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Faulstich NG, Deloach AR, Ksor YB, Mesa GH, Sharma DS, Sisk SL, Mitchell GC. Evidence for phosphate-dependent control of symbiont cell division in the model anemone Exaiptasia diaphana. mBio 2024; 15:e0105924. [PMID: 39105583 PMCID: PMC11389408 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01059-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Reef-building corals depend on symbiosis with photosynthetic algae that reside within their cells. As important as this relationship is for maintaining healthy reefs, it is strikingly delicate. When ocean temperatures briefly exceed the average summer maximum, corals can bleach, losing their endosymbionts. Although the mechanisms governing bleaching are unknown, studies implicate uncoupling of coral and algal cell divisions at high temperatures. Still, little is known regarding the coordination of host and algal cell divisions. Control of nutrient exchange is one likely mechanism. Both nitrogen and phosphate are necessary for dividing cells, and although nitrogen enrichment is known to increase symbiont density in the host, the consequences of phosphate enrichment are poorly understood. Here, we examined the effects of phosphate depletion on symbiont growth in culture and compared the physiology of phosphate-starved symbionts in culture to symbionts that were freshly isolated from a host. We found that available phosphate is as low in freshly isolated symbionts as it is in phosphate-starved cultures. Furthermore, RNAseq revealed that phosphate-limited and freshly isolated symbionts have similar patterns of gene expression for phosphate-dependent genes, most notably upregulation of phosphatases, which is consistent with phosphate recycling. Similarly, lipid profiling revealed a substantial decrease in phospholipid abundance in both phosphate-starved cultures and freshly isolated symbionts. These findings are important because they suggest that limited access to phosphate controls algal cell divisions within a host. IMPORTANCE The corals responsible for building tropical reefs are disappearing at an alarming rate as elevated sea temperatures cause them to bleach and lose the algal symbionts they rely on. Without these symbionts, corals are unable to harvest energy from sunlight and, therefore, struggle to thrive or even survive in the nutrient-poor waters of the tropics. To devise solutions to address the threat to coral reefs, it is necessary to understand the cellular events underpinning the bleaching process. One model for bleaching proposes that heat stress impairs algal photosynthesis and transfer of sugar to the host. Consequently, the host's demands for nitrogen decrease, increasing nitrogen availability to the symbionts, which leads to an increase in algal proliferation that overwhelms the host. Our work suggests that phosphate may play a similar role to nitrogen in this feedback loop.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ykok B Ksor
- Wofford College, Spartanburg, South Carolina, USA
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Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Tang X, Guo X, Yang Q, Sun H, Wang H, Ling J, Dong J. A transcriptome-wide analysis provides novel insights into how Metabacillus indicus promotes coral larvae metamorphosis and settlement. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:840. [PMID: 39242500 PMCID: PMC11380378 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10742-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coral reefs experience frequent and severe disturbances that can overwhelm their natural resilience. In such cases, ecological restoration is essential for coral reef recovery. Sexual reproduction has been reported to present the simplest and most cost-effective means for coral reef restoration. However, larval settlement and post-settlement survival represent bottlenecks for coral recruitment in sexual reproduction. While bacteria play a significant role in triggering coral metamorphosis and settlement in many coral species, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study, we employed a transcriptome-level analysis to elucidate the intricate interactions between bacteria and coral larvae that are crucial for the settlement process. RESULTS High Metabacillus indicus strain cB07 inoculation densities resulted in the successful induction of metamorphosis and settlement of coral Pocillopora damicoris larvae. Compared with controls, inoculated coral larvae exhibited a pronounced increase in the abundance of strain cB07 during metamorphosis and settlement, followed by a significant decrease in total lipid contents during the settled stage. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) during metamorphosis were significantly enriched in amino acid, protein, fatty acid, and glucose related metabolic pathways. In settled coral larvae induced by strain cB07, there was a significant enrichment of DEGs with essential roles in the establishment of a symbiotic relationship between coral larvae and their symbiotic partners. The photosynthetic efficiency of strain cB07 induced primary polyp holobionts was improved compared to those of the negative controls. In addition, coral primary polyps induced by strain cB07 showed significant improvements in energy storage and survival. CONCLUSIONS Our findings revealed that strain cB07 can promote coral larval settlement and enhance post-settlement survival and fitness. Manipulating coral sexual reproduction with strain cB07 can overcome the current recruitment bottleneck. This innovative approach holds promise for future coral reef restoration efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanying Zhang
- Ocean School, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Xiaoyu Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Xiangrui Guo
- Ocean School, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Qingsong Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Upwelling Ecosystem, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shantou, 515041, PR China
| | - Hao Sun
- Ocean School, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Hanzhang Wang
- Ocean School, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Juan Ling
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Upwelling Ecosystem, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shantou, 515041, PR China
| | - Junde Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China.
- Sanya National Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Tropical Marine Biological Research Station in Hainan, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, 572000, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Upwelling Ecosystem, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shantou, 515041, PR China.
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Nanes Sarfati D, Xue Y, Song ES, Byrne A, Le D, Darmanis S, Quake SR, Burlacot A, Sikes J, Wang B. Coordinated wound responses in a regenerative animal-algal holobiont. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4032. [PMID: 38740753 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48366-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Animal regeneration involves coordinated responses across cell types throughout the animal body. In endosymbiotic animals, whether and how symbionts react to host injury and how cellular responses are integrated across species remain unexplored. Here, we study the acoel Convolutriloba longifissura, which hosts symbiotic Tetraselmis sp. green algae and can regenerate entire bodies from tissue fragments. We show that animal injury causes a decline in the photosynthetic efficiency of the symbiotic algae, alongside two distinct, sequential waves of transcriptional responses in acoel and algal cells. The initial algal response is characterized by the upregulation of a cohort of photosynthesis-related genes, though photosynthesis is not necessary for regeneration. A conserved animal transcription factor, runt, is induced after injury and required for acoel regeneration. Knockdown of Cl-runt dampens transcriptional responses in both species and further reduces algal photosynthetic efficiency post-injury. Our results suggest that the holobiont functions as an integrated unit of biological organization by coordinating molecular networks across species through the runt-dependent animal regeneration program.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuan Xue
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Eun Sun Song
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Daniel Le
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Stephen R Quake
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Adrien Burlacot
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - James Sikes
- Department of Biology, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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4
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Tran C, Rosenfield GR, Cleves PA, Krediet CJ, Paul MR, Clowez S, Grossman AR, Pringle JR. Photosynthesis and other factors affecting the establishment and maintenance of cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230079. [PMID: 38497261 PMCID: PMC10945401 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Coral growth depends on the partnership between the animal hosts and their intracellular, photosynthetic dinoflagellate symbionts. In this study, we used the sea anemone Aiptasia, a laboratory model for coral biology, to investigate the poorly understood mechanisms that mediate symbiosis establishment and maintenance. We found that initial colonization of both adult polyps and larvae by a compatible algal strain was more effective when the algae were able to photosynthesize and that the long-term maintenance of the symbiosis also depended on photosynthesis. In the dark, algal cells were taken up into host gastrodermal cells and not rapidly expelled, but they seemed unable to reproduce and thus were gradually lost. When we used confocal microscopy to examine the interaction of larvae with two algal strains that cannot establish stable symbioses with Aiptasia, it appeared that both pre- and post-phagocytosis mechanisms were involved. With one strain, algae entered the gastric cavity but appeared to be completely excluded from the gastrodermal cells. With the other strain, small numbers of algae entered the gastrodermal cells but appeared unable to proliferate there and were slowly lost upon further incubation. We also asked if the exclusion of either incompatible strain could result simply from their cells' being too large for the host cells to accommodate. However, the size distributions of the compatible and incompatible strains overlapped extensively. Moreover, examination of macerates confirmed earlier reports that individual gastrodermal cells could expand to accommodate multiple algal cells. This article is part of the theme issue 'Sculpting the microbiome: how host factors determine and respond to microbial colonization'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cawa Tran
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA 94305, USA
- Department of Biology, University of San Diego, San Diego, CA 92110, USA
| | - Gabriel R. Rosenfield
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA 94305, USA
| | - Phillip A. Cleves
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA 94305, USA
| | - Cory J. Krediet
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA 94305, USA
| | - Maitri R. Paul
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA 94305, USA
| | - Sophie Clowez
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Arthur R. Grossman
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - John R. Pringle
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA 94305, USA
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5
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Bean NK, Edmunds PJ. The scaling of metabolic traits differs among larvae and juvenile colonies of scleractinian corals. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb246362. [PMID: 38634316 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.246362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Body size profoundly affects organism fitness and ecosystem dynamics through the scaling of physiological traits. This study tested for variation in metabolic scaling and its potential drivers among corals differing in life history strategies and taxonomic identity. Data were compiled from published sources and augmented with empirical measurements of corals in Moorea, French Polynesia. The data compilation revealed metabolic isometry in broadcasted larvae, but size-independent metabolism in brooded larvae; empirical measurements of Pocillopora acuta larvae also supported size-independent metabolism in brooded coral larvae. In contrast, for juvenile colonies (i.e. 1-4 cm diameter), metabolic scaling was isometric for Pocillopora spp., and negatively allometric for Porites spp. The scaling of biomass with surface area was isometric for Pocillopora spp., but positively allometric for Porites spp., suggesting the surface area to biomass ratio mediates metabolic scaling in these corals. The scaling of tissue biomass and metabolism were not affected by light treatment (i.e. either natural photoperiods or constant darkness) in either juvenile taxa. However, biomass was reduced by 9-15% in the juvenile corals from the light treatments and this coincided with higher metabolic scaling exponents, thus supporting the causal role of biomass in driving variation in scaling. This study shows that metabolic scaling is plastic in early life stages of corals, with intrinsic differences between life history strategy (i.e. brooded and broadcasted larvae) and taxa (i.e. Pocillopora spp. and Porites spp.), and acquired differences attributed to changes in area-normalized biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina K Bean
- Department of Biology, California State University, 18111 Nordhoff Street, Northridge, CA 91330-8303, USA
- Department of Biology, Florida International University, 3000 NE 151st St, North Miami, FL 33181, USA
| | - Peter J Edmunds
- Department of Biology, California State University, 18111 Nordhoff Street, Northridge, CA 91330-8303, USA
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Pillai P, Gouhier TC. Metamicrobiome diversity promotes the evolution of host-microbial mutualisms. J Evol Biol 2024; 37:414-428. [PMID: 38366712 DOI: 10.1093/jeb/voae019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Ecological theory suggests that a host organism's internal spatial structure can promote the persistence of mutualistic microbes by allowing for the turnover of tissue occupied by non-beneficial or cheating microbes. This type of regulation, whereby a host preferentially rewards tissue occupied by beneficial members of its microbiome but sanctions tissue occupied by non-beneficial cheaters, is expected to generate a competition-extinction trade-off by allowing beneficial microbes to experience a lower extinction rate than competitively dominant cheaters. Using an adaptive dynamics approach, we demonstrate that although ecologically stable, microbial regulation via sanctioning is not stable in any evolutionary sense, as each individual host will be under pressure to reduce the costs incurred from cheater suppression in order to maximize its own fitness at the expense of the rest of the host population. However, increasing the diversity of non-beneficial cheaters in the host population metamicrobiome can lead to an increase in the relative fitness of hosts that actively sanction non-performing tissue, thus facilitating the evolutionary emergence and persistence of such strategies in host-microbial systems. These counter-intuitive results demonstrate how diversity at multiple levels of biological organization and spatiotemporal scales can interact to facilitate the establishment and maintenance of mutualistic relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Pillai
- Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, Nahant, MA, United States
| | - Tarik C Gouhier
- Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, Nahant, MA, United States
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7
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Pasaribu B, Purba NP, Dewanti LP, Pasaribu D, Khan AMA, Harahap SA, Syamsuddin ML, Ihsan YN, Siregar SH, Faizal I, Herawati T, Irfan M, Simorangkir TPH, Kurniawan TA. Lipid Droplets in Endosymbiotic Symbiodiniaceae spp. Associated with Corals. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:949. [PMID: 38611478 PMCID: PMC11013053 DOI: 10.3390/plants13070949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Symbiodiniaceae species is a dinoflagellate that plays a crucial role in maintaining the symbiotic mutualism of reef-building corals in the ocean. Reef-building corals, as hosts, provide the nutrition and habitat to endosymbiotic Symbiodiniaceae species and Symbiodiniaceae species transfer the fixed carbon to the corals for growth. Environmental stress is one of the factors impacting the physiology and metabolism of the corals-dinoflagellate association. The environmental stress triggers the metabolic changes in Symbiodiniaceae species resulting in an increase in the production of survival organelles related to storage components such as lipid droplets (LD). LDs are found as unique organelles, mainly composed of triacylglycerols surrounded by phospholipids embedded with some proteins. To date, it has been reported that investigation of lipid droplets significantly present in animals and plants led to the understanding that lipid droplets play a key role in lipid storage and transport. The major challenge of investigating endosymbiotic Symbiodiniaceae species lies in overcoming the strategies in isolating lesser lipid droplets present in its intercellular cells. Here, we review the most recent highlights of LD research in endosymbiotic Symbiodiniaceae species particularly focusing on LD biogenesis, mechanism, and major lipid droplet proteins. Moreover, to comprehend potential novel ways of energy storage in the symbiotic interaction between endosymbiotic Symbiodiniaceae species and its host, we also emphasize recent emerging environmental factors such as temperature, ocean acidification, and nutrient impacting the accumulation of lipid droplets in endosymbiotic Symbiodiniaceae species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buntora Pasaribu
- Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40600, Indonesia; (N.P.P.); (S.A.H.); (M.L.S.); (Y.N.I.); (I.F.)
