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Izadi A, Karami Y, Bratanis E, Wrighton S, Khakzad H, Nyblom M, Olofsson B, Happonen L, Tang D, Sundwall M, Godzwon M, Chao Y, Toledo AG, Schmidt T, Ohlin M, Nilges M, Malmström J, Bahnan W, Shannon O, Malmström L, Nordenfelt P. The hinge-engineered IgG1-IgG3 hybrid subclass IgGh 47 potently enhances Fc-mediated function of anti-streptococcal and SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3600. [PMID: 38678029 PMCID: PMC11055898 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47928-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes can cause invasive disease with high mortality despite adequate antibiotic treatments. To address this unmet need, we have previously generated an opsonic IgG1 monoclonal antibody, Ab25, targeting the bacterial M protein. Here, we engineer the IgG2-4 subclasses of Ab25. Despite having reduced binding, the IgG3 version promotes stronger phagocytosis of bacteria. Using atomic simulations, we show that IgG3's Fc tail has extensive movement in 3D space due to its extended hinge region, possibly facilitating interactions with immune cells. We replaced the hinge of IgG1 with four different IgG3-hinge segment subclasses, IgGhxx. Hinge-engineering does not diminish binding as with IgG3 but enhances opsonic function, where a 47 amino acid hinge is comparable to IgG3 in function. IgGh47 shows improved protection against S. pyogenes in a systemic infection mouse model, suggesting that IgGh47 has promise as a preclinical therapeutic candidate. Importantly, the enhanced opsonic function of IgGh47 is generalizable to diverse S. pyogenes strains from clinical isolates. We generated IgGh47 versions of anti-SARS-CoV-2 mAbs to broaden the biological applicability, and these also exhibit strongly enhanced opsonic function compared to the IgG1 subclass. The improved function of the IgGh47 subclass in two distant biological systems provides new insights into antibody function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arman Izadi
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Infection Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Yasaman Karami
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Inria, LORIA, F-54000, Nancy, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris cite, CNRS UMR3528, Structural Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Eleni Bratanis
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Infection Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Wrighton
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Infection Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hamed Khakzad
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Inria, LORIA, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Maria Nyblom
- Department of Biology & Lund Protein Production Platform (LP3), Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Berit Olofsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Infection Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lotta Happonen
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Infection Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Di Tang
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Infection Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin Sundwall
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Infection Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Magdalena Godzwon
- Department of Immunotechnology and SciLifeLab Drug Discovery and Development Platform, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Yashuan Chao
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Infection Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Alejandro Gomez Toledo
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Infection Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tobias Schmidt
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mats Ohlin
- Department of Immunotechnology and SciLifeLab Drug Discovery and Development Platform, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Michael Nilges
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris cite, CNRS UMR3528, Structural Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Johan Malmström
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Infection Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Wael Bahnan
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Infection Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Oonagh Shannon
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Infection Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Section for Oral Biology and Pathology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Lars Malmström
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Infection Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Pontus Nordenfelt
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Infection Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology, Skåne University Hospital Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Su MSW, Cheng YL, Lin YS, Wu JJ. Interplay between group A Streptococcus and host innate immune responses. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2024; 88:e0005222. [PMID: 38451081 PMCID: PMC10966951 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00052-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYGroup A Streptococcus (GAS), also known as Streptococcus pyogenes, is a clinically well-adapted human pathogen that harbors rich virulence determinants contributing to a broad spectrum of diseases. GAS is capable of invading epithelial, endothelial, and professional phagocytic cells while evading host innate immune responses, including phagocytosis, selective autophagy, light chain 3-associated phagocytosis, and inflammation. However, without a more complete understanding of the different ways invasive GAS infections develop, it is difficult to appreciate how GAS survives and multiplies in host cells that have interactive immune networks. This review article attempts to provide an overview of the behaviors and mechanisms that allow pathogenic GAS to invade cells, along with the strategies that host cells practice to constrain GAS infection. We highlight the counteractions taken by GAS to apply virulence factors such as streptolysin O, nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotidase, and streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin B as a hindrance to host innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Shu-Wei Su
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, College of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Lin Cheng
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yee-Shin Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jiunn-Jong Wu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, College of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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3
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Bergmann R, Schroedl W, Müller U, Baums CG. A distinct variant of the SzM protein of Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus recruits C1q independent of IgG binding and inhibits activation of the classical complement pathway. Virulence 2023; 14:2235461. [PMID: 37450582 PMCID: PMC10351459 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2235461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (SEZ) is a major equine pathogen that causes pneumonia, abortion, and polyarthritis. It can also cause invasive infections in humans. SEZ expresses the M-like protein SzM, which recruits host proteins such as fibrinogen to the bacterial surface. Equine SEZ strain C2, which binds only comparably low amounts of human fibrinogen in comparison to human SEZ strain C33, was previously shown to proliferate in equine and human blood. As the expression of SzM_C2 was necessary for survival in blood, this study investigated the working hypothesis that SzM_C2 inhibits complement activation through a mechanism other than fibrinogen and non-immune immunoglobulin binding. Loss-of-function experiments showed that SEZ C2, but not C33, binds C1q via SzM in IgG-free human plasma. Furthermore, SzM C2 expression is necessary for recruiting purified human or equine C1q to the bacterial surface. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that SzM expression in SEZ C2 is crucial for the significant reduction of C3b labelling in human plasma. Addition of human plasma to immobilized rSzM_C2 and immobilized aggregated IgG led to binding of C1q, but only the latter activated the complement system, as shown by the detection of C4 deposition. Complement activation induced by aggregated IgG was significantly reduced if human plasma was pre-incubated with rSzM_C2. Furthermore, rSzM_C2, but not rSzM_C33, inhibited the activation of the classical complement pathway in human plasma, as determined in an erythrocyte lysis experiment. In conclusion, the immunoglobulin-independent binding of C1q to SzM_C2 is associated with complement inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Bergmann
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wieland Schroedl
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Uwe Müller
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph Georg Baums
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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4
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Cuhaci U, Caglar K. Establishment of a method to detect human immunoglobulin G1 binding microorganisms. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 107:116019. [PMID: 37619441 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2023.116019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we developed an original and rapid anti-idiotypic antibody-based ELISA method, different from the techniques defined in the literature for this purpose so far, to detect immunoglobulin binding proteins (IBP) on the surface of bacteria. The test antibody used in our study to detect IBP is a recombinant human immunoglobulin G1 Kappa molecule, and has been used as a drug, Tocilizumab (Actemra®), in humans for therapeutic purposes. As a result, the test antibody in the supernatant after centrifugation is reduced compared to the initial moment due to antibody binding. Staphylococcus aureus cowan 1 strain used as positive control causes at least a 50% decrease in OD value in this respect. A similar observation at this level indicated that among a total of 189 microorganisms tested, 3 Staphylococcus aureus and 1 MRSA carrying high-affinity IgBP showed greater than 50% inhibition. This level of inhibition was not detected in the remaining microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulker Cuhaci
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Yuksek İhtisas University, Ankara, Turkey; Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Kayhan Caglar
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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Lapschies AM, Aubry E, Kohler TP, Goldmann O, Hammerschmidt S, Nerlich A, Eichhorn I, van Vorst K, Fulde M. The type-2 Streptococcus canis M protein SCM-2 binds fibrinogen and facilitates antiphagocytic properties. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1228472. [PMID: 37965557 PMCID: PMC10641296 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1228472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus canis is a zoonotic agent that causes severe invasive diseases in domestic animals and humans, but little is known about its pathogenesis and virulence mechanisms so far. SCM, the M-like protein expressed by S. canis, is considered one of the major virulence determinants. Here, we report on the two distinct groups of SCM. SCM-1 proteins were already described to interact with its ligands IgG and plasminogen as well as with itself and confer antiphagocytic capability of SCM-1 expressing bacterial isolates. In contrast, the function of SCM-2 type remained unclear to date. Using whole-genome sequencing and subsequent bioinformatics, FACS analysis, fluorescence microscopy and surface plasmon resonance spectrometry, we demonstrate that, although different in amino acid sequence, a selection of diverse SCM-2-type S. canis isolates, phylogenetically representing the full breadth of SCM-2 sequences, were able to bind fibrinogen. Using targeted mutagenesis of an SCM-2 isolate, we further demonstrated that this strain was significantly less able to survive in canine blood. With respect to similar studies showing a correlation between fibrinogen binding and survival in whole blood, we hypothesize that SCM-2 has an important contribution to the pathogenesis of S. canis in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje-Maria Lapschies
- Centre of Infection Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Etienne Aubry
- Centre of Infection Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas P. Kohler
- Centre for Functional Genomics of Microbes, Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Oliver Goldmann
- Infection Immunology Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sven Hammerschmidt
- Centre for Functional Genomics of Microbes, Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Andreas Nerlich
- Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research (TZR), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Inga Eichhorn
- Centre of Infection Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Robert Koch Institute, Genome Competence Centre (MF1), Berlin, Germany
| | - Kira van Vorst
- Centre of Infection Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Fulde
- Centre of Infection Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research (TZR), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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6
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Zhou X, Song H, Pan F, Yuan C, Jia L, Wu B, Fan H, Ma Z. The dual M protein systems have diverse biological characteristics, but both contribute to M18-type Group A Streptococcus pathogenicity. Microbes Infect 2023:105209. [PMID: 37597608 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2023.105209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
M protein is a key surface virulence factor in Group A Streptococcus (GAS), Group C Streptococcus (GCS), and other streptococcal species. GAS encodes M protein using the emm gene, while GCS employs the szm (or sem) gene. In M18-type GAS, dual M protein systems exist, comprising both GAS and GCS M proteins (encoded separately by emm18 and spa18). The spa18 gene in M18-type GAS shares a conserved region highly similar to GCS's szm gene. Our study reveals that spa18 exhibits higher transcription levels than emm18 in M18-type GAS strains. The dual M protein systems defective mutant (Δemm18Δspa18) displays a smooth surface, whereas wild-type and single M protein gene mutants remain rough. M18 and SPA18 proteins possess distinct characteristics, showing varied binding properties and cytotoxicity effects on macrophages (THP-1) and keratinocytes (HaCaT). Both emm18 and spa18 genes contribute to the skin pathogenicity of M18-type GAS. Transcriptome analysis suggests the potential involvement of the mga gene in spa18 transcription regulation, while SpyM18_2047 appears to be specific to spa18 regulation. In summary, this research offers a crucial understanding of the biological characteristics of dual M protein systems in M18-type GAS, highlighting their contributions to virulence and transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorui Zhou
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Haoshuai Song
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fei Pan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chen Yuan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lu Jia
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Bing Wu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hongjie Fan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhe Ma
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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7
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Alamiri F, André O, De S, Nordenfelt P, Hakansson AP. Role of serotype and virulence determinants of Streptococcus pyogenes biofilm bacteria in internalization and persistence in epithelial cells in vitro. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1146431. [PMID: 37234777 PMCID: PMC10206268 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1146431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes causes a multitude of local and systemic infections, the most common being pharyngitis in children. Recurrent pharyngeal infections are common and are thought to be due to the re-emergence of intracellular GAS upon completion of antibiotic treatment. The role of colonizing biofilm bacteria in this process is not fully clear. Here, live respiratory epithelial cells were inoculated with broth-grown or biofilm bacteria of different M-types, as well as with isogenic mutants lacking common virulence factors. All M-types tested adhered to and were internalized into epithelial cells. Interestingly, internalization and persistence of planktonic bacteria varied significantly between strains, whereas biofilm bacteria were internalized in similar and higher numbers, and all strains persisted beyond 44 hours, showing a more homogenous phenotype. The M3 protein, but not the M1 or M5 proteins, was required for optimal uptake and persistence of both planktonic and biofilm bacteria inside cells. Moreover, the high expression of capsule and SLO inhibited cellular uptake and capsule expression was required for intracellular survival. Streptolysin S was required for optimal uptake and persistence of M3 planktonic bacteria, whereas SpeB improved intracellular survival of biofilm bacteria. Microscopy of internalized bacteria showed that planktonic bacteria were internalized in lower numbers as individual or small clumps of bacteria in the cytoplasm, whereas GAS biofilm bacteria displayed a pattern of perinuclear localization of bacterial aggregates that affected actin structure. Using inhibitors targeting cellular uptake pathways, we confirmed that planktonic GAS mainly uses a clathrin-mediated uptake pathway that also required actin and dynamin. Clathrin was not involved in biofilm internalization, but internalization required actin rearrangement and PI3 kinase activity, possibly suggesting macropinocytosis. Together these results provide a better understanding of the potential mechanisms of uptake and survival of various phenotypes of GAS bacteria relevant for colonization and recurrent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiruz Alamiri
