtained from Arthrospira platensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Bergmann
- OIE and National Reference Laboratory for KHVD, Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Y Jin
- OIE and National Reference Laboratory for KHVD, Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - K Franzke
- OIE and National Reference Laboratory for KHVD, Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - B Grunow
- Institute of Muscle Biology & Growth, Junior Research Group Fish Growth Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Q Wang
- Key Lab of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Lab of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Peal River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - S Klafack
- OIE and National Reference Laboratory for KHVD, Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.,Institute for Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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13
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Hu F, Li Y, Wang Q, Wang G, Zhu B, Wang Y, Zeng W, Yin J, Liu C, Bergmann SM, Shi C. Carbon nanotube-based DNA vaccine against koi herpesvirus given by intramuscular injection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 98:810-818. [PMID: 31743761 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Koi herpesvirus (KHV) also named Cyprinid Herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) is one of the most threatening pathogens affecting common carp production as well as the valued ornamental koi carp. The current commercial vaccines available are costly and potentially cause severe stress caused by live virus. KHV ORF149 gene has been proved encoding one of the main immunogenic proteins for KHV. In this study, we coupled a plasmid expression vector for ORF149 to single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) for an anti-KHV vaccine. The vaccine conferred an 81.9% protection against intraperitoneal challenge with KHV. Importantly, SWCNTs as a promising vehicle can enhanced the protective effects 33.9% over that of the naked DNA vaccine at the same dose. The protection was longer and serum antibody production, enzyme activities and immune-related gene expression were all induced in fish vaccinated with the nanotube-DNA vaccine compared with the DNA alone. Thereby, this study demonstrates that the ORF149 DNA vaccine loaded onto SWCNTs as a novel vaccine might provide an effective method of coping with KHV disease using intra-muscular vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yingying Li
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - Gaoxue Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, PR China
| | - Bin Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, PR China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Weiwei Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Jiyuan Yin
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Chun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Sven M Bergmann
- German Reference Laboratory for KHVD, Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Cunbin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
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14
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Amtmann A, Ahmed I, Zahner-Rimmel P, Mletzko A, Jordan LK, Oberle M, Wedekind H, Christian J, Bergmann SM, Becker AM. Virucidal effects of various agents-including protease-against koi herpesvirus and viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2020; 43:185-195. [PMID: 31762053 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In a search for alternative, environmentally friendly and effective disinfecting agents, a commercially available protease-Neutrase® -was tested in this work for inactivation of koi herpesvirus (KHV) and of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV). For comparison, the stability of these viral pathogens in similar configurations at various pH values and concentrations of peracetic acid or quicklime, typically used for disinfection, was tested. Therefore, virus suspensions were incubated with various concentrations of different agents for 24 hr and the titre of the remaining infectious particles was determined by virus titration. Furthermore, the treatment of both viruses, with the agents at concentrations that were previously appointed as effective, was also examined in the presence of solid material (quartz sand). All procedures investigated in this study, including the protease treatment, were able to reduce the titre of KHV and VHSV below the detection limit of the titration. Although further studies are necessary, this is the first report of the application of a protease for the inactivation of the selected fish pathogens, demonstrating the great potential of the latter for disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette Amtmann
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ibrahim Ahmed
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- College of Biotechnology, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Petra Zahner-Rimmel
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Adam Mletzko
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lisa Katharina Jordan
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Oberle
- Department for Carp Farming, Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture, Institute for Fisheries, Höchstadt an der Aisch, Germany
| | - Helmut Wedekind
- Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture, Institute for Fisheries, Starnberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Christian
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Institute for Animal Health II, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sven Michael Bergmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Infectology, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Anna Maria Becker
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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15
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Padhi SK, Tolo I, McEachran M, Primus A, Mor SK, Phelps NBD. Koi herpesvirus and carp oedema virus: Infections and coinfections during mortality events of wild common carp in the United States. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2019; 42:1609-1621. [PMID: 31637761 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Koi herpesvirus (KHV; cyprinid herpesvirus-3) and carp oedema virus (CEV) are important viruses of common and koi carp (Cyprinus carpio); however, the distribution of these viruses in wild common carp in North America is largely unknown. During the summers of 2017 and 2018, 27 mass mortalities of common carp were reported from four states in the USA (Minnesota, Iowa, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin), the majority of which were distributed across eight major watersheds in southern Minnesota. Samples from 22 of these mortality events and from five clinically healthy nearby carp populations were screened for KHV, CEV and SVCV using real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). KHV was confirmed in 13 mortality events, CEV in two mortality events and coinfections of KHV/CEV in four mortality events. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that the KHV and CEV detected here are closely related to European lineages of these viruses. While molecular detection alone cannot conclusively link either virus with disease, the cases described here expand the known range of two important viruses. This is also the first reported detection of KHV and CEV coinfections in wild carp populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumesh K Padhi