- Shallow Coastal and Aquatic Research Forensic (SCARF) Laboratory, Faculty of Fishery and Marine Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40600, Indonesia
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA;
| | - Noir Primadona Purba
- Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40600, Indonesia; (N.P.P.); (S.A.H.); (M.L.S.); (Y.N.I.); (I.F.)
| | - Lantun Paradhita Dewanti
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40600, Indonesia;
| | - Daniel Pasaribu
- Faculty of Law, Social, and Political Sciences, Universitas Terbuka, Tangerang 15437, Indonesia;
| | - Alexander Muhammad Akbar Khan
- Tropical Marine Fisheries Undergraduate Programme for Pangandaran Campus, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40600, Indonesia;
| | - Syawaludin Alisyahbana Harahap
- Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40600, Indonesia; (N.P.P.); (S.A.H.); (M.L.S.); (Y.N.I.); (I.F.)
| | - Mega Laksmini Syamsuddin
- Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40600, Indonesia; (N.P.P.); (S.A.H.); (M.L.S.); (Y.N.I.); (I.F.)
| | - Yudi Nurul Ihsan
- Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40600, Indonesia; (N.P.P.); (S.A.H.); (M.L.S.); (Y.N.I.); (I.F.)
| | - Sofyan Husein Siregar
- Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas Riau, Pekanbaru 28291, Indonesia;
| | - Ibnu Faizal
- Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40600, Indonesia; (N.P.P.); (S.A.H.); (M.L.S.); (Y.N.I.); (I.F.)
| | - Titin Herawati
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA;
- Master Program of Marine Conservation, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40600, Indonesia
| | - Mohammad Irfan
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA;
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Shinzato C, Yoshioka Y. Genomic Data Reveal Diverse Biological Characteristics of Scleractinian Corals and Promote Effective Coral Reef Conservation. Genome Biol Evol 2024; 16:evae014. [PMID: 38271267 PMCID: PMC10901607 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evae014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Reef-building corals (Scleractinia, Anthozoa, Cnidaria) are the keystone organisms of coral reefs, which constitute the most diverse marine ecosystems. Since the first decoded coral genome reported in 2011, about 40 reference genomes are registered as of 2023. Comparative genomic analyses of coral genomes have revealed genomic characters that may underlie unique biological characteristics and coral diversification. These include existence of genes for biosynthesis of mycosporine-like amino acids, loss of an enzyme necessary for cysteine biosynthesis in family Acroporidae, and lineage-specific gene expansions of DMSP lyase-like genes in the genus Acropora. While symbiosis with endosymbiotic photosynthetic dinoflagellates is a common biological feature among reef-building corals, genes associated with the intricate symbiotic relationship encompass not only those shared by many coral species, but also genes that were uniquely duplicated in each coral lineage, suggesting diversified molecular mechanisms of coral-algal symbiosis. Coral genomic data have also enabled detection of hidden, complex population structures of corals, indicating the need for species-specific, local-scale, carefully considered conservation policies for effective maintenance of corals. Consequently, accumulating coral genomic data from a wide range of taxa and from individuals of a species not only promotes deeper understanding of coral reef biodiversity, but also promotes appropriate and effective coral reef conservation. Considering the diverse biological traits of different coral species and accurately understanding population structure and genetic diversity revealed by coral genomic analyses during coral reef restoration planning could enable us to "archive" coral reef environments that are nearly identical to natural coral reefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuya Shinzato
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8564, Japan
| | - Yuki Yoshioka
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa 904-0412, Japan
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Mizobata H, Tomita K, Yonezawa R, Hayashi K, Kinoshita S, Yoshitake K, Asakawa S. The highly developed symbiotic system between the solar-powered nudibranch Pteraeolidia semperi and Symbiodiniacean algae. iScience 2023; 26:108464. [PMID: 38125017 PMCID: PMC10730344 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The intricate coexistence of Symbiodiniacean algae with a diverse range of marine invertebrates underpins the flourishing biodiversity observed within coral reef ecosystems. However, the breakdown of Symbiodiniaceae-host symbiosis endangers these ecosystems, necessitating urgent study of the symbiotic mechanisms. The symbiosis between nudibranchs and Symbiodiniaceae has been identified as an efficacious model for examining these mechanisms, yet a comprehensive understanding of their histological structures and cellular processes remains elusive. A meticulous histological exploration of the nudibranch Pteraeolidia semperi, employing optical, fluorescence, and electron microscopy, has revealed fine tubules extending to the body surface, with associated epithelial cells having been shown to adeptly encapsulate Symbiodiniaceae intracellularly. By tracing the stages of the "bleaching" in nudibranchs, it was inferred that algal cells, translocated via the digestive gland, are directly phagocytosed and expelled by these epithelial cells. Collectively, these insights contribute substantially to the scholarly discourse on critical marine symbiotic associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Mizobata
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kenji Tomita
- Technology Advancement Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ryo Yonezawa
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kentaro Hayashi
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Shigeharu Kinoshita
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Yoshitake
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Shuichi Asakawa
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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10
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Kawamura K, Shoguchi E, Nishitsuji K, Sekida S, Narisoko H, Zhao H, Shu Y, Fu P, Yamashita H, Fujiwara S, Satoh N. In Vitro Phagocytosis of Different Dinoflagellate Species by Coral Cells. Zoolog Sci 2023; 40:444-454. [PMID: 38064371 DOI: 10.2108/zs230045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Coral-dinoflagellate symbiosis is a unique biological phenomenon, in which animal cells engulf single-celled photosynthetic algae and maintain them in their cytoplasm mutualistically. Studies are needed to reveal the complex mechanisms involved in symbiotic processes, but it is difficult to answer these questions using intact corals. To tackle these issues, our previous studies established an in vitro system of symbiosis between cells of the scleractinian coral Acropora tenuis and the dinoflagellate Breviolum minutum, and showed that corals direct phagocytosis, while algae are likely engulfed by coral cells passively. Several genera of the family Symbiodiniaceae can establish symbioses with corals, but the symbiotic ratio differs depending on the dinoflagellate clades involved. To understand possible causes of these differences, this study examined whether cultured coral cells show phagocytotic activity with various dinoflagellate strains similar to those shown by intact A. tenuis. We found that (a) A. tenuis larvae incorporate Symbiodinium and Breviolum, but not Cladocopium, and very few Effrenium, (b) cultured coral cells engulfed all four species but the ratio of engulfment was significantly higher with Symbiodinium and Breviolum than Cladocopium and Effrenium, (c) cultured coral cells also phagocytosed inorganic latex beads differently than they do dinoflagellates . It is likely that cultured coral cells preferentially phagocytose Symbiodinium and Breviolum, suggesting that specific molecular mechanisms involved in initiation of symbiosis should be investigated in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaz Kawamura
- Department of Applied Science, Kochi University, Kochi 780-8520, Japan,
| | - Eiichi Shoguchi
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Koki Nishitsuji
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Satoko Sekida
- Kuroshio Science Program, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Kochi University, Kochi 780-8520, Japan
| | - Haruhi Narisoko
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Hongwei Zhao
- College of Ecology and Environment & State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yang Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Pengcheng Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Hiroshi Yamashita
- Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Ishigaki, Okinawa 907-0451, Japan
| | - Shigeki Fujiwara
- Department of Applied Science, Kochi University, Kochi 780-8520, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Satoh
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan,
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11
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Jacobovitz MR, Hambleton EA, Guse A. Unlocking the Complex Cell Biology of Coral-Dinoflagellate Symbiosis: A Model Systems Approach. Annu Rev Genet 2023; 57:411-434. [PMID: 37722685 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-072320-125436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Symbiotic interactions occur in all domains of life, providing organisms with resources to adapt to new habitats. A prime example is the endosymbiosis between corals and photosynthetic dinoflagellates. Eukaryotic dinoflagellate symbionts reside inside coral cells and transfer essential nutrients to their hosts, driving the productivity of the most biodiverse marine ecosystem. Recent advances in molecular and genomic characterization have revealed symbiosis-specific genes and mechanisms shared among symbiotic cnidarians. In this review, we focus on the cellular and molecular processes that underpin the interaction between symbiont and host. We discuss symbiont acquisition via phagocytosis, modulation of host innate immunity, symbiont integration into host cell metabolism, and nutrient exchange as a fundamental aspect of stable symbiotic associations. We emphasize the importance of using model systems to dissect the cellular complexity of endosymbiosis, which ultimately serves as the basis for understanding its ecology and capacity to adapt in the face of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie R Jacobovitz
- Cell Biology and Biophysics, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elizabeth A Hambleton
- Division of Microbial Ecology, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria;
| | - Annika Guse
- Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany;
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12
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Rädecker N, Escrig S, Spangenberg JE, Voolstra CR, Meibom A. Coupled carbon and nitrogen cycling regulates the cnidarian-algal symbiosis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6948. [PMID: 37914705 PMCID: PMC10620199 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42579-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient nutrient recycling underpins the ecological success of cnidarian-algal symbioses in oligotrophic waters. In these symbioses, nitrogen limitation restricts the growth of algal endosymbionts in hospite and stimulates their release of photosynthates to the cnidarian host. However, the mechanisms controlling nitrogen availability and their role in symbiosis regulation remain poorly understood. Here, we studied the metabolic regulation of symbiotic nitrogen cycling in the sea anemone Aiptasia by experimentally altering labile carbon availability in a series of experiments. Combining 13C and 15N stable isotope labeling experiments with physiological analyses and NanoSIMS imaging, we show that the competition for environmental ammonium between the host and its algal symbionts is regulated by labile carbon availability. Light regimes optimal for algal photosynthesis increase carbon availability in the holobiont and stimulate nitrogen assimilation in the host metabolism. Consequently, algal symbiont densities are lowest under optimal environmental conditions and increase toward the lower and upper light tolerance limits of the symbiosis. This metabolic regulation promotes efficient carbon recycling in a stable symbiosis across a wide range of environmental conditions. Yet, the dependence on resource competition may favor parasitic interactions, explaining the instability of the cnidarian-algal symbiosis as environmental conditions in the Anthropocene shift towards its tolerance limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Rädecker
- Laboratory for Biological Geochemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Stéphane Escrig
- Laboratory for Biological Geochemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jorge E Spangenberg
- Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Anders Meibom
- Laboratory for Biological Geochemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Advanced Surface Analysis, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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13
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Yoshioka Y, Chiu YL, Uchida T, Yamashita H, Suzuki G, Shinzato C. Genes possibly related to symbiosis in early life stages of Acropora tenuis inoculated with Symbiodinium microadriaticum. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1027. [PMID: 37853100 PMCID: PMC10584924 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05350-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the ecological importance of mutualism between reef-building corals and symbiotic algae (Family Symbiodiniaceae), various transcriptomic studies on coral-algal symbiosis have been performed; however, molecular mechanisms, especially genes essential to initiate and maintain these symbioses remain unknown. We investigated transcriptomic responses of Acropora tenuis to inoculation with the native algal symbiont, Symbiodinium microadriaticum, during early life stages, and identified possible symbiosis-related genes. Genes involved in immune regulation, protection against oxidative stress, and metabolic interactions between partners are particularly important for symbiosis during Acropora early life stages. In addition, molecular phylogenetic analysis revealed that some possible symbiosis-related genes originated by gene duplication in the Acropora lineage, suggesting that gene duplication may have been the driving force to establish stable mutualism in Acropora, and that symbiotic molecular mechanisms may vary among coral lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Yoshioka
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute (AORI), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan.