- Division of Experimental Infection Medicine, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Oscar André
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Supradipta De
- Division of Experimental Infection Medicine, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Pontus Nordenfelt
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders P. Hakansson
- Division of Experimental Infection Medicine, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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8
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de Neergaard T, Bläckberg A, Ivarsson H, Thomasson S, Kumra Ahnlide V, Chowdhury S, Khakzad H, Bahnan W, Malmström J, Rasmussen M, Nordenfelt P. Invasive Streptococcal Infection Can Lead to the Generation of Cross-Strain Opsonic Antibodies. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0248622. [PMID: 36314947 PMCID: PMC9769875 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02486-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The human pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes causes substantial morbidity and mortality. It is unclear if antibodies developed after infections with this pathogen are opsonic and if they are strain specific or more broadly protective. Here, we quantified the opsonic-antibody response following invasive S. pyogenes infection. Four patients with S. pyogenes bacteremia between 2018 and 2020 at Skåne University Hospital in Lund, Sweden, were prospectively enrolled. Acute- and convalescent-phase sera were obtained, and the S. pyogenes isolates were genome sequenced (emm118, emm85, and two emm1 isolates). Quantitative antibody binding and phagocytosis assays were used to evaluate isolate-dependent opsonic antibody function in response to infection. Antibody binding increased modestly against the infecting isolate and across emm types in convalescent- compared to acute-phase sera for all patients. For two patients, phagocytosis increased in convalescent-phase serum both for the infecting isolate and across types. The increase was only across types for one patient, and one had no improvement. No correlation to the clinical outcomes was observed. Invasive S. pyogenes infections result in a modestly increased antibody binding with differential opsonic capacity, both nonfunctional binding and broadly opsonic binding across types. These findings question the dogma that an invasive infection should lead to a strong type-specific antibody increase rather than a more modest but broadly reactive response, as seen in these patients. Furthermore, our results indicate that an increase in antibody titers might not be indicative of an opsonic response and highlight the importance of evaluating antibody function in S. pyogenes infections. IMPORTANCE The bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes is a common cause of both mild and severe human diseases resulting in substantial morbidity and mortality each year. No vaccines are available, and our understanding of the antibody response to this human pathogen is still incomplete. Here, we carefully analyzed the opsonic antibody response following invasive infection in four patients. Unexpectedly, the patients did not always generate opsonic antibodies against the specific infecting strain. Instead, we found that some patients could generate cross-opsonic antibodies, leading to phagocytosis of bacteria across strains. The emergence of cross-opsonic antibodies is likely important for long-term immunity against S. pyogenes. Our findings question the dogma that mostly strain-specific immunity is developed after infection and add to our overall understanding of how immunity to S. pyogenes can evolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese de Neergaard
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anna Bläckberg
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Skåne University Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hanna Ivarsson
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sofia Thomasson
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Vibha Kumra Ahnlide
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sounak Chowdhury
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hamed Khakzad
- Laboratory of Protein Design and Immunoengineering, STI, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Wael Bahnan
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Malmström
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Magnus Rasmussen
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Skåne University Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases, Lund, Sweden
| | - Pontus Nordenfelt
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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9
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Bahnan W, Happonen L, Khakzad H, Kumra Ahnlide V, de Neergaard T, Wrighton S, André O, Bratanis E, Tang D, Hellmark T, Björck L, Shannon O, Malmström L, Malmström J, Nordenfelt P. A human monoclonal antibody bivalently binding two different epitopes in streptococcal M protein mediates immune function. EMBO Mol Med 2022; 15:e16208. [PMID: 36507602 PMCID: PMC9906385 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202216208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A streptococci have evolved multiple strategies to evade human antibodies, making it challenging to create effective vaccines or antibody treatments. Here, we have generated antibodies derived from the memory B cells of an individual who had successfully cleared a group A streptococcal infection. The antibodies bind with high affinity in the central region of the surface-bound M protein. Such antibodies are typically non-opsonic. However, one antibody could effectively promote vital immune functions, including phagocytosis and in vivo protection. Remarkably, this antibody primarily interacts through a bivalent dual-Fab cis mode, where the Fabs bind to two distinct epitopes in the M protein. The dual-Fab cis-binding phenomenon is conserved across different groups of M types. In contrast, other antibodies binding with normal single-Fab mode to the same region cannot bypass the M protein's virulent effects. A broadly binding, protective monoclonal antibody could be a candidate for anti-streptococcal therapy. Our findings highlight the concept of dual-Fab cis binding as a means to access conserved, and normally non-opsonic regions, regions for protective antibody targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Bahnan
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of MedicineLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Lotta Happonen
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of MedicineLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Hamed Khakzad
- Equipe Signalisation Calcique et Infections MicrobiennesÉcole Normale Supérieure Paris‐SaclayGif‐sur‐YvetteFrance,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1282Gif‐sur‐YvetteFrance,Present address:
Université de Lorraine, Inria, LORIANancyFrance
| | - Vibha Kumra Ahnlide
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of MedicineLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Therese de Neergaard
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of MedicineLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Sebastian Wrighton
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of MedicineLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Oscar André
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of MedicineLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Eleni Bratanis
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of MedicineLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Di Tang
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of MedicineLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Thomas Hellmark
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of NephrologyLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Lars Björck
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of MedicineLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Oonagh Shannon
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of MedicineLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Lars Malmström
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of MedicineLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Johan Malmström
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of MedicineLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Pontus Nordenfelt
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of MedicineLund UniversityLundSweden
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10
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Expression of the Group A Streptococcus Fibrinogen-Binding Protein Mrp Is Negatively Regulated by the Small Regulatory RNA FasX. J Bacteriol 2022; 204:e0025122. [PMID: 36286516 PMCID: PMC9664951 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00251-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) represent a major class of regulatory molecule that promotes the ability of the group A
Streptococcus
(GAS) and other pathogens to regulate virulence factor expression. Despite FasX being the best-described sRNA in GAS, there remains much to be learned.
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11
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Angkeow JW, Monaco DR, Chen A, Venkataraman T, Jayaraman S, Valencia C, Sie BM, Liechti T, Farhadi PN, Funez-dePagnier G, Sherman-Baust CA, Wong MQ, Ruczinski I, Caturegli P, Sears CL, Simner PJ, Round JL, Duggal P, Laserson U, Steiner TS, Sen R, Lloyd TE, Roederer M, Mammen AL, Longman RS, Rider LG, Larman HB. Phage display of environmental protein toxins and virulence factors reveals the prevalence, persistence, and genetics of antibody responses. Immunity 2022; 55:1051-1066.e4. [PMID: 35649416 PMCID: PMC9203978 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Microbial exposures are crucial environmental factors that impact healthspan by sculpting the immune system and microbiota. Antibody profiling via Phage ImmunoPrecipitation Sequencing (PhIP-Seq) provides a high-throughput, cost-effective approach for detecting exposure and response to microbial protein products. We designed and constructed a library of 95,601 56-amino acid peptide tiles spanning 14,430 proteins with "toxin" or "virulence factor" keyword annotations. We used PhIP-Seq to profile the antibodies of ∼1,000 individuals against this "ToxScan" library. In addition to enumerating immunodominant antibody epitopes, we studied the age-dependent stability of the ToxScan profile and used a genome-wide association study to find that the MHC-II locus modulates bacterial epitope selection. We detected previously described anti-flagellin antibody responses in a Crohn's disease cohort and identified an association between anti-flagellin antibodies and juvenile dermatomyositis. PhIP-Seq with the ToxScan library is thus an effective tool for studying the environmental determinants of health and disease at cohort scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia W Angkeow
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel R Monaco
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Athena Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thiagarajan Venkataraman
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sahana Jayaraman
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Cristian Valencia
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brandon M Sie
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas Liechti
- ImmunoTechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Payam N Farhadi
- Environmental Autoimmunity Group, Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gabriela Funez-dePagnier
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in IBD, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cheryl A Sherman-Baust
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, NIH/National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - May Q Wong
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ingo Ruczinski
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Patrizio Caturegli
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Cynthia L Sears
- Departments of Medicine and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, and Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Patricia J Simner
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - June L Round
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Priya Duggal
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Uri Laserson
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Ranjan Sen
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, NIH/National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas E Lloyd
- Department of Neurology, Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mario Roederer
- ImmunoTechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrew L Mammen
- Muscle Disease Unit, Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells and Gene Regulations, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Randy S Longman
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in IBD, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lisa G Rider
- Environmental Autoimmunity Group, Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - H Benjamin Larman
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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12
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Alves LA, Salvatierra GC, Freitas VA, Höfling JF, Bastos DC, Araujo TLS, Mattos-Graner RO. Diversity in Phenotypes Associated With Host Persistence and Systemic Virulence in Streptococcus sanguinis Strains. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:875581. [PMID: 35509310 PMCID: PMC9058168 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.875581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus sanguinis is a pioneer commensal species of dental biofilms, abundant in different oral sites and commonly associated with opportunist cardiovascular infections. In this study, we addressed intra-species functional diversity to better understand the S. sanguinis commensal and pathogenic lifestyles. Multiple phenotypes were screened in nine strains isolated from dental biofilms or from the bloodstream to identify conserved and strain-specific functions involved in biofilm formation and/or persistence in oral and cardiovascular tissues. Strain phenotypes of biofilm maturation were independent of biofilm initiation phenotypes, and significantly influenced by human saliva and by aggregation mediated by sucrose-derived exopolysaccharides (EPS). The production of H2O2 was conserved in most strains, and consistent with variations in extracellular DNA (eDNA) production observed in few strains. The diversity in complement C3b deposition correlated with the rates of opsonophagocytosis by human PMN and was influenced by culture medium and sucrose-derived EPS in a strain-specific fashion. Differences in C3b deposition correlated with strain binding to recognition proteins of the classical pathway, C1q and serum amyloid protein (SAP). Importantly, differences in strain invasiveness into primary human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC) were significantly associated with C3b binding, and in a lesser extent, with binding to host glycoproteins (such as fibrinogen, plasminogen, fibronectin, and collagen). Thus, by identifying conserved and strain-specific phenotypes involved in host persistence and systemic virulence, this study indicates potential new functions involved in systemic virulence and highlights the need of including a wider panel of strains in molecular studies to understand S. sanguinis biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia A. Alves
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Geovanny C. Salvatierra
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Victor A. Freitas
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - José F. Höfling
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Débora C. Bastos
- Department of Biosciences, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
- São Leopoldo Mandic Medical School, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Thaís L. S. Araujo
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata O. Mattos-Graner
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Renata O. Mattos-Graner,
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13
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Distinct serotypes of streptococcal M proteins mediate fibrinogen-dependent platelet activation and pro-inflammatory effects. Infect Immun 2021; 90:e0046221. [PMID: 34898252 PMCID: PMC8852700 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00462-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening complication of infection that is characterized by a dysregulated inflammatory state and disturbed hemostasis. Platelets are the main regulators of hemostasis, and they also respond to inflammation. The human pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes can cause local infection that may progress to sepsis. There are more than 200 serotypes of S. pyogenes defined according to sequence variations in the M protein. The M1 serotype is among 10 serotypes that are predominant in invasive infection. M1 protein can be released from the surface and has previously been shown to generate platelet, neutrophil, and monocyte activation. The platelet-dependent proinflammatory effects of other serotypes of M protein associated with invasive infection (M3, M5, M28, M49, and M89) are now investigated using a combination of multiparameter flow cytometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), aggregometry, and quantitative mass spectrometry. We demonstrate that only M1, M3, and M5 protein serotypes can bind fibrinogen in plasma and mediate fibrinogen- and IgG-dependent platelet activation and aggregation, release of granule proteins, upregulation of CD62P to the platelet surface, and complex formation with neutrophils and monocytes. Neutrophil and monocyte activation, determined as upregulation of surface CD11b, is also mediated by M1, M3, and M5 protein serotypes, while M28, M49, and M89 proteins failed to mediate activation of platelets or leukocytes. Collectively, our findings reveal novel aspects of the immunomodulatory role of fibrinogen acquisition and platelet activation during streptococcal infections.
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14
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Kuo CF, Chen WY, Yu HH, Tsai YH, Chang YC, Chang CP, Tsao N. IL-33/ST2 Axis Plays a Protective Effect in Streptococcus pyogenes Infection through Strengthening of the Innate Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10566. [PMID: 34638904 PMCID: PMC8509005 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) causes invasive human diseases with the cytokine storm. Interleukin-33 (IL-33)/suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2) axis is known to drive TH2 response, while its effect on GAS infection is unclear. We used an air pouch model to examine the effect of the IL-33/ST2 axis on GAS-induced necrotizing fasciitis. GAS infection induced IL-33 expression in wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice, whereas the IL-33- and ST2-knockout mice had higher mortality rates, more severe skin lesions and higher bacterial loads in the air pouches than those of WT mice after infection. Surveys of infiltrating cells in the air pouch of GAS-infected mice at the early stage found that the number and cell viability of infiltrating cells in both gene knockout mice were lower than those of WT mice. The predominant effector cells in GAS-infected air pouches were neutrophils. Absence of the IL-33/ST2 axis enhanced the expression of inflammatory cytokines, but not TH1 or TH2 cytokines, in the air pouch after infection. Using in vitro assays, we found that the IL-33/ST2 axis not only enhanced neutrophil migration but also strengthened the bactericidal activity of both sera and neutrophils. These results suggest that the IL-33/ST2 axis provided the protective effect on GAS infection through enhancing the innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Feng Kuo
- School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 824005, Taiwan;
- Department of Nursing, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 824005, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yu Chen
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung City 833401, Taiwan;
| | - Hai-Han Yu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Medical Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 824005, Taiwan; (H.-H.Y.); (Y.-H.T.)
| | - Yu-Hsuan Tsai
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Medical Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 824005, Taiwan; (H.-H.Y.); (Y.-H.T.)
| | - Ya-Chu Chang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 824005, Taiwan;
| | - Chih-Peng Chang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan;
- The Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan
| | - Nina Tsao
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Medical Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 824005, Taiwan; (H.-H.Y.); (Y.-H.T.)
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 824005, Taiwan;
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15
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Kearney KJ, Ariëns RAS, Macrae FL. The Role of Fibrin(ogen) in Wound Healing and Infection Control. Semin Thromb Hemost 2021; 48:174-187. [PMID: 34428799 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1732467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fibrinogen, one of the most abundant plasma proteins playing a key role in hemostasis, is an important modulator of wound healing and host defense against microbes. In the current review, we address the role of fibrin(ogen) throughout the process of wound healing and subsequent tissue repair. Initially fibrin(ogen) acts as a provisional matrix supporting incoming leukocytes and acting as reservoir for growth factors. It later goes on to support re-epithelialization, angiogenesis, and fibroplasia. Importantly, removal of fibrin(ogen) from the wound is essential for wound healing to progress. We also discuss how fibrin(ogen) functions through several mechanisms to protect the host against bacterial infection by providing a physical barrier, entrapment of bacteria in fibrin(ogen) networks, and by directing immune cell function. The central role of fibrin(ogen) in defense against bacterial infection has made it a target of bacterial proteins, evolved to interact with fibrin(ogen) to manipulate clot formation and degradation for the purpose of promoting microbial virulence and survival. Further understanding of the dual roles of fibrin(ogen) in wound healing and infection could provide novel means of therapy to improve recovery from surgical or chronic wounds and help to prevent infection from highly virulent bacterial strains, including those resistant to antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J Kearney
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A S Ariëns
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Fraser L Macrae
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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16
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Abstract
M and M-like proteins are major virulence factors of the widespread and potentially deadly bacterial pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes. These proteins confer resistance against innate and adaptive immune responses by recruiting specific human proteins to the streptococcal surface. Nonimmune recruitment of immunoglobulins G (IgG) and A (IgA) through their fragment crystallizable (Fc) domains by M and M-like proteins was described almost 40 years ago, but its impact on virulence remains unresolved. These interactions have been suggested to be consequential under immune conditions at mucosal surfaces and in secretions but not in plasma, while other evidence suggests importance in evading phagocytic killing in nonimmune blood. Recently, an indirect effect of Fc-binding through ligand-induced stabilization of an M-like protein was shown to increase virulence. Nonimmune recruitment has also been seen to contribute to tissue damage in animal models of autoimmune diseases triggered by S. pyogenes infection. The damage was treatable by targeting Fc-binding. This and other potential therapeutic applications warrant renewed attention to Fc-binding by M and M-like proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jori O. Mills
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Partho Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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17
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Li S, Li M, Huo S, Wang Q, Chen J, Ding S, Zeng Z, Zhou W, Wang Y, Wang J. Voluntary-Opsonization-Enabled Precision Nanomedicines for Inflammation Treatment. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2006160. [PMID: 33296121 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202006160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanomedicines that target specific blood cells represent an emerging strategy to improve drug biodistribution. However, the protein corona usually disrupts nanomedicine targeting to cells and tissues. Herein, instead of exploring synthetic methods to mitigate the impact of the protein corona, its natural interactions with blood cells are leveraged and turn the protein corona into an active ingredient in treating lung inflammation. It is discovered that molecularly engineered liposomes with inverse phosphocholine lipids rapidly enrich complement fragment iC3b by "voluntary opsonization," which triggers neutrophil hijacking through complement receptor 3 phagocytosis. This neutrophil targeting is cell-state dependent as only those activated by acute inflammation display efficient neutrophil reconstruction. The liposome-loaded neutrophils migrate across the alveolar-capillary barrier, accumulate in the inflamed lung parenchyma within hours, and release their payloads to kill the bacteria. This work shows that, in addition to biological cells, the protein corona can be a new platform for active and precision nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuya Li
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, P. R. China
| | - Min Li
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, P. R. China
| | - Shaohu Huo
- Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, P. R. China
| | - Qin Wang
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, P. R. China
| | - Jing Chen
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, P. R. China
| | - Shenggang Ding
- Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, P. R. China
| | - Zhutian Zeng
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, P. R. China
| | - Wenchao Zhou
- Intelligent Pathology Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, P. R. China
| | - Yucai Wang
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, P. R. China
| | - Jun Wang
- Institutes for Life Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangdong, 510006, P. R. China
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, 510005, P. R. China
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18
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Alves LA, Ganguly T, Harth-Chú ÉN, Kajfasz J, Lemos JA, Abranches J, Mattos-Graner RO. PepO is a target of the two-component systems VicRK and CovR required for systemic virulence of Streptococcus mutans. Virulence 2020; 11:521-536. [PMID: 32427040 PMCID: PMC7239026 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1767377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans, a cariogenic species, is often associated with cardiovascular infections. Systemic virulence of specific S. mutans serotypes has been associated with the expression of the collagen- and laminin-binding protein Cnm, which is transcriptionally regulated by VicRK and CovR. In this study, we characterized a VicRK- and CovR-regulated gene, pepO, coding for a conserved endopeptidase. Transcriptional and protein analyses revealed that pepO is highly expressed in S. mutans strains resistant to complement immunity (blood isolates) compared to oral isolates. Gel mobility assay, transcriptional, and Western blot analyses revealed that pepO is repressed by VicR and induced by CovR. Deletion of pepO in the Cnm+ strain OMZ175 (OMZpepO) or in the Cnm- UA159 (UApepO) led to an increased susceptibility to C3b deposition, and to low binding to complement proteins C1q and C4BP. Additionally, pepO mutants showed diminished ex vivo survival in human blood and impaired capacity to kill G. mellonella larvae. Inactivation of cnm in OMZ175 (OMZcnm) resulted in increased resistance to C3b deposition and unaltered blood survival, although both pepO and cnm mutants displayed attenuated virulence in G. mellonella. Unlike OMZcnm, OMZpepO could invade HCAEC endothelial cells. Supporting these phenotypes, recombinant proteins rPepO and rCnmA showed specific profiles of binding to C1q, C4BP, and to other plasma (plasminogen, fibronectin) and extracellular matrix proteins (type I collagen, laminin). Therefore this study identifies a novel VicRK/CovR-target required for immune evasion and host persistence, pepO, expanding the roles of VicRK and CovR in regulating S. mutans virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia A. Alves
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School – State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Tridib Ganguly
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Érika N. Harth-Chú
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School – State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Jessica Kajfasz
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - José A. Lemos
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jacqueline Abranches
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Renata O. Mattos-Graner
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School – State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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19
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Wang S, Duan Y, Zhang Q, Komarla A, Gong H, Gao W, Zhang L. Drug Targeting via Platelet Membrane-Coated Nanoparticles. SMALL STRUCTURES 2020; 1:2000018. [PMID: 33817693 PMCID: PMC8011559 DOI: 10.1002/sstr.202000018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Platelets possess distinct surface moieties responsible for modulating their adhesion to various disease-relevant substrates involving vascular damage, immune evasion, and pathogen interactions. Such broad biointerfacing capabilities of platelets have inspired the development of platelet-mimicking drug carriers that preferentially target drug payloads to disease sites for enhanced therapeutic efficacy. Among these carriers, platelet membrane-coated nanoparticles (denoted 'PNPs') made by cloaking synthetic substrates with the plasma membrane of platelets have emerged recently. Their 'top-down' design combines the functionalities of natural platelet membrane and the engineering flexibility of synthetic nanomaterials, which together create synergy for effective drug delivery and novel therapeutics. Herein, we review the recent progress of engineering PNPs with different structures for targeted drug delivery, focusing on three areas, including targeting injured blood vessels to treat vascular diseases, targeting cancer cells for cancer treatment and detection, and targeting drug-resistant bacteria to treat infectious diseases. Overall, current studies have established PNPs as versatile nanotherapeutics for drug targeting with strong potentials to improve the treatment of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyan Wang
- Departments of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yaou Duan
- Departments of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Qiangzhe Zhang
- Departments of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Anvita Komarla
- Departments of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Hua Gong
- Departments of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Weiwei Gao
- Departments of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Liangfang Zhang
- Departments of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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20
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Park JH, Jackman JA, Ferhan AR, Belling JN, Mokrzecka N, Weiss PS, Cho NJ. Cloaking Silica Nanoparticles with Functional Protein Coatings for Reduced Complement Activation and Cellular Uptake. ACS NANO 2020; 14:11950-11961. [PMID: 32845615 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c05097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Silica-coated nanoparticles are widely used in biomedical applications such as theranostics, imaging, and drug delivery. While silica-coated nanoparticles are biocompatible, experimental evidence shows that they can trigger innate immune reactions, and a broader understanding of what types of reactions are caused and how to mitigate them is needed. Herein, we investigated how the noncovalent surface functionalization of silica nanoparticles with purified proteins can inhibit nanoparticle-induced complement activation and macrophage uptake, two of the most clinically relevant innate immune reactions related to nanomedicines. Silica nanoparticles were tested alone and after coating with bovine serum albumin, human serum albumin, fibrinogen, complement factor H (FH), or immunoglobulin G (IgG) proteins. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays measuring the generation of various complement activation products indicated that silica nanoparticles induce complement activation via the alternative pathway. All protein coatings other than IgG protected against complement activation to varying extents. Most proteins acted as steric blockers to inhibit complement protein deposition on the nanoparticle surface, while FH coatings were biologically active and inhibited a key step in the amplification loop of complement activation, as confirmed by Western blot analysis. Flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy experiments further revealed that complement activation-inhibiting protein coatings blunted macrophage uptake as well. Taken together, our findings demonstrate a simple and effective way to coat silica nanoparticles with purified protein coatings in order to mitigate innate immune reactions. Such methods are readily scalable and might constitute a useful strategy for improving the immunological safety profile of silica and silica-coated nanoparticles as well as other types of inorganic nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyeon Park
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Joshua A Jackman
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- SKKU-UCLA-NTU Precision Biology Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Abdul Rahim Ferhan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Jason N Belling
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Natalia Mokrzecka
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Paul S Weiss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- SKKU-UCLA-NTU Precision Biology Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bioengineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Nam-Joon Cho
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- SKKU-UCLA-NTU Precision Biology Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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21
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Wollein Waldetoft K, Råberg L, Lood R. Proliferation and benevolence-A framework for dissecting the mechanisms of microbial virulence and health promotion. Evol Appl 2020; 13:879-888. [PMID: 32431740 PMCID: PMC7232753 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Key topics in the study of host–microbe interactions—such as the prevention of drug resistance and the exploitation of beneficial effects of bacteria—would benefit from concerted efforts with both mechanistic and evolutionary approaches. But due to differences in intellectual traditions, insights gained in one field rarely benefit the other. Here, we develop a conceptual and analytical framework for the integrated study of host–microbe interactions. This framework partitions the health effects of microbes and the effector molecules they produce into components with different evolutionary implications. It thereby facilitates the prediction of evolutionary responses to inhibition and exploitation of specific molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lars Råberg
- Department of Biology Lund University Lund Sweden
| | - Rolf Lood
- Division of Infection Medicine Department of Clinical Sciences Lund University Lund Sweden
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22
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Flow Cytometry-Based Assays to Quantify Complement Deposition and Neutrophil Uptake of Group A Streptococcus. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2136:233-241. [PMID: 32430825 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0467-0_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Quantification of complement deposition and subsequent neutrophil-mediated uptake provides an important way to assess the role of different bacterial factors in evasion of the host innate immune response. Here, we describe flow cytometry-based methods to allow quantification of deposition of the complement opsonin C3 on the bacterial surface and subsequent uptake by primary human neutrophils. The assays outlined below provide key methods to determine whether specific bacterial factors are involved in the evasion of complement-mediated immunity, using widely accessible reagents and equipment.
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23
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Prominent Binding of Human and Equine Fibrinogen to Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus Is Mediated by Specific SzM Types and Is a Distinct Phenotype of Zoonotic Isolates. Infect Immun 2019; 88:IAI.00559-19. [PMID: 31636136 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00559-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus is an important pathogen in horses that causes severe diseases such as pneumonia and abortion. Furthermore, it is a zoonotic agent, and contact with horses is a known risk factor. In this study, we investigated the working hypothesis that the zoonotic potential varies among S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus strains in association with differences in M-like protein-mediated binding of host plasma proteins. We demonstrate via in-frame deletion mutagenesis of two different S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus strains that the M-like protein SzM is crucial for the binding of fibrinogen to the bacterial surface and for survival in equine and human blood. S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus isolates of equine and human origins were compared with regard to SzM sequences and binding of equine and human fibrinogens. The N-terminal 216 amino acids of the mature SzM were found to exhibit a high degree of diversity, but the majority of human isolates grouped in three distinct SzM clusters. Plasma protein absorption assays and flow cytometry analysis revealed that pronounced binding of human fibrinogen is a common phenotype of human S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus isolates but much less so in equine S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus isolates. Furthermore, binding of human fibrinogen is associated with specific SzM types. These results suggest that SzM-mediated binding of human fibrinogen is an important virulence mechanism of zoonotic S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus isolates.
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24
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Yadav VK, Singh PK, Agarwal V, Singh SK. Crosstalk between Platelet and Bacteria: A Therapeutic Prospect. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:4041-4052. [PMID: 31553286 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190925163347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Platelets are typically recognized for their roles in the maintenance of hemostasis and vascular wall repair to reduce blood loss. Beyond hemostasis, platelets also play a critical role in pathophysiological conditions like atherosclerosis, stroke, thrombosis, and infections. During infection, platelets interact directly and indirectly with bacteria through a wide range of cellular and molecular mechanisms. Platelet surface receptors such as GPIbα, FcγRIIA, GPIIbIIIa, and TLRs, etc. facilitate direct interaction with bacterial cells. Besides, the indirect interaction between platelet and bacteria involves host plasma proteins such as von Willebrand Factor (vWF), fibronectin, IgG, and fibrinogen. Bacterial cells induce platelet activation, aggregation, and thrombus formation in the microvasculature. The activated platelets induce the Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) formation, which further contribute to thrombosis. Thus, platelets are extensively anticipated as vital immune modulator cells during infection, which may further lead to cardiovascular complications. In this review, we cover the interaction mechanisms between platelets and bacteria that may lead to the development of thrombotic disorders. Platelet receptors and other host molecules involved in such interactions can be used to develop new therapeutic strategies to combat against infection-induced cardiovascular complications. In addition, we highlight other receptor and enzyme targets that may further reduce infection-induced platelet activation and various pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek K Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Pradeep K Singh
- Department of Biotechnology Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Vishnu Agarwal
- Department of Biotechnology Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Sunil K Singh
- Department of Animal Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
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25
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A quantitative Streptococcus pyogenes-human protein-protein interaction map reveals localization of opsonizing antibodies. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2727. [PMID: 31227708 PMCID: PMC6588558 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10583-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A fundamental challenge in medical microbiology is to characterize the dynamic protein–protein interaction networks formed at the host–pathogen interface. Here, we generate a quantitative interaction map between the significant human pathogen, Streptococcus pyogenes, and proteins from human saliva and plasma obtained via complementary affinity-purification and bacterial-surface centered enrichment strategies and quantitative mass spectrometry. Perturbation of the network using immunoglobulin protease cleavage, mixtures of different concentrations of saliva and plasma, and different S. pyogenes serotypes and their isogenic mutants, reveals how changing microenvironments alter the interconnectivity of the interaction map. The importance of host immunoglobulins for the interaction with human complement proteins is demonstrated and potential protective epitopes of importance for phagocytosis of S. pyogenes cells are localized. The interaction map confirms several previously described protein–protein interactions; however, it also reveals a multitude of additional interactions, with possible implications for host–pathogen interactions involving other bacterial species. Characterizing host-pathogen protein interactions can help elucidate the molecular basis of bacterial infections. Here, the authors use an integrative proteomics approach to generate a quantitative map of protein interactions between Streptococcus pyogenes and human saliva and plasma.
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26
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Pombinho R, Sousa S, Cabanes D. Scavenger Receptors: Promiscuous Players during Microbial Pathogenesis. Crit Rev Microbiol 2018; 44:685-700. [PMID: 30318962 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2018.1493716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Innate immunity is the most broadly effective host defense, being essential to clear the majority of microbial infections. Scavenger Receptors comprise a family of sensors expressed in a multitude of host cells, whose dual role during microbial pathogenesis gained importance over recent years. SRs regulate the recruitment of immune cells and control both host inflammatory response and bacterial load. In turn, pathogens have evolved different strategies to overcome immune response, avoid recognition by SRs and exploit them to favor infection. Here, we discuss the most relevant findings regarding the interplay between SRs and pathogens, discussing how these multifunctional proteins recognize a panoply of ligands and act as bacterial phagocytic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Pombinho
- a Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Group of Molecular Microbiology , Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal.,b Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Group of Molecular Microbiology , Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Sandra Sousa
- a Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Group of Molecular Microbiology , Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal.,b Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Group of Molecular Microbiology , Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Didier Cabanes
- a Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Group of Molecular Microbiology , Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal.,b Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Group of Molecular Microbiology , Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal
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27
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Pato C, Melo-Cristino J, Ramirez M, Friães A. Streptococcus pyogenes Causing Skin and Soft Tissue Infections Are Enriched in the Recently Emerged emm89 Clade 3 and Are Not Associated With Abrogation of CovRS. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2372. [PMID: 30356787 PMCID: PMC6189468 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI) are the most common focal infections associated with invasive disease caused by Streptococcus pyogenes (Lancefield Group A streptococci - GAS), there is scarce information on the characteristics of isolates recovered from SSTI in temperate-climate regions. In this study, 320 GAS isolated from SSTI in Portugal were characterized by multiple typing methods and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility and SpeB activity. The covRS and ropB genes of isolates with no detectable SpeB activity were sequenced. The antimicrobial susceptibility profile was similar to that of previously characterized isolates from invasive infections (iGAS), presenting a decreasing trend in macrolide resistance. However, the clonal composition of SSTI between 2005 and 2009 was significantly different from that of contemporary iGAS. Overall, iGAS were associated with emm1 and emm3, while SSTI were associated with emm89, the dominant emm type among SSTI (19%). Within emm89, SSTI were only significantly associated with isolates lacking the hasABC locus, suggesting that the recently emerged emm89 clade 3 may have an increased potential to cause SSTI. Reflecting these associations between emm type and disease presentation, there were also differences in the distribution of emm clusters, sequence types, and superantigen gene profiles between SSTI and iGAS. According to the predicted ability of each emm cluster to interact with host proteins, iGAS were associated with the ability to bind fibrinogen and albumin, whereas SSTI isolates were associated with the ability to bind C4BP, IgA, and IgG. SpeB activity was absent in 79 isolates (25%), in line with the proportion previously observed among iGAS. Null covS and ropB alleles (predicted to eliminate protein function) were detected in 10 (3%) and 12 (4%) isolates, corresponding to an underrepresentation of mutations impairing CovRS function in SSTI relative to iGAS. Overall, these results indicate that the isolates responsible for SSTI are genetically distinct from those recovered from normally sterile sites, supporting a role for mutations impairing CovRS activity specifically in invasive infection and suggesting that this role relies on a differential regulation of other virulence factors besides SpeB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Pato
- Author Affiliations: Centro Hospitalar do Barlavento Algarvio; Centro Hospitalar de Entre Douro e Vouga; Centro Hospitalar de Leiria; Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho; Centro Hospitalar do Alto Ave; Centro Hospitalar do Porto; Centro Hospitalar da Póvoa do Varzim/Vila do Conde; Hospital Central do Funchal; Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central; Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte; Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental; Centro Hospitalar do Baixo Vouga; Hospital de Vila Real; Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra; Hospital de Cascais; Hospital de São João, Porto; Hospital de Braga; Hospital de Santa Luzia, Elvas; Hospital dos SAMS, Lisboa; Hospital Dr. Fernando da Fonseca, Amadora/Sintra; Hospital do Espírito Santo, Évora; Hospital Garcia de Orta, Almada; Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos; Unidade Local de Saúde do Baixo Alentejo, Beja.,Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Microbiologia, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José Melo-Cristino
- Author Affiliations: Centro Hospitalar do Barlavento Algarvio; Centro Hospitalar de Entre Douro e Vouga; Centro Hospitalar de Leiria; Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho; Centro Hospitalar do Alto Ave; Centro Hospitalar do Porto; Centro Hospitalar da Póvoa do Varzim/Vila do Conde; Hospital Central do Funchal; Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central; Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte; Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental; Centro Hospitalar do Baixo Vouga; Hospital de Vila Real; Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra; Hospital de Cascais; Hospital de São João, Porto; Hospital de Braga; Hospital de Santa Luzia, Elvas; Hospital dos SAMS, Lisboa; Hospital Dr. Fernando da Fonseca, Amadora/Sintra; Hospital do Espírito Santo, Évora; Hospital Garcia de Orta, Almada; Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos; Unidade Local de Saúde do Baixo Alentejo, Beja.,Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Microbiologia, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mario Ramirez
- Author Affiliations: Centro Hospitalar do Barlavento Algarvio; Centro Hospitalar de Entre Douro e Vouga; Centro Hospitalar de Leiria; Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho; Centro Hospitalar do Alto Ave; Centro Hospitalar do Porto; Centro Hospitalar da Póvoa do Varzim/Vila do Conde; Hospital Central do Funchal; Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central; Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte; Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental; Centro Hospitalar do Baixo Vouga; Hospital de Vila Real; Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra; Hospital de Cascais; Hospital de São João, Porto; Hospital de Braga; Hospital de Santa Luzia, Elvas; Hospital dos SAMS, Lisboa; Hospital Dr. Fernando da Fonseca, Amadora/Sintra; Hospital do Espírito Santo, Évora; Hospital Garcia de Orta, Almada; Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos; Unidade Local de Saúde do Baixo Alentejo, Beja.,Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Microbiologia, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Friães
- Author Affiliations: Centro Hospitalar do Barlavento Algarvio; Centro Hospitalar de Entre Douro e Vouga; Centro Hospitalar de Leiria; Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho; Centro Hospitalar do Alto Ave; Centro Hospitalar do Porto; Centro Hospitalar da Póvoa do Varzim/Vila do Conde; Hospital Central do Funchal; Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central; Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte; Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental; Centro Hospitalar do Baixo Vouga; Hospital de Vila Real; Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra; Hospital de Cascais; Hospital de São João, Porto; Hospital de Braga; Hospital de Santa Luzia, Elvas; Hospital dos SAMS, Lisboa; Hospital Dr. Fernando da Fonseca, Amadora/Sintra; Hospital do Espírito Santo, Évora; Hospital Garcia de Orta, Almada; Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos; Unidade Local de Saúde do Baixo Alentejo, Beja.,Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Microbiologia, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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28
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Laabei M, Ermert D. Catch Me if You Can: Streptococcus pyogenes Complement Evasion Strategies. J Innate Immun 2018; 11:3-12. [PMID: 30269134 DOI: 10.1159/000492944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The human host has evolved elaborate protection mechanisms to prevent infection from the billions of microorganisms to which it host is exposed and is home. One of these systems, complement, is an evolutionary ancient arm of innate immunity essential for combatting bacterial infection. Complement permits the efficient labelling of bacteria with opsonins, supports phagocytosis, and facilitates phagocyte recruitment to the site of infection through the production of chemoattractants. However, it is by no means perfect, and certain organisms engage in an evolutionary arms race with the host where complement has become a major target to promote immune evasion. Streptococcus pyogenes is a major human pathogen that causes significant morbidity and mortality globally. S. pyogenes is also a member of an elite group of bacterial pathogens possessing a sophisticated arsenal of virulence determinants capable of interfering with complement. In this review, we focus on these complement evasins, their mechanism of action, and their importance in disease progression. Finally, we highlight new therapeutic options for fighting S. pyogenes, by interfering with one of its main mechanisms of complement evasion.
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29
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Dasari P, Shopova IA, Stroe M, Wartenberg D, Martin-Dahse H, Beyersdorf N, Hortschansky P, Dietrich S, Cseresnyés Z, Figge MT, Westermann M, Skerka C, Brakhage AA, Zipfel PF. Aspf2 From Aspergillus fumigatus Recruits Human Immune Regulators for Immune Evasion and Cell Damage. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1635. [PMID: 30166981 PMCID: PMC6106110 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The opportunistic fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus can cause life-threatening infections, particularly in immunocompromised patients. Most pathogenic microbes control host innate immune responses at the earliest time, already before infiltrating host immune cells arrive at the site of infection. Here, we identify Aspf2 as the first A. fumigatus Factor H-binding protein. Aspf2 recruits several human plasma regulators, Factor H, factor-H-like protein 1 (FHL-1), FHR1, and plasminogen. Factor H contacts Aspf2 via two regions located in SCRs6–7 and SCR20. FHL-1 binds via SCRs6–7, and FHR1 via SCRs3–5. Factor H and FHL-1 attached to Aspf2-maintained cofactor activity and assisted in C3b inactivation. A Δaspf2 knockout strain was generated which bound Factor H with 28% and FHL-1 with 42% lower intensity. In agreement with less immune regulator acquisition, when challenged with complement-active normal human serum, Δaspf2 conidia had substantially more C3b (>57%) deposited on their surface. Consequently, Δaspf2 conidia were more efficiently phagocytosed (>20%) and killed (44%) by human neutrophils as wild-type conidia. Furthermore, Aspf2 recruited human plasminogen and, when activated by tissue-type plasminogen activator, newly generated plasmin cleaved the chromogenic substrate S2251 and degraded fibrinogen. Furthermore, plasmin attached to conidia damaged human lung epithelial cells, induced cell retraction, and caused matrix exposure. Thus, Aspf2 is a central immune evasion protein and plasminogen ligand of A. fumigatus. By blocking host innate immune attack and by disrupting human lung epithelial cell layers, Aspf2 assists in early steps of fungal infection and likely allows tissue penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasad Dasari
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Iordana A Shopova
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Maria Stroe
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Dirk Wartenberg
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Hans Martin-Dahse
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Niklas Beyersdorf
- University of Würzburg, Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Peter Hortschansky
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Stefanie Dietrich
- Research Group Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany.,Faculty for Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Zoltán Cseresnyés
- Research Group Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Marc Thilo Figge
- Research Group Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany.,Faculty for Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Westermann
- Electron Microscopy Center of the University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Christine Skerka
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Axel A Brakhage
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany.,Faculty for Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Peter F Zipfel
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany.,Faculty for Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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30
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Ermert D, Weckel A, Magda M, Mörgelin M, Shaughnessy J, Rice PA, Björck L, Ram S, Blom AM. Human IgG Increases Virulence of Streptococcus pyogenes through Complement Evasion. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:3495-3505. [PMID: 29626087 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes is an exclusively human pathogen that can provoke mild skin and throat infections but can also cause fatal septicemia. This gram-positive bacterium has developed several strategies to evade the human immune system, enabling S. pyogenes to survive in the host. These strategies include recruiting several human plasma proteins, such as the complement inhibitor, C4b-binding protein (C4BP), and human (hu)-IgG through its Fc region to the bacterial surface to evade immune recognition. We identified a novel virulence mechanism whereby IgG-enhanced binding of C4BP to five of 12 tested S. pyogenes strains expressed diverse M proteins that are important surface-expressed virulence factors. Importantly, all strains that bound C4BP in the absence of IgG bound more C4BP when IgG was present. Further studies with an M1 strain that additionally expressed protein H, also a member of the M protein family, revealed that binding of hu-IgG Fc to protein H increased the affinity of protein H for C4BP. Increased C4BP binding accentuated complement downregulation, resulting in diminished bacterial killing. Accordingly, mortality from S. pyogenes infection in hu-C4BP transgenic mice was increased when hu-IgG or its Fc portion alone was administered concomitantly. Electron microscopy analysis of human tissue samples with necrotizing fasciitis confirmed increased C4BP binding to S. pyogenes when IgG was present. Our findings provide evidence of a paradoxical function of hu-IgG bound through Fc to diverse S. pyogenes isolates that increases their virulence and may counteract the beneficial effects of IgG opsonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ermert
- Division of Medical Protein Chemistry, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, 214 28 Malmo, Sweden; .,Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605; and
| | - Antonin Weckel
- Division of Medical Protein Chemistry, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, 214 28 Malmo, Sweden
| | - Michal Magda
- Division of Medical Protein Chemistry, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, 214 28 Malmo, Sweden
| | - Matthias Mörgelin
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jutamas Shaughnessy
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605; and
| | - Peter A Rice
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605; and
| | - Lars Björck
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Sanjay Ram
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605; and
| | - Anna M Blom
- Division of Medical Protein Chemistry, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, 214 28 Malmo, Sweden
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Karlsson CAQ, Järnum S, Winstedt L, Kjellman C, Björck L, Linder A, Malmström JA. Streptococcus pyogenes Infection and the Human Proteome with a Special Focus on the Immunoglobulin G-cleaving Enzyme IdeS. Mol Cell Proteomics 2018; 17:1097-1111. [PMID: 29511047 PMCID: PMC5986240 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra117.000525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are characterized by a complex interplay between host and pathogen, but how these interactions impact the host proteome is unclear. Here we applied a combined mass spectrometry-based proteomics strategy to investigate how the human proteome is transiently modified by the pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes, with a particular focus on bacterial cleavage of IgG in vivo. In invasive diseases, S. pyogenes evokes a massive host response in blood, whereas superficial diseases are characterized by a local leakage of several blood plasma proteins at the site of infection including IgG. S. pyogenes produces IdeS, a protease cleaving IgG in the lower hinge region and we find highly effective IdeS-cleavage of IgG in samples from local IgG poor microenvironments. The results show that IdeS contributes to the adaptation of S. pyogenes to its normal ecological niches. Additionally, the work identifies novel clinical opportunities for in vivo pathogen detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christofer A Q Karlsson
- From the ‡Lund University, Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Solvegatan 19, BMC, Lund, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Sofia Järnum
- §Hansa Medical AB, Scheelevägen 22, 223 63 Lund, Sweden
| | - Lena Winstedt
- §Hansa Medical AB, Scheelevägen 22, 223 63 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Lars Björck
- From the ‡Lund University, Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Solvegatan 19, BMC, Lund, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Adam Linder
- From the ‡Lund University, Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Solvegatan 19, BMC, Lund, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan A Malmström
- From the ‡Lund University, Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Solvegatan 19, BMC, Lund, 221 84 Lund, Sweden;
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Movert E, Lienard J, Valfridsson C, Nordström T, Johansson-Lindbom B, Carlsson F. Streptococcal M protein promotes IL-10 production by cGAS-independent activation of the STING signaling pathway. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006969. [PMID: 29579113 PMCID: PMC5886698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
From an evolutionary point of view a pathogen might benefit from regulating the inflammatory response, both in order to facilitate establishment of colonization and to avoid life-threatening host manifestations, such as septic shock. In agreement with this notion Streptococcus pyogenes exploits type I IFN-signaling to limit detrimental inflammation in infected mice, but the host-pathogen interactions and mechanisms responsible for induction of the type I IFN response have remained unknown. Here we used a macrophage infection model and report that S. pyogenes induces anti-inflammatory IL-10 in an M protein-dependent manner, a function that was mapped to the B- and C-repeat regions of the M5 protein. Intriguingly, IL-10 was produced downstream of type I IFN-signaling, and production of type I IFN occurred via M protein-dependent activation of the STING signaling pathway. Activation of STING was independent of the cytosolic double stranded DNA sensor cGAS, and infection did not induce detectable release into the cytosol of either mitochondrial, nuclear or bacterial DNA-indicating DNA-independent activation of the STING pathway in S. pyogenes infected macrophages. These findings provide mechanistic insight concerning how S. pyogenes induces the type I IFN response and identify a previously unrecognized macrophage-modulating role for the streptococcal M protein that may contribute to curb the inflammatory response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Movert
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Section for Immunology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Julia Lienard
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Section for Immunology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christine Valfridsson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Section for Immunology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Therése Nordström
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Section for Medical Microbiology, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Bengt Johansson-Lindbom
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Section for Immunology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Fredric Carlsson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Section for Immunology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Biology, Section for Molecular Cell Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Blom AM, Magda M, Kohl L, Shaughnessy J, Lambris JD, Ram S, Ermert D. Factor H-IgG Chimeric Proteins as a Therapeutic Approach against the Gram-Positive Bacterial Pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2017; 199:3828-3839. [PMID: 29084837 PMCID: PMC5698128 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria can cause life-threatening infections, such as pneumonia, meningitis, or sepsis. Antibiotic therapy is a mainstay of treatment, although antimicrobial resistance has drastically increased over the years. Unfortunately, safe and effective vaccines against most pathogens have not yet been approved, and thus developing alternative treatments is important. We analyzed the efficiency of factor H (FH)6-7/Fc, a novel antibacterial immunotherapeutic protein against the Gram-positive bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes This protein is composed of two domains of complement inhibitor human FH (FH complement control protein modules 6 and 7) that bind to S. pyogenes, linked to the Fc region of IgG (FH6-7/Fc). FH6-7/Fc has previously been shown to enhance complement-dependent killing of, and facilitate bacterial clearance in, animal models of the Gram-negative pathogens Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria meningitidis We hypothesized that activation of complement by FH6-7/Fc on the surface of Gram-positive bacteria such as S. pyogenes will enable professional phagocytes to eliminate the pathogen. We found that FH6-7/Fc alleviated S. pyogenes-induced sepsis in a transgenic mouse model expressing human FH (S. pyogenes binds FH in a human-specific manner). Furthermore, FH6-7/Fc, which binds to protein H and selected M proteins, displaced FH from the bacterial surface, enhanced alternative pathway activation, and reduced bacterial blood burden by opsonophagocytosis in a C3-dependent manner in an ex vivo human whole-blood model. In conclusion, FH-Fc chimeric proteins could serve as adjunctive treatments against multidrug-resistant bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Blom
- Department of Translational Medicine, Medical Protein Chemistry, Lund University, Skåne County Council, Malmö 20502, Sweden
| | - Michal Magda
- Department of Translational Medicine, Medical Protein Chemistry, Lund University, Skåne County Council, Malmö 20502, Sweden
| | - Lisa Kohl
- Department of Translational Medicine, Medical Protein Chemistry, Lund University, Skåne County Council, Malmö 20502, Sweden
| | - Jutamas Shaughnessy
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605; and
| | - John D Lambris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Sanjay Ram
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605; and
| | - David Ermert
- Department of Translational Medicine, Medical Protein Chemistry, Lund University, Skåne County Council, Malmö 20502, Sweden;
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605; and
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Multi-functional mechanisms of immune evasion by the streptococcal complement inhibitor C5a peptidase. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006493. [PMID: 28806402 PMCID: PMC5555575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement cascade is crucial for clearance and control of invading pathogens, and as such is a key target for pathogen mediated host modulation. C3 is the central molecule of the complement cascade, and plays a vital role in opsonization of bacteria and recruitment of neutrophils to the site of infection. Streptococcal species have evolved multiple mechanisms to disrupt complement-mediated innate immunity, among which ScpA (C5a peptidase), a C5a inactivating enzyme, is widely conserved. Here we demonstrate for the first time that pyogenic streptococcal species are capable of cleaving C3, and identify C3 and C3a as novel substrates for the streptococcal ScpA, which are functionally inactivated as a result of cleavage 7 amino acids upstream of the natural C3 convertase. Cleavage of C3a by ScpA resulted in disruption of human neutrophil activation, phagocytosis and chemotaxis, while cleavage of C3 generated abnormally-sized C3a and C3b moieties with impaired function, in particular reducing C3 deposition on the bacterial surface. Despite clear effects on human complement, expression of ScpA reduced clearance of group A streptococci in vivo in wildtype and C5 deficient mice, and promoted systemic bacterial dissemination in mice that lacked both C3 and C5, suggesting an additional complement-independent role for ScpA in streptococcal pathogenesis. ScpA was shown to mediate streptococcal adhesion to both human epithelial and endothelial cells, consistent with a role in promoting bacterial invasion within the host. Taken together, these data show that ScpA is a multi-functional virulence factor with both complement-dependent and independent roles in streptococcal pathogenesis. The complement pathway is critical in the innate immune response to bacterial pathogens. It consists of a self-perpetuating proteolytic cascade initiated via three distinct pathways that converge at the central complement protein, C3. Pathogens must evade complement-mediated immunity to cause disease, and inactivation of the C3 protein can dampen all effectors of this pathway. Streptococcal species are the causative agents of an array of infections ranging from the benign to lethal. Using the human pathogen Group A Streptococcus as a representative species, we show that the enzyme ScpA, which is conserved amongst the pyogenic streptococci, cleaves human C3a and also C3, releasing abnormally sized and functionally-impaired fragments. As a result, invading streptococci were less well opsonized and host immune cells not properly activated, reducing bacterial phagocytosis and clearance. Despite manifest in vitro activity against complement factors and human neutrophils, ScpA was still able to contribute to systemic bacterial spread in mice lacking C3 and C5. ScpA was also demonstrated to mediate streptococcal adhesion to both epithelial and endothelial cells, which may enhance bacterial systemic spread. Our study highlights the likely importance of both complement-independent and complement-dependent roles for ScpA in streptococcal pathogenesis.
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Chen F, Wang G, Griffin JI, Brenneman B, Banda NK, Holers VM, Backos DS, Wu L, Moghimi SM, Simberg D. Complement proteins bind to nanoparticle protein corona and undergo dynamic exchange in vivo. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 12:387-393. [PMID: 27992410 PMCID: PMC5617637 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2016.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
When nanoparticles are intravenously injected into the body, complement proteins deposit on the surface of nanoparticles in a process called opsonization. These proteins prime the particle for removal by immune cells and may contribute toward infusion-related adverse effects such as allergic responses. The ways complement proteins assemble on nanoparticles have remained unclear. Here, we show that dextran-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide core-shell nanoworms incubated in human serum and plasma are rapidly opsonized with the third complement component (C3) via the alternative pathway. Serum and plasma proteins bound to the nanoworms are mostly intercalated into the nanoworm shell. We show that C3 covalently binds to these absorbed proteins rather than the dextran shell and the protein-bound C3 undergoes dynamic exchange in vitro. Surface-bound proteins accelerate the assembly of the complement components of the alternative pathway on the nanoworm surface. When nanoworms pre-coated with human plasma were injected into mice, C3 and other adsorbed proteins undergo rapid loss. Our results provide important insight into dynamics of protein adsorption and complement opsonization of nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun, Jilin 130033, China
- The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Boulevard, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Guankui Wang
- The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Boulevard, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - James I. Griffin
- The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Boulevard, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Barbara Brenneman
- The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Boulevard, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Nirmal K. Banda
- Division of Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, 1775 Aurora Court, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - V. Michael Holers
- Division of Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, 1775 Aurora Court, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Donald S. Backos
- Computational Chemistry and Biology Core Facility, the Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 E. Montview Boulevard, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - LinPing Wu
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Universitetsparken 2, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Seyed Moein Moghimi
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Universitetsparken 2, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- NanoScience Centre, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, Queen’s Campus, Stockton-on-Tees TS17 6BH, UK
| | - Dmitri Simberg
- The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Boulevard, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
- Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to D.S.
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Sjöholm K, Kilsgård O, Teleman J, Happonen L, Malmström L, Malmström J. Targeted Proteomics and Absolute Protein Quantification for the Construction of a Stoichiometric Host-Pathogen Surface Density Model. Mol Cell Proteomics 2017; 16:S29-S41. [PMID: 28183813 PMCID: PMC5393399 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m116.063966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a systemic immune response responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality. Molecular modeling of host-pathogen interactions in the disease state represents a promising strategy to define molecular events of importance for the transition from superficial to invasive infectious diseases. Here we used the Gram-positive bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes as a model system to establish a mass spectrometry based workflow for the construction of a stoichiometric surface density model between the S. pyogenes surface, the surface virulence factor M-protein, and adhered human blood plasma proteins. The workflow relies on stable isotope labeled reference peptides and selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry analysis of a wild-type strain and an M-protein deficient mutant strain, to generate absolutely quantified protein stoichiometry ratios between S. pyogenes and interacting plasma proteins. The stoichiometry ratios in combination with a novel targeted mass spectrometry method to measure cell numbers enabled the construction of a stoichiometric surface density model using protein structures available from the protein data bank. The model outlines the topology and density of the host-pathogen protein interaction network on the S. pyogenes bacterial surface, revealing a dense and highly organized protein interaction network. Removal of the M-protein from S. pyogenes introduces a drastic change in the network topology, validated by electron microscopy. We propose that the stoichiometric surface density model of S. pyogenes in human blood plasma represents a scalable framework that can continuously be refined with the emergence of new results. Future integration of new results will improve the understanding of protein-protein interactions and their importance for bacterial virulence. Furthermore, we anticipate that the general properties of the developed workflow will facilitate the production of stoichiometric surface density models for other types of host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristoffer Sjöholm
- From the ‡Department of Immunotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, Sweden
- §Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Ola Kilsgård
- §Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Johan Teleman
- §Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Lotta Happonen
- §Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sweden
| | | | - Johan Malmström
- §Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sweden;
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Li Q, Fu Y, Ma C, He Y, Yu Y, Du D, Yao H, Lu C, Zhang W. The non-conserved region of MRP is involved in the virulence of Streptococcus suis serotype 2. Virulence 2017; 8:1274-1289. [PMID: 28362221 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2017.1313373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Muramidase-released protein (MRP) of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 (SS2) is an important epidemic virulence marker with an unclear role in bacterial infection. To investigate the biologic functions of MRP, 3 mutants named Δmrp, Δmrp domain 1 (Δmrp-d1), and Δmrp domain 2 (Δmrp-d2) were constructed to assess the phenotypic changes between the parental strain and the mutant strains. The results indicated that MRP domain 1 (MRP-D1, the non-conserved region of MRP from a virulent strain, a.a. 242-596) played a critical role in adherence of SS2 to host cells, compared with MRP domain 1* (MRP-D1*, the non-conserved region of MRP from a low virulent strain, a.a. 239-598) or MRP domain 2 (MRP-D2, the conserved region of MRP, a.a. 848-1222). We found that MRP-D1 but not MRP-D2, could bind specifically to fibronectin (FN), factor H (FH), fibrinogen (FG), and immunoglobulin G (IgG). Additionally, we confirmed that mrp-d1 mutation significantly inhibited bacteremia and brain invasion in a mouse infection model. The mrp-d1 mutation also attenuated the intracellular survival of SS2 in RAW246.7 macrophages, shortened the growth ability in pig blood and decreased the virulence of SS2 in BALB/c mice. Furthermore, antiserum against MRP-D1 was found to dramatically impede SS2 survival in pig blood. Finally, immunization with recombinant MRP-D1 efficiently enhanced murine viability after SS2 challenge, indicating its potential use in vaccination strategies. Collectively, these results indicated that MRP-D1 is involved in SS2 virulence and eloquently demonstrate the function of MRP in pathogenesis of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Li
- a Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , China
| | - Yang Fu
- a Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , China
| | - Caifeng Ma
- a Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , China
| | - Yanan He
- a Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , China
| | - Yanfei Yu
- a Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , China
| | - Dechao Du
- a Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , China
| | - Huochun Yao
- a Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , China
| | - Chengping Lu
- a Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , China
| | - Wei Zhang
- a Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , China
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Kuo CF, Tsao N, Hsieh IC, Lin YS, Wu JJ, Hung YT. Immunization with a streptococcal multiple-epitope recombinant protein protects mice against invasive group A streptococcal infection. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174464. [PMID: 28355251 PMCID: PMC5371370 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes (group A Streptococcus; GAS) causes clinical diseases, including pharyngitis, scarlet fever, impetigo, necrotizing fasciitis and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. A number of group A streptococcus vaccine candidates have been developed, but only one 26-valent recombinant M protein vaccine has entered clinical trials. Differing from the design of a 26-valent recombinant M protein vaccine, we provide here a vaccination using the polyvalence epitope recombinant FSBM protein (rFSBM), which contains four different epitopes, including the fibronectin-binding repeats domain of streptococcal fibronectin binding protein Sfb1, the C-terminal immunogenic segment of streptolysin S, the C3-binding motif of streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin B, and the C-terminal conserved segment of M protein. Vaccination with the rFSBM protein successfully prevented mortality and skin lesions caused by several emm strains of GAS infection. Anti-FSBM antibodies collected from the rFSBM-immunized mice were able to opsonize at least six emm strains and can neutralize the hemolytic activity of streptolysin S. Furthermore, the internalization of GAS into nonphagocytic cells is also reduced by anti-FSBM serum. These findings suggest that rFSBM can be applied as a vaccine candidate to prevent different emm strains of GAS infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Feng Kuo
- Department of Nursing, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Nina Tsao
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - I-Chen Hsieh
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yee-Shin Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jiunn-Jong Wu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Hung
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Swe PM, Christian LD, Lu HC, Sriprakash KS, Fischer K. Complement inhibition by Sarcoptes scabiei protects Streptococcus pyogenes - An in vitro study to unravel the molecular mechanisms behind the poorly understood predilection of S. pyogenes to infect mite-induced skin lesions. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005437. [PMID: 28278252 PMCID: PMC5360341 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background On a global scale scabies is one of the most common dermatological conditions, imposing a considerable economic burden on individuals, communities and health systems. There is substantial epidemiological evidence that in tropical regions scabies is often causing pyoderma and subsequently serious illness due to invasion by opportunistic bacteria. The health burden due to complicated scabies causing cellulitis, bacteraemia and sepsis, heart and kidney diseases in resource-poor communities is extreme. Co-infections of group A streptococcus (GAS) and scabies mites is a common phenomenon in the tropics. Both pathogens produce multiple complement inhibitors to overcome the host innate defence. We investigated the relative role of classical (CP), lectin (LP) and alternative pathways (AP) towards a pyodermic GAS isolate 88/30 in the presence of a scabies mite complement inhibitor, SMSB4. Methodology/Principal findings Opsonophagocytosis assays in fresh blood showed baseline immunity towards GAS. The role of innate immunity was investigated by deposition of the first complement components of each pathway, specifically C1q, FB and MBL from normal human serum on GAS. C1q deposition was the highest followed by FB deposition while MBL deposition was undetectable, suggesting that CP and AP may be mainly activated by GAS. We confirmed this result using sera depleted of either C1q or FB, and serum deficient in MBL. Recombinant SMSB4 was produced and purified from Pichia pastoris. SMSB4 reduced the baseline immunity against GAS by decreasing the formation of CP- and AP-C3 convertases, subsequently affecting opsonisation and the release of anaphylatoxin. Conclusions/Significance Our results indicate that the complement-inhibitory function of SMSB4 promotes the survival of GAS in vitro and inferably in the microenvironment of the mite-infested skin. Understanding the tripartite interactions between host, parasite and microbial pathogens at a molecular level may serve as a basis to develop improved intervention strategies targeting scabies and associated bacterial infections. The molecular mechanisms that underpin the link between scabies and bacterial pathogens were unknown. We proposed that scabies mites play a role in the establishment, proliferation and transmission of opportunistic pathogens. We investigated here the synergy between mites and one of the most recognised mite associated pathogens, Streptococcus pyogenes. As part of the innate immune response mammals have a pre-programmed ability to recognise and immediately act against substances derived from fungal and bacterial microorganisms. This is mediated through a sequential biochemical cascade involving over 30 different proteins (complement system) which as a result of signal amplification triggers a rapid killing response. The complement cascade produces peptides that attract immune cells, increases vascular permeability, coats (opsonises) the surfaces of a pathogen, marking it for destruction, and directly disrupts foreign plasma membranes. To prevent complement mediated damage of their gut cells, scabies mites secrete several classes of complement inhibiting proteins into the mite gut and excrete them into the epidermal mite burrows. Furthermore, these inhibitors also provide protection for S. pyogenes. We verified here specifically the impact of the mite complement inhibitor SMSB4, to identify the molecular mechanisms behind the long recognised tendency of S. pyogenes to infect mite-induced skin lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pearl M. Swe
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Infectious Diseases Department, Herston, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lindsay D. Christian
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Infectious Diseases Department, Herston, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Hieng C. Lu
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Infectious Diseases Department, Herston, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kadaba S. Sriprakash
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Infectious Diseases Department, Herston, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Katja Fischer
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Infectious Diseases Department, Herston, Brisbane, Australia
- * E-mail:
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40
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Wiegner R, Chakraborty S, Huber-Lang M. Complement-coagulation crosstalk on cellular and artificial surfaces. Immunobiology 2016; 221:1073-9. [PMID: 27371975 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The humoral serine proteases of the complement system and the coagulation system play central roles during the events of an inflammatory response. While the complement system confers immunoprotective and -regulatory functions, the coagulation cascade is responsible to ensure hemostatic maintenance. Although these two systems individually unfold during inflammation, several studies have reported on the "crosstalk" between components of the complement and the coagulation system in the fluid phase. However, both cascades are usually initiated on or in close proximity to foreign or activated surfaces, and there is increasing evidence for interacting complement and coagulation proteins on various superficial areas on endothelium, circulating entities like platelets, leukocytes, microparticles and pathogens, and even on artificial surfaces. This review aims at summarizing these interactions to complete the picture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Wiegner
- Department of Orthopedic Trauma, Hand-, Plastic- and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital of Ulm, Germany
| | - Shinjini Chakraborty
- Department of Orthopedic Trauma, Hand-, Plastic- and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital of Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Huber-Lang
- Department of Orthopedic Trauma, Hand-, Plastic- and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital of Ulm, Germany.
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41
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Binding of Human Fibrinogen to MRP Enhances Streptococcus suis Survival in Host Blood in a αXβ2 Integrin-dependent Manner. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26966. [PMID: 27231021 PMCID: PMC4882601 DOI: 10.1038/srep26966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-positive bacterium Streptococcus suis serotype 2 (S. suis 2), an important zoonotic pathogen, induces strong systemic infections in humans; sepsis and meningitis are the most common clinical manifestations and are often accompanied by bacteremia. However, the mechanisms of S. suis 2 survival in human blood are not well understood. In our previous study, we identified muramidase-released protein (MRP), a novel human fibrinogen (hFg)-binding protein (FBP) in S. suis 2 that is an important epidemic infection marker with an unknown mechanism in pathogenesis. The present study demonstrates that the N-terminus of MRP (a.a. 283–721) binds to both the Aα and Bβ chains of the D fragment of hFg. Strikingly, the hFg-MRP interaction improved the survival of S. suis 2 in human blood and led to the aggregation and exhaustion of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) via an αXβ2 integrin-dependent mechanism. Other Fg-binding proteins, such as M1 (GAS) and FOG (GGS), also induced PMNs aggregation; however, the mechanisms of these FBP-hFg complexes in the evasion of PMN-mediated innate immunity remain unclear. MRP is conserved across highly virulent strains in Europe and Asia, and these data shed new light on the function of MRP in S. suis pathogenesis.
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42
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Agrahari G, Liang Z, Glinton K, Lee SW, Ploplis VA, Castellino FJ. Streptococcus pyogenes Employs Strain-dependent Mechanisms of C3b Inactivation to Inhibit Phagocytosis and Killing of Bacteria. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:9181-9. [PMID: 26945067 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.704221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Evasion of complement-mediated opsonophagocytosis enables group A Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS) to establish infection. Different strain-dependent mechanisms are employed by the host to accomplish this goal. In general, GAS inhibits the amplification of the complement cascade on its cell surface by facilitating the degradation of C3b, an opsonin, to an inactive product, inactivated C3b (iC3b), in a step catalyzed by factor I (FI) and its cofactor, factor H (FH), with or without the participation of human host plasmin (hPm). GAS recruits FH to its cell surface via FH receptors, which are transcriptionally controlled by the two-component cluster of virulence responder-sensor system. The manner in which FI-FH and hPm function together on GAS cells is unknown. Using GAS strain AP53, which strongly binds host human plasminogen/plasmin (hPg/hPm) directly via an hPg/hPm surface receptor (PAM), we show that both FI-FH and hPm sequentially cleave C3b. Whereas FI-FH proteolytically cleaves C3b into iC3b, PAM-bound hPm catalyzes cleavage of iC3b into multiple smaller peptides. Unlike AP53, GAS strain M23ND weakly binds FH and recruits hPg/hPm to its cell surface indirectly via fibrinogen bound to M-protein, M23. In this case, FH-FI cleaves C3b into iC3b, with negligible degradation of iC3b by hPm that is bound to fibrinogen on the cells. AP53 and M23ND display similar resistance to human neutrophil-mediated phagocytosis, which results in a corresponding high lethality in mice after injection of these cells. These results suggest that GAS utilizes diverse mechanisms to degrade C3b and thus to protect bacterial cells from the complement response of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Agrahari
- From the W.M. Keck Center for Transgene Research and the Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and
| | - Zhong Liang
- From the W.M. Keck Center for Transgene Research and the Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and
| | - Kristofor Glinton
- From the W.M. Keck Center for Transgene Research and the Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and
| | - Shaun W Lee
- From the W.M. Keck Center for Transgene Research and Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | - Victoria A Ploplis
- From the W.M. Keck Center for Transgene Research and the Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and
| | - Francis J Castellino
- From the W.M. Keck Center for Transgene Research and the Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and
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43
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Abstract
Coagulase (Coa) and Efb, secreted Staphylococcus aureus proteins, are important virulence factors in staphylococcal infections. Coa interacts with fibrinogen (Fg) and induces the formation of fibrin(ogen) clots through activation of prothrombin. Efb attracts Fg to the bacterial surface and forms a shield to protect the bacteria from phagocytic clearance. This communication describes the use of an array of synthetic peptides to identify variants of a linear Fg binding motif present in Coa and Efb which are responsible for the Fg binding activities of these proteins. This motif represents the first Fg binding motif identified for any microbial protein. We initially located the Fg binding sites to Coa’s C-terminal disordered segment containing tandem repeats by using recombinant fragments of Coa in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-type binding experiments. Sequence analyses revealed that this Coa region contained shorter segments with sequences similar to the Fg binding segments in Efb. An alanine scanning approach allowed us to identify the residues in Coa and Efb that are critical for Fg binding and to define the Fg binding motifs in the two proteins. In these motifs, the residues required for Fg binding are largely conserved, and they therefore constitute variants of a common Fg binding motif which binds to Fg with high affinity. Defining a specific motif also allowed us to identify a functional Fg binding register for the Coa repeats that is different from the repeat unit previously proposed. Staphylococcus aureus infections are a major health problem that affects an estimated 50 million people globally and causes the death of about 20,000 Americans each year. A number of experimental vaccines have been developed during the past years. However, these vaccines have all failed in clinical trials. The ability of S. aureus to form an Fg shield surrounding and protecting bacterial cells from clearance may explain why the vaccines are failing. Furthermore, S. aureus coagulase can induce the formation of a fibrin(ogen) shield in experimental abscess models which surrounds and protects bacteria in the microcolony from clearance. In this study, we identified for the first time a microbial Fg binding motif. Variants of this motif are present in coagulase and Efb. Our results provide a molecular basis for the rational design of inhibitors that could potentially prevent the formation of the obstructing Fg shield.
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44
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Epidemiology Analysis of Streptococcus pyogenes in a Hospital in Southern Taiwan by Use of the Updated emm Cluster Typing System. J Clin Microbiol 2015; 54:157-62. [PMID: 26560544 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02089-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
emm typing is the most widely used molecular typing method for the human pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococcus [GAS]). emm typing is based on a small variable region of the emm gene; however, the emm cluster typing system defines GAS types according to the nearly complete sequence of the emm gene. Therefore, emm cluster typing is considered to provide more information regarding the functional and structural properties of M proteins in different emm types of GAS. In the present study, 677 isolates collected between 1994 and 2008 in a hospital in southern Taiwan were analyzed by the emm cluster typing system. emm clusters A-C4, E1, E6, and A-C3 were the most prevalent emm cluster types and accounted for 67.4% of total isolates. emm clusters A-C4 and E1 were associated with noninvasive diseases, whereas E6 was significantly associated with both invasive and noninvasive manifestations. In addition, emm clusters D4, E2, and E3 were significantly associated with invasive manifestations. Furthermore, we found that the functional properties of M protein, including low fibrinogen-binding and high IgG-binding activities, were correlated significantly with invasive manifestations. In summary, the present study provides updated epidemiological information on GAS emm cluster types in southern Taiwan.
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45
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Svensson L, Frick IM, Shannon O. Group G streptococci mediate fibrinogen-dependent platelet aggregation leading to transient entrapment in platelet aggregates. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2015; 162:117-126. [PMID: 26511072 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Platelets have been reported to become activated in response to bacteria and this is proposed to contribute to the acute response to bacterial infection. In the present study, we investigated platelet aggregation in response to group G streptococci (GGS) in vitro in healthy human donors and in vivo in a mouse model of streptococcal sepsis. Platelet aggregation by GGS was dependent on the bacterial surface protein FOG and engagement of the platelet fibrinogen receptor; however, it was independent of IgG and the platelet Fc receptor. Platelets exerted no antibacterial effects on the bacteria, and aggregates formed were markedly unstable, allowing bacteria to rapidly return to the plasma and grow post-aggregation. Thrombocytopenia and platelet activation occurred during invasive infection with GGS, and platelets were demonstrated to contribute to bacterial dissemination during infection. These findings reveal an important role for bacteria-platelet interactions during the pathogenesis of streptococcal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbeth Svensson
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Inga-Maria Frick
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Oonagh Shannon
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden
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46
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Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes, also known as Group A Streptococcus (GAS), is an important human bacterial pathogen that can cause invasive infections. Once it colonizes its exclusively human host, GAS needs to surmount numerous innate immune defense mechanisms, including opsonization by complement and consequent phagocytosis. Several strains of GAS bind to human-specific complement inhibitors, C4b-binding protein (C4BP) and/or Factor H (FH), to curtail complement C3 (a critical opsonin) deposition. This results in diminished activation of phagocytes and clearance of GAS that may lead to the host being unable to limit the infection. Herein we describe the course of GAS infection in three human complement inhibitor transgenic (tg) mouse models that examined each inhibitor (human C4BP or FH) alone, or the two inhibitors together (C4BPxFH or 'double' tg). GAS infection with strains that bound C4BP and FH resulted in enhanced mortality in each of the three transgenic mouse models compared to infection in wild type mice. In addition, GAS manifested increased virulence in C4BPxFH mice: higher organism burdens and greater elevations of pro-inflammatory cytokines and they died earlier than single transgenic or wt controls. The effects of hu-C4BP and hu-FH were specific for GAS strains that bound these inhibitors because strains that did not bind the inhibitors showed reduced virulence in the 'double' tg mice compared to strains that did bind; mortality was also similar in wild-type and C4BPxFH mice infected by non-binding GAS. Our findings emphasize the importance of binding of complement inhibitors to GAS that results in impaired opsonization and phagocytic killing, which translates to enhanced virulence in a humanized whole animal model. This novel hu-C4BPxFH tg model may prove invaluable in studies of GAS pathogenesis and for developing vaccines and therapeutics that rely on human complement activation for efficacy.
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47
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Six A, Bellais S, Bouaboud A, Fouet A, Gabriel C, Tazi A, Dramsi S, Trieu-Cuot P, Poyart C. Srr2, a multifaceted adhesin expressed by ST-17 hypervirulent Group B Streptococcus involved in binding to both fibrinogen and plasminogen. Mol Microbiol 2015; 97:1209-22. [PMID: 26094503 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Group B Streptococcus (GBS) 'hypervirulent' ST-17 clone is strongly associated with invasive neonatal meningitis. Comparative genome analyses revealed that the serine-rich repeat (Srr) glycoprotein Srr2 is a cell wall-anchored protein specific for ST-17 strains, the non-ST-17 isolates expressing Srr1. Here, we unravel the binding capacity of GBS Srr proteins to relevant components of the host fibrinolysis pathway. We demonstrate that: (i) Srr2 binds plasminogen and plasmin whereas Srr1 does not; (ii) the ability of ST-17 strains to bind fibrinogen reflects a high level surface display of Srr2 combined with a higher affinity of Srr2 than Srr1 to bind this ligand; and (iii) Srr2 binding to host plasma proteins results in the formation of bacterial aggregates that are efficiently endocytosed by phagocytes. Importantly, we show that Srr2 increased bacterial survival to phagocytic killing and bacterial persistence in a murine model of meningitis. We conclude that Srr2 is a multifaceted adhesin used by the ST-17 clone to hijack ligands of the host coagulation system, thereby contributing to bacterial dissemination and invasiveness, and ultimately to meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Six
- INSERM U 1016, Institut Cochin, team 'Barriers and Pathogens', Paris, F-75014, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, F-75014, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, F-75014, France.,DHU 'Risques et grossesse', Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Samuel Bellais
- INSERM U 1016, Institut Cochin, team 'Barriers and Pathogens', Paris, F-75014, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, F-75014, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, F-75014, France.,DHU 'Risques et grossesse', Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Abdelouhab Bouaboud
- INSERM U 1016, Institut Cochin, team 'Barriers and Pathogens', Paris, F-75014, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, F-75014, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, F-75014, France.,DHU 'Risques et grossesse', Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Agnès Fouet
- INSERM U 1016, Institut Cochin, team 'Barriers and Pathogens', Paris, F-75014, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, F-75014, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, F-75014, France.,DHU 'Risques et grossesse', Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Centre National de Référence des Streptocoques, Paris, F-75014, France
| | - Christelle Gabriel
- INSERM U 1016, Institut Cochin, team 'Barriers and Pathogens', Paris, F-75014, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, F-75014, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, F-75014, France.,DHU 'Risques et grossesse', Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Asmaa Tazi
- INSERM U 1016, Institut Cochin, team 'Barriers and Pathogens', Paris, F-75014, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, F-75014, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, F-75014, France.,DHU 'Risques et grossesse', Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Centre National de Référence des Streptocoques, Paris, F-75014, France.,Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Centre Cochin-Hôtel Dieu-Broca, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, F-75014, France
| | - Shaynoor Dramsi
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie des Bactéries Pathogènes à Gram Positif, Paris, F-74016, France.,CNRS ERL3526, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Trieu-Cuot
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie des Bactéries Pathogènes à Gram Positif, Paris, F-74016, France.,CNRS ERL3526, Paris, France
| | - Claire Poyart
- INSERM U 1016, Institut Cochin, team 'Barriers and Pathogens', Paris, F-75014, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, F-75014, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, F-75014, France.,DHU 'Risques et grossesse', Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie des Bactéries Pathogènes à Gram Positif, Paris, F-74016, France.,CNRS ERL3526, Paris, France.,Centre National de Référence des Streptocoques, Paris, F-75014, France.,Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Centre Cochin-Hôtel Dieu-Broca, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, F-75014, France
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48
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Lannergård J, Kristensen BM, Gustafsson MCU, Persson JJ, Norrby-Teglund A, Stålhammar-Carlemalm M, Lindahl G. Sequence variability is correlated with weak immunogenicity in Streptococcus pyogenes M protein. Microbiologyopen 2015; 4:774-89. [PMID: 26175306 PMCID: PMC4618610 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The M protein of Streptococcus pyogenes, a major bacterial virulence factor, has an amino-terminal hypervariable region (HVR) that is a target for type-specific protective antibodies. Intriguingly, the HVR elicits a weak antibody response, indicating that it escapes host immunity by two mechanisms, sequence variability and weak immunogenicity. However, the properties influencing the immunogenicity of regions in an M protein remain poorly understood. Here, we studied the antibody response to different regions of the classical M1 and M5 proteins, in which not only the HVR but also the adjacent fibrinogen-binding B repeat region exhibits extensive sequence divergence. Analysis of antisera from S. pyogenes-infected patients, infected mice, and immunized mice showed that both the HVR and the B repeat region elicited weak antibody responses, while the conserved carboxy-terminal part was immunodominant. Thus, we identified a correlation between sequence variability and weak immunogenicity for M protein regions. A potential explanation for the weak immunogenicity was provided by the demonstration that protease digestion selectively eliminated the HVR-B part from whole M protein-expressing bacteria. These data support a coherent model, in which the entire variable HVR-B part evades antibody attack, not only by sequence variability but also by weak immunogenicity resulting from protease attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Lannergård
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | | | | | - Jenny J Persson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anna Norrby-Teglund
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Gunnar Lindahl
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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49
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Pian Y, Wang P, Liu P, Zheng Y, Zhu L, Wang H, Xu B, Yuan Y, Jiang Y. Proteomics identification of novel fibrinogen-binding proteins of Streptococcus suis contributing to antiphagocytosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2015; 5:19. [PMID: 25789245 PMCID: PMC4349166 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2015.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis serotype 2 (SS2) induced sepsis and meningitis are often accompanied by bacteremia. However, the mechanism whereby it helps S. suis to evade PMN-mediated phagocytosis remain unclear. Because of the central roles of bacteria-human fibrinogen (hFg) interaction in innate immunity, here, a proteomics based Far-western blotting (PBFWB) was developed to identify the fibrinogen-binding surface proteins of S. suis (SsFBPs) on a large-scale. And then thirteen potential SsFBPs were identified by PBFWB and we selected seven potential surface proteins to further confirm their binding ability to hFg, of which the gene mutant strains of MRP displayed significantly decrease in binding to immobilized hFg. Additionally, the polyclonal antibodies against Enolase were found to significantly inhibit the binding of SS2 to hFg. Strikingly, MRP and Enolase were found to improve the antiphagocytic ability of SS2 to PMNs by interacting with hFg and enhance the survival of SS2 in human blood. Taken together, the PBFWB method provides useful clues to the bacteria-host interactions. These studies firstly disclose MRP and Enolase were involved in immune evasion of SS2 at least in part by binding to Fg, which make them potential targets for therapies for SS2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaya Pian
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology Beijing China
| | - Pingping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology Beijing China
| | - Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology Beijing China
| | - Yuling Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology Beijing China
| | - Li Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology Beijing China
| | - Hengliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology Beijing China
| | - Bin Xu
- National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology Beijing China
| | - Yongqiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology Beijing China
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50
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Abstract
Given their small size, platelets are emerging as being one of the most important entities in the bloodstream. Not only do they play a key role in maintaining thrombosis and haemostasis, platelets also play a critical role in orchestrating the immune response. Being the first cell at the site of injury, they are perfectly placed to assess the extent of the damage and recruit immune cells as is necessary. As a first line of defence, platelets can act as primitive immune cells themselves by interacting with invading pathogens. A number of platelet receptors have been shown to interact with bacteria either directly or indirectly, involving a plasma protein bridge. This review will discuss the molecular mechanisms that exist between platelets and bacteria and the functional response to the interaction. We will also discuss the importance of considering animal models of disease and the use of physiological shear when studying platelet-bacterial interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W Kerrigan
- School of Pharmacy & Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland , Dublin , Ireland
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