- Minnesota Aquatic Invasive Species Research Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- College of Food, Agriculture and Natural Resource Sciences, Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Isaiah Tolo
- Minnesota Aquatic Invasive Species Research Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- College of Food, Agriculture and Natural Resource Sciences, Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Margaret McEachran
- Minnesota Aquatic Invasive Species Research Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- College of Food, Agriculture and Natural Resource Sciences, Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Alexander Primus
- Minnesota Aquatic Invasive Species Research Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Sunil K Mor
- Minnesota Aquatic Invasive Species Research Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Nicholas B D Phelps
- Minnesota Aquatic Invasive Species Research Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- College of Food, Agriculture and Natural Resource Sciences, Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
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16
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Klafack S, Fiston-Lavier AS, Bergmann SM, Hammoumi S, Schröder L, Fuchs W, Lusiastuti A, Lee PY, Heredia SV, Gosselin-Grenet AS, Avarre JC. Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 Evolves In Vitro through an Assemblage of Haplotypes that Alternatively Become Dominant or Under-Represented. Viruses 2019; 11:v11080754. [PMID: 31443175 PMCID: PMC6723609 DOI: 10.3390/v11080754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are able to evolve in vitro by mutations after serial passages in cell cultures, which can lead to either a loss, or an increase, of virulence. Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3), a 295-kb double-stranded DNA virus, is the etiological agent of the koi herpesvirus disease (KHVD). To assess the influence of serial passages, an isolate of CyHV-3 (KHV-T) was passaged 99 times onto common carp brain (CCB) cells, and virus virulence was evaluated during passages through the experimental infections of common carp. After 78 CCB passages, the isolate was much less virulent than the original form. A comparative genomic analysis of these three forms of KHV-T (P0, P78 and P99) revealed a limited number of variations. The largest one was a deletion of 1363 bp in the predicted ORF150, which was detected in P78, but not in P99. This unexpected finding was confirmed by conventional PCR and digital PCR. The results presented here primarily suggest that, CyHV-3 evolves, at least in vitro, through an assemblage of haplotypes that alternatively become dominant or under-represented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Klafack
- Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffer-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Sven M Bergmann
- Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffer-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Saliha Hammoumi
- ISEM, IRD, CNRS, EPHE, University of Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Lars Schröder
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich Loeffer Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Walter Fuchs
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich Loeffer Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Angela Lusiastuti
- Research Institute for Freshwater Aquaculture and Fisheries Extension, Bogor 16129, Indonesia
| | - Pei-Yu Lee
- GenReach Biotechnology, Taichung City 407, Taiwan
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17
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Boutier M, Donohoe O, Kopf RK, Humphries P, Becker JA, Marshall J, Vanderplasschen A. Biocontrol of Carp: The Australian Plan Does Not Stand Up to a Rational Analysis of Safety and Efficacy. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:882. [PMID: 31114554 PMCID: PMC6503052 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Boutier
- Department of Parasitic and Infectious Diseases, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Owen Donohoe
- Department of Parasitic and Infectious Diseases, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Bioscience Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Athlone, Ireland
| | - R Keller Kopf
- School of Environmental Sciences, Institute for Land Water & Society, Charles Sturt University, Albury, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul Humphries
- School of Environmental Sciences, Institute for Land Water & Society, Charles Sturt University, Albury, NSW, Australia
| | - Joy A Becker
- Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Jonathan Marshall
- Queensland Department of Environment and Science, Water Planning Ecology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Alain Vanderplasschen
- Department of Parasitic and Infectious Diseases, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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18
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Kopf RK, Boutier M, Finlayson CM, Hodges K, Humphries P, King A, Kingsford RT, Marshall J, McGinness HM, Thresher R, Vanderplasschen A. Biocontrol in Australia: Can a carp herpesvirus (CyHV-3) deliver safe and effective ecological restoration? Biol Invasions 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-019-01967-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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19
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Su H, Su J. Cyprinid viral diseases and vaccine development. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 83:84-95. [PMID: 30195914 PMCID: PMC7118463 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In the past decades, global freshwater fish production has been rapidly growing, while cyprinid takes the largest portion. Along with the rapid rise of novel forms of intensive aquaculture, increased global aquatic animal movement and various anthropogenic stress to aquatic ecosystems during the past century, freshwater fish farming industry encounter the emergence and breakout of many diseases, especially viral diseases. Because of the ability to safely and effectively prevent aquaculture diseases, vaccines have become the mainstream technology for prevention and control of aquatic diseases in the world. In this review, authors summarized six major cyprinid viral diseases, including koi herpesvirus disease (KHVD), spring viraemia of carp (SVC), grass carp hemorrhagic disease (GCHD), koi sleepy disease (KSD), carp pox disease (CPD) and herpesviral haematopoietic necrosis (HPHN). The present review described the characteristics of these diseases from epidemiology, pathology, etiology and diagnostics. Furthermore, the development of specific vaccines respective to these diseases is stated according to preparation methods and immunization approaches. It is hoped that the review could contribute to aquaculture in prevention and controlling of cyprinid viral diseases, and serve the healthy and sustainable development of aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Su
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jianguo Su
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, China.
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20
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Parasites and Host Species Barriers in Animal Hybrid Zones. Trends Ecol Evol 2018; 34:19-30. [PMID: 30348471 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Species barriers are tested in hybrid zones when gene flow occurs between hybridizing species. Hybridization can erode species barriers, lead to the introgression of adaptive traits, or remain stable through time. Outcomes in hybrid zones are influenced by divergence between the hybridizing taxa, behavior, ecology, and geography. Parasites and pathogens play a major role in host fitness and appear to have varied impacts on species barriers in hybrid zones. We comprehensively reviewed the literature on parasitism in animal hybrid zones and present an evolutionary framework within which to consider parasite-hybrid interactions. Parasites most frequently show potential to contribute to species barrier breakdown in hybrid zones, but also frequently show potential to facilitate the maintenance of species barriers. Incorporating eco-immunology, parasite community theory, and spatiotemporal approaches will be important as genomic tools allow researchers to examine parasites and hybrid zones at greater resolution and in a diversity of natural habitats.
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21
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Wang Y, Zeng W, Wang Q, Li Y, Bergmann SM, Zheng S, Ren Y, Liu C, Chang O, Lee P. Establishment and characterization of a new cell line from koi brain (Cyprinus carpio L.). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:357-364. [PMID: 29064103 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A novel permanently growing brain cell line from koi (Cyprinus carpio L.) (KB cell line) was established, and its suitability for detection of koi herpesvirus (KHV) was demonstrated in this study. The KB cell line was optimally maintained at 27°C in Leibovitz's L-15 medium supplemented with 10% foetal bovine serum (FBS). It was subcultured more than 100 times, and chromosome analysis revealed that 51.54% of KB cells at passage 80 maintained the abnormal diploid chromosome number 2n = 96 while the modal chromosome number was 2n = 100. The cell line was cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen at -196°C and was recovered from storage after 1 year with good cell viability and vitality. The results of virus isolation demonstrated that KB cells were susceptible to KHV, which was shown by the presence of an obvious cytopathic effect and abundant virus particles. The viral titres of KHV in KB reached 105.73 TCID50 /0.1 ml within 7 days. Immunofluorescence and Western blot assays confirmed that KB replicated KHV. The newly established KB cell line will serve as a useful tool to elucidate KHV disease (KHVD) pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fishery Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - W Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fishery Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Q Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fishery Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Y Li
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fishery Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - S M Bergmann
- Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - S Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fishery Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Y Ren
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fishery Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - C Liu
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fishery Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - O Chang
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fishery Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - P Lee
- GeneReach Biotechnology Corp., Central Taiwan Science Park, Taichung, Taiwan
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22
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McColl KA, Sunarto A, Slater J, Bell K, Asmus M, Fulton W, Hall K, Brown P, Gilligan D, Hoad J, Williams LM, Crane MSJ. Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 as a potential biological control agent for carp (Cyprinus carpio) in Australia: susceptibility of non-target species. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:1141-1153. [PMID: 28026008 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) is a pest species in Australian waterways, and cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) is being considered as a potential biological control (biocontrol) agent. An important consideration for any such agent is its target specificity. In this study, the susceptibility to CyHV-3 of a range of non-target species (NTS) was tested. The NTS were as follows: 13 native Australian, and one introduced, fish species; a lamprey species; a crustacean; two native amphibian species (tadpole and mature stages); two native reptilian species; chickens; and laboratory mice. Animals were exposed to 100-1000 times the approximate minimum amount of CyHV-3 required to cause disease in carp by intraperitoneal and/or bath challenge, and then examined clinically each day over the course of 28 days post-challenge. There were no clinical signs, mortalities or histological evidence consistent with a viral infection in a wide taxonomic range of NTS. Furthermore, there was no molecular evidence of infection with CyHV-3, and, in particular, all RT-PCRs for viral mRNA were negative. As a consequence, the results encourage further investigation of CyHV-3 as a potential biocontrol agent that is specific for carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A McColl
- CSIRO-Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Vic., Australia
| | - A Sunarto
- CSIRO-Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Vic., Australia
| | - J Slater
- CSIRO-Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Vic., Australia
| | - K Bell
- K&C Global Fisheries, Sale, Vic., Australia
| | - M Asmus
- Department of Primary Industries, Narrandera Fisheries Centre, Narrandera, NSW, Australia
| | - W Fulton
- Department of Primary Industries, Fisheries Research Branch, Queenscliff, Vic., Australia
| | - K Hall
- Department of Primary Industries, Fisheries Research Branch, Queenscliff, Vic., Australia
| | - P Brown
- The Murray-Darling Freshwater Research Centre and La Trobe University, Mildura, Vic., Australia
| | - D Gilligan
- Department of Primary Industries, Narrandera Fisheries Centre, Narrandera, NSW, Australia
| | - J Hoad
- CSIRO-Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Vic., Australia
| | - L M Williams
- CSIRO-Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Vic., Australia
| | - M St J Crane
- CSIRO-Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Vic., Australia
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23
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More S, Bøtner A, Butterworth A, Calistri P, Depner K, Edwards S, Garin-Bastuji B, Good M, Gortázar Schmidt C, Michel V, Miranda MA, Nielsen SS, Raj M, Sihvonen L, Spoolder H, Stegeman JA, Thulke HH, Velarde A, Willeberg P, Winckler C, Baldinelli F, Broglia A, Zancanaro G, Beltrán Beck B, Kohnle L, Morgado J, Bicout D. Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): Koi herpes virus disease (KHV). EFSA J 2017; 15:e04907. [PMID: 32625568 PMCID: PMC7009960 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Koi herpes virus (KHV) disease has been assessed according to the criteria of the Animal Health Law (AHL), in particular criteria of Article 7 on disease profile and impacts, Article 5 on the eligibility of KHV disease to be listed, Article 9 for the categorisation of KHV disease according to disease prevention and control rules as in Annex IV and Article 8 on the list of animal species related to KHV disease. The assessment has been performed following a methodology composed of information collection and compilation, expert judgement on each criterion at individual and, if no consensus was reached before, also at collective level. The output is composed of the categorical answer, and for the questions where no consensus was reached, the different supporting views are reported. Details on the methodology used for this assessment are explained in a separate opinion. According to the assessment performed, it is inconclusive whether KHV disease can be considered eligible to be listed for Union intervention as laid down in Article 5(3) of the AHL because there was no full consensus on the criterion 5 A(v). Consequently, the assessment on compliance of KHV disease with the criteria as in Annex IV of the AHL, for the application of the disease prevention and control rules referred to in Article 9(1) is also inconclusive, as well as which animal species can be considered to be listed for KHV disease according to Article 8(3) of the AHL.
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24
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Fichi G, Susini F, Cocumelli C, Cersini A, Salvadori M, Guarducci M, Cardeti G. New detection of Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 in mass mortality event of Carassius carassius (L.), in Italy. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2016; 39:1523-1527. [PMID: 27307189 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G Fichi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana 'M. Aleandri', Rome, Italy.
| | - F Susini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana 'M. Aleandri', Rome, Italy
| | - C Cocumelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana 'M. Aleandri', Rome, Italy
| | - A Cersini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana 'M. Aleandri', Rome, Italy
| | | | - M Guarducci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana 'M. Aleandri', Rome, Italy
| | - G Cardeti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana 'M. Aleandri', Rome, Italy
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25
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Sahoo P, Swaminathan TR, Abraham TJ, Kumar R, Pattanayak S, Mohapatra A, Rath S, Patra A, Adikesavalu H, Sood N, Pradhan P, Das B, Jayasankar P, Jena J. Detection of goldfish haematopoietic necrosis herpes virus (Cyprinid herpesvirus-2) with multi-drug resistant Aeromonas hydrophila infection in goldfish: First evidence of any viral disease outbreak in ornamental freshwater aquaculture farms in India. Acta Trop 2016; 161:8-17. [PMID: 27172876 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This outbreak report details of a mortality event where Cyprinid herpes virus-2 (CyHV-2) was detected in association with multidrug-resistant Aeromonas hydrophila infection in goldfish, Carassius auratus, from commercial farms. The goldfish exhibited large scale haemorrhages on the body, fins and gills, lepidorthosis, necrosed gills, protruded anus and shrunken eyes. White nodular necrotic foci in spleen and kidneys were noticed, along with necrosis and fusion of gill lamellae. Transmission electron microscopy of affected tissues revealed the presence of mature virus particles. Involvement of CyHV-2 was confirmed by PCR, sequencing and observed cytopathic effect in koi carp fin cell line along with experimental infection study. A bacterium isolated from the internal organs of affected fish was found to be pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila having resistance to more than 10 classes of antibiotics. We postulate that CyHV-2 was the primary etiological agent responsible for this outbreak with secondary infection by A. hydrophila. The experimental infection trials in Labeo rohita and koi carp by intraperitoneal challenge with CyHV-2 tissue homogenates failed to reproduce the disease in those co-cultured fish species. This is the first report of a viral disease outbreak in organised earthen ornamental fish farms in India and bears further investigation.
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26
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Wang H, Xu L, Lu L. Detection of cyprinid herpesvirus 2 in peripheral blood cells of silver crucian carp, Carassius auratus gibelio (Bloch), suggests its potential in viral diagnosis. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2016; 39:155-162. [PMID: 25630360 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Epidemics caused by cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2) in domestic cyprinid species have been reported in both European and Asian countries. Although the mechanisms remain unknown, acute CyHV-2 infections generally result in high mortality, and the surviving carps become chronic carriers displaying no external clinical signs. In this study, in situ hybridization analysis showed that CyHV-2 tended to infect peripheral blood cells during either acute or chronic infections in silver crucian carp, Carassius auratus gibelio (Bloch). Laboratory challenge experiments coupled with real-time PCR quantification assays further indicated that steady-state levels of the viral genomic copy number in fish serum exhibited a typical 'one-step' growth curve post-viral challenge. Transcriptional expression of open reading frames (ORF) 121, which was selected due to its highest transcriptional levels in almost all tested tissues, was monitored to represent the replication kinetics of CyHV-2 in peripheral blood cells. Similar kinetic curve of active viral gene transcription in blood cells was obtained as that of serum viral load, indicating that CyHV-2 replicated in peripheral blood cells as well as in other well-characterized tissues. This study should pave the way for designing non-invasive and cost-effective serum diagnostic methods for quick detection of CyHV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wang
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Resources of Ministry of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lj Xu
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Resources of Ministry of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lq Lu
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Resources of Ministry of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
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27
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Chen J, Chee D, Wang Y, Lim GY, Chong SM, Lin YN, Huangfu T. Identification of a novel cyprinid herpesvirus 3 genotype detected in koi from the East Asian and South-East Asian Regions. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2015; 38:915-923. [PMID: 25297376 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) is a highly contagious virus that causes significant morbidity and mortality in common carp Cyprinus carpio L. and considered to be one of the most important pathogens of koi and common carp worldwide. Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 infected consignments imported from East Asian and South-East Asian regions were identified during quarantine period in Singapore, and virus from a 2005 consignment was successfully isolated in koi fin cells. A combination of sequence analyses and duplex PCR were used to characterize 15 CyHV-3 isolates detected in koi consignments between 2005 and 2011. Sequence analyses of the enlarged 9/5, SphI-5 and TK gene regions identified both the Asian 1 (n = 11) and European 4 (n = 4) genotypes. Duplex PCR analysis of two variable marker regions between ORF29 and ORF30 (marker I) as well as ORF133 and its upstream region (marker II) revealed viruses of genotypes J (I++ II+ ), U/I (I-- II- ), an intermediate genotype (I++ II- ) and a novel genotype, I++ II+Δ , which was identified in viruses from seven different consignments. This novel genotype has a 13-bp deletion in marker II, while maintaining the I++ allele of marker I. The I++ II+Δ genotype may have emerged from East Asian and South-East Asian regions in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chen
- Virology Section, Animal Health Laboratory Department, Laboratories Group, Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority of Singapore, Singapore
| | - D Chee
- Aquatic Animal Health Section, Animal Health Laboratory Department, Laboratories Group, Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Y Wang
- Virology Section, Animal Health Laboratory Department, Laboratories Group, Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority of Singapore, Singapore
| | - G Y Lim
- Virology Section, Animal Health Laboratory Department, Laboratories Group, Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority of Singapore, Singapore
| | - S M Chong
- Aquatic Animal Health Section, Animal Health Laboratory Department, Laboratories Group, Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Y N Lin
- Virology Section, Animal Health Laboratory Department, Laboratories Group, Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority of Singapore, Singapore
| | - T Huangfu
- Virology Section, Animal Health Laboratory Department, Laboratories Group, Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority of Singapore, Singapore
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28
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Monaghan SJ, Thompson KD, Adams A, Kempter J, Bergmann SM. Examination of the early infection stages of koi herpesvirus (KHV) in experimentally infected carp, Cyprinus carpio L. using in situ hybridization. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2015; 38:477-489. [PMID: 24925228 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Koi herpesvirus (KHV) causes a highly infectious disease afflicting common carp and koi, Cyprinus carpio L. Various molecular and antibody-based detection methods have been used to elucidate the rapid attachment and dissemination of the virus throughout carp tissues, facilitating ongoing development of effective diagnostic approaches. In situ hybridization (ISH) was used here to determine the target tissues of KHV during very early infection, after infecting carp with a highly virulent KHV isolate. Analysis of paraffin-embedded tissues (i.e. gills, skin, spleen, kidney, gut, liver and brain) during the first 8 h and following 10 days post-infection (hpi; dpi) revealed positive signals in skin mucus, gills and gut sections after only 1 hpi. Respiratory epithelial cells were positive as early as 2 hpi. Viral DNA was also detected within blood vessels of various tissues early in the infection. Notable increases in signal abundance were observed in the gills and kidney between 5 and 10 dpi, and viral DNA was detected in all tissues except brain. This study suggests that the gills and gut play an important role in the early pathogenesis of this Alloherpesvirus, in addition to skin, and demonstrates ISH as a useful diagnostic tool for confirmation of acutely infected carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Monaghan
- Aquatic Vaccine Unit, School of Natural Sciences, Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland
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29
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Boutier M, Ronsmans M, Rakus K, Jazowiecka-Rakus J, Vancsok C, Morvan L, Peñaranda MMD, Stone DM, Way K, van Beurden SJ, Davison AJ, Vanderplasschen A. Cyprinid Herpesvirus 3: An Archetype of Fish Alloherpesviruses. Adv Virus Res 2015; 93:161-256. [PMID: 26111587 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The order Herpesvirales encompasses viruses that share structural, genetic, and biological properties. However, members of this order infect hosts ranging from molluscs to humans. It is currently divided into three phylogenetically related families. The Alloherpesviridae family contains viruses infecting fish and amphibians. There are 12 alloherpesviruses described to date, 10 of which infect fish. Over the last decade, cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) infecting common and koi carp has emerged as the archetype of fish alloherpesviruses. Since its first description in the late 1990s, this virus has induced important economic losses in common and koi carp worldwide. It has also had negative environmental implications by affecting wild carp populations. These negative impacts and the importance of the host species have stimulated studies aimed at developing diagnostic and prophylactic tools. Unexpectedly, the data generated by these applied studies have stimulated interest in CyHV-3 as a model for fundamental research. This review intends to provide a complete overview of the knowledge currently available on CyHV-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Boutier
- Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Maygane Ronsmans
- Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Krzysztof Rakus
- Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Joanna Jazowiecka-Rakus
- Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Catherine Vancsok
- Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Léa Morvan
- Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Ma Michelle D Peñaranda
- Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - David M Stone
- The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, Dorset, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Way
- The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, Dorset, United Kingdom
| | - Steven J van Beurden
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew J Davison
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Alain Vanderplasschen
- Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
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30
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Monaghan SJ, Thompson KD, Adams A, Bergmann SM. Sensitivity of seven PCRs for early detection of koi herpesvirus in experimentally infected carp, Cyprinus carpio L., by lethal and non-lethal sampling methods. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2015; 38:303-319. [PMID: 24547985 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Koi herpesvirus (KHV) causes an economically important, highly infectious disease in common carp and koi, Cyprinus carpio L. Since the occurrence of mass mortalities worldwide, highly specific and sensitive molecular diagnostic methods have been developed for KHV detection. The sensitivity and reliability of these assays have essentially focused at the detection of low viral DNA copy numbers during latent or persistent infections. However, the efficacy of these assays has not been investigated with regard to low-level viraemia during acute infection stages. This study was conducted to compare the sensitivity of seven different polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays to detect KHV during the first hours and days post-infection (hpi; dpi), using lethal and non-lethal sampling methods. The results highlight the limitations of the assays for detecting virus during the first 4 dpi despite rapid mortality in experimentally infected carp. False-negative results were associated with time post-infection and the tissue sampled. Non-lethal sampling appears effective for KHV screening, with efficient detection in mucus samples obtained from external swabs during this early infection period (<5 dpi), while biopsies from gills and kidney were negative using the same PCR assays. Non-lethal sampling may improve the reliability of KHV detection in subclinical, acutely infected carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Monaghan
- Aquatic Vaccine Unit, Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland
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31
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Cho MY, Won KM, Kim JW, Jee BY, Park MA, Hong S. Detection of koi herpesvirus (KHV) in healthy cyprinid seed stock. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2014; 112:29-36. [PMID: 25392040 DOI: 10.3354/dao02784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Koi herpesvirus (KHV) disease is a lethal disease in common carp, an important food fish in Asian countries, the seed of which is used in restocking programs for freshwater fishery management. We inspected apparently healthy seed stock of common carp Cyprinus carpio L. and Siberian crucian carp Carassius auratus for the presence of KHV using PCR-based diagnostic tests as a part of a stock enhancement program from 2009 to 2010 in Korea. Consequently, KHV was detected from 24 of 232 inspections with yearly detection percentages of 5.2% in 2009 and 15.5% in 2010 using PCR primer sets for TK or SphI-5 as recommended by the OIE Manual of Diagnostic Tests for Aquatic Animals. Results indicate that the SphI-5 primer set was slightly more sensitive than the TK primer set, as shown by a higher detection rate. To determine the genotype of the KHV strains detected in this study, ORF40-specific PCR amplification was conducted, and the PCR products from 6 samples showed 100% nucleotide sequence identity with a Japanese strain (GenBank accession number AP008984) but not with US (DG657948) and Israeli strains (DG177346). This report conclusively demonstrated the presence of KHV in externally healthy seed of common carp and Siberian crucian carp, indicating a possible risk that subclinically infected seed stock can be released with a potential threat to wild populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Young Cho
- Aquatic Life Disease Control Division, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Busan 619-902, Korea
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32
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Gotesman M, Abd-Elfattah A, Kattlun J, Soliman H, El-Matbouli M. Investigating the interactions of Cyprinid herpesvirus-3 with host proteins in goldfish Carassius auratus. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2014; 37:835-41. [PMID: 23998394 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Gotesman
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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33
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Fichi G, Cardeti G, Cocumelli C, Vendramin N, Toffan A, Eleni C, Siemoni N, Fischetti R, Susini F. Detection of Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 in association with an Aeromonas sobria infection of Carassius carassius (L.), in Italy. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2013; 36:823-830. [PMID: 23488630 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/06/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Sixteen specimens of female crucian carp, Carassius carassius (L.), during the breeding season, were investigated for post-mortem and full diagnostic examination during a mortality outbreak in a tributary stream of the Arno River in Tuscany in 2011. Necropsy highlighted the presence of a swollen anus and widespread haemorrhages in the body, fins, gills and eyes. Haemorrhages in internal organs and spleen granulomas were also observed. Bacteria isolated from the brain, kidney and spleen of affected fish were identified as A. sobria. Microscopic lesions observed in gills were characterized by necrosis of the secondary lamellae, congestion and multifocal lamellar fusion. The kidney showed necrosis, oedema, fibrin exudation and areas of haemorrhages, while in the spleen the main lesions were by multifocal necrosis of the lymphoid tissue. In the gills, transmission electron microscopy revealed herpesvirus-like particles, subsequently identified as Cyprinid herpesvirus-2 (CyHV-2) with a nested PCR protocol. Although it was not possible to attribute a pathogenic role to CyHV-2 in this mortality event, the identification of this herpesvirus in crucian carp increases the concern about its potential role in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Fichi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Regioni Lazio e Toscana, Rome, Italy
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34
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Rakus K, Ouyang P, Boutier M, Ronsmans M, Reschner A, Vancsok C, Jazowiecka-Rakus J, Vanderplasschen A. Cyprinid herpesvirus 3: an interesting virus for applied and fundamental research. Vet Res 2013; 44:85. [PMID: 24073814 PMCID: PMC3850573 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3), a member of the family Alloherpesviridae is the causative agent of a lethal, highly contagious and notifiable disease in common and koi carp. The economic importance of common and koi carp industries together with the rapid spread of CyHV-3 worldwide, explain why this virus became soon after its isolation in the 1990s a subject of applied research. In addition to its economic importance, an increasing number of fundamental studies demonstrated that CyHV-3 is an original and interesting subject for fundamental research. In this review, we summarized recent advances in CyHV-3 research with a special interest for studies related to host-virus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Rakus
- Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, B-4000, Belgium.
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35
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Gotesman M, Kattlun J, Bergmann SM, El-Matbouli M. CyHV-3: the third cyprinid herpesvirus. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2013; 105:163-74. [PMID: 23872859 PMCID: PMC3961040 DOI: 10.3354/dao02614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Common carp (including ornamental koi carp) Cyprinus carpio L. are ecologically and economically important freshwater fish in Europe and Asia. C. carpio have recently been endangered by a third cyprinid herpesvirus, known as cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (CyHV-3), the etiological agent of koi herpesvirus disease (KHVD), which causes significant morbidity and mortality in koi and common carp. Clinical and pathological signs include epidermal abrasions, excess mucus production, necrosis of gill and internal organs, and lethargy. KHVD has decimated major carp populations in Israel, Indonesia, Taiwan, Japan, Germany, Canada, and the USA, and has been listed as a notifiable disease in Germany since 2005, and by the World Organisation for Animal Health since 2007. KHVD is exacerbated in aquaculture because of the relatively high host stocking density, and CyHV-3 may be concentrated by filter-feeding aquatic organisms. CyHV-3 is taxonomically grouped within the family Alloherpesviridae, can be propagated in a number of cell lines, and is active at a temperature range of 15 to 28°C. Three isolates originating from Japan (KHV-J), USA (KHV-U), and Israel (KHV-I) have been sequenced. CyHV-3 has a 295 kb genome with 156 unique open reading frames and replicates in the cell nucleus, and mature viral particles are 170 to 200 nm in diameter. CyHV-3 can be detected by multiple PCR-based methods and by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Several modes of immunization have been developed for KHVD; however, fish immunized with either vaccine or wild-type virus may become carriers for CyHV-3. There is no current treatment for KHVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gotesman
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Kattlun
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sven M. Bergmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Infectology, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Mansour El-Matbouli
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- Corresponding author.
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Rathore G, Kumar G, Raja Swaminathan T, Swain P. Koi herpes virus: a review and risk assessment of Indian aquaculture. INDIAN JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY : AN OFFICIAL ORGAN OF INDIAN VIROLOGICAL SOCIETY 2012; 23:124-33. [PMID: 23997436 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-012-0101-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is a widely cultivated freshwater fish for human consumption, while koi carp, is a farmed colored sub species of common carp used for ornamental purposes. Since 1998, both common carp and koi carp are severely affected by a viral disease called as Koi herpes virus disease (KHVD). This disease is caused by Koi herpes virus (KHV), also known as cyprinid herpes virus-3. The virus causes interstitial nephritis and gill necrosis in carps, so it is also termed as carp interstitial nephritis and gill necrosis virus. KHV is a double stranded icosahedral DNA virus belonging to family Alloherpesviridae, with a genome size of 295 kbp, larger than any member of Herpesviridae. The viral genome encodes 156 potential protein coding open reading frames. Each virion consists of forty structural proteins, which are classified as capsid (3), envelope (13), tegument (2) and unclassified (22) structural proteins. Diagnosis of KHVD is mainly based on detection of viral DNA by polymerase chain reaction amplification using specific primers or loop mediated isothermal amplification. Temperature dependent latent infection is unique to KHV; and carrier fish are often not detected, thereby possibly resulting in spread of this pathogen to newer areas. The disease is now known to occur in, or has been recorded from at least 26 different countries of the world. Fortunately, KHVD has not been reported from India or from Indian major carps. To monitor the disease status of the country, a total of 254 fish samples collected from different parts of India were screened by PCR for the presence of KHV. None of the tested samples were found to be positive for KHV. These results demonstrate that tested samples from different parts of India were apparently free from KHV. Preliminary risk assessment of KHV suggest that in the event of unrestricted importation of koi carps into our country, there is a higher probability of risk to aquaculture as compared to natural waters. So there is strong need to develop diagnostic capabilities and launch surveillance programmes for KHV in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Rathore
- National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, 226002 UP India
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Wootten R. The study of fish diseases. Editorial. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2012; 35:621. [PMID: 22882556 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2012.01399.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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Hanson L, Dishon A, Kotler M. Herpesviruses that infect fish. Viruses 2011; 3:2160-91. [PMID: 22163339 PMCID: PMC3230846 DOI: 10.3390/v3112160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 10/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses are host specific pathogens that are widespread among vertebrates. Genome sequence data demonstrate that most herpesviruses of fish and amphibians are grouped together (family Alloherpesviridae) and are distantly related to herpesviruses of reptiles, birds and mammals (family Herpesviridae). Yet, many of the biological processes of members of the order Herpesvirales are similar. Among the conserved characteristics are the virion structure, replication process, the ability to establish long term latency and the manipulation of the host immune response. Many of the similar processes may be due to convergent evolution. This overview of identified herpesviruses of fish discusses the diseases that alloherpesviruses cause, the biology of these viruses and the host-pathogen interactions. Much of our knowledge on the biology of Alloherpesvirdae is derived from research with two species: Ictalurid herpesvirus 1 (channel catfish virus) and Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (koi herpesvirus).
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry Hanson
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, P.O. Box 6100, Starkville, MS 39759, USA
| | - Arnon Dishon
- KoVax Ltd., P.O. Box 45212, Bynet Build., Har Hotzvim Inds. Pk., Jerusalem 97444, Israel; E-Mail:
| | - Moshe Kotler
- Department of Pathology, Hadassah Medical School, the Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; E-Mail:
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Hadassah Medical School, the Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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Abstract
TOC summary: This virus is useful for fundamental and applied research. The recently designated cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) is an emerging agent that causes fatal disease in common and koi carp. Since its emergence in the late 1990s, this highly contagious pathogen has caused severe financial losses in common and koi carp culture industries worldwide. In addition to its economic role, recent studies suggest that CyHV-3 may have a role in fundamental research. CyHV-3 has the largest genome among viruses in the order Herpesvirales and serves as a model for mutagenesis of large DNA viruses. Other studies suggest that the skin of teleost fish represents an efficient portal of entry for certain viruses. The effect of temperature on viral replication suggests that the body temperature of its poikilotherm host could regulate the outcome of the infection (replicative vs. nonreplicative). Recent advances with regard to CyHV-3 provide a role for this virus in fundamental and applied research.
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Bergmann SM, Riechardt M, Fichtner D, Lee P, Kempter J. Investigation on the diagnostic sensitivity of molecular tools used for detection of koi herpesvirus. J Virol Methods 2010; 163:229-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Revised: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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