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa, Japan.
| | - Yi-Ling Chiu
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute (AORI), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Taiga Uchida
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute (AORI), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamashita
- Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Ishigaki, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Go Suzuki
- Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Ishigaki, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Chuya Shinzato
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute (AORI), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan.
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14
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McQuagge A, Pahl KB, Wong S, Melman T, Linn L, Lowry S, Hoadley KD. Cellular traits regulate fluorescence-based light-response phenotypes of coral photosymbionts living in-hospite. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1244060. [PMID: 37885802 PMCID: PMC10598705 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1244060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Diversity across algal family Symbiodiniaceae contributes to the environmental resilience of certain coral species. Chlorophyll-a fluorescence measurements are frequently used to determine symbiont health and resilience, but more work is needed to refine these tools and establish how they relate to underlying cellular traits. We examined trait diversity in symbionts from the generas Cladocopium and Durusdinium, collected from 12 aquacultured coral species. Photophysiological metrics (ΦPSII, σPSII, ρ, τ1, τ2, antenna bed quenching, non-photochemical quenching, and qP) were assessed using a prototype multi-spectral fluorometer over a variable light protocol which yielded a total of 1,360 individual metrics. Photophysiological metrics were then used to establish four unique light-response phenotypic variants. Corals harboring C15 were predominantly found within a single light-response phenotype which clustered separately from all other coral fragments. The majority of Durusdinium dominated colonies also formed a separate light-response phenotype which it shared with a few C1 dominated corals. C15 and D1 symbionts appear to differ in which mechanisms they use to dissipate excess light energy. Spectrally dependent variability is also observed across light-response phenotypes that may relate to differences in photopigment utilization. Symbiont cell biochemical and structural traits (atomic C:N:P, cell size, chlorophyll-a, neutral lipid content) was also assessed within each sample and differ across light-response phenotypes, linking photophysiological metrics with underlying primary cellular traits. Strong correlations between first- and second-order traits, such as Quantum Yield and cellular N:P content, or light dissipation pathways (qP and NPQ) and C:P underline differences across symbiont types and may also provide a means for using fluorescence-based metrics as biomarkers for certain primary-cellular traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey McQuagge
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States
- Dauphin Island Sea Lab, Dauphin Island, AL, United States
| | - K. Blue Pahl
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States
- Dauphin Island Sea Lab, Dauphin Island, AL, United States
| | - Sophie Wong
- Dauphin Island Sea Lab, Dauphin Island, AL, United States
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Todd Melman
- Reef Systems Coral Farm, New Albany, OH, United States
| | - Laura Linn
- Dauphin Island Sea Lab, Dauphin Island, AL, United States
| | - Sean Lowry
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States
- Dauphin Island Sea Lab, Dauphin Island, AL, United States
| | - Kenneth D. Hoadley
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States
- Dauphin Island Sea Lab, Dauphin Island, AL, United States
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15
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Kemp DW, Hoadley KD, Lewis AM, Wham DC, Smith RT, Warner ME, LaJeunesse TC. Thermotolerant coral-algal mutualisms maintain high rates of nutrient transfer while exposed to heat stress. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20231403. [PMID: 37727091 PMCID: PMC10509592 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.1403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Symbiotic mutualisms are essential to ecosystems and numerous species across the tree of life. For reef-building corals, the benefits of their association with endosymbiotic dinoflagellates differ within and across taxa, and nutrient exchange between these partners is influenced by environmental conditions. Furthermore, it is widely assumed that corals associated with symbionts in the genus Durusdinium tolerate high thermal stress at the expense of lower nutrient exchange to support coral growth. We traced both inorganic carbon (H13CO3-) and nitrate (15NO3-) uptake by divergent symbiont species and quantified nutrient transfer to the host coral under normal temperatures as well as in colonies exposed to high thermal stress. Colonies representative of diverse coral taxa associated with Durusdinium trenchii or Cladocopium spp. exhibited similar nutrient exchange under ambient conditions. By contrast, heat-exposed colonies with D. trenchii experienced less physiological stress than conspecifics with Cladocopium spp. while high carbon assimilation and nutrient transfer to the host was maintained. This discovery differs from the prevailing notion that these mutualisms inevitably suffer trade-offs in physiological performance. These findings emphasize that many host-symbiont combinations adapted to high-temperature equatorial environments are high-functioning mutualisms; and why their increased prevalence is likely to be important to the future productivity and stability of coral reef ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin W. Kemp
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Allison M. Lewis
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Drew C. Wham
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Robin T. Smith
- Center for Marine and Environmental Studies, University of the Virgin Islands, St. Thomas, VI, USA
| | - Mark E. Warner
- School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware, Lewes, DE, USA
| | - Todd C. LaJeunesse
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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16
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Amario M, Villela LB, Jardim-Messeder D, Silva-Lima AW, Rosado PM, de Moura RL, Sachetto-Martins G, Chaloub RM, Salomon PS. Physiological response of Symbiodiniaceae to thermal stress: Reactive oxygen species, photosynthesis, and relative cell size. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284717. [PMID: 37535627 PMCID: PMC10399794 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the physiological response to heat stress of three genetically different Symbiodiniaceae strains isolated from the scleractinian coral Mussismilia braziliensis, endemic of the Abrolhos Bank, Brazil. Cultures of two Symbiodinium sp. and one Cladocopium sp. were exposed to a stepwise increase in temperature (2°C every second day) ranging from 26°C (modal temperature in Abrolhos) to 32°C (just above the maximum temperature registered in Abrolhos during the third global bleaching event-TGBE). After the cultures reached their final testing temperature, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, single cell attributes (relative cell size and chlorophyll fluorescence), and photosynthetic efficiency (effective (Y(II)) and maximum (Fv/Fm) quantum yields) were measured within 4 h and 72 h. Non-photochemical coefficient (NPQ) was estimated based on fluorescence values. Population average ROS production was variable across strains and exposure times, reaching up a 2-fold increase at 32°C in one of the Symbiodinium sp. strains. A marked intrapopulation difference was observed in ROS production, with 5 to 25% of the cells producing up to 10 times more than the population average, highlighting the importance of single cell approaches to assess population physiology. Average cell size increases at higher temperatures, likely resulting from cell cycle arrest, whereas chlorophyll fluorescence decreased, especially in 4 h, indicating a photoacclimation response. The conditions tested do not seem to have elicited loss of photosynthetic efficiency nor the activation of non-photochemical mechanisms in the cells. Our results unveiled a generalized thermotolerance in three Symbiodiniaceae strains originated from Abrolhos' corals. Inter and intra-specific variability could be detected, likely reflecting the genetic differences among the strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Amario
- Laboratório de Fitoplâncton Marinho, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lívia Bonetti Villela
- Laboratório de Fitoplâncton Marinho, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Douglas Jardim-Messeder
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Transdução de Sinal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Arthur Weiss Silva-Lima
- Laboratório de Fitoplâncton Marinho, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo Leão de Moura
- Laboratório de Monitoramento da Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biologia SAGE-COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Sachetto-Martins
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Transdução de Sinal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Moreira Chaloub
- Laboratório de Estudos Aplicados em Fotossíntese, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo Sergio Salomon
- Laboratório de Fitoplâncton Marinho, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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17
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Zhang J, Huang Z, Li Y, Fu D, Li Q, Pei L, Song Y, Chen L, Zhao H, Kao SJ. Synergistic/antagonistic effects of nitrate/ammonium enrichment on fatty acid biosynthesis and translocation in coral under heat stress. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 876:162834. [PMID: 36924962 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Superimposed on ocean warming, nitrogen enrichment caused by human activity puts corals under even greater pressure. Biosynthesis of fatty acids (FA) is crucial for coral holobiont survival. However, the responses of FA biosynthesis pathways to nitrogen enrichment under heat stress in coral hosts and Symbiodiniaceae remain unknown, as do FA translocation mechanisms in corals. Herein, we used the thermosensitive coral species Acropora hyacinthus to investigate changes in FA biosynthesis pathways and polyunsaturated FA translocation of coral hosts and Symbiodiniaceae with respect to nitrate and ammonium enrichment under heat stress. Heat stress promoted pro-inflammatory FA biosynthesis in coral hosts and inhibited FA biosynthesis in Symbiodiniaceae. Nitrate enrichment inhibited anti-inflammatory FA biosynthesis in Symbiodiniaceae, and promoted pro-inflammatory FA biosynthesis in coral hosts and translocation to Symbiodiniaceae, leading to bleaching after 14 days of culture. Intriguingly, ammonium enrichment promoted anti-inflammatory FA biosynthesis in Symbiodiniaceae and translocation to hosts, allowing corals to better endure heat stress. We constructed schematic diagrams of the shift in FA biosynthesis and translocation in and between A. hyacinthus and its Symbiodiniaceae under heat stress, heat and nitrate co-stress, and heat and ammonium co-stress. The findings provide insight into the mechanisms of coral bleaching under environmental stress from a fatty acid perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Haikou Marine Geological Survey Center, China Geological Survey, Haikou 571127, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Center for Eco-Environment Restoration of Hainan Province, College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Zanhui Huang
- Haikou Marine Geological Survey Center, China Geological Survey, Haikou 571127, China
| | - Yuanchao Li
- Hainan Academy of Marine and Fishery Sciences, Haikou 571126, China
| | - Dinghui Fu
- Haikou Marine Geological Survey Center, China Geological Survey, Haikou 571127, China
| | - Qipei Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Center for Eco-Environment Restoration of Hainan Province, College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Lixin Pei
- Haikou Marine Geological Survey Center, China Geological Survey, Haikou 571127, China
| | - Yanwei Song
