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Graham JL, Staudt M, Buatois B, Caro SP. Developing Oak Buds Produce Volatile Emissions in Response to Herbivory by Freshly Hatched Caterpillars. J Chem Ecol 2024:10.1007/s10886-024-01520-y. [PMID: 38949747 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-024-01520-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Plant responses to damage by insectivorous herbivores are well-documented in mature leaves. The resulting herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) protect the plant by attracting carnivorous arthropods and even some insectivorous vertebrates, to parasitize or consume the plant invaders. However, very little is known about plant production of HIPVs in developing buds, particularly when herbivorous insects are too small to be considered a prey item. It is additionally unclear whether plants respond differently to generalist and specialist chewing insects that overlap in distribution. Therefore, we compared HIPV production of Downy oak (Quercus pubescens Willd.) buds infested with freshly hatched caterpillars of Tortrix viridana (specialist) and Operophtera brumata (generalist), against uninfested buds. Of the compounds identified in both years of the experiment, we found that (Z)-hex-3-enyl acetate, (E)-β-ocimene, acetophenone, linalool, (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (DMNT), methyl salicylate, α-copaene, α-humulene, (E)-caryophyllene, and (E,E)-α-farnesene appeared to be higher in infested buds compared to controls. We found no difference in HIPV production between the specialist and the generalist herbivores. Production of HIPVs was also associated with leaf damage, with higher HIPV production in more severely attacked buds. Thus, our study shows that oak trees already start responding to insect herbivory before leaves are developed, by producing compounds similar to those found in damaged mature leaves. Future work should focus on how Downy oak may benefit from initiating alarm cues at a time when carnivorous arthropods and insectivorous vertebrates are unable to use herbivorous insects as host or food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Graham
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
- School of Natural Sciences, Black Hills State University, Spearfish, SD, 57799, USA
| | - Michael Staudt
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Bruno Buatois
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Samuel P Caro
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France.
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2
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Molleman F, Mandal M, Sokół-Łętowska A, Walczak U, Volf M, Mallick S, Moos M, Vodrážka P, Prinzing A, Mezzomo P. Simulated Herbivory Affects the Volatile Emissions of Oak Saplings, while Neighbourhood Affects Flavan-3-ols Content of Their Leaves. J Chem Ecol 2024; 50:250-261. [PMID: 38270732 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-024-01471-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
To what extent particular plant defences against herbivorous insects are constitutive or inducible will depend on the costs and benefits in their neighbourhood. Some defensive chemicals in leaves are thought to be costly and hard to produce rapidly, while others, including volatile organic compounds that attract natural enemies, might be cheaper and can be released rapidly. When surrounding tree species are more closely related, trees can face an increased abundance of both specialist herbivores and their parasitoids, potentially increasing the benefits of constitutive and inducible defences. To test if oaks (Quercus robur) respond more to herbivore attacks with volatile emission than with changes in leaf phenolic chemistry and carbon to nitrogen ratio (C: N), and whether oaks respond to the neighbouring tree species, we performed an experiment in a forest in Poland. Oak saplings were placed in neighbourhoods dominated by oak, beech, or pine trees, and half of them were treated with the phytohormone methyl jasmonate (elicitor of anti-herbivore responses). Oaks responded to the treatment by emitting a different volatile blend within 24 h, while leaf phenolic chemistry and C: N remained largely unaffected after 16 days and multiple treatments. Leaf phenolics were subtly affected by the neighbouring trees with elevated flavan-3-ols concentrations in pine-dominated plots. Our results suggest that these oaks rely on phenols as a constitutive defence and when attacked emit volatiles to attract natural enemies. Further studies might determine if the small effect of the neighbourhood on leaf phenolics is a response to different levels of shading, or if oaks use volatile cues to assess the composition of their neighbourhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freerk Molleman
- Department of Systematic Zoology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego Str. 6, Poznań, PL-61-614, Poland.
| | - Manidip Mandal
- Department of Systematic Zoology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego Str. 6, Poznań, PL-61-614, Poland
| | - Anna Sokół-Łętowska
- Department of Fruit, Vegetable and Plant Nutraceutical Technology, Faculty of the Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego Str. 37, Wrocław, 51-630, Poland
| | - Urszula Walczak
- Department of Systematic Zoology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego Str. 6, Poznań, PL-61-614, Poland
| | - Martin Volf
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, 37005, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 31, Ceske Budejovice, 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Soumen Mallick
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, Field Station Fabrikschleichach, University of Würzburg, Glashüttenstraße 5, 96181, Rauhenebrach, Germany
| | - Martin Moos
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, 37005, Czech Republic
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Vodrážka
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, 37005, Czech Republic
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Andreas Prinzing
- Research Unit « Ecosystemes, Biodiversité, Evolution », Université de Rennes 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Campus Beaulieu, bâtiment 14, Rennes, AF-35042, France
| | - Priscila Mezzomo
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, 37005, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 31, Ceske Budejovice, 37005, Czech Republic
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3
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Sherwood P, Nordström I, Woodward S, Bohman B, Cleary M. Detecting Pathogenic Phytophthora Species Using Volatile Organic Compounds. Molecules 2024; 29:1749. [PMID: 38675569 PMCID: PMC11052055 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
There are several highly damaging Phytophthora species pathogenic to forest trees, many of which have been spread beyond their native range by the international trade of live plants and infested materials. Such introductions can be reduced through the development of better tools capable of the early, rapid, and high-throughput detection of contaminated plants. This study utilized a volatilomics approach (solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) to differentiate between several Phytophthora species in culture and discriminate between healthy and Phytophthora-inoculated European beech and pedunculate oak trees. We tentatively identified 14 compounds that could differentiate eight Phytophthora species from each other in vitro. All of the Phytophthora species examined, except Phytophthora cambivora, uniquely produced at least one compound not observed in the other species; however, most detected compounds were shared between multiple species. Phytophthora polonica had the most unique compounds and was the least similar of all the species examined. The inoculated seedlings had qualitatively different volatile profiles and could be distinguished from the healthy controls by the presence of isokaurene, anisole, and a mix of three unknown compounds. This study supports the notion that volatiles are suitable for screening plant material, detecting tree pathogens, and differentiating between healthy and diseased material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Sherwood
- Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 190, 234 22 Lomma, Sweden; (I.N.); (M.C.)
| | - Ida Nordström
- Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 190, 234 22 Lomma, Sweden; (I.N.); (M.C.)
| | - Steve Woodward
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, St. Machar Drive, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK;
| | - Björn Bohman
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 190, 234 22 Lomma, Sweden;
| | - Michelle Cleary
- Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 190, 234 22 Lomma, Sweden; (I.N.); (M.C.)
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Malone SC, Simonpietri A, Knighton WB, Trowbridge AM. Drought impairs herbivore-induced volatile terpene emissions by ponderosa pine but not through constraints on newly assimilated carbon. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 43:938-951. [PMID: 36762917 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Volatile terpenes serve multiple biological roles including tree resistance against herbivores. The increased frequency and severity of drought stress observed in forests across the globe may hinder trees from producing defense-related volatiles in response to biotic stress. To assess how drought-induced physiological stress alters volatile emissions alone and in combination with a biotic challenge, we monitored pre-dawn water potential, gas-exchange, needle terpene concentrations and terpene volatile emissions of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) saplings during three periods of drought and in response to simulated herbivory via methyl jasmonate application. Although 3-, 6- and 7-week drought treatments reduced net photosynthetic rates by 20, 89 and 105%, respectively, the magnitude of volatile fluxes remained generally resistant to drought. Herbivore-induced emissions, however, exhibited threshold-like behavior; saplings were unable to induce emissions above constitutive levels when pre-dawn water potentials were below the approximate zero-assimilation point. By comparing compositional shifts in emissions to needle terpene concentrations, we found evidence that drought effects on constitutive and herbivore-induced volatile flux and composition are primarily via constraints on the de novo fraction, suggesting that reduced photosynthesis during drought limits the carbon substrate available for de novo volatile synthesis. However, results from a subsequent 13CO2 pulse-chase labeling experiment then confirmed that both constitutive (<3% labeled) and herbivore-induced (<8% labeled) de novo emissions from ponderosa pine are synthesized predominantly from older carbon sources with little contribution from new photosynthates. Taken together, we provide evidence that in ponderosa pine, drought does not constrain herbivore-induced de novo emissions through substrate limitation via reduced photosynthesis, but rather through more sophisticated molecular and/or biophysical mechanisms that manifest as saplings reach the zero-assimilation point. These results highlight the importance of considering drought severity when assessing impacts on the herbivore-induced response and suggest that drought-altered volatile metabolism constrains induced emissions once a physiological threshold is surpassed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shealyn C Malone
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711, USA
- Department of Land Resources & Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Austin Simonpietri
- Department of Land Resources & Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Walter B Knighton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Amy M Trowbridge
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711, USA
- Department of Land Resources & Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
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5
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Brambilla A, Lenk M, Ghirardo A, Eccleston L, Knappe C, Weber B, Lange B, Imani J, Schäffner AR, Schnitzler JP, Vlot AC. Pipecolic acid synthesis is required for systemic acquired resistance and plant-to-plant-induced immunity in barley. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:3033-3046. [PMID: 36905226 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Defense responses in plants are based on complex biochemical processes. Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) helps to fight infections by (hemi-)biotrophic pathogens. One important signaling molecule in SAR is pipecolic acid (Pip), accumulation of which is dependent on the aminotransferase ALD1 in Arabidopsis. While exogenous Pip primes defense responses in the monocotyledonous cereal crop barley (Hordeum vulgare), it is currently unclear if endogenous Pip plays a role in disease resistance in monocots. Here, we generated barley ald1 mutants using CRISPR/Cas9, and assessed their capacity to mount SAR. Endogenous Pip levels were reduced after infection of the ald1 mutant, and this altered systemic defense against the fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei. Furthermore, Hvald1 plants did not emit nonanal, one of the key volatile compounds that are normally emitted by barley plants after the activation of SAR. This resulted in the inability of neighboring plants to perceive and/or respond to airborne cues and prepare for an upcoming infection, although HvALD1 was not required in the receiver plants to mediate the response. Our results highlight the crucial role of endogenous HvALD1 and Pip for SAR, and associate Pip, in particular together with nonanal, with plant-to-plant defense propagation in the monocot crop barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Brambilla
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Miriam Lenk
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Ghirardo
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Laura Eccleston
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Knappe
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Baris Weber
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Birgit Lange
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jafargholi Imani
- Justus Liebig University Giessen, Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Institute of Phytopathology, Giessen, Germany
| | - Anton R Schäffner
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - A Corina Vlot
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Neuherberg, Germany
- University of Bayreuth, Faculty of Life Sciences: Food, Nutrition and Health, Chair of Crop Plant Genetics, Kulmbach, Germany
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Tritrophic Interactions among Arthropod Natural Enemies, Herbivores and Plants Considering Volatile Blends at Different Scale Levels. Cells 2023; 12:cells12020251. [PMID: 36672186 PMCID: PMC9856403 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) are released by plants upon damaged or disturbance by phytophagous insects. Plants emit HIPV signals not merely in reaction to tissue damage, but also in response to herbivore salivary secretions, oviposition, and excrement. Although certain volatile chemicals are retained in plant tissues and released rapidly upon damaged, others are synthesized de novo in response to herbivore feeding and emitted not only from damaged tissue but also from nearby by undamaged leaves. HIPVs can be used by predators and parasitoids to locate herbivores at different spatial scales. The HIPV-emitting spatial pattern is dynamic and heterogeneous in nature and influenced by the concentration, chemical makeup, breakdown of the emitted mixes and environmental elements (e.g., turbulence, wind and vegetation) which affect the foraging of biocontrol agents. In addition, sensory capability to detect volatiles and the physical ability to move towards the source were also different between natural enemy individuals. The impacts of HIPVs on arthropod natural enemies have been partially studied at spatial scales, that is why the functions of HIPVs is still subject under much debate. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge and loopholes regarding the role of HIPVs in tritrophic interactions at multiple scale levels. Therefore, we contend that closing these loopholes will make it much easier to use HIPVs for sustainable pest management in agriculture.
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7
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Mallick S, Molleman F, Yguel B, Bailey R, Müller J, Jean F, Prinzing A. Ectophagous folivores do not profit from rich resources on phylogenetically isolated trees. Oecologia 2023; 201:1-18. [PMID: 36165922 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-022-05260-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Resource use by consumers across patches is often proportional to the quantity or quality of the resource within these patches. In folivores, such proportional use of resources is likely to be more efficient when plants are spatially proximate, such as trees forming a forest canopy. However, resources provided by forest-trees are often not used proportionally. We hypothesised that proportional use of resources is reduced when host trees are isolated among phylogenetically distant neighbours that mask olfactory and visual search cues, and reduce folivore movement between trees. Such phylogenetically distant neighbourhoods might sort out species that are specialists, poor dispersers, or have poor access to information about leaf quality. We studied individual oaks, their leaf size and quality, their folivory and abundance of folivores (mostly Lepidopteran ectophages, gallers and miners), and parasitism of folivores. We found that leaf consumption by ectophages hardly increased with increasing leaf size when host trees were phylogenetically isolated. We found a similar effect on host use by parasitoids in 1 year. In contrast, we found no consistent effects in other folivore guilds. Relative abundances of specialists and species with wingless females declined with phylogenetic isolation. However, resource use within each of these groups was inconsistently affected by phylogenetic isolation. We suggest that phylogenetic isolation prevents ectophages from effectively choosing trees with abundant resources, and also sorts out species likely to recruit in situ on their host tree. Trees in phylogenetically distant neighbourhoods may be selected for larger leaves and greater reliance on induced defences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumen Mallick
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Rennes 1, Research Unit UMR 6553, Ecosystèmes Biodiversité Evolution (ECOBIO), Campus de Beaulieu, 35042, Rennes, France.
| | - Freerk Molleman
- Department of Systematic Zoology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, A. Mickiewicz University, Ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Benjamin Yguel
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Rennes 1, Research Unit UMR 6553, Ecosystèmes Biodiversité Evolution (ECOBIO), Campus de Beaulieu, 35042, Rennes, France.,Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO-UMR 7204), Sorbonne Universités-MNHN-CNRS-UPMC, CP51, 55-61rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Richard Bailey
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Rennes 1, Research Unit UMR 6553, Ecosystèmes Biodiversité Evolution (ECOBIO), Campus de Beaulieu, 35042, Rennes, France.,Department of Ecology and Vertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jörg Müller
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Glashüttenstraße 5, 96181, Rauhenebrach, Germany.,Bavarian Forest National Park, Freyunger Str. 2, 94481, Grafenau, Germany
| | - Frédéric Jean
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Rennes 1, Research Unit UMR 6553, Ecosystèmes Biodiversité Evolution (ECOBIO), Campus de Beaulieu, 35042, Rennes, France
| | - Andreas Prinzing
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Rennes 1, Research Unit UMR 6553, Ecosystèmes Biodiversité Evolution (ECOBIO), Campus de Beaulieu, 35042, Rennes, France
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Holopainen E, Kokkola H, Faiola C, Laakso A, Kühn T. Insect Herbivory Caused Plant Stress Emissions Increases the Negative Radiative Forcing of Aerosols. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2022; 127:e2022JD036733. [PMID: 36249538 PMCID: PMC9540253 DOI: 10.1029/2022jd036733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plant stress in a changing climate is predicted to increase plant volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions and thus can affect the formed secondary organic aerosol (SOA) concentrations, which in turn affect the radiative properties of clouds and aerosol. However, global aerosol-climate models do not usually consider plant stress induced VOCs in their emission schemes. In this study, we modified the monoterpene emission factors in biogenic emission model to simulate biotic stress caused by insect herbivory on needleleaf evergreen boreal and broadleaf deciduous boreal trees and studied the consequent effects on SOA formation, aerosol-cloud interactions as well as direct radiative effects of formed SOA. Simulations were done altering the fraction of stressed and healthy trees in the latest version of ECHAM-HAMMOZ (ECHAM6.3-HAM2.3-MOZ1.0) global aerosol-climate model. Our simulations showed that increasing the extent of stress to the aforementioned tree types, substantially increased the SOA burden especially over the areas where these trees are located. This indicates that increased VOC emissions due to increasing stress enhance the SOA formation via oxidation of VOCs to low VOCs. In addition, cloud droplet number concentration at the cloud top increased with increasing extent of biotic stress. This indicates that as SOA formation increases, it further enhances the number of particles acting as cloud condensation nuclei. The increase in SOA formation also decreased both all-sky and clear-sky radiative forcing. This was due to a shift in particle size distributions that enhanced aerosol reflecting and scattering of incoming solar radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Holopainen
- Atmospheric Research Centre of Eastern FinlandFinnish Meteorological InstituteKuopioFinland
- Aerosol Physics Research GroupUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
| | - H. Kokkola
- Atmospheric Research Centre of Eastern FinlandFinnish Meteorological InstituteKuopioFinland
| | - C. Faiola
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of California IrvineIrvineCAUSA
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of California IrvineIrvineCAUSA
| | - A. Laakso
- Atmospheric Research Centre of Eastern FinlandFinnish Meteorological InstituteKuopioFinland
| | - T. Kühn
- Atmospheric Research Centre of Eastern FinlandFinnish Meteorological InstituteKuopioFinland
- Aerosol Physics Research GroupUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
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9
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What Drives Caterpillar Guilds on a Tree: Enemy Pressure, Leaf or Tree Growth, Genetic Traits, or Phylogenetic Neighbourhood? INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13040367. [PMID: 35447809 PMCID: PMC9029432 DOI: 10.3390/insects13040367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Communities of herbivorous insects on individual host trees may be driven by processes ranging from ongoing development via recent microevolution to ancient phylogeny, but the relative importance of these processes and whether they operate via trophic interactions or herbivore movement remains unknown. We determined the leaf phenology, trunk diameter, genotype, and neighbourhood of sessile oak trees (Quercus petraea), and sampled their caterpillar communities. We found that leaf development across a time period of days related to free-living caterpillars, which disappeared with leaf age. Tree growth across decades is related to increased parasitism rate and diversity of herbivores. The microevolution of oak trees across millennia is related to the abundance of leaf-mining casebearers, which is higher on more homozygous oaks. However, oak genome size was not important for any guild. In contrast to most previous studies, the phylogenetic distance of oaks from their neighbours measured in millions of years was associated with higher abundances of entire caterpillar guilds. Furthermore, on trees surrounded by only distantly related tree species, parasitism tended to be lower. Lower parasitism, in turn, was associated with higher abundances of codominant caterpillar species. Neighbourhoods and traits of trees were also related to community composition and diversity, but not to the average wingspans or specialization of species, consistent with the assembly of herbivore communities being driven by leaf traits and parasitism pressure on trees rather than by insect movement among trees. However, movement in rarer species may be responsible for concentration effects in more phylogenetically distant neighbourhoods. Overall, we suggest that the assembly of insects on a tree is mostly driven by trophic interactions controlled by a mosaic of processes playing out over very different time scales. Comparisons with the literature further suggest that, for oak trees, the consequences of growing amongst distantly related tree species may depend on factors such as geographic region and tree age.
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10
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Galmán A, Vázquez‐González C, Röder G, Castagneyrol B. Interactive effects of tree species composition and water availability on growth and direct and indirect defences in
Quercus ilex. OIKOS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.09125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Galmán
- Misión Biológica de Galicia, National Spanish Research Council (CSIC) Pontevedra Spain
- Inst. of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther Univ. Halle‐Wittenberg Germany
| | - Carla Vázquez‐González
- Misión Biológica de Galicia, National Spanish Research Council (CSIC) Pontevedra Spain
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of California Irvine CA USA
| | - Gregory Röder
- Inst. of Biology, Univ. of Neuchâtel Neuchâtel Switzerland
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11
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Brambilla A, Sommer A, Ghirardo A, Wenig M, Knappe C, Weber B, Amesmaier M, Lenk M, Schnitzler JP, Vlot AC. Immunity-associated volatile emissions of β-ionone and nonanal propagate defence responses in neighbouring barley plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:615-630. [PMID: 34849759 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants activate biochemical responses to combat stress. (Hemi-)biotrophic pathogens are fended off by systemic acquired resistance (SAR), a primed state allowing plants to respond faster and more strongly upon subsequent infection. Here, we show that SAR-like defences in barley (Hordeum vulgare) are propagated between neighbouring plants, which respond with enhanced resistance to the volatile cues from infected senders. The emissions of the sender plants contained 15 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) associated with infection. Two of these, β-ionone and nonanal, elicited resistance upon plant exposure. Whole-genome transcriptomics analysis confirmed that interplant propagation of defence in barley is established as a form of priming. Although gene expression changes were more pronounced after challenge infection of the receiver plants with Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei, differential gene expression in response to the volatile cues of the sender plants included an induction of HISTONE DEACETYLASE 2 (HvHDA2) and priming of TETRATRICOPEPTIDE REPEAT-LIKE superfamily protein (HvTPL). Because HvHDA2 and HvTPL transcript accumulation was also enhanced by exposure of barley to β-ionone and nonanal, our data identify both genes as possible defence/priming markers in barley. Our results suggest that VOCs and plant-plant interactions are relevant for possible crop protection strategies priming defence responses in barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Brambilla
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anna Sommer
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Ghirardo
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marion Wenig
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Knappe
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Baris Weber
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Melissa Amesmaier
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Miriam Lenk
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - A Corina Vlot
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Neuherberg, Germany
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12
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Volf M, Volfová T, Seifert CL, Ludwig A, Engelmann RA, Jorge LR, Richter R, Schedl A, Weinhold A, Wirth C, van Dam NM. A mosaic of induced and non-induced branches promotes variation in leaf traits, predation and insect herbivore assemblages in canopy trees. Ecol Lett 2021; 25:729-739. [PMID: 34958165 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Forest canopies are complex and highly diverse environments. Their diversity is affected by pronounced gradients in abiotic and biotic conditions, including variation in leaf chemistry. We hypothesised that branch-localised defence induction and vertical stratification in mature oaks constitute sources of chemical variation that extend across trophic levels. To test this, we combined manipulation of plant defences, predation monitoring, food-choice trials with herbivores and sampling of herbivore assemblages. Both induction and vertical stratification affected branch chemistry, but the effect of induction was stronger. Induction increased predation in the canopy and reduced herbivory in bioassays. The effects of increased predation affected herbivore assemblages by decreasing their abundance, and indirectly, their richness. In turn, we show that there are multiple factors contributing to variation across canopies. Branch-localised induction, variation between tree individuals and predation may be the ones with particularly strong effects on diverse assemblages of insects in temperate forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Volf
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tereza Volfová
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Carlo L Seifert
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, Department of Forest Nature Conservation, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Antonia Ludwig
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute for Biology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rolf A Engelmann
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute for Biology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Leonardo Ré Jorge
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Ronny Richter
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute for Biology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Geoinformatics and Remote Sensing, Institute for Geography, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Schedl
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Weinhold
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Wirth
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute for Biology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Nicole M van Dam
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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13
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Bertić M, Schroeder H, Kersten B, Fladung M, Orgel F, Buegger F, Schnitzler JP, Ghirardo A. European oak chemical diversity - from ecotypes to herbivore resistance. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:818-834. [PMID: 34240433 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is increasing insect pressure and forcing plants to adapt. Although chemotypic differentiation and phenotypic plasticity in spatially separated tree populations are known for decades, understanding their importance in herbivory resistance across forests remains challenging. We studied four oak forest stands in Germany using nontarget metabolomics, elemental analysis, and chemometrics and mapped the leaf metabolome of herbivore-resistant (T-) and herbivore-susceptible (S-) European oaks (Quercus robur) to Tortrix viridana, an oak pest that causes severe forest defoliation. Among the detected metabolites, we identified reliable metabolic biomarkers to distinguish S- and T-oak trees. Chemotypic differentiation resulted in metabolic shifts of primary and secondary leaf metabolism. Across forests, T-oaks allocate resources towards constitutive chemical defense enriched of polyphenolic compounds, e.g. the flavonoids kaempferol, kaempferol and quercetin glucosides, while S-oaks towards growth-promoting substances such as carbohydrates and amino-acid derivatives. This extensive work across natural forests shows that oaks' resistance and susceptibility to herbivory are linked to growth-defense trade-offs of leaf metabolism. The discovery of biomarkers and the developed predictive model pave the way to understand Quercus robur's susceptibility to herbivore attack and to support forest management, contributing to the preservation of oak forests in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Bertić
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Hilke Schroeder
- Thünen-Institute of Forest Genetics, Sieker Landstrasse 2, 22927, Grosshansdorf, Germany
| | - Birgit Kersten
- Thünen-Institute of Forest Genetics, Sieker Landstrasse 2, 22927, Grosshansdorf, Germany
| | - Matthias Fladung
- Thünen-Institute of Forest Genetics, Sieker Landstrasse 2, 22927, Grosshansdorf, Germany
| | - Franziska Orgel
- Thünen-Institute of Forest Genetics, Sieker Landstrasse 2, 22927, Grosshansdorf, Germany
| | - Franz Buegger
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology (BIOP), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Ghirardo
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
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14
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Birami B, Bamberger I, Ghirardo A, Grote R, Arneth A, Gaona-Colmán E, Nadal-Sala D, Ruehr NK. Heatwave frequency and seedling death alter stress-specific emissions of volatile organic compounds in Aleppo pine. Oecologia 2021; 197:939-956. [PMID: 33835242 PMCID: PMC8591014 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-04905-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) play important roles in plant stress responses and can serve as stress indicators. While the impacts of gradual environmental changes on BVOCs have been studied extensively, insights in emission responses to repeated stress and recovery are widely absent. Therefore, we studied the dynamics of shoot gas exchange and BVOC emissions in Pinus halepensis seedlings during an induced moderate drought, two four-day-long heatwaves, and the combination of drought and heatwaves. We found clear stress-specific responses of BVOC emissions. Reductions in acetone emissions with declining soil water content and transpiration stood out as a clear drought indicator. All other measured BVOC emissions responded exponentially to rising temperatures during heat stress (maximum of 43 °C), but monoterpenes and methyl salicylate showed a reduced temperature sensitivity during the second heatwave. We found that these decreases in monoterpene emissions between heatwaves were not reflected by similar declines in their internal storage pools. Because stress intensity was extremely severe, most of the seedlings in the heat-drought treatment died at the end of the second heatwave (dark respiration ceased). Interestingly, BVOC emissions (methanol, monoterpenes, methyl salicylate, and acetaldehyde) differed between dying and surviving seedlings, already well before indications of a reduced vitality became visible in gas exchange dynamics. In summary, we could clearly show that the dynamics of BVOC emissions are sensitive to stress type, stress frequency, and stress severity. Moreover, we found indications that stress-induced seedling mortality was preceded by altered methanol, monoterpene, and acetaldehyde emission dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Birami
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology KIT, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research-Atmospheric Environmental Research, 82467, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany. .,University of Bayreuth, Chair of Plant Ecology, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Ines Bamberger
- University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), Atmospheric Chemistry, Dr.-Hans-Frisch-Straße 1-3, 95448, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Andrea Ghirardo
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Grote
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology KIT, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research-Atmospheric Environmental Research, 82467, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Almut Arneth
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology KIT, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research-Atmospheric Environmental Research, 82467, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Elizabeth Gaona-Colmán
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology KIT, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research-Atmospheric Environmental Research, 82467, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Daniel Nadal-Sala
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology KIT, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research-Atmospheric Environmental Research, 82467, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Nadine K Ruehr
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology KIT, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research-Atmospheric Environmental Research, 82467, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
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15
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Frank L, Wenig M, Ghirardo A, van der Krol A, Vlot AC, Schnitzler JP, Rosenkranz M. Isoprene and β-caryophyllene confer plant resistance via different plant internal signalling pathways. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:1151-1164. [PMID: 33522606 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene and other terpenoids are important biogenic volatile organic compounds in terms of atmospheric chemistry. Isoprene can aid plant performance under abiotic stresses, but the fundamental biological reasons for the high emissions are not completely understood. Here, we provide evidence of a previously unrecognized ecological function for isoprene and for the sesquiterpene, ß-caryophyllene. We show that isoprene and ß-caryophyllene act as core components of plant signalling networks, inducing resistance against microbial pathogens in neighbouring plants. We challenged Arabidopsis thaliana with Pseudomonas syringae, after exposure to pure volatile terpenoids or to volatile emissions of transformed poplar or Arabidopsis plants. The data suggest that isoprene induces a defence response in receiver plants that is similar to that elicited by monoterpenes and depended on salicylic acid (SA) signalling. In contrast, the sesquiterpene, ß-caryophyllene, induced resistance via jasmonic acid (JA)-signalling. The experiments in an open environment show that natural biological emissions are enough to induce resistance in neighbouring Arabidopsis. Our results show that both isoprene and ß-caryophyllene function as allelochemical components in complex plant signalling networks. Knowledge of this system may be used to boost plant immunity against microbial pathogens in various crop management schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Frank
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marion Wenig
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Ghirardo
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - A Corina Vlot
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Maaria Rosenkranz
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Neuherberg, Germany
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16
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Galmán A, Abdala‐Roberts L, Wartalska P, Covelo F, Röder G, Szenteczki MA, Moreira X, Rasmann S. Elevational gradients in constitutive and induced oak defences based on individual traits and their correlated expression patterns. OIKOS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.07588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Galmán
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG‐CSIC), Pontevedra Galicia Spain
| | - Luis Abdala‐Roberts
- Depto de Ecología Tropical, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Univ. Autónoma de Yucatán, Itzimná, Mérida Yucatán México
| | - Pola Wartalska
- Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian Univ. Kraków Poland
| | - Felisa Covelo
- Depto de Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Univ. Pablo de Olavide Sevilla Spain
| | - Gregory Röder
- Inst. of Biology, Univ. of Neuchâtel Neuchâtel Switzerland
| | | | - Xoaquín Moreira
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG‐CSIC), Pontevedra Galicia Spain
| | - Sergio Rasmann
- Inst. of Biology, Univ. of Neuchâtel Neuchâtel Switzerland
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17
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Clancy MV, Haberer G, Jud W, Niederbacher B, Niederbacher S, Senft M, Zytynska SE, Weisser WW, Schnitzler JP. Under fire-simultaneous volatilome and transcriptome analysis unravels fine-scale responses of tansy chemotypes to dual herbivore attack. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:551. [PMID: 33297957 PMCID: PMC7724791 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02745-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tansy plants (Tanacetum vulgare L.) are known for their high intraspecific chemical variation, especially of volatile organic compounds (VOC) from the terpenoid compound group. These VOCs are closely involved in plant-insect interactions and, when profiled, can be used to classify plants into groups known as chemotypes. Tansy chemotypes have been shown to influence plant-aphid interactions, however, to date no information is available on the response of different tansy chemotypes to simultaneous herbivory by more than one insect species. RESULTS Using a multi-cuvette system, we investigated the responses of five tansy chemotypes to feeding by sucking and/or chewing herbivores (aphids and caterpillars; Metopeurum fuscoviride Stroyan and Spodoptera littoralis Boisduval). Herbivory by caterpillars following aphid infestation led to a plant chemotype-specific change in the patterns of terpenoids stored in trichome hairs and in VOC emissions. The transcriptomic analysis of a plant chemotype represents the first de novo assembly of a transcriptome in tansy and demonstrates priming effects of aphids on a subsequent herbivory. Overall, we show that the five chemotypes do not react in the same way to the two herbivores. As expected, we found that caterpillar feeding increased VOC emissions, however, a priori aphid infestation only led to a further increase in VOC emissions for some chemotypes. CONCLUSIONS We were able to show that different chemotypes respond to the double herbivore attack in different ways, and that pre-treatment with aphids had a priming effect on plants when they were subsequently exposed to a chewing herbivore. If neighbouring chemotypes in a field population react differently to herbivory/dual herbivory, this could possibly have effects from the individual level to the group level. Individuals of some chemotypes may respond more efficiently to herbivory stress than others, and in a group environment these "louder" chemotypes may affect the local insect community, including the natural enemies of herbivores, and other neighbouring plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary V Clancy
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Neuherberg, Germany
- Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology (FARCE Lab), Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Georg Haberer
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Plant Genome and Systems Biology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Werner Jud
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Bishu Niederbacher
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Simon Niederbacher
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Senft
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Freising, Germany
| | - Sharon E Zytynska
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Plant Genome and Systems Biology, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Ecology, University of Liverpool, Evolution and Behaviour, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Liverpool, UK
| | - Wolfgang W Weisser
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Freising, Germany
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Neuherberg, Germany.
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18
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Ghirardo A, Fochi V, Lange B, Witting M, Schnitzler JP, Perotto S, Balestrini R. Metabolomic adjustments in the orchid mycorrhizal fungus Tulasnella calospora during symbiosis with Serapias vomeracea. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:1939-1952. [PMID: 32668507 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
All orchids rely on mycorrhizal fungi for organic carbon, at least during early development. In fact, orchid seed germination leads to the formation of a protocorm, a heterotrophic postembryonic structure colonized by intracellular fungal coils, thought to be the site of nutrient transfer. The molecular mechanisms underlying mycorrhizal interactions and metabolic changes induced by this symbiosis in both partners remain mostly unknown. We studied plant-fungus interactions in the mycorrhizal association between the Mediterranean orchid Serapias vomeracea and the basidiomycete Tulasnella calospora using nontargeted metabolomics. Plant and fungal metabolomes obtained from symbiotic structures were compared with those obtained under asymbiotic conditions. Symbiosis induced substantial metabolomic alterations in both partners. In particular, structural and signaling lipid compounds increased markedly in the external fungal mycelium growing near the symbiotic protocorms, whereas chito-oligosaccharides were identified uniquely in symbiotic protocorms. This work represents the first description of metabolic changes occurring in orchid mycorrhiza. These results - combined with previous transcriptomic data - provide novel insights on the mechanisms underlying the orchid mycorrhizal association and open intriguing questions on the role of fungal lipids in this symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ghirardo
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Valeria Fochi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Viale Mattioli 25, Torino, 10125, Italy
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Viale Mattioli 25, Torino, 10125, Italy
| | - Birgit Lange
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Michael Witting
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Silvia Perotto
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Viale Mattioli 25, Torino, 10125, Italy
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Viale Mattioli 25, Torino, 10125, Italy
| | - Raffaella Balestrini
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Viale Mattioli 25, Torino, 10125, Italy
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19
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Guo Y, Jud W, Ghirardo A, Antritter F, Benz JP, Schnitzler JP, Rosenkranz M. Sniffing fungi - phenotyping of volatile chemical diversity in Trichoderma species. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:244-259. [PMID: 32155672 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play vital roles in the interaction of fungi with plants and other organisms. A systematic study of the global fungal VOC profiles is still lacking, though it is a prerequisite for elucidating the mechanisms of VOC-mediated interactions. Here we present a versatile system enabling a high-throughput screening of fungal VOCs under controlled temperature. In a proof-of-principle experiment, we characterized the volatile metabolic fingerprints of four Trichoderma spp. over a 48 h growth period. The developed platform allows automated and fast detection of VOCs from up to 14 simultaneously growing fungal cultures in real time. The comprehensive analysis of fungal odors is achieved by employing proton transfer reaction-time of flight-MS and GC-MS. The data-mining strategy based on multivariate data analysis and machine learning allows the volatile metabolic fingerprints to be uncovered. Our data revealed dynamic, development-dependent and extremely species-specific VOC profiles from the biocontrol genus Trichoderma. The two mass spectrometric approaches were highly complementary to each other, together revealing a novel, dynamic view to the fungal VOC release. This analytical system could be used for VOC-based chemotyping of diverse small organisms, or more generally, for any in vivo and in vitro real-time headspace analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Guo
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Werner Jud
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Ghirardo
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Felix Antritter
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - J Philipp Benz
- Holzforschung München, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, D-85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Maaria Rosenkranz
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
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20
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Ghirardo A, Lindstein F, Koch K, Buegger F, Schloter M, Albert A, Michelsen A, Winkler JB, Schnitzler J, Rinnan R. Origin of volatile organic compound emissions from subarctic tundra under global warming. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:1908-1925. [PMID: 31957145 PMCID: PMC7078956 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Warming occurs in the Arctic twice as fast as the global average, which in turn leads to a large enhancement in terpenoid emissions from vegetation. Volatile terpenoids are the main class of biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that play crucial roles in atmospheric chemistry and climate. However, the biochemical mechanisms behind the temperature-dependent increase in VOC emissions from subarctic ecosystems are largely unexplored. Using 13 CO2 -labeling, we studied the origin of VOCs and the carbon (C) allocation under global warming in the soil-plant-atmosphere system of contrasting subarctic heath tundra vegetation communities characterized by dwarf shrubs of the genera Salix or Betula. The projected temperature rise of the subarctic summer by 5°C was realistically simulated in sophisticated climate chambers. VOC emissions strongly depended on the plant species composition of the heath tundra. Warming caused increased VOC emissions and significant changes in the pattern of volatiles toward more reactive hydrocarbons. The 13 C was incorporated to varying degrees in different monoterpene and sesquiterpene isomers. We found that de novo monoterpene biosynthesis contributed to 40%-44% (Salix) and 60%-68% (Betula) of total monoterpene emissions under the current climate, and that warming increased the contribution to 50%-58% (Salix) and 87%-95% (Betula). Analyses of above- and belowground 12/13 C showed shifts of C allocation in the plant-soil systems and negative effects of warming on C sequestration by lowering net ecosystem exchange of CO2 and increasing C loss as VOCs. This comprehensive analysis provides the scientific basis for mechanistically understanding the processes controlling terpenoid emissions, required for modeling VOC emissions from terrestrial ecosystems and predicting the future chemistry of the arctic atmosphere. By changing the chemical composition and loads of VOCs into the atmosphere, the current data indicate that global warming in the Arctic may have implications for regional and global climate and for the delicate tundra ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ghirardo
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS)Institute of Biochemical Plant PathologyHelmholtz Zentrum MünchenNeuherbergGermany
| | - Frida Lindstein
- Terrestrial Ecology SectionDepartment of BiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Kerstin Koch
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS)Institute of Biochemical Plant PathologyHelmholtz Zentrum MünchenNeuherbergGermany
| | - Franz Buegger
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology (BIOP)Helmholtz Zentrum MünchenNeuherbergGermany
| | - Michael Schloter
- Research Unit for Comparative Microbiome Analysis (COMI)Helmholtz Zentrum MünchenNeuherbergGermany
| | - Andreas Albert
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS)Institute of Biochemical Plant PathologyHelmholtz Zentrum MünchenNeuherbergGermany
| | - Anders Michelsen
- Terrestrial Ecology SectionDepartment of BiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Center for PermafrostDepartment of Geoscience and Natural Resource ManagementUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - J. Barbro Winkler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS)Institute of Biochemical Plant PathologyHelmholtz Zentrum MünchenNeuherbergGermany
| | - Jörg‐Peter Schnitzler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS)Institute of Biochemical Plant PathologyHelmholtz Zentrum MünchenNeuherbergGermany
| | - Riikka Rinnan
- Terrestrial Ecology SectionDepartment of BiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Center for PermafrostDepartment of Geoscience and Natural Resource ManagementUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
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21
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Paul I, Chatterjee A, Maiti S, Bhadoria PBS, Mitra A. Dynamic trajectories of volatile and non-volatile specialised metabolites in 'overnight' fragrant flowers of Murraya paniculata. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2019; 21:899-910. [PMID: 30866144 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ephemeral flowers, especially nocturnal ones, usually emit characteristic scent profiles within their post-anthesis lifespans of a few hours. Whether these flowers exhibit temporal variability in the composition and profile of volatile and non-volatile specialised metabolites has received little attention. Flowers of Murraya paniculata bloom in the evenings during the summer and monsoon, and their sweet, intense fragrance enhances the plant's value as an ornamental. We aimed to investigate profiles of both volatile and non-volatile endogenous specialised metabolites (ESM) in nocturnal ephemeral flowers of M. paniculata to examine whether any biochemically diverse groups of ESM follow distinct patterns of accumulation while maintaining synchrony with defensive physiological functions. Targeted ESM contents of M. paniculata flowers were profiled at ten time points at 2-h intervals, starting from late bud stage (afternoon) up to the start of petal senescence (mid-morning). Emitted volatiles were monitored continuously within the whole 20-h period using headspace sampling. The ESM contents were mapped by time point to obtain a highly dynamic and biochemically diverse profile. Relative temporal patterns of ESM accumulation indicated that the active fragrance-emitting period might be divided into 'early bloom', 'mid-bloom' and 'late bloom' phases. Early and late bloom phases were characterised by high free radical generation, with immediate enhancement of antioxidant enzymes and phenolic compounds. The mid-bloom phase was relatively stable and dedicated to maximum fragrance emission, with provision for strong terpenoid-mediated defence against herbivores. The late bloom phase merged into senescence with the start of daylight; however, even the senescent petals continued to emit fragrance to attract diurnal pollinators. Our study suggests that dynamic relations between the different ESM groups regulate the short-term requirements of floral advertisement and phytochemical defence in this ephemeral flower. This study also provided fundamental information on the temporal occurrence of emitted volatiles and internal pools of specialised metabolites in M. paniculata flowers, which could serve as an important model for pollination biology of Rutaceae, which includes many important fruit crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Paul
- Natural Product Biotechnology Group, Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
- Soil Science and Plant Nutrition Laboratory, Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - A Chatterjee
- Soil Science and Plant Nutrition Laboratory, Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - S Maiti
- Natural Product Biotechnology Group, Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - P B S Bhadoria
- Soil Science and Plant Nutrition Laboratory, Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - A Mitra
- Natural Product Biotechnology Group, Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
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McCormick AC, Irmisch S, Boeckler GA, Gershenzon J, Köllner TG, Unsicker SB. Herbivore-induced volatile emission from old-growth black poplar trees under field conditions. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7714. [PMID: 31118456 PMCID: PMC6531464 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43931-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbivory is well known to trigger increased emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from plants, but we know little about the responses of mature trees. We measured the volatiles emitted by leaves of old-growth black poplar (Populus nigra) trees after experimental damage by gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) caterpillars in a floodplain forest, and studied the effect of herbivory on the transcript abundance of two genes involved in the biosynthesis of VOCs, and the accumulation of defence phytohormones. Herbivory significantly increased volatile emission from the experimentally damaged foliage, but not from adjacent undamaged leaves in the damaged branches (i.e., no systemic response). Methylbutyraldoximes, 4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (DMNT), (Z)-3-hexenol and (E)-β-ocimene, amongst other compounds, were found to be important in distinguishing the blend of herbivore-damaged vs. undamaged leaves. Herbivory also increased expression of PnTPS3 (described here for the first time) and PnCYP79D6-v4 genes at the damaged sites, these genes encode for an (E)-β-ocimene synthase and a P450 enzyme involved in aldoxime formation, respectively, demonstrating de novo biosynthesis of the volatiles produced. Herbivore-damaged leaves had significantly higher levels of jasmonic acid and its conjugate (-)-jasmonic acid-isoleucine. This study shows that mature trees in the field have a robust response to herbivory, producing induced volatiles at the damaged sites even after previous natural herbivory and under changing environmental conditions, however, further studies are needed to establish whether the observed absence of systemic responses is typical of mature poplar trees or if specific conditions are required for their induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Clavijo McCormick
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Biochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Massey University, College of Sciences, Tennent Drive, 4410, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Sandra Irmisch
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Biochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, BC, Canada
| | - G Andreas Boeckler
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Biochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Biochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias G Köllner
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Biochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Sybille B Unsicker
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Biochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany.
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Guo Y, Ghirardo A, Weber B, Schnitzler JP, Benz JP, Rosenkranz M. Trichoderma Species Differ in Their Volatile Profiles and in Antagonism Toward Ectomycorrhiza Laccaria bicolor. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:891. [PMID: 31105677 PMCID: PMC6499108 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi of the genus Trichoderma are economically important due to their plant growth- and performance-promoting effects, such as improved nutrient supply, mycoparasitism of plant-pathogens and priming of plant defense. Due to their mycotrophic lifestyle, however, they might also be antagonistic to other plant-beneficial fungi, such as mycorrhiza-forming species. Trichoderma spp. release a high diversity of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which likely play a decisive role in the inter-species communication. It has been shown that Trichoderma VOCs can inhibit growth of some plant pathogens, but their inhibition potentials during early interactions with mutualistic fungi remain unknown. Laccaria bicolor is a common ectomycorrhizal fungus which in symbiotic relationship is well known to facilitate plant performance. Here, we investigated the VOC profiles of three strains of Trichoderma species, Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma Hamatum, and Trichoderma velutinum, as well as L. bicolor by stir bar sorptive extraction and gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (SBSE-GC-MS). We further examined the fungal performance and the VOC emission profiles during confrontation of the Trichoderma species with L. bicolor in different co-cultivation scenarios. The VOC profiles of the three Trichoderma species were highly species-dependent. T. harzianum was the strongest VOC emitter with the most diverse compound pattern, followed by T. hamatum and T. velutinum. Co-cultivation of Trichoderma spp. and L. bicolor altered the VOC emission patterns dramatically in some scenarios. The co-cultivations also revealed contact degree-dependent inhibition of one of the fungal partners. Trichoderma growth was at least partially inhibited when sharing the same headspace with L. bicolor. In direct contact between both mycelia, however, L. bicolor growth was impaired, indicating that Trichoderma and L. bicolor apply different effectors when defending their territory. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that all examined individual fungal species in axenic cultures, as well as their co-cultivations were characterized by a distinct VOC emission pattern. The results underline the importance of VOCs in fungal interactions and reveal unexpected adjustability of the VOC emissions according to the specific biotic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Guo
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Ghirardo
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Baris Weber
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - J. Philipp Benz
- Holzforschung München, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Maaria Rosenkranz
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
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24
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Acton WJF, Jud W, Ghirardo A, Wohlfahrt G, Hewitt CN, Taylor JE, Hansel A. The effect of ozone fumigation on the biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) emitted from Brassica napus above- and below-ground. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208825. [PMID: 30532234 PMCID: PMC6287848 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The emissions of BVOCs from oilseed rape (Brassica napus), both when the plant is exposed to clean air and when it is fumigated with ozone at environmentally-relevant mixing ratios (ca. 135 ppbv), were measured under controlled laboratory conditions. Emissions of BVOCs were recorded from combined leaf and root chambers using a recently developed Selective Reagent Ionisation-Time of Flight-Mass Spectrometer (SRI-ToF-MS) enabling BVOC detection with high time and mass resolution, together with the ability to identify certain molecular functionality. Emissions of BVOCs from below-ground were found to be dominated by sulfur compounds including methanethiol, dimethyl disulfide and dimethyl sulfide, and these emissions did not change following fumigation of the plant with ozone. Emissions from above-ground plant organs exposed to clean air were dominated by methanol, monoterpenes, 4-oxopentanal and methanethiol. Ozone fumigation of the plants caused a rapid decrease in monoterpene and sesquiterpene concentrations in the leaf chamber and increased concentrations of ca. 20 oxygenated species, almost doubling the total carbon lost by the plant leaves as volatiles. The drop in sesquiterpenes concentrations was attributed to ozonolysis occurring to a major extent on the leaf surface. The drop in monoterpene concentrations was attributed to gas phase reactions with OH radicals deriving from ozonolysis reactions. As plant-emitted terpenoids have been shown to play a role in plant-plant and plant-insect signalling, the rapid loss of these species in the air surrounding the plants during photochemical pollution episodes may have a significant impact on plant-plant and plant-insect communications.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. J. F. Acton
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - W. Jud
- Institute of Ion and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - A. Ghirardo
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - G. Wohlfahrt
- Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - C. N. Hewitt
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - J. E. Taylor
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - A. Hansel
- Institute of Ion and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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25
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Clancy MV, Zytynska SE, Moritz F, Witting M, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Weisser WW, Schnitzler JP. Metabotype variation in a field population of tansy plants influences aphid host selection. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:2791-2805. [PMID: 30035804 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that plant volatiles influence herbivores in their selection of a host plant; however, less is known about how the nonvolatile metabolome affects herbivore host selection. Metabolic diversity between intraspecific plants can be characterized using non-targeted mass spectrometry that gives us a snapshot overview of all metabolic processes occurring within a plant at a particular time. Here, we show that non-targeted metabolomics can be used to reveal links between intraspecific chemical diversity and ecological processes in tansy (Tanacetum vulgare). First, we show that tansy plants can be categorized into five subgroups based up on their metabolic profiles, and that these "metabotypes" influenced natural aphid colonization in the field. Second, this grouping was not due to induced metabolomic changes within the plant due to aphid feeding but rather resulted from constitutive differences in chemical diversity between plants. These findings highlight the importance of intraspecific chemical diversity within one plant population and provide the first report of a non-targeted metabolomic field study in chemical ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary V Clancy
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sharon E Zytynska
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Freising, Germany
| | - Franco Moritz
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry (BCG), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael Witting
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry (BCG), Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry (BCG), Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Wolfgang W Weisser
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Freising, Germany
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Neuherberg, Germany
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26
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Senft M, Clancy MV, Weisser WW, Schnitzler J, Zytynska SE. Additive effects of plant chemotype, mutualistic ants and predators on aphid performance and survival. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Senft
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Terrestrial Ecology Research GroupTechnical University of Munich Freising Germany
| | - Mary V. Clancy
- Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Research Unit Environmental Simulations (EUS)Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology Neuherberg Germany
| | - Wolfgang W. Weisser
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Terrestrial Ecology Research GroupTechnical University of Munich Freising Germany
| | - Jörg‐Peter Schnitzler
- Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Research Unit Environmental Simulations (EUS)Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology Neuherberg Germany
| | - Sharon E. Zytynska
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Terrestrial Ecology Research GroupTechnical University of Munich Freising Germany
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27
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Maksym RP, Ghirardo A, Zhang W, von Saint Paul V, Lange B, Geist B, Hajirezaei MR, Schnitzler JP, Schäffner AR. The Defense-Related Isoleucic Acid Differentially Accumulates in Arabidopsis Among Branched-Chain Amino Acid-Related 2-Hydroxy Carboxylic Acids. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:766. [PMID: 29937770 PMCID: PMC6002512 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) related 2-hydroxy carboxylic acid isoleucic acid (ILA) enhances salicylic acid-mediated pathogen defense in Arabidopsis thaliana. ILA has been identified in A. thaliana as its glucose conjugate correlated with the activity of the small-molecule glucosyltransferase UGT76B1, which can glucosylate both salicylic acid and ILA in vitro. However, endogenous levels of the ILA aglycon have not yet been determined in planta. To quantify ILA as well as the related leucic acid (LA) and valic acid (VA) in plant extracts, a sensitive method based on the derivatization of small carboxylic acids by silylation and gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis was developed. ILA was present in all species tested including several monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants as well as broadleaf and coniferous trees, whereas LA and VA were only detectable in a few species. In A. thaliana both ILA and LA were found. However, their levels varied during plant growth and in root vs. leaves. ILA levels were higher in 2-week-old leaves and decreased in older plants, whereas LA exhibited a reverted accumulation pattern. Roots displayed higher ILA and LA levels compared to leaves. ILA was inversely related to UGT76B1 expression level indicating that UGT76B1 glucosylates ILA in planta. In contrast, LA was not affected by the expression of UGT76B1. To address the relation of both 2-hydroxy acids to plant defense, we studied ILA and LA levels upon infection by Pseudomonas syringae. LA abundance remained unaffected, whereas ILA was reduced. This change suggests an ILA-related attenuation of the salicylic acid response. Collectively, the BCAA-related ILA and LA differentially accumulated in Arabidopsis, supporting a specific role and regulation of the defense-modulating small-molecule ILA among these 2-hydroxy acids. The new sensitive method will pave the way to further unravel their role in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał P. Maksym
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Ghirardo
- Research Unit for Environmental Simulation, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Wei Zhang
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Birgit Lange
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Birgit Geist
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Mohammad-Reza Hajirezaei
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Leibniz-Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Research Unit for Environmental Simulation, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Anton R. Schäffner
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Anton R. Schäffner,
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Jud W, Winkler JB, Niederbacher B, Niederbacher S, Schnitzler JP. Volatilomics: a non-invasive technique for screening plant phenotypic traits. PLANT METHODS 2018; 14:109. [PMID: 30568721 PMCID: PMC6297985 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-018-0378-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Climate change represents a grand challenge for agricultural productivity. Understanding complex plant traits such as stress tolerance, disease resistance or crop yield is thus essential for breeding and the development of sustainable agriculture strategies. When screening for the most robust plant phenotypes, fast, high-throughput phenotyping represents the means of choice. RESULTS We have developed a plant phenotyping platform to measure the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), photosynthetic gas exchange and transpiration under ambient, or abiotic and biotic stress conditions. These parameters are highly suitable markers to non-invasively and dynamically study plant growth and plant stress status, making them perfect test variables for long-term, online plant monitoring. Here we introduce the new phenotyping platform, termed VOC-SCREEN, and present results of a first case study with three barley cultivars, demonstrating that the plant's volatilome can be successfully applied to discriminate different barley varieties. CONCLUSION Volatilomics is a promising technique to non-invasively screen for plant phenotypic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Jud
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute for Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - J. Barbro Winkler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute for Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Bishu Niederbacher
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute for Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Present Address: Ionicon Analytic GmbH, Eduard-Bodem-Gasse 3, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Simon Niederbacher
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute for Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Present Address: Ionicon Analytic GmbH, Eduard-Bodem-Gasse 3, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute for Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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Jiang Y, Veromann-Jürgenson LL, Ye J, Niinemets Ü. Oak gall wasp infections of Quercus robur leaves lead to profound modifications in foliage photosynthetic and volatile emission characteristics. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:160-175. [PMID: 28776716 PMCID: PMC6047732 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Oak trees (Quercus) are hosts of diverse gall-inducing parasites, but the effects of gall formation on the physiology and biochemistry on host oak leaves is poorly understood. The influence of infection by four species from two widespread gall wasp genera, Neuroterus (N. anthracinus and N. albipes) and Cynips (C. divisa and C. quercusfolii), on foliage morphology, chemistry, photosynthetic characteristics, constitutive isoprene, and induced volatile emissions in Q. robur was investigated. Leaf dry mass per unit area (MA ), net assimilation rate per area (AA ), stomatal conductance (gs ), and constitutive isoprene emissions decreased with the severity of infection by all gall wasp species. The reduction in AA was mainly determined by reduced MA and to a lower extent by lower content of leaf nitrogen and phosphorus in gall-infected leaves. The emissions of lipoxygenase pathway volatiles increased strongly with increasing infection severity for all 4 species with the strongest emissions in major vein associated species, N. anthracinus. Monoterpene and sesquiterpene emissions were strongly elicited in N. albipes and Cynips species, but not in N. anthracinus. These results provide valuable information for diagnosing oak infections using ambient air volatile fingerprints and for predicting the impacts of infections on photosynthetic productivity and whole tree performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Jiang
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51014, Estonia
- College of Art, Changzhou University, Gehu 1, Changzhou, 213164, Jiangsu, China
| | - Linda-Liisa Veromann-Jürgenson
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51014, Estonia
| | - Jiayan Ye
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51014, Estonia
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51014, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, 10130 Tallinn, Estonia
- Corresponding author:
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Copolovici L, Pag A, Kännaste A, Bodescu A, Tomescu D, Copolovici D, Soran ML, Niinemets Ü. Disproportionate photosynthetic decline and inverse relationship between constitutive and induced volatile emissions upon feeding of Quercus robur leaves by large larvae of gypsy moth ( Lymantria dispar). ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 138:184-192. [PMID: 29367792 PMCID: PMC5777602 DOI: 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L., Lymantriinae) is a major pest of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) forests in Europe, but how its infections scale with foliage physiological characteristics, in particular with photosynthesis rates and emissions of volatile organic compounds has not been studied. Differently from the majority of insect herbivores, large larvae of L. dispar rapidly consume leaf area, and can also bite through tough tissues, including secondary and primary leaf veins. Given the rapid and devastating feeding responses, we hypothesized that infection of Q. robur leaves by L. dispar leads to disproportionate scaling of leaf photosynthesis and constitutive isoprene emissions with damaged leaf area, and to less prominent enhancements of induced volatile release. Leaves with 0% (control) to 50% of leaf area removed by larvae were studied. Across this range of infection severity, all physiological characteristics were quantitatively correlated with the degree of damage, but all these traits changed disproportionately with the degree of damage. The net assimilation rate was reduced by almost 10-fold and constitutive isoprene emissions by more than 7-fold, whereas the emissions of green leaf volatiles, monoterpenes, methyl salicylate and the homoterpene (3E)-4,8-dimethy-1,3,7-nonatriene scaled negatively and almost linearly with net assimilation rate through damage treatments. This study demonstrates that feeding by large insect herbivores disproportionately alters photosynthetic rate and constitutive isoprene emissions. Furthermore, the leaves have a surprisingly large capacity for enhancement of induced emissions even when foliage photosynthetic function is severely impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucian Copolovici
- Faculty of Food Engineering, Tourism and Environmental Protection, Research Center in Technical and Natural Sciences, "Aurel Vlaicu" University, Romania, 2 Elena Dragoi, Arad 310330, Romania
| | - Andreea Pag
- Institute of Technical and Natural Sciences Research-Development of "Aurel Vlaicu" University, Romania, 2 Elena Dragoi, Arad 310330, Romania
| | - Astrid Kännaste
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51014, Estonia
| | - Adina Bodescu
- Faculty of Food Engineering, Tourism and Environmental Protection, Research Center in Technical and Natural Sciences, "Aurel Vlaicu" University, Romania, 2 Elena Dragoi, Arad 310330, Romania
| | - Daniel Tomescu
- Institute of Technical and Natural Sciences Research-Development of "Aurel Vlaicu" University, Romania, 2 Elena Dragoi, Arad 310330, Romania
| | - Dana Copolovici
- Faculty of Food Engineering, Tourism and Environmental Protection, Research Center in Technical and Natural Sciences, "Aurel Vlaicu" University, Romania, 2 Elena Dragoi, Arad 310330, Romania
| | - Maria-Loredana Soran
- National Institute of Research and Development for Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Cluj-Napoca 400293, Romania
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51014, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, 10130 Tallinn, Estonia
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Yli-Pirilä P, Copolovici L, Kännaste A, Noe S, Blande JD, Mikkonen S, Klemola T, Pulkkinen J, Virtanen A, Laaksonen A, Joutsensaari J, Niinemets Ü, Holopainen JK. Herbivory by an Outbreaking Moth Increases Emissions of Biogenic Volatiles and Leads to Enhanced Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation Capacity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:11501-11510. [PMID: 27704791 PMCID: PMC5793991 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In addition to climate warming, greater herbivore pressure is anticipated to enhance the emissions of climate-relevant biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from boreal and subarctic forests and promote the formation of secondary aerosols (SOA) in the atmosphere. We evaluated the effects of Epirrita autumnata, an outbreaking geometrid moth, feeding and larval density on herbivore-induced VOC emissions from mountain birch in laboratory experiments and assessed the impact of these emissions on SOA formation via ozonolysis in chamber experiments. The results show that herbivore-induced VOC emissions were strongly dependent on larval density. Compared to controls without larval feeding, clear new particle formation by nucleation in the reaction chamber was observed, and the SOA mass loadings in the insect-infested samples were significantly higher (up to 150-fold). To our knowledge, this study provides the first controlled documentation of SOA formation from direct VOC emission of deciduous trees damaged by known defoliating herbivores and suggests that chewing damage on mountain birch foliage could significantly increase reactive VOC emissions that can importantly contribute to SOA formation in subarctic forests. Additional feeding experiments on related silver birch confirmed the SOA results. Thus, herbivory-driven volatiles are likely to play a major role in future biosphere-vegetation feedbacks such as sun-screening under daily 24 h sunshine in the subarctic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasi Yli-Pirilä
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1626, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Corresponding Author: Pasi Yli-Pirilä, University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland,
| | - Lucian Copolovici
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Technical and Natural Sciences Research-Development of Aurel Vlaicu University, 2 Elena Dragoi St., 310330 Arad, Romania
| | - Astrid Kännaste
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Steffen Noe
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - James D. Blande
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Santtu Mikkonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1626, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tero Klemola
- Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Juha Pulkkinen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Annele Virtanen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1626, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ari Laaksonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1626, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jorma Joutsensaari
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1626, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, 10130 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Jarmo K. Holopainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Jud W, Vanzo E, Li Z, Ghirardo A, Zimmer I, Sharkey TD, Hansel A, Schnitzler JP. Effects of heat and drought stress on post-illumination bursts of volatile organic compounds in isoprene-emitting and non-emitting poplar. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:1204-15. [PMID: 26390316 PMCID: PMC4982041 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decades, post-illumination bursts (PIBs) of isoprene, acetaldehyde and green leaf volatiles (GLVs) following rapid light-to-dark transitions have been reported for a variety of different plant species. However, the mechanisms triggering their release still remain unclear. Here we measured PIBs of isoprene-emitting (IE) and isoprene non-emitting (NE) grey poplar plants grown under different climate scenarios (ambient control and three scenarios with elevated CO2 concentrations: elevated control, periodic heat and temperature stress, chronic heat and temperature stress, followed by recovery periods). PIBs of isoprene were unaffected by elevated CO2 and heat and drought stress in IE, while they were absent in NE plants. On the other hand, PIBs of acetaldehyde and also GLVs were strongly reduced in stress-affected plants of all genotypes. After recovery from stress, distinct differences in PIB emissions in both genotypes confirmed different precursor pools for acetaldehyde and GLV emissions. Changes in PIBs of GLVs, almost absent in stressed plants and enhanced after recovery, could be mainly attributed to changes in lipoxygenase activity. Our results indicate that acetaldehyde PIBs, which recovered only partly, derive from a new mechanism in which acetaldehyde is produced from methylerythritol phosphate pathway intermediates, driven by deoxyxylulose phosphate synthase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Jud
- Institute of Ion and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Elisa Vanzo
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology (BIOP), Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ziru Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing Michigan, 48823, USA
| | - Andrea Ghirardo
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology (BIOP), Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ina Zimmer
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology (BIOP), Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas D Sharkey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing Michigan, 48823, USA
| | - Armin Hansel
- Institute of Ion and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology (BIOP), Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
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Weikl F, Ghirardo A, Schnitzler JP, Pritsch K. Sesquiterpene emissions from Alternaria alternata and Fusarium oxysporum: Effects of age, nutrient availability, and co-cultivation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22152. [PMID: 26915756 PMCID: PMC4768142 DOI: 10.1038/srep22152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternaria alternata is one of the most studied fungi to date because of its impact on human life – from plant pathogenicity to allergenicity. However, its sesquiterpene emissions have not been systematically explored. Alternaria regularly co-occurs with Fusarium fungi, which are common plant pathogens, on withering plants. We analyzed the diversity and determined the absolute quantities of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the headspace above mycelial cultures of A. alternata and Fusarium oxysporum under different conditions (nutrient rich and poor, single cultures and co-cultivation) and at different mycelial ages. Using stir bar sorptive extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, we observed A. alternata to strongly emit sesquiterpenes, particularly during the early growth stages, while emissions from F. oxysporum consistently remained comparatively low. The emission profile characterizing A. alternata comprised over 20 sesquiterpenes with few effects from nutrient quality and age on the overall emission profile. Co-cultivation with F. oxysporum resulted in reduced amounts of VOCs emitted from A. alternata although its profile remained similar. Both fungi showed distinct emission profiles, rendering them suitable biomarkers for growth-detection of their phylotype in ambient air. The study highlights the importance of thorough and quantitative evaluations of fungal emissions of volatile infochemicals such as sesquiterpenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Weikl
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology (BIOP), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Ghirardo
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Karin Pritsch
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology (BIOP), Neuherberg, Germany
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Niederbacher B, Winkler JB, Schnitzler JP. Volatile organic compounds as non-invasive markers for plant phenotyping. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:5403-16. [PMID: 25969554 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants emit a great variety of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that can actively participate in plant growth and protection against biotic and abiotic stresses. VOC emissions are strongly dependent on environmental conditions; the greatest ambiguity is whether or not the predicted change in climate will influence and modify plant-pest interactions that are mediated by VOCs. The constitutive and induced emission patterns between plant genotypes, species, and taxa are highly variable and can be used as pheno(chemo)typic markers to distinguish between different origins and provenances. In recent years significant progress has been made in molecular and genetic plant breeding. However, there is actually a lack of knowledge in functionally linking genotypes and phenotypes, particularly in analyses of plant-environment interactions. Plant phenotyping, the assessment of complex plant traits such as growth, development, tolerance, resistance, etc., has become a major bottleneck, and quantitative information on genotype-environment relationships is the key to addressing major future challenges. With increasing demand to support and accelerate progress in breeding for novel traits, the plant research community faces the need to measure accurately increasingly large numbers of plants and plant traits. In this review article, we focus on the promising outlook of VOC phenotyping as a fast and non-invasive measure of phenotypic dynamics. The basic principle is to define plant phenotypes according to their disease resistance and stress tolerance, which in turn will help in improving the performance and yield of economically relevant plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Niederbacher
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - J B Winkler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - J P Schnitzler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
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Rosenkranz M, Pugh TAM, Schnitzler JP, Arneth A. Effect of land-use change and management on biogenic volatile organic compound emissions--selecting climate-smart cultivars. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:1896-1912. [PMID: 25255900 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Land-use change (LUC) has fundamentally altered the form and function of the terrestrial biosphere. Increasing human population, the drive for higher living standards and the potential challenges of mitigating and adapting to global environmental change mean that further changes in LUC are unavoidable. LUC has direct consequences on climate not only via emissions of greenhouse gases and changing the surface energy balance but also by affecting the emission of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs). Isoprenoids, which dominate global BVOC emissions, are highly reactive and strongly modify atmospheric composition. The effects of LUC on BVOC emissions and related atmospheric chemistry have been largely ignored so far. However, compared with natural ecosystems, most tree species used in bioenergy plantations are strong BVOC emitters, whereas intensively cultivated crops typically emit less BVOCs. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on LUC-driven BVOC emissions and how these might affect atmospheric composition and climate. We further discuss land management and plant-breeding strategies, which could be taken to move towards climate-friendly BVOC emissions while simultaneously maintaining or improving key ecosystem functions such as crop yield under a changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaria Rosenkranz
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas A M Pugh
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 82467, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Almut Arneth
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 82467, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
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Oster M, Beck JJ, Furrow RE, Yeung K, Field CB. In-field yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis) volatile composition under elevated temperature and CO2 and implications for future control. CHEMOECOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00049-015-0200-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Kaling M, Kanawati B, Ghirardo A, Albert A, Winkler JB, Heller W, Barta C, Loreto F, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Schnitzler JP. UV-B mediated metabolic rearrangements in poplar revealed by non-targeted metabolomics. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:892-904. [PMID: 24738572 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants have to cope with various abiotic stresses including UV-B radiation (280-315 nm). UV-B radiation is perceived by a photoreceptor, triggers morphological responses and primes plant defence mechanisms such as antioxidant levels, photoreapir or accumulation of UV-B screening pigments. As poplar is an important model system for trees, we elucidated the influence of UV-B on overall metabolite patterns in poplar leaves grown under high UV-B radiation. Combining non-targeted metabolomics with gas exchange analysis and confocal microscopy, we aimed understanding how UV-B radiation triggers metabolome-wide changes, affects isoprene emission, photosynthetic performance, epidermal light attenuation and finally how isoprene-free poplars adjust their metabolome under UV-B radiation. Exposure to UV-B radiation caused a comprehensive rearrangement of the leaf metabolome. Several hundreds of metabolites were up- and down-regulated over various pathways. Our analysis, revealed the up-regulation of flavonoids, anthocyanins and polyphenols and the down-regulation of phenolic precursors in the first 36 h of UV-B treatment. We also observed a down-regulation of steroids after 12 h. The accumulation of phenolic compounds leads to a reduced light transmission in UV-B-exposed plants. However, the accumulation of phenolic compounds was reduced in non-isoprene-emitting plants suggesting a metabolic- or signalling-based interaction between isoprenoid and phenolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Kaling
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany; Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
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Chalal M, Winkler JB, Gourrat K, Trouvelot S, Adrian M, Schnitzler JP, Jamois F, Daire X. Sesquiterpene volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are markers of elicitation by sulfated laminarine in grapevine. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:350. [PMID: 26042139 PMCID: PMC4436684 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Inducing resistance in plants by the application of elicitors of defense reactions is an attractive plant protection strategy, particularly for grapevine (Vitis vinifera), which is susceptible to severe fungal diseases. Although induced resistance (IR) can be successful under controlled conditions, in most cases, IR is not sufficiently effective for practical disease control under outdoor conditions. Progress in the application of IR requires a better understanding of grapevine defense mechanisms and the ability to monitor defense markers to identify factors, such as physiological and environmental factors, that can impact IR in the vineyard. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are well-known plant defense compounds that have received little or no attention to date in the case of grape-pathogen interactions. This prompted us to investigate whether an elicitor, the sulfated laminarin (PS3), actually induces the production of VOCs in grapevine. An online analysis (proton-transfer-reaction quadrupole mass spectrometry) of VOC emissions in dynamic cuvettes and passive sampling in gas-tight bags with solid-phase microextraction-GC-MS under greenhouse conditions showed that PS3 elicited the emission of VOCs. Some of them, such as (E,E)-α-farnesene, may be good candidates as biomarkers of elicitor-IR, whereas methyl salicylate appears to be a biomarker of downy mildew infection. A negative correlation between VOC emission and disease severity suggests a positive role of VOCs in grape defense against diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malik Chalal
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR AgroSup INRA uB 1347 Agroécologie, Pôle IPM – ERL CNRS 6300, Université de BourgogneDijon, France
| | - Jana B. Winkler
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology – Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Helmholtz Zentrum MünchenNeuherberg, Germany
| | - Karine Gourrat
- Plate-forme ChemoSens, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, UMR6265 CNRS, UMR1324 INRA, Université de BourgogneDijon, France
| | - Sophie Trouvelot
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR AgroSup INRA uB 1347 Agroécologie, Pôle IPM – ERL CNRS 6300, Université de BourgogneDijon, France
| | - Marielle Adrian
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR AgroSup INRA uB 1347 Agroécologie, Pôle IPM – ERL CNRS 6300, Université de BourgogneDijon, France
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology – Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Helmholtz Zentrum MünchenNeuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Xavier Daire
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR AgroSup INRA uB 1347 Agroécologie, Pôle IPM – ERL CNRS 6300, Université de BourgogneDijon, France
- *Correspondence: Xavier Daire, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR AgroSup INRA uB 1347 Agroécologie, Pôle IPM – ERL CNRS 6300, Université de Bourgogne, 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon cedex, France
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Symondson WO, Holloway JD, Goossens B, Müller CT. Bornean caterpillar (Lepidoptera) constructs cocoon fromVatica rassak(Dipterocarpaceae) resin containing multiple deterrent compounds. J NAT HIST 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2014.939731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Insect attraction to herbivore-induced beech volatiles under different forest management regimes. Oecologia 2014; 176:569-80. [PMID: 25080178 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-014-3025-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Insect herbivore enemies such as parasitoids and predators are important in controlling herbivore pests. From agricultural systems we know that land-use intensification can negatively impact biological control as an important ecosystem service. The aim of our study was to investigate the importance of management regime for natural enemy pressure and biological control possibilities in forests dominated by European beech. We hypothesize that the volatile blend released from herbivore-infested beech trees functions as a signal, attracting parasitoids and herbivore enemies. Furthermore, we hypothesize that forest management regime influences the composition of species attracted by these herbivore-induced beech volatiles. We installed flight-interception traps next to Lymantria dispar caterpillar-infested young beech trees releasing herbivore-induced volatiles and next to non-infested control trees. Significantly more parasitoids were captured next to caterpillar-infested trees compared to non-infested controls, irrespective of forest type. However, the composition of the trophic guilds in the traps did vary in response to forest management regime. While the proportion of chewing insects was highest in non-managed forests, the proportion of sucking insects peaked in forests with low management and of parasitoids in young, highly managed, forest stands. Neither the number of naturally occurring beech saplings nor herbivory levels in the proximity of our experiment affected the abundance and diversity of parasitoids caught. Our data show that herbivore-induced beech volatiles attract herbivore enemies under field conditions. They further suggest that differences in the structural complexity of forests as a consequence of management regime only play a minor role in parasitoid activity and thus in indirect tree defense.
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El Kelish A, Zhao F, Heller W, Durner J, Winkler JB, Behrendt H, Traidl-Hoffmann C, Horres R, Pfeifer M, Frank U, Ernst D. Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) pollen allergenicity: SuperSAGE transcriptomic analysis upon elevated CO2 and drought stress. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:176. [PMID: 24972689 PMCID: PMC4084800 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-14-176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pollen of common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) is a main cause of allergic diseases in Northern America. The weed has recently become spreading as a neophyte in Europe, while climate change may also affect the growth of the plant and additionally may also influence pollen allergenicity. To gain better insight in the molecular mechanisms in the development of ragweed pollen and its allergenic proteins under global change scenarios, we generated SuperSAGE libraries to identify differentially expressed transcripts. RESULTS Ragweed plants were grown in a greenhouse under 380 ppm CO2 and under elevated level of CO2 (700 ppm). In addition, drought experiments under both CO2 concentrations were performed. The pollen viability was not altered under elevated CO2, whereas drought stress decreased its viability. Increased levels of individual flavonoid metabolites were found under elevated CO2 and/or drought. Total RNA was isolated from ragweed pollen, exposed to the four mentioned scenarios and four SuperSAGE libraries were constructed. The library dataset included 236,942 unique sequences, showing overlapping as well as clear differently expressed sequence tags (ESTs). The analysis targeted ESTs known in Ambrosia, as well as in pollen of other plants. Among the identified ESTs, those encoding allergenic ragweed proteins (Amb a) increased under elevated CO2 and drought stress. In addition, ESTs encoding allergenic proteins in other plants were also identified. CONCLUSIONS The analysis of changes in the transcriptome of ragweed pollen upon CO2 and drought stress using SuperSAGE indicates that under global change scenarios the pollen transcriptome was altered, and impacts the allergenic potential of ragweed pollen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr El Kelish
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Feng Zhao
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Werner Heller
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jörg Durner
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Biochemical Plant Pathology, Technische Universität München, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - J Barbro Winkler
- Research Unit for Environmental Simulation, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Heidrun Behrendt
- Center of Allergy & Environment München (ZAUM), Technische Universität and Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- CK-CARE, Christine Kühne – Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Traidl-Hoffmann
- CK-CARE, Christine Kühne – Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, UNIKA-T, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ralf Horres
- GenXPro GmbH, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Matthias Pfeifer
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Frank
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- CK-CARE, Christine Kühne – Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Dieter Ernst
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- CK-CARE, Christine Kühne – Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland
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Kreuzwieser J, Scheerer U, Kruse J, Burzlaff T, Honsel A, Alfarraj S, Georgiev P, Schnitzler JP, Ghirardo A, Kreuzer I, Hedrich R, Rennenberg H. The Venus flytrap attracts insects by the release of volatile organic compounds. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:755-66. [PMID: 24420576 PMCID: PMC3904726 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Does Dionaea muscipula, the Venus flytrap, use a particular mechanism to attract animal prey? This question was raised by Charles Darwin 140 years ago, but it remains unanswered. This study tested the hypothesis that Dionaea releases volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to allure prey insects. For this purpose, olfactory choice bioassays were performed to elucidate if Dionaea attracts Drosophila melanogaster. The VOCs emitted by the plant were further analysed by GC-MS and proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry (PTR-MS). The bioassays documented that Drosophila was strongly attracted by the carnivorous plant. Over 60 VOCs, including terpenes, benzenoids, and aliphatics, were emitted by Dionaea, predominantly in the light. This work further tested whether attraction of animal prey is affected by the nutritional status of the plant. For this purpose, Dionaea plants were fed with insect biomass to improve plant N status. However, although such feeding altered the VOC emission pattern by reducing terpene release, the attraction of Drosophila was not affected. From these results it is concluded that Dionaea attracts insects on the basis of food smell mimicry because the scent released has strong similarity to the bouquet of fruits and plant flowers. Such a volatile blend is emitted to attract insects searching for food to visit the deadly capture organ of the Venus flytrap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Kreuzwieser
- Professur für Baumphysiologie, Institut für Forstwissenschaften, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee Geb. 053/054, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ursel Scheerer
- Professur für Baumphysiologie, Institut für Forstwissenschaften, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee Geb. 053/054, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Kruse
- Professur für Baumphysiologie, Institut für Forstwissenschaften, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee Geb. 053/054, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tim Burzlaff
- Professur für Forstzoologie und Entomologie, Institut für Forstwissenschaften, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Tennenbacher Strasse 4, 79085 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anne Honsel
- Professur für Baumphysiologie, Institut für Forstwissenschaften, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee Geb. 053/054, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Saleh Alfarraj
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Plamen Georgiev
- Fly Facility, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Ghirardo
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ines Kreuzer
- Lehrstuhl für Botanik I, Julius-von-Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Lehrstuhl für Botanik I, Julius-von-Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Heinz Rennenberg
- Professur für Baumphysiologie, Institut für Forstwissenschaften, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee Geb. 053/054, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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Ecological Interactions of the Host-Insect System Quercus robur and Tortrix viridana. CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE WORLD'S FORESTS IN THE 21ST CENTURY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-7076-8_33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Lin CY, Chen YH, Chang TC, Chen YJ, Cheng SS, Chang ST. