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Fredsgaard M, Kaniki SEK, Antonopoulou I, Chaturvedi T, Thomsen MH. Phenolic Compounds in Salicornia spp. and Their Potential Therapeutic Effects on H1N1, HBV, HCV, and HIV: A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:5312. [PMID: 37513186 PMCID: PMC10384198 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite public health risk mitigation measures and regulation efforts by many countries, regions, and sectors, viral outbreaks remind the world of our vulnerability to biological hazards and the importance of mitigation actions. The saltwater-tolerant plants in the Salicornia genus belonging to the Amaranthaceae family are widely recognized and researched as producers of clinically applicable phytochemicals. The plants in the Salicornia genus contain flavonoids, flavonoid glycosides, and hydroxycinnamic acids, including caffeic acid, ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, apigenin, kaempferol, quercetin, isorhamnetin, myricetin, isoquercitrin, and myricitrin, which have all been shown to support the antiviral, virucidal, and symptom-suppressing activities. Their potential pharmacological usefulness as therapeutic medicine against viral infections has been suggested in many studies, where recent studies suggest these phenolic compounds may have pharmacological potential as therapeutic medicine against viral infections. This study reviews the antiviral effects, the mechanisms of action, and the potential as antiviral agents of the aforementioned phenolic compounds found in Salicornia spp. against an influenza A strain (H1N1), hepatitis B and C (HBV/HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1), as no other literature has described these effects from the Salicornia genus at the time of publication. This review has the potential to have a significant societal impact by proposing the development of new antiviral nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals derived from phenolic-rich formulations found in the edible Salicornia spp. These formulations could be utilized as a novel strategy by which to combat viral pandemics caused by H1N1, HBV, HCV, and HIV-1. The findings of this review indicate that isoquercitrin, myricetin, and myricitrin from Salicornia spp. have the potential to exhibit high efficiency in inhibiting viral infections. Myricetin exhibits inhibition of H1N1 plaque formation and reverse transcriptase, as well as integrase integration and cleavage. Isoquercitrin shows excellent neuraminidase inhibition. Myricitrin inhibits HIV-1 in infected cells. Extracts of biomass in the Salicornia genus could contribute to the development of more effective and efficient measures against viral infections and, ultimately, improve public health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Io Antonopoulou
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-97187 Luleå, Sweden
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Hatton AA, Guerra FE. Scratching the Surface Takes a Toll: Immune Recognition of Viral Proteins by Surface Toll-like Receptors. Viruses 2022; 15:52. [PMID: 36680092 PMCID: PMC9863796 DOI: 10.3390/v15010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Early innate viral recognition by the host is critical for the rapid response and subsequent clearance of an infection. Innate immune cells patrol sites of infection to detect and respond to invading microorganisms including viruses. Surface Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a group of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that can be activated by viruses even before the host cell becomes infected. However, the early activation of surface TLRs by viruses can lead to viral clearance by the host or promote pathogenesis. Thus, a plethora of research has attempted to identify specific viral ligands that bind to surface TLRs and mediate progression of viral infection. Herein, we will discuss the past two decades of research that have identified specific viral proteins recognized by cell surface-associated TLRs, how these viral proteins and host surface TLR interactions affect the host inflammatory response and outcome of infection, and address why controversy remains regarding host surface TLR recognition of viral proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis A. Hatton
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA
| | - Fermin E. Guerra
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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3
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Asghari A, Jafari F, Jameshorani M, Chiti H, Naseri M, Ghafourirankouhi A, Kooshkaki O, Abdshah A, Parsamanesh N. Vitamin D role in hepatitis B: focus on immune system and genetics mechanism. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11569. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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4
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Dalla E, Bulfoni M, Cesselli D, Pravisani R, Hidaka M, Eguchi S, Baccarani U. Reinfection of Transplanted Livers in HCV- and HCV/HIV-Infected Patients Is Characterized by a Different MicroRNA Expression Profile. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040690. [PMID: 35203343 PMCID: PMC8869900 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: After liver transplantation, HCV/HIV co-infected patients present, compared to the HCV mono-infected ones, increased HCV viral load, rapid progression to liver fibrosis and higher mortality. Liver biopsies (LB), obtained routinely 6 months after transplantation, represent a unique model to assess the early events related to graft re-infection. Here, we used miRNA sequencing of LB obtained from both HCV-and HCV/HIV-infected recipients, to identify transcriptional profiles able to explain the more severe outcome of these latter. Methods: miRNAs of 3 healthy livers, 3 HCV-LB and 3 HCV/HIV-LB were sequenced by Illumina HiSeq2500 platform. The DIANA-miRPath v3.0 webserver and DIANA-microT-CDS algorithm (v5.0) were used to characterize the functions of differentially expressed (DE-) miRNAs, querying the KEGG and Gene Ontology-Biological Process databases. Results: LB obtained from infected patients were characterized, with respect to controls, by a miRNA profile related to viral infection, immune system signaling and DNA damage in HCV-induced carcinogenesis. Instead, HCV-LB and HCV/HIV-LB differed in the expression of miRNAs involved in immunological and apoptotic processes and in extracellular matrix remodeling. Conclusions: liver reinfection processes are associated with early miRNA changes. Further studies are necessary to establish their prognostic role and possible actionability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Dalla
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (E.D.); (M.B.); (R.P.)
| | - Michela Bulfoni
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (E.D.); (M.B.); (R.P.)
| | - Daniela Cesselli
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (E.D.); (M.B.); (R.P.)
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
- Correspondence: (D.C.); (U.B.)
| | - Riccardo Pravisani
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (E.D.); (M.B.); (R.P.)
- Liver & Kidney Transplant Unit, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Masaaki Hidaka
- Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; (M.H.); (S.E.)
| | - Susumu Eguchi
- Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; (M.H.); (S.E.)
| | - Umberto Baccarani
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (E.D.); (M.B.); (R.P.)
- Liver & Kidney Transplant Unit, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
- Correspondence: (D.C.); (U.B.)
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5
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Sharma KB, Chhabra S, Aggarwal S, Tripathi A, Banerjee A, Yadav AK, Vrati S, Kalia M. Proteomic landscape of Japanese encephalitis virus-infected fibroblasts. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 34546869 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in proteomics have enabled a comprehensive understanding of host-pathogen interactions. Here we have characterized Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection-driven changes in the mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) proteome. Through tandem mass tagging (TMT)-based mass spectrometry, we describe changes in 7.85 % of the identified proteome due to JEV infection. Pathway enrichment analysis showed that proteins involved in innate immune sensing, interferon responses and inflammation were the major upregulated group, along with the immunoproteasome and poly ADP-ribosylation proteins. Functional validation of several upregulated anti-viral innate immune proteins, including an active cGAS-STING axis, was performed. Through siRNA depletion, we describe a crucial role of the DNA sensor cGAS in restricting JEV replication. Further, many interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) were observed to be induced in infected cells. We also observed activation of TLR2 and inhibition of TLR2 signalling using TLR1/2 inhibitor CU-CPT22-blocked production of inflammatory cytokines IL6 and TNF-α from virus-infected N9 microglial cells. The major proteins that were downregulated by infection were involved in cell adhesion (collagens), transport (solute carrier and ATP-binding cassette transporters), sterol and lipid biosynthesis. Several collagens were found to be transcriptionally downregulated in infected MEFs and mouse brain. Collectively, our data provide a bird's-eye view into how fibroblast protein composition is rewired following JEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Bala Sharma
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India.,Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Simran Chhabra
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Suruchi Aggarwal
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Aarti Tripathi
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Arup Banerjee
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India.,Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Amit Kumar Yadav
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Sudhanshu Vrati
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India.,Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Manjula Kalia
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India.,Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
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Pan M, Liu J, Huang D, Guo Y, Luo K, Yang M, Gao W, Xu Q, Zhang W, Mai K. FoxO3 Modulates LPS-Activated Hepatic Inflammation in Turbot ( Scophthalmus maximus L.). Front Immunol 2021; 12:679704. [PMID: 34276667 PMCID: PMC8281027 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.679704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, forkhead box O3 (foxo3) plays important roles in liver immune system. The foxo3 can regulate cell cycle, DNA repair, hypoxia, apoptosis and so on. However, as such an important transcription factor, few studies on foxo3 in fish have been reported. The present study characterized the foxo3 in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) incubated in vitro (hepatocytes) and injected in vivo (turbot liver) were used to construct inflammatory models. The foxo3 was interfered and overexpressed to investigate its functions in liver inflammation. The open reading frame (ORF) of foxo3 was 1998 bp (base pair), encoding 665 amino acids. Sequence analysis showed that foxo3 of turbot was highly homologous to other fishes. Tissue distribution analysis revealed that the highest expression of foxo3 was in muscle. Immunofluorescence result showed that foxo3 was expressed in cytoplasm and nucleus. Knockdown of foxo3 significantly increased mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (tnf-α), interleukin-1β (il-1β), interleukin-6 (il-6), myeloid-differentiation factor 88 (myd88), cd83, toll-like receptor 2 (tlr-2) and protein level of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in sifoxo3 + LPS (siRNA of foxo3+ LPS) group compared with NC + LPS (negative control + LPS) group in turbot hepatocytes. Overexpressed foxo3 significantly decreased mRNA levels of tnf-α, il-6, nuclear transcription factor-kappa B (nf-κb), cd83, tlr-2 and the protein level of JNK in vitro. In vivo analysis, foxo3 knockdown significantly increased levels of GOT in serum after LPS injection compared with NC+LPS group. Overexpressed foxo3 significantly decreased levels of GPT and GOT in pcDNA3.1-foxo3+LPS group compared with pcDNA3.1+LPS group in vivo. Foxo3 knockdown significantly increased mRNA levels of tnf-α, il-1β, il-6, nf-κb, myd88 and protein level of JNK in vivo in sifoxo3+LPS group compared with NC+LPS group in turbot liver. Overexpressed foxo3 significantly decreased mRNA levels of il-1β, il-6, myd88, cd83, jnk and protein level of JNK in pcDNA3.1-foxo3+LPS group compared with pcDNA3.1+LPS group in turbot liver. The results indicated that foxo3 might modulate LPS-activated hepatic inflammation in turbot by decreasing the proinflammatory cytokines, the levels of GOT and GPT as well as activating JNK/caspase-3 and tlr-2/myd88/nf-κb pathways. Taken together, these findings indicated that FoxO3 may play important roles in liver immune responses to LPS in turbot and the research of FoxO3 in liver immunity enriches the studies on immune regulation, and provides theoretical basis and molecular targets for solving liver inflammation and liver injury in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Pan
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiahuan Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Dong Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanlin Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Kai Luo
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Mengxi Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Weihua Gao
- Department of Fisheries, College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Qiaoqing Xu
- Department of Fisheries, College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Wenbing Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Department of Fisheries, College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Kangsen Mai
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Department of Fisheries, College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
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7
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ACE2: from protection of liver disease to propagation of COVID-19. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:3137-3158. [PMID: 33284956 DOI: 10.1042/cs20201268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Twenty years ago, the discovery of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) was an important breakthrough dramatically enhancing our understanding of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). The classical RAS is driven by its key enzyme ACE and is pivotal in the regulation of blood pressure and fluid homeostasis. More recently, it has been recognised that the protective RAS regulated by ACE2 counterbalances many of the deleterious effects of the classical RAS. Studies in murine models demonstrated that manipulating the protective RAS can dramatically alter many diseases including liver disease. Liver-specific overexpression of ACE2 in mice with liver fibrosis has proved to be highly effective in antagonising liver injury and fibrosis progression. Importantly, despite its highly protective role in disease pathogenesis, ACE2 is hijacked by SARS-CoV-2 as a cellular receptor to gain entry to alveolar epithelial cells, causing COVID-19, a severe respiratory disease in humans. COVID-19 is frequently life-threatening especially in elderly or people with other medical conditions. As an unprecedented number of COVID-19 patients have been affected globally, there is an urgent need to discover novel therapeutics targeting the interaction between the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and ACE2. Understanding the role of ACE2 in physiology, pathobiology and as a cellular receptor for SARS-CoV-2 infection provides insight into potential new therapeutic strategies aiming to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection related tissue injury. This review outlines the role of the RAS with a strong focus on ACE2-driven protective RAS in liver disease and provides therapeutic approaches to develop strategies to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans.
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de Souza Pires-Neto O, da Silva Graça Amoras E, Queiroz MAF, Demachki S, da Silva Conde SR, Ishak R, Cayres-Vallinoto IMV, Vallinoto ACR. Hepatic TLR4, MBL and CRP gene expression levels are associated with chronic hepatitis C. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 80:104200. [PMID: 31962161 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Contact with HCV triggers the activation of innate mechanisms responsible for initial infection control. Host cells expressed extra- or intracellularly molecules that promote recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), mannose-binding lectin (MBL) and C-reactive protein (CRP) are molecules available for HCV PAMP recognition. The present study evaluated TLR4, MBL and CRP gene expression in the hepatic tissue of chronic HCV carriers (n = 22) and the association of that expression with the pathogenesis of HCV as well as the progression of liver fibrosis. Liver biopsy specimens from the HCV group were divided according to the METAVIR classification: without fibrosis and/or mild fibrosis (F0-F1), moderate fibrosis (F2), and severe fibrosis and/or cirrhosis (F3-F4) and A0-A1 (absent or mild inflammation) and A2 (moderate inflammation); normal liver samples were used as a control (n = 8). The mRNA levels of the genes studied were quantified by real-time PCR, and plasma CRP and liver enzymes were measured using an automated system. CRP and MBL expression was significantly lower in the HCV group compared to that in the control group (p < .0001 and p = .0242, respectively). TLR4 expression was higher in the HCV group than in the control group (p = .0448) and was also significantly higher (p = .0314) with lower levels of necroinflammatory activity (A0-A1), with a significant correlation between the expression of MBL with TLR4 as well as a positive correlation between plasma levels and CRP expression in the HCV group (p = .0431). Hepatic TLR4, MBL and CRP expression showed no significant association with liver enzymes nor plasma viral load. Mechanisms of HCV escape seem to influence hepatic TLR4, MBL and CRP expression, resulting in a change in the transcription profile of these proteins of innate immunity, which may contribute to virus persistence, liver fibrogenesis and loss of normal liver function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orlando de Souza Pires-Neto
- Virology Laboratory, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Pará, Guamá, 66075-110 Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Alice Freitas Queiroz
- Virology Laboratory, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Pará, Guamá, 66075-110 Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Sâmia Demachki
- School of Medicine, Health Science Institute, Federal University of Pará, Umarizal, 66050 Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Ishak
- Virology Laboratory, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Pará, Guamá, 66075-110 Belém, Pará, Brazil
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Wang K, Wei H, Zhan J, Liang X, Zhang C, Liu Y, Xu G. GSPE alleviates renal fibrosis by inhibiting the activation of C3/ HMGB1/ TGF-β1 pathway. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 316:108926. [PMID: 31874164 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.108926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) has been reported to exhibit a variety of protective effects, such as antioxidant, anti-atherosclerosis and other pharmacological effects. As a member of the complement system, complement component 3 (C3) deposition in the glomerulus is recognized as an important causative mediator of various kidney diseases. In this study, we aimed to identify the effect of GSPE on C3 in the chronic kidney fibrosis and evaluate the possible mechanism. We observed that administration of GSPE relieves inflammation and chronic renal fibrosis in mouse models of UUO. GSPE inhibited C3 secreted by macrophages to relieve renal interstitial inflammation. In vitro, we found that C3 stimulated HMGB1 translocation form nucleus to cytoplasm and promote the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TGF-β1 in primary renal tubular epithelial cells (PTEC), which could be inhibited by GSPE. Meanwhile, GSPE could also decreased HMGB1-induced EMT of PTEC through suppresses the HMGB1/TLR4/p65/TGF-β1 pathway. In addition, the myofibroblast activation was inhibited by GSPE via TGF-β1/Smad2/3 signaling pathways in normal rat kidney fibroblast (NRK-49F) cells. Overall, these observations provide that GSPE alleviates renal fibrosis by inhibiting the C3/HMGB1/TGF-β1 pathway and could thus lead to find the potential therapy for the suppression of renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Division of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Haotian Wei
- Department of Nephrology, Division of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Juan Zhan
- Department of Nephrology, Division of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xinjun Liang
- Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunxiu Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Division of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yanyan Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Division of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Gang Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Division of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Feng X, Yang R, Tian Y, Miao X, Guo H, Gao F, Yang L, Zhao S, Zhang W, Liu J, Li H, Tian Y, Zhao L, Wang S, Liu W, Wang K, Li Y, Wang Z, Liu Q, Wang C, Liu S. HMGB1 protein promotes glomerular mesangial matrix deposition via TLR2 in lupus nephritis. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:5111-5119. [PMID: 31667864 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Feng
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Key Laboratory of NephrologyHebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China
| | - Ran Yang
- Department of PathologyHebei Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine Shijiazhuang China
| | - Yuexin Tian
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Key Laboratory of NephrologyHebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China
| | - Xinyan Miao
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Key Laboratory of NephrologyHebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China
| | - Huifang Guo
- Department of RheumatologyThe Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China
| | - Fan Gao
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Key Laboratory of NephrologyHebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of NephrologyThe Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China
| | - Song Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Key Laboratory of NephrologyHebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Key Laboratory of NephrologyHebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China
| | - Jinxi Liu
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Key Laboratory of NephrologyHebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China
| | - Hongbo Li
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Key Laboratory of NephrologyHebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China
| | - Yu Tian
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Key Laboratory of NephrologyHebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China
- Department of RheumatologyThe Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China
| | - Lu Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Key Laboratory of NephrologyHebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Key Laboratory of NephrologyHebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Key Laboratory of NephrologyHebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China
| | - Kexin Wang
- School of Basic Medical SciencesHebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China
| | - Yuzhe Li
- School of Basic Medical SciencesHebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China
| | - Ziwei Wang
- School of Basic Medical SciencesHebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China
| | - Qingjuan Liu
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Key Laboratory of NephrologyHebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China
| | - Chunlin Wang
- Department of State Assets & Lab AdministrativeHebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China
| | - Shuxia Liu
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Key Laboratory of NephrologyHebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China
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11
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Yee C, Main NM, Terry A, Stevanovski I, Maczurek A, Morgan AJ, Calabro S, Potter AJ, Iemma TL, Bowen DG, Ahlenstiel G, Warner FJ, McCaughan GW, McLennan SV, Shackel NA. CD147 mediates intrahepatic leukocyte aggregation and determines the extent of liver injury. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215557. [PMID: 31291257 PMCID: PMC6619953 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic inflammation is the driver of liver injury and results in progressive fibrosis and eventual cirrhosis with consequences including both liver failure and liver cancer. We have previously described increased expression of the highly multifunctional glycoprotein CD147 in liver injury. This work describes a novel role of CD147 in liver inflammation and the importance of leukocyte aggregates in determining the extent of liver injury. Methods Non-diseased, progressive injury, and cirrhotic liver from humans and mice were examined using a mAb targeting CD147. Inflammatory cell subsets were assessed by multiparameter flow cytometry. Results In liver injury, we observe abundant, intrahepatic leukocyte clusters defined as ≥5 adjacent CD45+ cells which we have termed “leukocyte aggregates”. We have shown that these leukocyte aggregates have a significant effect in determining the extent of liver injury. If CD147 is blocked in vivo, these leukocyte aggregates diminish in size and number, together with a marked significant reduction in liver injury including fibrosis. This is accompanied by no change in overall intrahepatic leukocyte numbers. Further, blocking of aggregation formation occurs prior to an appreciable increase in inflammatory markers or fibrosis. Additionally, there were no observed, “off-target” or unpredicted effects in targeting CD147. Conclusion CD147 mediates leukocyte aggregation which is associated with the development of liver injury. This is not a secondary effect, but a cause of injury as aggregate formation proceeds other markers of injury. Leukocyte aggregation has been previously described in inflammation dating back over many decades. Here we demonstrate that leukocyte aggregates determine the extent of liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Yee
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Gastroenterology and Liver Laboratory, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - Nathan M. Main
- Gastroenterology and Liver Laboratory, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - Alexandra Terry
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Gastroenterology and Liver Laboratory, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - Igor Stevanovski
- Gastroenterology and Liver Laboratory, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - Annette Maczurek
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alison J. Morgan
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sarah Calabro
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alison J. Potter
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tina L. Iemma
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David G. Bowen
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
- A.W. Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Golo Ahlenstiel
- Western Sydney School of Medicine, Blacktown Hospital, Blacktown, NSW, Australia
| | - Fiona J. Warner
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Geoffrey W. McCaughan
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
- A.W. Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Susan V. McLennan
- Department of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Bosch Institute, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicholas A. Shackel
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Gastroenterology and Liver Laboratory, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
- A.W. Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Wahid A, Hamzawy MA, Khalifa MMA, Gad GFM, Bekhit A, Abdelwahab SF. RNA protein kinase SNP at -226 C<T is a biomarker for the clearance of HCV among Egyptian patients. Immunol Invest 2019; 48:211-221. [PMID: 30080984 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2018.1493496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND RNA-dependant protein kinase R (PKR) is a primary mediator in the defence mechanism of interferon against viral replication and pathogenesis during Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. In the present study, we have examined the role of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in the promoter region of PKR and the serum level of the same protein on the outcome of HCV-infected Egyptian patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS Genomic DNA was extracted from a total of 135 subjects, including 15 healthy controls, 40 HCV spontaneous resolvers (SRs), and 80 patients with chronic HCV infection. PKR genotyping was assessed using DNA sequencing. Finally, serum levels of PKR, TNF-α, INF-γ, and IL-10 were measured using ELISA technique. RESULTS Serum levels of PKR, TNF-α, and INF-γ showed a significant increase in SRs as compared to chronic HCV patients. On the other hand, serum levels of IL-10 were significantly higher in chronic HCV patients compared to SRs. The present study demonstrated two novel SNPs in the PKR promoter region: at -226 C/T and -141 C/G. The PKR SNP at -226 C < T correlated with HCV-infected patients (genotype 4a) outcome among Egyptians. Our data showed the unique presence of the TT genotype in SRs group (three patients: 7.5%) in PKR -226 C/T. Interestingly, subjects with the TT genotype were more likely to clear their HCV infection than those with the CC genotype. CONCLUSION Our work provides more detail about PKR gene polymorphism in HCV genotype 4a as a new clinical tool for anticipating HCV-4a infection outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Wahid
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Alexandria University , Alexandria , Egypt
| | - Mustafa A Hamzawy
- b Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Minia University , Minia , Egypt
| | - Mohamad M A Khalifa
- c Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Minia University , Minia , Egypt
| | - Gamal F M Gad
- d Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Minia University , Minia , Egypt
| | - Amany Bekhit
- b Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Minia University , Minia , Egypt
| | - Sayed F Abdelwahab
- e Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine , Minia University , Minia , Egypt
- f Department of Microbiology , College of Pharmacy, Taif University , KSA
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Jia R, Li Y, Cao L, Du J, Zheng T, Qian H, Gu Z, Jeney G, Xu P, Yin G. Antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective effects of resveratrol on oxidative stress-induced liver damage in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 215:56-66. [PMID: 30336289 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Resveratrol, a dietary polyphenol, has been shown to exert antioxidation, hepatoprotection, anti-inflammation and immunostimulation. However, the effects and underlying mechanism of resveratrol on liver injury in fish are still unclear. In the present study, we investigated the potential protective effects and mechanism of resveratrol on oxidative stress-induced liver damage in tilapia. Fish were fed diet containing four doses of resveratrol (0, 0.1, 0.3, and 0.6 g/kg diet) for 60 days, and then given an intraperitoneal injection of H2O2 or saline. The results showed that administration of resveratrol significantly ameliorated H2O2-induced liver injury. In serum and liver, resveratrol treatment suppressed the oxidative stress, as evidenced by the decline of lipid peroxidation level and increase of antioxidant activity. Resveratrol also activated erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway and enhanced the heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), NAD(P) H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO-1), glutathione S-transferase (GST) mRNA levels. Meanwhile, resveratrol treatment repressed TLR2-Myd88-NF-κB signaling pathway to decrease the inflammatory response in H2O2-induced liver injury as evidenced by the lower interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and IL-8 mRNA levels and higher IL-10 mRNA level. Moreover, resveratrol treatment attenuated immunotoxicity in liver of H2O2-treated fish, accompanied by upregulation of hepcidin (HEP), complement 3 (C3) and lysozyme (LZM) mRNA levels. Overall results suggested that the protection of resveratrol on H2O2-induced liver injury, inflammation and immunotoxicity was due to its antioxidant property and its ability to modulate the Nrf2 and TLR2-Myd88-NF-κB signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Jia
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish Immunopharmacology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China.
| | - Yao Li
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Liping Cao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish Immunopharmacology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Jinliang Du
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish Immunopharmacology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Tao Zheng
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Hao Qian
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Zhengyan Gu
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Galina Jeney
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish Immunopharmacology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; National Agricultural Research Center, Research Institute for Fisheries and Aquaculture, Anna Light 8, Szarvas 5440, Hungary
| | - Pao Xu
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish Immunopharmacology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Guojun Yin
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish Immunopharmacology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China.
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Hoan NX, Tong HV, Song LH, Meyer CG, Velavan TP. Vitamin D deficiency and hepatitis viruses-associated liver diseases: A literature review. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:445-460. [PMID: 29398866 PMCID: PMC5787780 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i4.445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The secosteroid hormone vitamin D has, in addition to its effects in bone metabolism also functions in the modulation of immune responses against infectious agents and in inhibiting tumorigenesis. Thus, deficiency of vitamin D is associated with several malignancies, but also with a plethora of infectious diseases. Among other communicable diseases, vitamin D deficiency is involved in the pathogenesis of chronic liver diseases caused by hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV, HCV) and high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency with serum levels below 20 mg/mL in patients with HBV and HCV infection are found worldwide. Several studies have assessed the effects of vitamin D supplementation on the sustained virological response (SVR) to interferon (IFN) plus ribavirin (RBV) therapy in HBV and HCV infection. In these studies, inconsistent results were reported. This review addresses general aspects of vitamin D deficiency and, in particular, the significance of vitamin D hypovitaminosis in the outcome of HBV- and HCV-related chronic liver diseases. Furthermore, current literature was reviewed in order to understand the effects of vitamin D supplementation in combination with IFN-based therapy on the virological response in HBV and HCV infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nghiem Xuan Hoan
- Institute of Clinical Infectious Diseases, 108 Military Central Hospital, Hanoi 10004, Vietnam
- Molecular Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72074, Germany
- Vietnamese-German Center of Medical Research (VG-CARE), Hanoi 10004, Vietnam
| | - Hoang Van Tong
- Vietnamese-German Center of Medical Research (VG-CARE), Hanoi 10004, Vietnam
- Institute of Biomedicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi 10004, Vietnam
| | - Le Huu Song
- Institute of Clinical Infectious Diseases, 108 Military Central Hospital, Hanoi 10004, Vietnam
- Vietnamese-German Center of Medical Research (VG-CARE), Hanoi 10004, Vietnam
| | - Christian G Meyer
- Molecular Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72074, Germany
- Vietnamese-German Center of Medical Research (VG-CARE), Hanoi 10004, Vietnam
- Medical Faculty, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
| | - Thirumalaisamy P Velavan
- Molecular Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72074, Germany
- Vietnamese-German Center of Medical Research (VG-CARE), Hanoi 10004, Vietnam
- Medical Faculty, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
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Zhang S, Wang Z, Zhu J, Xu T, Zhao Y, Zhao H, Tang F, Li Z, Zhou J, Gao D, Tian X, Yao J. Carnosic Acid Alleviates BDL-Induced Liver Fibrosis through miR-29b-3p-Mediated Inhibition of the High-Mobility Group Box 1/Toll-Like Receptor 4 Signaling Pathway in Rats. Front Pharmacol 2018; 8:976. [PMID: 29403377 PMCID: PMC5780338 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis reflects a progression to liver cancer or cirrhosis of the liver. Recent studies have shown that high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) plays a major role in hepatic injury and fibrosis. Carnosic acid (CA), a compound extracted from rosemary, has been reported to alleviate alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver injury. CA can also alleviate renal fibrosis. We hypothesized that CA might exert anti-liver fibrosis properties through an HMGB1-related pathway, and the results of the present study showed that CA treatment significantly protected against hepatic fibrosis in a bile duct ligation (BDL) rat model. CA reduced the liver expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and collagen 1 (Col-1). Importantly, we found that CA ameliorated the increase in HMGB1 and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) caused by BDL, and inhibited NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation in fibrotic livers. In vitro, CA inhibited LX2 cell activation by inhibiting HMGB1/TLR4 signaling pathway. Furthermore, miR-29b-3p decreased HMGB1 expression, and a dual-luciferase assay validated these results. Moreover, CA down-regulated HMGB1 and inhibited LX2 cell activation, and these effects were significantly counteracted by antago-miR-29b-3p, indicating that the CA-mediated inhibition of HMGB1 expression might be miR-29b-3p dependent. Collectively, the results demonstrate that a miR-29b-3p/HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway, which can be modulated by CA, is important in liver fibrosis, and indicate that CA might be a prospective therapeutic drug for liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhecheng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ting Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Huanyu Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Fan Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhenlu Li
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Junjun Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Dongyan Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaofeng Tian
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jihong Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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16
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Wu T, Zhang Q, Song H. Swertiamarin attenuates carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury and inflammation in rats by regulating the TLR4 signaling pathway. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902018000417449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wu
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Qianrui Zhang
- General Hospital of the Yangtze River Shipping, China
| | - Hongping Song
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
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17
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Gan F, Liu Q, Liu Y, Huang D, Pan C, Song S, Huang K. Lycium barbarum polysaccharides improve CCl 4-induced liver fibrosis, inflammatory response and TLRs/NF-kB signaling pathway expression in wistar rats. Life Sci 2017; 192:205-212. [PMID: 29196051 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) have multiple biological and pharmacological functions, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities. This research was conducted to evaluate whether LBPs could alleviate carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver fibrosis and the underlying signaling pathway mechanism. Fifty male wistar rats were randomly allocated to five groups (n=10): control, CCl4 and CCl4 with 400, 800 or 1600mg/kg LBPs, respectively. Each wistar rat from each group was used for blood and tissue collections at the end of experiment. The results showed that CCl4 induced liver fibrosis as demonstrated by increasing histopathological damage, α-smooth muscle actin expression, aspartate transaminase activities, alkaline phosphatase activities and alanine aminotransferase activities. LBPs supplementation alleviated CCl4-induced liver fibrosis as demonstrated by reversing the above parameters. In addition, CCl4 treatment induced the oxidative injury, increased the mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and interleukin-1β, and up-regulated the protein expressions of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), TLR2, myeloid differentiation factor 88, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) and p-p65. LBPs supplementation alleviated CCl4-induced oxidative injury, inflammatory response and TLRs/NF-kB signaling pathway expression by reversing the above some parameters. These results suggest that the alleviating effects of LBPs on CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in wistar rats may be through inhibiting the TLRs/NF-kB signaling pathway expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Gan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qing Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yunhuan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Da Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Cuiling Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Suquan Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Kehe Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Zhang Q, Wang Y, Zhai N, Song H, Li H, Yang Y, Li T, Guo X, Chi B, Niu J, Crispe IN, Su L, Tu Z. HCV core protein inhibits polarization and activity of both M1 and M2 macrophages through the TLR2 signaling pathway. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36160. [PMID: 27786268 PMCID: PMC5082373 DOI: 10.1038/srep36160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) establishes persistent infection in most infected patients, and eventually causes chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma in some patients. Monocytes and macrophages provide the first line of defense against pathogens, but their roles in HCV infection remains unclear. We have reported that HCV core protein (HCVc) manipulates human blood-derived dendritic cell development. In the present study, we tested whether HCVc affects human blood-derived monocyte differentiating into macrophages. Results showed that HCVc inhibits monocyte differentiation to either M1 or M2 macrophages through TLR2, associated with impaired STATs signaling pathway. Moreover, HCVc inhibits phagocytosis activity of M1 and M2 macrophages, M1 macrophage-induced autologous and allogeneic CD4+ T cell activation, but promotes M2 macrophage-induced autologous and allogeneic CD4+ T cell activation. In conclusion, HCVc inhibits monocyte-derived macrophage polarization via TLR2 signaling, leading to dysfunctions of both M1 and M2 macrophages in chronic HCV infected patients. This may contribute to the mechanism of HCV persistent infection, and suggest that blockade of HCVc might be a novel therapeutic approach to treating HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Zhang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- College of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Naicui Zhai
- Institute of Translational Medicine, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongxiao Song
- Institute of Translational Medicine, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Haijun Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tianyang Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaolin Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Baorong Chi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Junqi Niu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ian Nicholas Crispe
- Institute of Translational Medicine, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lishan Su
- Institute of Translational Medicine, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Zhengkun Tu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Mouse Hepatitis Virus Infection Induces a Toll-Like Receptor 2-Dependent Activation of Inflammatory Functions in Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells during Acute Hepatitis. J Virol 2016; 90:9096-113. [PMID: 27489277 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01069-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Under physiological conditions, the liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) mediate hepatic immune tolerance toward self or foreign antigens through constitutive expression of anti-inflammatory mediators. However, upon viral infection or Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) activation, LSECs can achieve proinflammatory functions, but their role in hepatic inflammation during acute viral hepatitis is unknown. Using the highly virulent mouse hepatitis virus type 3 (MHV3) and the attenuated variants 51.6-MHV3 and YAC-MHV3, exhibiting lower tropism for LSECs, we investigated in vivo and in vitro the consequence of LSEC infection on their proinflammatory profiles and the aggravation of acute hepatitis process. In vivo infection with virulent MHV3, in comparison to attenuated strains, resulted in fulminant hepatitis associated with higher hepatic viral load, tissue necrosis, and levels of inflammatory mediators and earlier recruitment of inflammatory cells. Such hepatic inflammatory disorders correlated with disturbed production of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and vascular factors by LSECs. We next showed in vitro that infection of LSECs by the virulent MHV3 strain altered their production of anti-inflammatory cytokines and promoted higher release of proinflammatory and procoagulant factors and earlier cell damage than infection by attenuated strains. This higher replication and proinflammatory activation in LSECs by the virulent MHV3 strain was associated with a specific activation of TLR2 signaling by the virus. We provide evidence that TLR2 activation of LSCEs by MHV3 is an aggravating factor of hepatic inflammation and correlates with the severity of hepatitis. Taken together, these results indicate that preservation of the immunotolerant properties of LSECs during acute viral hepatitis is imperative in order to limit hepatic inflammation and damage. IMPORTANCE Viral hepatitis B and C infections are serious health problems affecting over 350 million and 170 million people worldwide, respectively. It has been suggested that a balance between protection and liver damage mediated by the host's immune response during the acute phase of infection would be determinant in hepatitis outcome. Thus, it appears crucial to identify the factors that predispose in exacerbating liver inflammation to limit hepatocyte injury. Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) can express both anti- and proinflammatory functions, but their role in acute viral hepatitis has never been investigated. Using mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) infections as animal models of viral hepatitis, we report for the first time that in vitro and in vivo infection of LSECs by the pathogenic MHV3 serotype leads to a reversion of their intrinsic anti-inflammatory phenotype toward a proinflammatory profile as well to as disorders in vascular factors, correlating with the severity of hepatitis. These results highlight a new virus-promoted mechanism of exacerbation of liver inflammatory response during acute hepatitis.
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Li X, Jin Q, Yao Q, Xu B, Li Z, Tu C. Quercetin attenuates the activation of hepatic stellate cells and liver fibrosis in mice through modulation of HMGB1-TLR2/4-NF-κB signaling pathways. Toxicol Lett 2016; 261:1-12. [PMID: 27601294 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of quercetin on liver fibrogenesis in mice and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. Mice were administered with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) for eight weeks to induce liver fibrosis and concomitantly orally treated with quercetin (50mgkg-1day-1). Here, we demonstrated that quercetin dramatically ameliorated liver injury, inflammation, and hepatic fibrogenesis induced by CCl4. Quercetin also inhibited the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC) in vivo and in vitro, as evaluated by α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression, which is a specific marker of HSC activation. Moreover, reduced fibrosis was associated with decreased high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), toll like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 genes, and protein expression. Quercetin also inhibited the cytoplasmic translocation of HMGB1 in hepatocytes of fibrotic livers. Further investigation demonstrated that quercetin treatment significantly attenuated CCl4-induced nuclear translocation of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 and inhibited degradation of IκBα (an inhibitor of NF-κB) expression in the liver compared with vehicle-treated fibrotic mice. Considered together, our data indicate that quercetin has hepatoprotective and anti-fibrotic effects in animal models of liver fibrosis, the mechanism of which may be involved in modulating the HMGB1-TLR2/4-NF-κB signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai, China; Department of Geriatrics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qianwen Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qunyan Yao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai, China.
| | - Beili Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zheng Li
- Laboratory Animal Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Chuantao Tu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai, China.
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Bleau C, Burnette M, Filliol A, Piquet-Pellorce C, Samson M, Lamontagne L. Toll-like receptor-2 exacerbates murine acute viral hepatitis. Immunology 2016; 149:204-24. [PMID: 27273587 PMCID: PMC5011685 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral replication in the liver is generally detected by cellular endosomal Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) and cytosolic helicase sensors that trigger antiviral inflammatory responses. Recent evidence suggests that surface TLR2 may also contribute to viral detection through recognition of viral coat proteins but its role in the outcome of acute viral infection remains elusive. In this study, we examined in vivo the role of TLR2 in acute infections induced by the highly hepatotrophic mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) type 3 and weakly hepatotrophic MHV‐A59 serotype. To address this, C57BL/6 (wild‐type; WT) and TLR2 knockout (KO) groups of mice were intraperitoneally infected with MHV3 or MHV‐A59. MHV3 infection provoked a fulminant hepatitis in WT mice, characterized by early mortality and high alanine and aspartate transaminase levels, histopathological lesions and viral replication whereas infection of TLR2 KO mice was markedly less severe. MHV‐A59 provoked a comparable mild and subclinical hepatitis in WT and TLR2 KO mice. MHV3‐induced fulminant hepatitis in WT mice correlated with higher hepatic expression of interferon‐β, interleukin‐6, tumour necrosis factor‐α, CXCL1, CCL2, CXCL10 and alarmin (interleukin‐33) than in MHV‐A59‐infected WT mice and in MHV3‐infected TLR2 KO mice. Intrahepatic recruited neutrophils, natural killer cells, natural killer T cells or macrophages rapidly decreased in MHV3‐infected WT mice whereas they were sustained in MHV‐A59‐infected WT mice and MHV3‐infected TLR2 KO. MHV3 in vitro infection of macrophagic cells induced rapid and higher viral replication and/or interleukin‐6 induction in comparison to MHV‐A59, and depended on viral activation of TLR2 and p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase. Taken together, these results support a new aggravating inflammatory role for TLR2 in MHV3‐induced acute fulminant hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bleau
- Department of Biological Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Mélanie Burnette
- Department of Biological Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Aveline Filliol
- U.1085 Inserm, IRSET, Institute of Research in Environmental and Occupational Health, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Claire Piquet-Pellorce
- U.1085 Inserm, IRSET, Institute of Research in Environmental and Occupational Health, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Michel Samson
- U.1085 Inserm, IRSET, Institute of Research in Environmental and Occupational Health, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Lucie Lamontagne
- Department of Biological Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Canada
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Chen Yi Mei SLG, Burchell J, Skinner N, Millen R, Matthews G, Hellard M, Dore GJ, Desmond PV, Sundararajan V, Thompson AJ, Visvanathan K, Sasadeusz J. Toll-like Receptor Expression and Signaling in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Correlate With Clinical Outcomes in Acute Hepatitis C Virus Infection. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:739-47. [PMID: 27284092 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanisms by which spontaneous clearance of acute hepatitis C occurs are unclear. A critical role for the innate immune system and IFNL4 polymorphisms has been proposed. This study investigates whether Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression and signaling during acute hepatitis C correlates with clinical outcomes. METHODS Participants identified from the Australian Trial in Acute Hepatitis C and the Networks study were followed longitudinally from the time of diagnosis of acute hepatitis C. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and plasma were collected at and 2 time points after diagnosis. At each time point, TLR2, TLR4, and CD86 expression on peripheral blood monocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, and NK T cells was measured, as well as the response of PBMCs to stimulation with TLR ligands. Cytokine and chemokine levels were measured in stimulated PBMCs and plasma. RESULTS We identified 20 participants with acute hepatitis C (10 with hepatitis C virus [HCV] monoinfection and 10 with HCV and human immunodeficiency virus coinfection). Eleven participants (55%) spontaneously cleared HCV. Acute hepatitis C and spontaneous clearance was associated with lower TLR4 expression on monocytes (P = .009) and NK cells (P = .029). Acute hepatitis C and spontaneous clearance was also associated with a reduced interferon γ response to TLR4 (P = .038) and TLR7/8 stimulation (P = .035), a reduced interleukin 6 response to TLR7/8 stimulation (P = .037), and reduced IFN-γ-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) response to TLR2 stimulation (P = .042). Lower plasma IP-10 levels were associated with spontaneous clearance (P = .001). CONCLUSIONS These findings implicate TLR4 signaling as playing a critical role in the outcome of acute hepatitis C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swee Lin G Chen Yi Mei
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent's Hospital Immunology Research Centre, Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital and the University of Melbourne
| | - Jodie Burchell
- Centre of Research Excellence, Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne
| | - Narelle Skinner
- Immunology Research Centre, Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital and the University of Melbourne
| | - Rosie Millen
- Immunology Research Centre, Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital and the University of Melbourne
| | - Gail Matthews
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney
| | - Margaret Hellard
- Centre for Population Health, Burnet Institute Department of Infectious Diseases, the Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | - Vijaya Sundararajan
- Centre of Research Excellence, Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne
| | - Alexander J Thompson
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent's Hospital Immunology Research Centre, Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital and the University of Melbourne
| | - Kumar Visvanathan
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent's Hospital Immunology Research Centre, Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital and the University of Melbourne
| | - Joe Sasadeusz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Royal Melbourne Hospital
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Dehghan-Manshadi M, Hadinedoushan H, Amirbaigy MK, Zare F, Eslami G, Mirghanizade-Bafghi SA, Akhondi-Meybodi M. Relative Expression of Toll-Like Receptors 2 and 7 mRNA in Peripheral Blood of Patients With Hepatitis C. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2015; 15:e30427. [PMID: 26834788 PMCID: PMC4719121 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.30427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Revised: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an important human pathogen affecting an estimated 120 - 170 million individuals in the world. Toll-Like receptors (TLRs) are pattern-recognition receptors that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns, and stimulate immune responses. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine the mRNA expression level of TLR2 and TLR7 in HCV-infected patients in comparison with normal controls. PATIENTS AND METHODS Nineteen consecutive patients with HCV infection and nineteen sex and age-matched healthy controls were studied in a case-controlled research. RESULTS Our results showed that the expressions of TLR7 in HCV infected samples were significantly increased in comparison those of the controls (P = 0.02), while the expression of TLR2 was similar between the case and the control group (P = 0.8). There were no associations between the expression levels of TLR2 and TLR7 with HCV viral load and HCV genotypes. Also, there was no association between viral load and genotypes of the virus. CONCLUSIONS Our findings showed that HCV infection could lead to increased expression level of TLR7 mRNA in peripheral blood cells of HCV infected samples. The viral load and genotypes of HCV did not affect the mRNA expression levels of TLR2 and TLR7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Dehghan-Manshadi
- Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, IR Iran
| | - Hossein Hadinedoushan
- Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, IR Iran
- Immunology Department, Reproductive Immunology Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, IR Iran
- Corresponding Author: Hossein Hadinedoushan, Immunology Department, Reproductive Immunology Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, IR Iran. Tel: +98-3536285406; +98-9133576620, Fax: +98-3536238561, E-mail:
| | - Mohammad Kazem Amirbaigy
- Gastrology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi Hospital, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, IR Iran
| | - Fateme Zare
- Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, IR Iran
| | - Gilda Eslami
- Parasitology and Mycology Department, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, IR Iran
| | | | - Mohsen Akhondi-Meybodi
- Gastrology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi Hospital, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, IR Iran
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Ma JQ, Li Z, Xie WR, Liu CM, Liu SS. Quercetin protects mouse liver against CCl4-induced inflammation by the TLR2/4 and MAPK/NF-κB pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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TLR2∆22 (-196-174) significantly increases the risk of breast cancer in females carrying proline allele at codon 72 of TP53 gene: a case-control study from four ethnic groups of North Eastern region of India. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:9995-10002. [PMID: 26188904 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3795-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the second most common cancer in women. In the North Eastern Region (NER) of India, BC is emerging as an important concern as evidenced by the data available from population and hospital-based cancer registries. Studies on genetic susceptibility to BC are important to understand the increase in the incidence of BC in NER. The present case control study was conducted to investigate the association between tumour suppressor gene TP53 codon 72 polymorphism and innate immune pathway gene TLR2∆22 (-196-174) polymorphism with BC in females of NER of India for the identification of novel biomarker of BC. Four hundred sixty-two histopathologically confirmed BC cases from four states of NER of India, and 770 healthy controls were included by organizing community surveys from the neighbourhood of cases. In our study, no significant association between TP53 codon 72 polymorphisms and the risk of BC was found. However, our study has shown that TP53 codon 72 polymorphism is an important effect modifier. In the present study it was found that females carrying 22 base-pair deletion in the promoter region of their TLR2 gene had two times (AOR= 2.18, 95 % CI 1.13-4.21, p=0.019 in dominant model; AOR= 2.17, 95 % CI 1.09-4.34, p=0.027 in co-dominant model) increased risk of BC whwn they also carry proline allele at codon 72 of their TP53 gene.
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Huang Z, Ge J, Pang J, Liu H, Chen J, Liao B, Huang X, Zuo D, Sun J, Lu M, Zhang X, Hou J. Aberrant expression and dysfunction of TLR2 and its soluble form in chronic HBV infection and its regulation by antiviral therapy. Antiviral Res 2015; 118:10-9. [PMID: 25771704 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Protective effect of wild ginseng cambial meristematic cells on d-galactosamine-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. J Ginseng Res 2015; 39:376-83. [PMID: 26869831 PMCID: PMC4593786 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Panax ginseng has a wide range of biological activities including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory functions. Wild ginseng cambial meristematic cells (CMCs) were obtained from P. ginseng cambium. This study examined the protective mechanism of wild ginseng CMCs against d-galactosamine (GalN)-induced liver injury. GalN, a well-known hepatotoxicant, causes severe hepatocellular inflammatory damage and clinical features similar to those of human viral hepatitis in experimental animals. Methods Hepatotoxicity was induced in rats using GalN (700 mg/kg, i.p.). Wild ginseng CMCs was administered orally once a day for 2 wks, and then 2 h prior to and 6 h after GalN injection. Results Wild ginseng CMCs attenuated the increase in serum aminotransferase activity that occurs 24 h after GalN injection. Wild ginseng CMCs also attenuated the GalN-induced increase in serum tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6 level, and hepatic cyclooxygenase-2 protein and mRNA expression. Wild ginseng CMCs augmented the increase in serum interleukin -10 and hepatic heme oxygenase-1 protein and mRNA expression that was induced by GalN, inhibited the increase in the nuclear level of nuclear factor-kappa B, and enhanced the increase in NF-E2-related factor 2. Conclusion Our findings suggest that wild ginseng CMCs protects liver against GalN-induced inflammation by suppressing proinflammatory mediators and enhancing production of anti-inflammatory mediators.
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Yang DR, Zhu HZ. Hepatitis C virus and antiviral innate immunity: Who wins at tug-of-war? World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:3786-3800. [PMID: 25852264 PMCID: PMC4385526 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i13.3786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major human pathogen of chronic hepatitis and related liver diseases. Innate immunity is the first line of defense against invading foreign pathogens, and its activation is dependent on the recognition of these pathogens by several key sensors. The interferon (IFN) system plays an essential role in the restriction of HCV infection via the induction of hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) that inhibit viral replication and spread. However, numerous factors that trigger immune dysregulation, including viral factors and host genetic factors, can help HCV to escape host immune response, facilitating viral persistence. In this review, we aim to summarize recent advances in understanding the innate immune response to HCV infection and the mechanisms of ISGs to suppress viral survival, as well as the immune evasion strategies for chronic HCV infection.
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Ma Z, Zhang E, Yang D, Lu M. Contribution of Toll-like receptors to the control of hepatitis B virus infection by initiating antiviral innate responses and promoting specific adaptive immune responses. Cell Mol Immunol 2014; 12:273-82. [PMID: 25418467 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2014.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well accepted that adaptive immunity plays a key role in the control of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. In contrast, the contribution of innate immunity has only received attention in recent years. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) sense pathogen-associated molecule patterns and activate antiviral mechanisms, including intracellular antiviral pathways and the production of antiviral effector interferons (IFNs) and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Experimental results from in vitro and in vivo models have demonstrated that TLRs mediate the activation of cellular signaling pathways and the production of antiviral cytokines, resulting in a suppression of HBV replication. However, HBV infection is associated with downregulation of TLR expression on host cells and blockade of the activation of downstream signaling pathways. In primary HBV infection, TLRs may slow down HBV infection, but contribute only indirectly to viral clearance. Importantly, TLRs may modulate HBV-specific T- and B-cell responses in vivo, which are essential for the termination of HBV infection. Thus, TLR agonists are promising candidates to act as immunomodulators for the treatment of chronic HBV infection. Antiviral treatment may recover TLR expression and function in chronic HBV infection and may increase the efficacy of therapeutic approaches based on TLR activation. A combined therapeutic strategy with antiviral treatment and TLR activation could facilitate the restoration of HBV-specific immune responses and thereby, achieve viral clearance in chronically infected HBV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Ma
- 1] Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany [2] Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ejuan Zhang
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongliang Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Lee JH, Won JH, Choi JM, Cha HH, Jang YJ, Park S, Kim HG, Kim HC, Kim DK. Protective effect of ellagic acid on concanavalin A-induced hepatitis via toll-like receptor and mitogen-activated protein kinase/nuclear factor κB signaling pathways. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:10110-10117. [PMID: 25238033 DOI: 10.1021/jf503188c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ellagic acid (EA) is present in certain fruits and nuts, including raspberries, pomegranates, and walnuts, and has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The aims of this study were to examine the protective effect of EA on concanavalin A (Con A)-induced hepatitis and to elucidate its underlying molecular mechanisms in mice. Mice were orally administered EA at different doses before the intravenous delivery of Con A; the different experimental groups were as follows: (i) vehicle control, (ii) Con A alone without EA, (iii) EA at 50 mg/kg, (iv) EA at 100 mg/kg, and (v) EA at 200 mg/kg. We found that EA pretreatment significantly reduced the levels of plasma aminotransferase and liver necrosis in Con A-induced hepatitis. Also, EA significantly decreased the expression levels of the toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 mRNA and protein in liver tissues. Further, EA decreased the phosphorylation of JNK, ERK1/2, and p38. EA-treated groups showed suppressions of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and IκB-α degradation levels in liver tissues. In addition, EA pretreatment decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interleukin 1β (IL-1β). These results suggest that EA protects against T-cell-mediated hepatitis through TLR and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/NF-κB signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hong Lee
- Department of Environmental and Health Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University , 221 Huksuk-Dong, Dongjak-Ku, Seoul 156-756, South Korea
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Mahmoud MF, Hamdan DI, Wink M, El-Shazly AM. Hepatoprotective effect of limonin, a natural limonoid from the seed of Citrus aurantium var. bigaradia, on D-galactosamine-induced liver injury in rats. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 387:251-61. [PMID: 24258286 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-013-0937-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors have been implicated in inflammation and injury in various tissues and organs including the liver. We have investigated the effects of limonin isolated from the dichloromethane fraction of the seeds of bittersweet orange (Citrus aurantium var. bigaradia) in two dose levels (50 and 100 mg/kg) against D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-induced liver toxicity in comparison with standard silymarin treatment on Toll-like receptors expression and hepatic injury, using a well-established rat model of acute hepatic inflammation. The limonoids in the seeds of bittersweet orange were identified. Oral administration of limonin before D-GalN injection, significantly attenuated markers of hepatic damage (elevated liver enzyme activities and total bilirubin) and hepatic inflammation (TNF-α, infiltration of neutrophils), oxidative stress and expression of TLR-4 but not TLR-2 in D-GalN-treated rats. Limonin effects were similar in most aspects to that of the lignan silymarin. The higher dose of limonin (100 mg/kg) performed numerically better for AST and bilirubin, and both doses yielded similar results for ALT and GGT. While the lower dose of limonin (50 mg/kg) performed better against oxidative stress and liver structural damage as compared to the higher dose. Limonin exerts protective effects on liver toxicity associated with inflammation and tissue injury via attenuation of inflammation and reduction of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona F Mahmoud
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt,
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Aravalli RN. Role of innate immunity in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:7500-7514. [PMID: 24282342 PMCID: PMC3837249 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i43.7500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common form of liver cancer worldwide. It is caused by a variety of risk factors, most common ones being infection with hepatitis viruses, alcohol, and obesity. HCC often develops in the background of underlying cirrhosis, and even though a number of interventional treatment methods are currently in use, recurrence is fairly common among patients who have had a resection. Therefore, whole liver transplantation remains the most practical treatment option for HCC. Due to the growing incidence of HCC, intense research efforts are being made to understand cellular and molecular mechanisms of the disease so that novel therapeutic strategies can be developed to combat liver cancer. In recent years, it has become clear that innate immunity plays a critical role in the development of a number of liver diseases, including HCC. In particular, the activation of Toll-like receptor signaling results in the generation of immune responses that often results in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and could cause acute inflammation in the liver. In this review, the current knowledge on the role of innate immune responses in the development and progression of HCC is examined, and emerging therapeutic strategies based on molecular mechanisms of HCC are discussed.
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Hsiao CC, Kao YH, Huang SC, Chuang JH. Toll-like receptor-4 agonist inhibits motility and invasion of hepatoblastoma HepG2 cells in vitro. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60:248-53. [PMID: 22648929 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.24211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expression of toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) on tumor cells is known to mediate innate immune responses that influence tumor cell growth and migration. This study aimed to characterize TLR4 expression and elucidate its functional significance in human hepatoblastoma (HB) cells. PROCEDURE Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to determine TLR4 expression level and its distribution pattern in HB liver tissues. Transcripts of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-8, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-13, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-1, and TIMP-2 in HB HepG2 cells with lipopolysacharide (LPS) treatment were measured by quantitative PCR. Soluble cytokines and peptides in conditioned media were measured by ELISA. MMP-2 activity was determined by using gelatin zymography. Cell motility and invasiveness was determined using wound healing migration and Matrigel invasion assays, respectively. RESULTS TLR4 IHC staining demonstrated that TLR4 overexpression in HB liver tissues dramatically vanished after chemotherapy. In vitro study using an HB cell line, HepG2, showed that TLR4 agonist, LPS, significantly decreased transcripts of IL-8 and TNF-α, but did not affect MMP-13 mRNA level. By contrast, LPS only down-regulated IL-8 production and MMP-2 gelatinolytic activity. The latter might be in part due to the increased levels of MMP-2/TIMP-2 complex in conditioned media, thus leading to the decreased motility and invasiveness of HepG2 cells. CONCLUSIONS HB cells overexpress TLR4, whereas TLR4 agonistic treatment inhibits migration and invasion of HB HepG2 cells. These findings suggest that TLR4 signaling pathway is a potential therapeutic target for control of HB tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Cheng Hsiao
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Rahman AH, Branch AD. Vitamin D for your patients with chronic hepatitis C? J Hepatol 2013; 58:184-9. [PMID: 22871501 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D is increasingly becoming recognized as an important physiological regulator with pleiotropic functions outside of its classical role in skeletal homeostasis. A growing body of clinical evidence highlights the prevalence and risks of vitamin D deficiency in patients suffering from chronic hepatitis C infection, and vitamin D supplementation has been proposed as an adjunct to current standards of care. This review considers the experimental evidence for the anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic and antiviral effects of vitamin D, and discusses the therapeutic potential of vitamin D supplementation to protect against liver disease progression and improve responses to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeeb H Rahman
- Division of Liver Diseases, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Oetting WS, Guan W, Schladt DP, Leduc RE, Jacobson PA, Matas AJ, Chinnakotla S, Schröppel B, Murphy BT, Israni AK. Donor polymorphisms of toll-like receptor 4 associated with graft failure in liver transplant recipients. Liver Transpl 2012; 18:1399-405. [PMID: 22987288 PMCID: PMC3518641 DOI: 10.1002/lt.23549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There have been many reports showing significant associations between recipient genetic variants and allograft outcomes, including acute rejection and graft failure, but less is known about the contribution of the donor genotype. We analyzed 37 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) gene from deceased donor liver allografts transplanted into 738 recipients to determine their effects on liver graft failure (LGF). Two SNPs exhibited a significant association with LGF after adjustments for donor race and recipient race and corrections for multiple test comparisons: rs11536865 [hazard ratio (HR) = 2.5, P = 0.0003] and rs5030717 (HR = 1.67, P = 0.0008). An additional SNP, rs913930, exhibited a significant association in Caucasian donors (HR = 1.62, P = 0.0006), and 2 SNPs exhibited a suggestive association in African American donors: rs11536865 (HR = 2.45, P = 0.002) and rs5030717 (HR = 2.32, P = 0.002). Additionally, the liver donor risk index (HR = 2.56, 95% confidence interval = 1.54-4.26, P = 0.0003) and the recipient hepatitis C virus (HCV) status (HR = 1.53, 95% confidence interval = 1.04-2.24, P = 0.032) increased the risk of all-cause LGF in a Cox proportional hazards model adjusted for recipient race. Donor polymorphisms in TLR4 could be important factors in modulating TLR4 activity and, therefore, affect the risk of graft loss. Additionally, there is a suggestion of an interaction between polymorphisms within TLR4 and the HCV status.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S. Oetting
- College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN,Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Weihua Guan
- Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - David P. Schladt
- Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Robert E. Leduc
- Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | - Arthur J. Matas
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | | | | | - Ajay K. Israni
- Department of Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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Ronit A, Salem M, Hartling HJ, Gaardbo JC, Ullum H, Gerstoft J, Nielsen SD. Dysregulation of toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 expression on monocytes and upregulation of the frequency of T cells expressing TLR2 in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. APMIS 2012; 121:437-46. [PMID: 23083518 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) initiate inflammatory responses that may play a role in disease progression in patients infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). TLR2 and TLR4 surface expression were assessed on CD14(+) monocytes, CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in treatment naïve patients with chronic HCV infection with fibrosis, without fibrosis, co-infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and in healthy controls. Increased expression of TLR2 was found on monocytes in HCV-infected patients with fibrosis (p < 0.01), co-infected with HIV (p = 0.03), and possibly in patients without fibrosis (p = 0.07) when compared to controls. TLR2 positive CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells were upregulated in patients with fibrosis only (p < 0.01). However, expression of TLR2 was not associated with T cell activation. TLR4 expression was similar in patients and healthy controls. In conclusion, TLR2 expression on monocytes and the frequency of T cells expressing TLR2 may contribute to disease progression in chronic HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Ronit
- Viro-immunology Research Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases M5121, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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Kitson MT, Roberts SK. D-livering the message: the importance of vitamin D status in chronic liver disease. J Hepatol 2012; 57:897-909. [PMID: 22634121 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D is synthesized predominantly in the liver and functions as an important secosteroid hormone with pleiotropic effects. While its key regulatory role in calcium and bone homeostasis is well established, recently there is increasing recognition that vitamin D also regulates cell proliferation and differentiation, and has immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic properties. These non-skeletal effects are relevant in the pathogenesis and treatment of many causes of chronic liver disease. Vitamin D deficiency is frequently present in chronic liver disease and may predict non-response to antiviral therapy in chronic hepatitis C. Small studies suggest that vitamin D supplementation improves sustained viral response rates, while 1α-hydroxylase polymorphisms and vitamin D-binding protein are also implicated in therapeutic outcomes. Vitamin D deficiency also closely relates to the severity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and is implicated in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance, a key factor in the development of NAFLD. In preclinical studies, phototherapy and vitamin D supplementation ameliorate NAFLD histopathology, while vitamin D is a powerful anti-fibrotic against thioacetamide liver injury. In liver transplant recipients severe vitamin D deficiency predicts, and vitamin D supplementation prevents, acute cellular rejection. The role of vitamin D in the activation and regulation of both innate and adaptive immune systems may explain its importance in the above liver diseases. Further prospective studies are therefore warranted to investigate the therapeutic impact of vitamin D supplementation in chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Kitson
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Alfred, Melbourne, Australia
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Li K, Lemon SM. Innate immune responses in hepatitis C virus infection. Semin Immunopathol 2012; 35:53-72. [PMID: 22868377 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-012-0332-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major causative agent of chronic hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide and thus poses a significant public health threat. A hallmark of HCV infection is the extraordinary ability of the virus to persist in a majority of infected people. Innate immune responses represent the front line of defense of the human body against HCV immediately after infection. They also play a crucial role in orchestrating subsequent HCV-specific adaptive immunity that is pivotal for viral clearance. Accumulating evidence suggests that the host has evolved multifaceted innate immune mechanisms to sense HCV infection and elicit defense responses, while HCV has developed elaborate strategies to circumvent many of these. Defining the interplay of HCV with host innate immunity reveals mechanistic insights into hepatitis C pathogenesis and informs approaches to therapy. In this review, we summarize recent advances in understanding innate immune responses to HCV infection, focusing on induction and effector mechanisms of the interferon antiviral response as well as the evasion strategies of HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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Tu CT, Yao QY, Xu BL, Wang JY, Zhou CH, Zhang SC. Protective effects of curcumin against hepatic fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride: modulation of high-mobility group box 1, Toll-like receptor 4 and 2 expression. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:3343-51. [PMID: 22683883 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of curcumin on the liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) in rats, and to elucidate its underlying molecular mechanisms. Rats were administered with CCl(4) together with or without curcumin for 6 weeks. Hepatic damage was evaluated by analysis of liver function tests in serum. Hepatic histopathology and collagen content were employed to quantify liver fibrosis; and activated hepatic stellate cells were assessed. Moreover, the mRNA and protein expression levels of interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), Toll like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 were determined by quantitative real time PCR, Western blot or immunohistochemistry. Treatment with curcumin significantly attenuated CCl(4)-induce liver injury, hepatic inflammation and reduced the levels of proinflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-6 and MCP-1). Moreover, curcumin significantly inhibited extracellular matrix deposition, reduced the number of activated stellate cells, and decreased the levels of HMGB1, TLR4 and TLR2 expression in the rat model of fibrogenesis. These results suggest that curcumin could be an effective agent for preventing liver fibrosis and its mechanism may in part be a consequence of the reduction TLR2, TLR4 and HMGB1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-tao Tu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China.
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Toll-like receptor signalling in liver disease: ER stress the missing link? Cytokine 2012; 59:195-202. [PMID: 22579700 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors induce a complex inflammatory response that can function to alert the body to infection, neutralize pathogens and repair damaged tissues. Toll-like receptors are expressed on kupffer, endothelial, dendritic, biliary epithelial, hepatic stellate cells, and hepatocytes in the liver. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a central organelle of eukaryotic cells that exists as a place of lipid synthesis, protein folding and protein maturation. The ER is a major signal transduction organelle that senses and responds to changes in homeostasis. Conditions interfering with the function of the ER are collectively known as ER stress and can be induced by accumulation of unfolded protein aggregates or by excessive protein traffic as can occur during viral infection. The ability of ER stress to induce an inflammatory response is considered to play a role in disease pathogenesis. Importantly, ER stress is viewed as a contributor to the pathogenesis of liver diseases with evidence linking components of ER homeostasis as requirements for optimal Toll-like receptor function. In this context this review discusses the association of Toll-like receptors with ER stress. This is an emerging paradigm in the understanding of Toll-like receptor signalling which may have an underlying role in the pathogenesis of liver disease.
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Abstract
Despite the availability of effective combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), liver disease is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-infected individuals, specifically, in the presence of viral hepatitis coinfection. HIV, a single stranded RNA virus, can bind to and activate both Toll-like receptor (TLR)7 and TLR8 in circulating blood mononuclear cells, but little is known about the effect of HIV on TLRs expressed in the liver. HIV can directly infect cells of the liver and HIV-mediated depletion of CD4+ T-cells in the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) results in increased circulating lipopolysaccharide (LPS), both of which may impact on TLR signaling in the liver and subsequent liver disease progression. The potential direct and indirect effects of HIV on TLR signaling in the liver will be explored in this paper.
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Pang M, Bala S, Kodys K, Catalano D, Szabo G. Inhibition of TLR8- and TLR4-induced Type I IFN induction by alcohol is different from its effects on inflammatory cytokine production in monocytes. BMC Immunol 2011; 12:55. [PMID: 21962237 PMCID: PMC3203086 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-12-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prolonged alcohol consumption is a significant co-factor in the progression of chronic viral infections including hepatitis C and HIV, which are both single-stranded RNA viruses. Toll like receptor 8 (TLR8), a pattern recognition receptor expressed in monocytes, senses viral single stranded RNA as a danger signal and leads to the induction of Type I interferon (IFN) as well as the pro-inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) ligand, was shown to affect inflammatory cell activation after alcohol consumption and in HIV and HCV infections. Here we hypothesized that alcohol exposure modulates TLR8- and TLR4-ligand-induced monocyte activation and affects both type I IFN and inflammatory cytokine induction. RESULTS The TLR8 ligand, CL075, as well as the TLR4 ligand, LPS, resulted in a significant induction of TNF alpha both at the mRNA and protein levels in human monocytes. We found that both acute and prolonged alcohol treatment resulted in inhibition of type I IFN induction by either TLR8 or TLR4 ligands in human monocytes at the protein and mRNA levels. In contrast to Type I IFN production, the effects of acute and prolonged alcohol were different on inflammatory cytokine activation after TLR8 or TLR4 ligand stimulation. Acute alcohol inhibited TLR8- or TLR4-induced TNF alpha protein and mRNA induction while it augmented IL-10 production in monocytes. In contrast, prolonged alcohol treatment augmented TNF alpha without affecting IL-10 production significantly in response to either TLR8 or TLR4 ligand stimulation. CONCLUSIONS These novel results suggest first, that alcohol has a profound inhibitory effect on Type I IFN induction regardless of intracellular (TLR8) or cell surface-derived (TLR4) danger signals. Second, both acute and prolonged alcohol exposure can inhibit antiviral Type I IFN pathway activation. Third, the opposite effects of acute (inhibitory) and prolonged alcohol (augmentation) treatment on pro-inflammatory cytokine activation extend to TLR8-induced signals beyond the previously shown TLR4/LPS pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoyin Pang
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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