- Haikou Marine Geological Survey Center, China Geological Survey, Haikou 571127, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Haikou Marine Geological Survey Center, China Geological Survey, Haikou 571127, China
| | - Hongwei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Center for Eco-Environment Restoration of Hainan Province, College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Shuh-Ji Kao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361101, China
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18
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McRae CJ, Keshavmurthy S, Chen HK, Ye ZM, Meng PJ, Rosset SL, Huang WB, Chen CA, Fan TY, Côté IM. Baseline dynamics of Symbiodiniaceae genera and photochemical efficiency in corals from reefs with different thermal histories. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15421. [PMID: 37283898 PMCID: PMC10239617 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ocean warming and marine heatwaves induced by climate change are impacting coral reefs globally, leading to coral bleaching and mortality. Yet, coral resistance and resilience to warming are not uniform across reef sites and corals can show inter- and intraspecific variability. To understand changes in coral health and to elucidate mechanisms of coral thermal tolerance, baseline data on the dynamics of coral holobiont performance under non-stressed conditions are needed. We monitored the seasonal dynamics of algal symbionts (family Symbiodiniaceae) hosted by corals from a chronically warmed and thermally variable reef compared to a thermally stable reef in southern Taiwan over 15 months. We assessed the genera and photochemical efficiency of Symbiodiniaceae in three coral species: Acropora nana, Pocillopora acuta, and Porites lutea. Both Durusdinium and Cladocopium were present in all coral species at both reef sites across all seasons, but general trends in their detection (based on qPCR cycle) varied between sites and among species. Photochemical efficiency (i.e., maximum quantum yield; Fv/Fm) was relatively similar between reef sites but differed consistently among species; no clear evidence of seasonal trends in Fv/Fm was found. Quantifying natural Symbiodiniaceae dynamics can help facilitate a more comprehensive interpretation of thermal tolerance response as well as plasticity potential of the coral holobiont.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal J McRae
- Department of Planning and Research, National Museum of Marine Biology & Aquarium, Checheng, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Hung-Kai Chen
- Department of Planning and Research, National Museum of Marine Biology & Aquarium, Checheng, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Zong-Min Ye
- Department of Planning and Research, National Museum of Marine Biology & Aquarium, Checheng, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jie Meng
- Department of Planning and Research, National Museum of Marine Biology & Aquarium, Checheng, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong Hwa University, Checheng, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Sabrina L Rosset
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Wen-Bin Huang
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien, Taiwan
| | | | - Tung-Yung Fan
- Department of Planning and Research, National Museum of Marine Biology & Aquarium, Checheng, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Isabelle M Côté
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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19
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Mohamed AR, Ochsenkühn MA, Kazlak AM, Moustafa A, Amin SA. The coral microbiome: towards an understanding of the molecular mechanisms of coral-microbiota interactions. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2023; 47:fuad005. [PMID: 36882224 PMCID: PMC10045912 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuad005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Corals live in a complex, multipartite symbiosis with diverse microbes across kingdoms, some of which are implicated in vital functions, such as those related to resilience against climate change. However, knowledge gaps and technical challenges limit our understanding of the nature and functional significance of complex symbiotic relationships within corals. Here, we provide an overview of the complexity of the coral microbiome focusing on taxonomic diversity and functions of well-studied and cryptic microbes. Mining the coral literature indicate that while corals collectively harbour a third of all marine bacterial phyla, known bacterial symbionts and antagonists of corals represent a minute fraction of this diversity and that these taxa cluster into select genera, suggesting selective evolutionary mechanisms enabled these bacteria to gain a niche within the holobiont. Recent advances in coral microbiome research aimed at leveraging microbiome manipulation to increase coral's fitness to help mitigate heat stress-related mortality are discussed. Then, insights into the potential mechanisms through which microbiota can communicate with and modify host responses are examined by describing known recognition patterns, potential microbially derived coral epigenome effector proteins and coral gene regulation. Finally, the power of omics tools used to study corals are highlighted with emphasis on an integrated host-microbiota multiomics framework to understand the underlying mechanisms during symbiosis and climate change-driven dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin R Mohamed
- Biology Program, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi 129188, United Arab Emirates
| | - Michael A Ochsenkühn
- Biology Program, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi 129188, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmed M Kazlak
- Systems Genomics Laboratory, American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
- Biotechnology Graduate Program, American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Moustafa
- Systems Genomics Laboratory, American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
- Biotechnology Graduate Program, American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
- Department of Biology, American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Shady A Amin
- Biology Program, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi 129188, United Arab Emirates
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology (CGSB), New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi 129188, United Arab Emirates
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20
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Takagi T, Aoyama K, Motone K, Aburaya S, Yamashiro H, Miura N, Inoue K. Mutualistic Interactions between Dinoflagellates and Pigmented Bacteria Mitigate Environmental Stress. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0246422. [PMID: 36651852 PMCID: PMC9927270 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02464-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Scleractinian corals form symbiotic relationships with a variety of microorganisms, including endosymbiotic dinoflagellates of the family Symbiodiniaceae, and with bacteria, which are collectively termed coral holobionts. Interactions between hosts and their symbionts are critical to the physiological status of corals. Coral-microorganism interactions have been studied extensively, but dinoflagellate-bacterial interactions remain largely unexplored. Here, we developed a microbiome manipulation method employing KAS-antibiotic treatment (kanamycin, ampicillin, and streptomycin) to favor pigmented bacteria residing on cultured Cladocopium and Durusdinium, major endosymbionts of corals, and isolated several carotenoid-producing bacteria from cell surfaces of the microalgae. Following KAS-antibiotic treatment of Cladocopium sp. strain NIES-4077, pigmented bacteria increased 8-fold based on colony-forming assays from the parental strain, and 100% of bacterial sequences retrieved through 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing were affiliated with the genus Maribacter. Microbiome manipulation enabled host microalgae to maintain higher maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (variable fluorescence divided by maximum fluorescence [Fv/Fm]) under light-stress conditions, compared to the parental strain. Furthermore, by combining culture-dependent and -independent techniques, we demonstrated that species of the family Symbiodiniaceae and pigmented bacteria form strong interactions. Dinoflagellates protected bacteria from antibiotics, while pigmented bacteria protected microalgal cells from light stress via carotenoid production. Here, we describe for the first time a symbiotic relationship in which dinoflagellates and bacteria mutually reduce environmental stress. Investigations of microalgal-bacterial interactions further document bacterial contributions to coral holobionts and may facilitate development of novel techniques for microbiome-mediated coral reef conservation. IMPORTANCE Coral reefs cover less than 0.1% of the ocean floor, but about 25% of all marine species depend on coral reefs at some point in their life cycles. However, rising ocean temperatures associated with global climate change are a serious threat to coral reefs, causing dysfunction of the photosynthetic apparatus of endosymbiotic microalgae of corals, and overproducing reactive oxygen species harmful to corals. We manipulated the microbiome using an antibiotic treatment to favor pigmented bacteria, enabling their symbiotic microalgal partners to maintain higher photosynthetic function under insolation stress. Furthermore, we investigated mechanisms underlying microalgal-bacterial interactions, describing for the first time a symbiotic relationship in which the two symbionts mutually reduce environmental stress. Our findings extend current insights about microalgal-bacterial interactions, enabling better understanding of bacterial contributions to coral holobionts under stressful conditions and offering hope of reducing the adverse impacts of global warming on coral reefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Takagi
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Kako Aoyama
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Keisuke Motone
- Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Aburaya
- Division of Metabolomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Yamashiro
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, Sesoko Station, University of the Ryukyus, Motobu, Japan
| | - Natsuko Miura
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai, Japan
| | - Koji Inoue
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
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21
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Symbiont genotype influences holobiont response to increased temperature. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18394. [PMID: 36319835 PMCID: PMC9626619 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23244-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As coral reefs face warming oceans and increased coral bleaching, a whitening of the coral due to loss of microalgal endosymbionts, the possibility of evolutionary rescue offers some hope for reef persistence. In tightly linked mutualisms, evolutionary rescue may occur through evolution of the host and/or endosymbionts. Many obligate mutualisms are composed of relatively small, fast-growing symbionts with greater potential to evolve on ecologically relevant time scales than their relatively large, slower growing hosts. Numerous jellyfish species harbor closely related endosymbiont taxa to other cnidarian species such as coral, and are commonly used as a model system for investigating cnidarian mutualisms. We examined the potential for adaptation of the upside-down jellyfish Cassiopea xamachana to increased temperature via evolution of its microalgal endosymbiont, Symbiodinium microadriaticum. We quantified trait variation among five algal genotypes in response to three temperatures (26 °C, 30 °C, and 32 °C) and fitness of hosts infected with each genotype. All genotypes showed positive growth rates at each temperature, but rates of respiration and photosynthesis decreased with increased temperature. Responses varied among genotypes but were unrelated to genetic similarity. The effect of temperature on asexual reproduction and the timing of development in the host also depended on the genotype of the symbiont. Natural selection could favor different algal genotypes at different temperatures, affecting host fitness. This eco-evolutionary interaction may be a critical component of understanding species resilience in increasingly stressful environments.
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22
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Novel species of parasitic green microalgae Coccomyxa veronica sp. nov. infects Anadara broughtonii from the Sea of Japan. Symbiosis 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-022-00877-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Holt CC, Boscaro V, Van Steenkiste NWL, Herranz M, Mathur V, Irwin NAT, Buckholtz G, Leander BS, Keeling PJ. Microscopic marine invertebrates are reservoirs for cryptic and diverse protists and fungi. MICROBIOME 2022; 10:161. [PMID: 36180959 PMCID: PMC9523941 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01363-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbial symbioses in marine invertebrates are commonplace. However, characterizations of invertebrate microbiomes are vastly outnumbered by those of vertebrates. Protists and fungi run the gamut of symbiosis, yet eukaryotic microbiome sequencing is rarely undertaken, with much of the focus on bacteria. To explore the importance of microscopic marine invertebrates as potential symbiont reservoirs, we used a phylogenetic-focused approach to analyze the host-associated eukaryotic microbiomes of 220 animal specimens spanning nine different animal phyla. RESULTS Our data expanded the traditional host range of several microbial taxa and identified numerous undescribed lineages. A lack of comparable reference sequences resulted in several cryptic clades within the Apicomplexa and Ciliophora and emphasized the potential for microbial invertebrates to harbor novel protistan and fungal diversity. CONCLUSIONS Microscopic marine invertebrates, spanning a wide range of animal phyla, host various protist and fungal sequences and may therefore serve as a useful resource in the detection and characterization of undescribed symbioses. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey C Holt
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
- Hakai Institute, Heriot Bay, Canada.
| | - Vittorio Boscaro
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Hakai Institute, Heriot Bay, Canada
| | - Niels W L Van Steenkiste
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Hakai Institute, Heriot Bay, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Maria Herranz
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Hakai Institute, Heriot Bay, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Varsha Mathur
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Gracy Buckholtz
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Brian S Leander
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Patrick J Keeling
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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Rinsky M, Weizman E, Ben-Asher HW, Eyal G, Zhu B, Levy O. Temporal gene expression patterns in the coral Euphyllia paradivisa reveal the complexity of biological clocks in the cnidarian-algal symbiosis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo6467. [PMID: 36112690 PMCID: PMC9481131 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo6467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Studying chronobiology in reef-building corals is challenging due to the tightly coupled symbiosis with their photosynthetic algae, Symbiodiniaceae. Although symbiosis requires metabolic synchronization and coordination of cellular processes in the holobiont, the cross-talk between the host and symbiont's clocks is still puzzling. Here, we use the mesophotic coral Euphyllia paradivisa to examine temporal gene expression patterns in symbiotic and aposymbiotic morphs exposed to natural light/dark cycles and constant darkness. Our comparative transcriptomic analyses revealed circadian and circatidal cycles of gene expression with a predominant diel pattern in both coral morphs. We found a substantial number of transcripts consistently rhythmic under both light conditions, including genes likely involved in the cnidarians' circadian clock, thus indicating that an endogenous clock, which can oscillate independently from the Symbiodiniaceae clock, exists in E. paradivisa. The analysis further manifests the remarkable impacts of symbiosis on transcriptional rhythms and implies that the algae's presence influences the host's biorhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieka Rinsky
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Eviatar Weizman
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Hiba Waldman Ben-Asher
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Gal Eyal
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Bokai Zhu
- Aging Institute of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Oren Levy
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
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Al-Hammady MA, Silva TF, Hussein HN, Saxena G, Modolo LV, Belasy MB, Westphal H, Farag MA. How do algae endosymbionts mediate for their coral host fitness under heat stress? A comprehensive mechanistic overview. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Bashir F, Kovács S, Ábrahám Á, Nagy K, Ayaydin F, Valkony-Kelemen I, Ferenc G, Galajda P, Tóth SZ, Sass L, Kós PB, Vass I, Szabó M. Viable protoplast formation of the coral endosymbiont alga Symbiodinium spp. in a microfluidics platform. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:2986-2999. [PMID: 35588270 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00130f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Symbiodiniaceae is an important dinoflagellate family which lives in endosymbiosis with reef invertebrates, including coral polyps, making them central to the holobiont. With coral reefs currently under extreme threat from climate change, there is a pressing need to improve our understanding on the stress tolerance and stress avoidance mechanisms of Symbiodinium spp. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as singlet oxygen are central players in mediating various stress responses; however, the detection of ROS using specific dyes is still far from definitive in intact Symbiodinium cells due to the hindrance of uptake of certain fluorescent dyes because of the presence of the cell wall. Protoplast technology provides a promising platform for studying oxidative stress with the main advantage of removed cell wall, however the preparation of viable protoplasts remains a significant challenge. Previous studies have successfully applied cellulose-based protoplast preparation in Symbiodiniaceae; however, the protoplast formation and regeneration process was found to be suboptimal. Here, we present a microfluidics-based platform which allowed protoplast isolation from individually trapped Symbiodinium cells, by using a precisely adjusted flow of cell wall digestion enzymes (cellulase and macerozyme). Trapped single cells exhibited characteristic changes in their morphology, cessation of cell division and a slight decrease in photosynthetic activity during protoplast formation. Following digestion and transfer to regeneration medium, protoplasts remained photosynthetically active, regrew cell walls, regained motility, and entered exponential growth. Elevated flow rates in the microfluidic chambers resulted in somewhat faster protoplast formation; however, cell wall digestion at higher flow rates partially compromised photosynthetic activity. Physiologically competent protoplasts prepared from trapped cells in microfluidic chambers allowed for the first time the visualization of the intracellular localization of singlet oxygen (using Singlet Oxygen Sensor Green dye) in Symbiodiniaceae, potentially opening new avenues for studying oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiza Bashir
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged, Hungary.
- Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Sándor Kovács
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Ágnes Ábrahám
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Multidisciplinary Medical Sciences, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Nagy
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ferhan Ayaydin
- Cellular Imaging Laboratory, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Valkony-Kelemen
- Cellular Imaging Laboratory, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Györgyi Ferenc
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Péter Galajda
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Z Tóth
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - László Sass
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Péter B Kós
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged, Hungary.
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Imre Vass
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Milán Szabó
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged, Hungary.
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
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Siro G, Pipite A, Christi K, Srinivasan S, Subramani R. Marine Actinomycetes Associated with Stony Corals: A Potential Hotspot for Specialized Metabolites. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1349. [PMID: 35889068 PMCID: PMC9319285 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial secondary metabolites are an important source of antibiotics currently available for combating drug-resistant pathogens. These important secondary metabolites are produced by various microorganisms, including Actinobacteria. Actinobacteria have a colossal genome with a wide array of genes that code for several bioactive metabolites and enzymes. Numerous studies have reported the isolation and screening of millions of strains of actinomycetes from various habitats for specialized metabolites worldwide. Looking at the extent of the importance of actinomycetes in various fields, corals are highlighted as a potential hotspot for untapped secondary metabolites and new bioactive metabolites. Unfortunately, knowledge about the diversity, distribution and biochemistry of marine actinomycetes compared to hard corals is limited. In this review, we aim to summarize the recent knowledge on the isolation, diversity, distribution and discovery of natural compounds from marine actinomycetes associated with hard corals. A total of 11 new species of actinomycetes, representing nine different families of actinomycetes, were recovered from hard corals during the period from 2007 to 2022. In addition, this study examined a total of 13 new compounds produced by five genera of actinomycetes reported from 2017 to 2022 with antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic activities. Coral-derived actinomycetes have different mechanisms of action against their competitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galana Siro
- School of Agriculture, Geography, Environment, Ocean and Natural Sciences (SAGEONS), The University of the South Pacific, Laucala Campus, Suva, Fiji; (G.S.); (K.C.); (R.S.)
| | - Atanas Pipite
- School of Agriculture, Geography, Environment, Ocean and Natural Sciences (SAGEONS), The University of the South Pacific, Laucala Campus, Suva, Fiji; (G.S.); (K.C.); (R.S.)
| | - Ketan Christi
- School of Agriculture, Geography, Environment, Ocean and Natural Sciences (SAGEONS), The University of the South Pacific, Laucala Campus, Suva, Fiji; (G.S.); (K.C.); (R.S.)
| | - Sathiyaraj Srinivasan
- Department of Bio & Environmental Technology, Division of Environmental & Life Science, College of Natural Science, Seoul Women’s University, 623 Hwarangno, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01797, Korea
| | - Ramesh Subramani
- School of Agriculture, Geography, Environment, Ocean and Natural Sciences (SAGEONS), The University of the South Pacific, Laucala Campus, Suva, Fiji; (G.S.); (K.C.); (R.S.)
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Endosymbiotic Symbiodinium clades occurrence and influence on coral growth and resilience during stress. Symbiosis 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-022-00846-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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29
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Teng GC, Boo MV, Lam SH, Pang CZ, Chew SF, Ip YK. Molecular characterization and light-dependent expression of glycerol facilitator (GlpF) in coccoid Symbiodiniaceae dinoflagellates of the giant clam Tridacna squamosa. GENE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2022.101623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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30
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Symbiosis with Dinoflagellates Alters Cnidarian Cell-Cycle Gene Expression. Cell Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/3330160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis, hosts show altered expression of genes involved in growth and proliferation when in the symbiotic state, but little is known about the molecular mechanisms that underlie the host’s altered growth rate. Using tissue-specific transcriptomics, we determined how symbiosis affects expression of cell cycle-associated genes, in the model symbiotic cnidarian Exaiptasia diaphana (Aiptasia). The presence of symbionts within the gastrodermis elicited cell-cycle arrest in the G1 phase in a larger proportion of host cells compared with the aposymbiotic gastrodermis. The symbiotic gastrodermis also showed a reduction in the amount of cells synthesizing their DNA and progressing through mitosis when compared with the aposymbiotic gastrodermis. Host apoptotic inhibitors (Mdm2) were elevated, while host apoptotic sensitizers (c-Myc) were depressed, in the symbiotic gastrodermis when compared with the aposymbiotic gastrodermis and epidermis of symbiotic anemones, respectively. This indicates that the presence of symbionts negatively regulates host apoptosis, possibly contributing to their persistence within the host. Transcripts (ATM/ATR) associated with DNA damage were also downregulated in symbiotic gastrodermal tissues. In epidermal cells, a single gene (Mob1) required for mitotic completion was upregulated in symbiotic compared with aposymbiotic anemones, suggesting that the presence of symbionts in the gastrodermis stimulates host cell division in the epidermis. To further corroborate this hypothesis, we performed microscopic analysis using an S-phase indicator (EdU), allowing us to evaluate cell cycling in host cells. Our results confirmed that there were significantly more proliferating host cells in both the gastrodermis and epidermis in the symbiotic state compared with the aposymbiotic state. Furthermore, when comparing between tissue layers in the presence of symbionts, the epidermis had significantly more proliferating host cells than the symbiont-containing gastrodermis. These results contribute to our understanding of the influence of symbionts on the mechanisms of cnidarian cell proliferation and mechanisms associated with symbiont maintenance.
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31
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Raharinirina NA, Acevedo-Trejos E, Merico A. Modelling the acclimation capacity of coral reefs to a warming ocean. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010099. [PMID: 35533201 PMCID: PMC9119535 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The symbiotic relationship between corals and photosynthetic algae is the foundation of coral reef ecosystems. This relationship breaks down, leading to coral death, when sea temperature exceeds the thermal tolerance of the coral-algae complex. While acclimation via phenotypic plasticity at the organismal level is an important mechanism for corals to cope with global warming, community-based shifts in response to acclimating capacities may give valuable indications about the future of corals at a regional scale. Reliable regional-scale predictions, however, are hampered by uncertainties on the speed with which coral communities will be able to acclimate. Here we present a trait-based, acclimation dynamics model, which we use in combination with observational data, to provide a first, crude estimate of the speed of coral acclimation at the community level and to investigate the effects of different global warming scenarios on three iconic reef ecosystems of the tropics: Great Barrier Reef, South East Asia, and Caribbean. The model predicts that coral acclimation may confer some level of protection by delaying the decline of some reefs such as the Great Barrier Reef. However, the current rates of acclimation will not be sufficient to rescue corals from global warming. Based on our estimates of coral acclimation capacities, the model results suggest substantial declines in coral abundances in all three regions, ranging from 12% to 55%, depending on the region and on the climate change scenario considered. Our results highlight the importance and urgency of precise assessments and quantitative estimates, for example through laboratory experiments, of the natural acclimation capacity of corals and of the speed with which corals may be able to acclimate to global warming. Tropical coral reefs are among the most productive and diverse ecosystems on Earth. The success of these ecosystems depends on a symbiotic relationship between corals and unicellular algae. This relationship breaks down when water temperature increases above certain levels causing massive coral deaths. Therefore, the future of coral reef ecosystems depends on the capacity of corals to acclimate to current warming rates. Despite many studies have tried to predict the future of coral reefs, these predictions are impaired by uncertainties related to the speed with which corals can acclimate. We developed a model in which corals can acclimate to changing temperature. By comparing model results with observations of coral cover, we estimated the speed of coral acclimation at the community level in different regions of the tropics. Using this information, we quantified the future changes in coral abundances under different warming scenarios. We found that corals of the Great Barrier Reef have higher acclimation capacities than those of other regions. Our results showed substantial coral declines in South East Asia and Caribbean, especially under the highest warming scenarios. Thus, we provide evidence that natural acclimation alone may not be sufficient to offset the decline of corals caused by the expected warming trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nomenjanahary Alexia Raharinirina
- Department of Integrated Modelling, Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research, Bremen, Germany
- Department of Physics & Earth Sciences, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Esteban Acevedo-Trejos
- Department of Integrated Modelling, Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research, Bremen, Germany
| | - Agostino Merico
- Department of Integrated Modelling, Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research, Bremen, Germany
- Department of Physics & Earth Sciences, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Thies AB, Quijada-Rodriguez AR, Zhouyao H, Weihrauch D, Tresguerres M. A Rhesus channel in the coral symbiosome membrane suggests a novel mechanism to regulate NH 3 and CO 2 delivery to algal symbionts. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm0303. [PMID: 35275725 PMCID: PMC8916725 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm0303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Reef-building corals maintain an intracellular photosymbiotic association with dinoflagellate algae. As the algae are hosted inside the symbiosome, all metabolic exchanges must take place across the symbiosome membrane. Using functional studies in Xenopus oocytes, immunolocalization, and confocal Airyscan microscopy, we established that Acropora yongei Rh (ayRhp1) facilitates transmembrane NH3 and CO2 diffusion and that it is present in the symbiosome membrane. Furthermore, ayRhp1 abundance in the symbiosome membrane was highest around midday and lowest around midnight. We conclude that ayRhp1 mediates a symbiosomal NH4+-trapping mechanism that promotes nitrogen delivery to algae during the day-necessary to sustain photosynthesis-and restricts nitrogen delivery at night-to keep algae under nitrogen limitation. The role of ayRhp1-facilitated CO2 diffusion is less clear, but it may have implications for metabolic dysregulation between symbiotic partners and bleaching. This previously unknown mechanism expands our understanding of symbioses at the immediate animal-microbe interface, the symbiosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus B. Thies
- Marine Biology research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Corresponding author. (A.B.T.); (M.T.)
| | | | - Haonan Zhouyao
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Dirk Weihrauch
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Martin Tresguerres
- Marine Biology research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Corresponding author. (A.B.T.); (M.T.)
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Kaposi K, Courtney R, Seymour J. Implications of bleaching on cnidarian venom ecology. Toxicon X 2022; 13:100094. [PMID: 35146416 PMCID: PMC8819380 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2022.100094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cnidarian bleaching research often focuses on the effects on a cnidarian's physiological health and fitness, whilst little focus has been towards the impacts of these events on their venom ecology. Given the importance of a cnidarian's venom to their survival and the increasing threat of bleaching events, it is important to understand the effects that this threat may have on this important aspect of their ecology as it may have unforeseen impacts on their ability to catch prey and defend themselves. This review aims to explore evidence that suggests that bleaching may impact on each of the key aspects of a cnidarians' venom ecology: cnidae, venom composition, and venom toxicity. Additionally, the resulting energy deficit, compensatory heterotrophic feeding, and increased defensive measures have been highlighted as possible ecological factors driving these changes. Suggestions are also made to guide the success of research in this field into the future, specifically in regards to selecting a study organism, the importance of accurate symbiont and cnidae identification, use of appropriate bleaching methods, determination of bleaching, and animal handling. Ultimately, this review highlights a significant and important gap in our knowledge into how cnidarians are, and will, continue to be impacted by bleaching stress. Information on the effects of bleaching on cnidarian venom ecology is limited. There is evidence to suggest nematocysts, venom composition and venom toxicity may each be impacted by bleaching. Bleaching may result in depleted energy, increased heterotrophy and/or the need for stronger defensive strategies. To fully understand how cnidarians may be impacted by bleaching stress further research in this field is needed. Future studies should consider the model organism and methodologies, thereby minimising indirect confounding effects.
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Larval transcriptomic responses of a stony coral, Acropora tenuis, during initial contact with the native symbiont, Symbiodinium microadriaticum. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2854. [PMID: 35190599 PMCID: PMC8861010 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06822-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although numerous dinoflagellate species (Family Symbiodiniaceae) are present in coral reef environments, Acropora corals tend to select a single species, Symbiodinium microadriaticum, in early life stages, even though this species is rarely found in mature colonies. In order to identify molecular mechanisms involved in initial contact with native symbionts, we analyzed transcriptomic responses of Acropora tenuis larvae at 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h after their first contact with S. microadriaticum, as well as with non-native symbionts, including the non-symbiotic S. natans and the occasional symbiont, S. tridacnidorum. Some gene expression changes were detected in larvae inoculated with non-native symbionts at 1 h post-inoculation, but those returned to baseline levels afterward. In contrast, when larvae were exposed to native symbionts, we found that the number of differentially expressed genes gradually increased in relation to inoculation time. As a specific response to native symbionts, upregulation of pattern recognition receptor-like and transporter genes, and suppression of cellular function genes related to immunity and apoptosis, were exclusively observed. These findings indicate that coral larvae recognize differences between symbionts, and when the appropriate symbionts infect, they coordinate gene expression to establish stable mutualism.
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Coral-microbe interactions: their importance to reef function and survival. Emerg Top Life Sci 2022; 6:33-44. [PMID: 35119475 DOI: 10.1042/etls20210229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Many different microorganisms associate with the coral host in a single entity known as the holobiont, and their interactions with the host contribute to coral health, thereby making them a fundamental part of reef function, survival, and conservation. As corals continue to be susceptible to bleaching due to environmental stress, coral-associated bacteria may have a potential role in alleviating bleaching. This review provides a synthesis of the various roles bacteria have in coral physiology and development, and explores the possibility that changes in the microbiome with environmental stress could have major implications in how corals acclimatize and survive. Recent studies on the interactions between the coral's algal and bacterial symbionts elucidate how bacteria may stabilize algal health and, therefore, mitigate bleaching. A summary of the innovative tools and experiments to examine host-microbe interactions in other cnidarians (a temperate coral, a jellyfish, two anemones, and a freshwater hydroid) is offered in this review to delineate our current knowledge of mechanisms underlying microbial establishment and maintenance in the animal host. A better understanding of these mechanisms may enhance the success of maintaining probiotics long-term in corals as a conservation strategy.
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Dungan AM, Hartman LM, Blackall LL, van Oppen MJH. Exploring microbiome engineering as a strategy for improved thermal tolerance in Exaiptasia diaphana. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 132:2940-2956. [PMID: 35104027 PMCID: PMC9303619 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aims Fourteen percent of all living coral, equivalent to more than all the coral on the Great Barrier Reef, has died in the past decade as a result of climate change‐driven bleaching. Inspired by the ‘oxidative stress theory of coral bleaching’, we investigated whether a bacterial consortium designed to scavenge free radicals could integrate into the host microbiome and improve thermal tolerance of the coral model, Exaiptasia diaphana. Methods and Results E. diaphana anemones were inoculated with a consortium of high free radical scavenging (FRS) bacteria, a consortium of congeneric low FRS bacteria, or sterile seawater as a control, then exposed to elevated temperature. Increases in the relative abundance of Labrenzia during the first 2 weeks following the last inoculation provided evidence for temporary inoculum integration into the E. diaphana microbiome. Initial uptake of other consortium members was inconsistent, and these bacteria did not persist either in E. diaphana’s microbiome over time. Given their non‐integration into the host microbiome, the ability of the FRS consortium to mitigate thermal stress could not be assessed. Importantly, there were no physiological impacts (negative or positive) of the bacterial inoculations on the holobiont. Conclusions The introduced bacteria were not maintained in the anemone microbiome over time, thus, their protective effect is unknown. Achieving long‐term integration of bacteria into cnidarian microbiomes remains a research priority. Significance and Impact of the Study Microbiome engineering strategies to mitigate coral bleaching may assist coral reefs in their persistence until climate change has been curbed. This study provides insights that will inform microbiome manipulation approaches in coral bleaching mitigation research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Dungan
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Leon M Hartman
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia
| | - Linda L Blackall
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Madeleine J H van Oppen
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Australia
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Barott KL, Thies AB, Tresguerres M. V-type H +-ATPase in the symbiosome membrane is a conserved mechanism for host control of photosynthesis in anthozoan photosymbioses. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:211449. [PMID: 35116156 PMCID: PMC8790332 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In reef-building corals (order Scleractinia) and giant clams (phylum Molluca), V-type H+-ATPase (VHA) in host cells is part of a carbon concentrating mechanism (CCM) that regulates photosynthetic rates of their symbiotic algae. Here, we show that VHA plays a similar role in the sea anemone Anemonia majano, a member of the order Actinaria and sister group to the Scleractinia, which in contrast to their colonial calcifying coral relatives is a solitary, soft-bodied taxa. Western blotting and immunofluorescence revealed that VHA was abundantly present in the host-derived symbiosome membrane surrounding the photosymbionts. Pharmacological inhibition of VHA activity in individual anemones resulted in an approximately 80% decrease of photosynthetic O2 production. These results extend the presence of a host-controlled VHA-dependent CCM to non-calcifying cnidarians of the order Actiniaria, suggesting it is widespread among photosymbiosis between aquatic invertebrates and Symbiodiniaceae algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L. Barott
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Angus B. Thies
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Martin Tresguerres
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Sánchez-Suárez J, Garnica-Agudelo M, Villamil L, Díaz L, Coy-Barrera E. Bioactivity and Biotechnological Overview of Naturally Occurring Compounds from the Dinoflagellate Family Symbiodiniaceae: A Systematic Review. ScientificWorldJournal 2021; 2021:1983589. [PMID: 34955690 PMCID: PMC8709762 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1983589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine invertebrates are a significant source of biologically active compounds. Recent studies have highlighted the role of microbiota associated with marine invertebrates in the production of bioactive compounds. Corals and sponges are the main marine invertebrates producing bioactive substances, and Symbiodiniaceae dinoflagellates are well-recognized endosymbionts with corals and sponges playing vital functions. The biological properties of Symbiodiniaceae-derived compounds have garnered attention in the past decades owing to their ecological implications and potentiality for bioprospecting initiatives. This study aims to systematically review studies on bioactivities and potential biotechnological applications of Symbiodiniaceae-derived compounds. The PRISMA guidelines were followed. Our study showed that anti-inflammatory and vasoconstrictive activities of Symbiodiniaceae-derived compounds have been the most investigated. However, very few studies have been published, with in vitro culturing of Symbiodiniaceae being the most significant challenge. Therefore, we surveyed for the metabolites reported so far, analyzed their chemodiversity, and discussed approaches to overcome culturing-related limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeysson Sánchez-Suárez
- Bioprospecting Research Group, School of Engineering, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía, Colombia
| | - Mariana Garnica-Agudelo
- Bioprospecting Research Group, School of Engineering, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía, Colombia
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Cajicá, Colombia
| | - Luisa Villamil
- Doctoral Program in Biosciences, School of Engineering, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía, Colombia
| | - Luis Díaz
- Bioprospecting Research Group, School of Engineering, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía, Colombia
| | - Ericsson Coy-Barrera
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Cajicá, Colombia
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Calixto Mancipe N, McLaughlin EM, Barney BM. Genomic analysis and characterization of Scenedesmus glucoliberatum PABB004: An unconventional sugar-secreting green alga. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:2004-2019. [PMID: 34599635 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS In this report, we present Scenedesmus glucoliberatum PABB004, a microalga that was isolated from an association with Paramecium bursaria with the potential for application in fermentative processes and co-culture schemes due to its advantageous high sugar secretion phenotype. METHODS AND RESULTS We sequenced, assembled and annotated the draft genome and transcriptome for this newly reported strain. The nuclear genome has an exceptionally high GC content of 78%. Our results revealed significant sugar accumulation over a range from 6.2 to 7.8 pH units. The predicted proteome was compared with other green algae that show different sugar secretion phenotypes aiming to help uncover their common features for simple sugar secretion and those unique to S. glucoliberatum PABB004. CONCLUSIONS The evolutionary history of this organism, inferred from its genomic traits, expands our current understanding of algal mutualistic relationships involving photosynthate exchanges. S. glucoliberatum PABB004 secreted ready-to-use fermentable sugars (glucose and maltose) directly to the extracellular media achieving concentrations greater than 2.7 g/L of free glucose and 1.2 g/L of maltose in batch cultures. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY A draft genome is provided for a new member of an important class of green algae. Scenedesmus glucoliberatum PABB004 secretes high levels of simple sugars over a broad pH range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Calixto Mancipe
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Evelyn M McLaughlin
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Brett M Barney
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.,BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
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Scanes E, Parker LM, Seymour JR, Siboni N, King WL, Wegner KM, Dove MC, O'Connor WA, Ross PM. Microbiome response differs among selected lines of Sydney rock oysters to ocean warming and acidification. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2021; 97:6311813. [PMID: 34190992 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiab099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oyster microbiomes are integral to healthy function and can be altered by climate change conditions. Genetic variation among oysters is known to influence the response of oysters to climate change and may ameliorate any adverse effects on oyster microbiome; however, this remains unstudied. Nine full-sibling selected breeding lines of the Sydney rock oyster (Saccostrea glomerata) were exposed to predicted warming (ambient = 24°C, elevated = 28°C) and ocean acidification (ambient pCO2 = 400, elevated pCO2 = 1000 µatm) for 4 weeks. The haemolymph bacterial microbiome was characterized using 16S rRNA (V3-V4) gene sequencing and varied among oyster lines in the control (ambient pCO2, 24°C) treatment. Microbiomes were also altered by climate change dependent on oyster lines. Bacterial α-diversity increased in response to elevated pCO2 in two selected lines, while bacterial β-diversity was significantly altered by combinations of elevated pCO2 and temperature in four selected lines. Climate change treatments caused shifts in the abundance of multiple amplicon sequence variants driving change in the microbiome of some selected lines. We show that oyster genetic background may influence the Sydney rock oyster haemolymph microbiome under climate change and that future assisted evolution breeding programs to enhance resilience should consider the oyster microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot Scanes
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia.,The University of Sydney, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Camperdown, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Laura M Parker
- The University of New South Wales, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Justin R Seymour
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Nachshon Siboni
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - William L King
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia.,Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - K Mathias Wegner
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Coastal Ecology, Wadden Sea Station Sylt, List 25992, Germany
| | - Michael C Dove
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Port Stephens Fisheries Institute, Taylors Beach, New South Wales 2316, Australia
| | - Wayne A O'Connor
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Port Stephens Fisheries Institute, Taylors Beach, New South Wales 2316, Australia
| | - Pauline M Ross
- The University of Sydney, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Camperdown, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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Dungan AM, Bulach D, Lin H, van Oppen MJH, Blackall LL. Development of a free radical scavenging bacterial consortium to mitigate oxidative stress in cnidarians. Microb Biotechnol 2021; 14:2025-2040. [PMID: 34259383 PMCID: PMC8449677 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Corals are colonized by symbiotic microorganisms that profoundly influence the animal’s health. One noted symbiont is a single‐celled alga (in the dinoflagellate family Symbiodiniaceae), which provides the coral with most of its fixed carbon. Thermal stress increases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by Symbiodiniaceae during photosynthesis. ROS can both damage the algal symbiont’s photosynthetic machinery and inhibit its repair, causing a positive feedback loop for the toxic accumulation of ROS. If not scavenged by the antioxidant network, excess ROS may trigger a signaling cascade ending with the coral host and algal symbiont disassociating in a process known as bleaching. We use Exaiptasia diaphana as a model for corals and constructed a consortium comprised of E. diaphana–associated bacteria capable of neutralizing ROS. We identified six strains with high free radical scavenging (FRS) ability belonging to the families Alteromonadaceae, Rhodobacteraceae, Flavobacteriaceae and Micrococcaceae. In parallel, we established a consortium of low FRS isolates consisting of genetically related strains. Bacterial whole genome sequences were used to identify key pathways that are known to influence ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Dungan
- School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Dieter Bulach
- Melbourne Bioinformatics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Heyu Lin
- School of Earth Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Madeleine J H van Oppen
- School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Qld, Australia
| | - Linda L Blackall
- School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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Cytoklepty in the plankton: A host strategy to optimize the bioenergetic machinery of endosymbiotic algae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2025252118. [PMID: 34215695 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2025252118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Endosymbioses have shaped the evolutionary trajectory of life and remain ecologically important. Investigating oceanic photosymbioses can illuminate how algal endosymbionts are energetically exploited by their heterotrophic hosts and inform on putative initial steps of plastid acquisition in eukaryotes. By combining three-dimensional subcellular imaging with photophysiology, carbon flux imaging, and transcriptomics, we show that cell division of endosymbionts (Phaeocystis) is blocked within hosts (Acantharia) and that their cellular architecture and bioenergetic machinery are radically altered. Transcriptional evidence indicates that a nutrient-independent mechanism prevents symbiont cell division and decouples nuclear and plastid division. As endosymbiont plastids proliferate, the volume of the photosynthetic machinery volume increases 100-fold in correlation with the expansion of a reticular mitochondrial network in close proximity to plastids. Photosynthetic efficiency tends to increase with cell size, and photon propagation modeling indicates that the networked mitochondrial architecture enhances light capture. This is accompanied by 150-fold higher carbon uptake and up-regulation of genes involved in photosynthesis and carbon fixation, which, in conjunction with a ca.15-fold size increase of pyrenoids demonstrates enhanced primary production in symbiosis. Mass spectrometry imaging revealed major carbon allocation to plastids and transfer to the host cell. As in most photosymbioses, microalgae are contained within a host phagosome (symbiosome), but here, the phagosome invaginates into enlarged microalgal cells, perhaps to optimize metabolic exchange. This observation adds evidence that the algal metamorphosis is irreversible. Hosts, therefore, trigger and benefit from major bioenergetic remodeling of symbiotic microalgae with potential consequences for the oceanic carbon cycle. Unlike other photosymbioses, this interaction represents a so-called cytoklepty, which is a putative initial step toward plastid acquisition.
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Roth F, El-Khaled YC, Karcher DB, Rädecker N, Carvalho S, Duarte CM, Silva L, Calleja ML, Morán XAG, Jones BH, Voolstra CR, Wild C. Nutrient pollution enhances productivity and framework dissolution in algae- but not in coral-dominated reef communities. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 168:112444. [PMID: 33984578 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ecosystem services provided by coral reefs may be susceptible to the combined effects of benthic species shifts and anthropogenic nutrient pollution, but related field studies are scarce. We thus investigated in situ how dissolved inorganic nutrient enrichment, maintained for two months, affected community-wide biogeochemical functions of intact coral- and degraded algae-dominated reef patches in the central Red Sea. Results from benthic chamber incubations revealed 87% increased gross productivity and a shift from net calcification to dissolution in algae-dominated communities after nutrient enrichment, but the same processes were unaffected by nutrients in neighboring coral communities. Both community types changed from net dissolved organic nitrogen sinks to sources, but the increase in net release was 56% higher in algae-dominated communities. Nutrient pollution may, thus, amplify the effects of community shifts on key ecosystem services of coral reefs, possibly leading to a loss of structurally complex habitats with carbonate dissolution and altered nutrient recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Roth
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia; Baltic Sea Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Tvärminne Zoological Station, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Yusuf C El-Khaled
- Marine Ecology, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Denis B Karcher
- Marine Ecology, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany; Australian National Centre for the Public Awareness of Science, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Nils Rädecker
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia; Laboratory for Biological Geochemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Susana Carvalho
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Carlos M Duarte
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia; Computational Biology Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Luis Silva
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maria Ll Calleja
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia; Department of Climate Geochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry (MPIC), Mainz, Germany
| | - Xosé Anxelu G Morán
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Burton H Jones
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Christian R Voolstra
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Christian Wild
- Marine Ecology, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
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van der Zande RM, Mulders YR, Bender-Champ D, Hoegh-Guldberg O, Dove S. Asymmetric physiological response of a reef-building coral to pulsed versus continuous addition of inorganic nutrients. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13165. [PMID: 34162916 PMCID: PMC8222273 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92276-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coral reefs, especially those located near-shore, are increasingly exposed to anthropogenic, eutrophic conditions that are often chronic. Yet, corals under unperturbed conditions may frequently receive natural and usually temporary nutrient supplementation through biological sources such as fishes. We compared physiological parameters indicative of long- and short-term coral health (day and night calcification, fragment surface area, productivity, energy reserves, and tissue stoichiometry) under continuous and temporary nutrient enrichment. The symbiotic coral Acropora intermedia was grown for 7 weeks under continuously elevated (press) levels of ammonium (14 µmol L-1) and phosphate (10 µmol L-1) as separate and combined treatments, to discern the individual and interactive nutrient effects. Another treatment exposed A. intermedia twice-daily to an ammonium and phosphate pulse of the same concentrations as the press treatments to simulate natural biotic supplementation. Press exposure to elevated ammonium or phosphate produced mixed effects on physiological responses, with little interaction between the nutrients in the combined treatment. Overall, corals under press exposure transitioned resources away from calcification. However, exposure to nutrient pulses often enhanced physiological responses. Our findings indicate that while continuous nutrient enrichment may pose a threat to coral health, episodic nutrient pulses that resemble natural nutrient supplementation may significantly benefit coral health and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene M. van der Zande
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537Coral Reef Ecosystems Lab, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072 Australia ,grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072 Australia ,grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537Global Change Institute, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Yannick R. Mulders
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537Coral Reef Ecosystems Lab, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Dorothea Bender-Champ
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537Coral Reef Ecosystems Lab, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072 Australia ,grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072 Australia ,grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537Global Change Institute, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Ove Hoegh-Guldberg
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537Coral Reef Ecosystems Lab, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072 Australia ,grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072 Australia ,grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537Global Change Institute, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Sophie Dove
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537Coral Reef Ecosystems Lab, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072 Australia ,grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072 Australia
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Shinzato C, Khalturin K, Inoue J, Zayasu Y, Kanda M, Kawamitsu M, Yoshioka Y, Yamashita H, Suzuki G, Satoh N. Eighteen Coral Genomes Reveal the Evolutionary Origin of Acropora Strategies to Accommodate Environmental Changes. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:16-30. [PMID: 32877528 PMCID: PMC7783167 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Acropora comprises the most diverse and abundant scleractinian corals (Anthozoa, Cnidaria) in coral reefs, the most diverse marine ecosystems on Earth. However, the genetic basis for the success and wide distribution of Acropora are unknown. Here, we sequenced complete genomes of 15 Acropora species and 3 other acroporid taxa belonging to the genera Montipora and Astreopora to examine genomic novelties that explain their evolutionary success. We successfully obtained reasonable draft genomes of all 18 species. Molecular dating indicates that the Acropora ancestor survived warm periods without sea ice from the mid or late Cretaceous to the Early Eocene and that diversification of Acropora may have been enhanced by subsequent cooling periods. In general, the scleractinian gene repertoire is highly conserved; however, coral- or cnidarian-specific possible stress response genes are tandemly duplicated in Acropora. Enzymes that cleave dimethlysulfonioproprionate into dimethyl sulfide, which promotes cloud formation and combats greenhouse gasses, are the most duplicated genes in the Acropora ancestor. These may have been acquired by horizontal gene transfer from algal symbionts belonging to the family Symbiodiniaceae, or from coccolithophores, suggesting that although functions of this enzyme in Acropora are unclear, Acropora may have survived warmer marine environments in the past by enhancing cloud formation. In addition, possible antimicrobial peptides and symbiosis-related genes are under positive selection in Acropora, perhaps enabling adaptation to diverse environments. Our results suggest unique Acropora adaptations to ancient, warm marine environments and provide insights into its capacity to adjust to rising seawater temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuya Shinzato
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Konstantin Khalturin
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Jun Inoue
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan.,Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Yuna Zayasu
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Miyuki Kanda
- DNA Sequence Section (SQC), Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Mayumi Kawamitsu
- DNA Sequence Section (SQC), Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Yuki Yoshioka
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan.,Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamashita
- Research Center for Subtropical Fisheries, Seikai National Fisheries Research Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Go Suzuki
- Research Center for Subtropical Fisheries, Seikai National Fisheries Research Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Satoh
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
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46
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Jacobovitz MR, Rupp S, Voss PA, Maegele I, Gornik SG, Guse A. Dinoflagellate symbionts escape vomocytosis by host cell immune suppression. Nat Microbiol 2021; 6:769-782. [PMID: 33927382 PMCID: PMC7611106 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-021-00897-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Alveolata comprises diverse taxa of single-celled eukaryotes, many of which are renowned for their ability to live inside animal cells. Notable examples are apicomplexan parasites and dinoflagellate symbionts, the latter of which power coral reef ecosystems. Although functionally distinct, they evolved from a common, free-living ancestor and must evade their host's immune response for persistence. Both the initial cellular events that gave rise to this intracellular lifestyle and the role of host immune modulation in coral-dinoflagellate endosymbiosis are poorly understood. Here, we use a comparative approach in the cnidarian endosymbiosis model Aiptasia, which re-establishes endosymbiosis with free-living dinoflagellates every generation. We find that uptake of microalgae is largely indiscriminate, but non-symbiotic microalgae are expelled by vomocytosis, while symbionts induce host cell innate immune suppression and form a lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1-positive niche. We demonstrate that exogenous immune stimulation results in symbiont expulsion and, conversely, inhibition of canonical Toll-like receptor signalling enhances infection of host animals. Our findings indicate that symbiosis establishment is dictated by local innate immune suppression, to circumvent expulsion and promote niche formation. This work provides insight into the evolution of the cellular immune response and key steps involved in mediating endosymbiotic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie R Jacobovitz
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Rupp
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp A Voss
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ira Maegele
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian G Gornik
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Annika Guse
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Kawamura K, Nishitsuji K, Shoguchi E, Fujiwara S, Satoh N. Establishing Sustainable Cell Lines of a Coral, Acropora tenuis. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 23:373-388. [PMID: 33899125 PMCID: PMC8270879 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-021-10031-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Planula larvae of the scleractinian coral, Acropora tenuis, consist of elongated ectodermal cells and developing inner endodermal cells. To establish in vitro cell lines for future studies of cellular and developmental potential of coral cells, larvae were successfully dissociated into single cells by treating them with a tissue dissociation solution consisting of trypsin, EDTA, and collagenase. Brown-colored cells, translucent cells, and pale blue cells were the major components of dissociated larvae. Brown-colored cells began to proliferate transiently in the culture medium that was devised for the coral, while translucent cells and pale blue cells decreased in number about 1 week after cell dissociation. In addition, when a modular protease, plasmin, was added to the cell culture medium, brown-colored cells extended pseudopodia and assumed amorphous shapes. They then continued to proliferate in clumps for more than 6 months with a doubling time of approximately 4-5 days. From 3 weeks of cell culture onward, brown-colored cells often aggregated and exhibited morphogenesis-like behavior to form flat sheets, and blastula-like clusters or gastrula-like spheres. Single cells or cell-clusters of the cell lines were analyzed by RNA-seq. This analysis showed that genes expressed in these cells in vitro were A. tenuis genes. Furthermore, each cell line expressed a specific set of genes, suggesting that their properties include gastroderm, secretory cells, undifferentiated cells, neuronal cells, and epidermis. All cell properties were maintained stably throughout successive cell cultures. These results confirm the successful establishment of a coral in vitro cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaz Kawamura
- Department of Applied Science, Kochi University, Kochi, 780-8520 Japan
| | - Koki Nishitsuji
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495 Japan
| | - Eiichi Shoguchi
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495 Japan
| | - Shigeki Fujiwara
- Department of Applied Science, Kochi University, Kochi, 780-8520 Japan
| | - Noriyuki Satoh
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495 Japan
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48
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Graeff JE, Leblond JD. Sterol Composition of the Peridinioid Dinoflagellate Zooxanthella nutricula, A Symbiont of Polycystine Radiolarians. Protist 2021; 172:125817. [PMID: 34198015 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2021.125817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Some dinoflagellates, such as Symbiodinium, are able to form symbiotic relationships with larger marine organisms. An important aspect of dinoflagellate symbiosis involves the exchange of lipids, namely sterols, from the symbiont to the host. Much research has explored the lipid biochemistry of the symbiotic relationship between cnidarians and Symbiodinium dinoflagellates. However, no research has addressed the sterol biochemistry of the symbiosis between radiolarians and dinoflagellates such as Zooxanthella nutricula. To this end, we have provided the first sterol characterization of Z. nutricula isolated from a spumellarian polycystine radiolarian. Fifteen sterols and one steroidal ketone were observed where the major sterol identified was C27 22-dehydrocholesterol, which does not tend to be a dominant sterol among dinoflagellates, including closely related peridinioid species in the genus Heterocapsa. However, C30 dinosterol and dinostanol were major sterols in both Z. nutricula and Heterocapsa spp., thus indicating common sterols between closely related taxa. Major sterols of the distantly related genus Symbiodinium, a symbiont of foraminifera and cnidarians, have included C27 cholesterol and C30 gorgosterol, whereas in Z. nutricula these sterols were minor and absent, respectively. Our results indicate potentially different sterol pools available to cnidarian and radiolarian symbiont hosts during their respective relationships with symbiotic dinoflagellates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jori E Graeff
- Ecology and Evolution Group, Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Leblond
- Ecology and Evolution Group, Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA.
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49
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Veloz T, Flores D. Toward endosymbiosis modeling using reaction networks. Soft comput 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00500-020-05530-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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50
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Satoh N, Kinjo K, Shintaku K, Kezuka D, Ishimori H, Yokokura A, Hagiwara K, Hisata K, Kawamitsu M, Koizumi K, Shinzato C, Zayasu Y. Color morphs of the coral, Acropora tenuis, show different responses to environmental stress and different expression profiles of fluorescent-protein genes. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2021; 11:jkab018. [PMID: 33621334 PMCID: PMC8022974 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Corals of the family Acroporidae are key structural components of reefs that support the most diverse marine ecosystems. Due to increasing anthropogenic stresses, coral reefs are in decline. Along the coast of Okinawa, Japan, three different color morphs of Acropora tenuis have been recognized for decades. These include brown (N morph), yellow green (G), and purple (P) forms. The tips of axial polyps of each morph exhibit specific fluorescence spectra. This attribute is inherited asexually, and color morphs do not change seasonally. In Okinawa Prefecture, during the summer of 2017, N and P morphs experienced bleaching, in which many N morphs died. Dinoflagellates (Symbiodiniaceae) are essential partners of scleractinian corals, and photosynthetic activity of symbionts was reduced in N and P morphs. In contrast, G morphs successfully withstood the stress. Examination of the clade and type of Symbiodiniaceae indicated that the three color-morphs host similar sets of Clade-C symbionts, suggesting that beaching of N and P morphs is unlikely attributable to differences in the clade of Symbiodiniaceae the color morphs hosted. Fluorescent proteins play pivotal roles in physiological regulation of corals. Since the A. tenuis genome has been decoded, we identified five genes for green fluorescent proteins (GFPs), two for cyan fluorescent proteins (CFPs), three for red fluorescent proteins (RFPs), and seven genes for chromoprotein (ChrP). A summer survey of gene expression profiles under outdoor aquarium conditions demonstrated that (a) expression of CFP and REP was quite low during the summer in all three morphs, (b) P morphs expressed higher levels of ChrP than N and G morphs, (c) both N and G morphs expressed GFP more highly than P morphs, and (d) GFP expression in N morphs was reduced during summer whereas G morphs maintained high levels of GFP expression throughout the summer. Although further studies are required to understand the biological significance of these color morphs of A. tenuis, our results suggest that thermal stress resistance is modified by genetic mechanisms that coincidentally lead to diversification of color morphs of this coral.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Satoh
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Koji Kinjo
- Umino-Tane Co. Ltd, Okinawa 905-0888, Japan
| | - Kohei Shintaku
- IDEA Consultants, Inc., Okinawa Branch Office, Okinawa 900-0003, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kezuka
- IDEA Consultants, Inc., Okinawa Branch Office, Okinawa 900-0003, Japan
| | - Hiroo Ishimori
- IDEA Consultants, Inc., Okinawa Branch Office, Okinawa 900-0003, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yokokura
- IDEA Consultants, Inc., Institute of Environmental Informatics, Kanagawa 224-0025, Japan
| | | | - Kanako Hisata
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Mayumi Kawamitsu
- DNA Sequencing Section, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Koji Koizumi
- Imaging Section, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Chuya Shinzato
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8564, Japan
| | - Yuna Zayasu
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
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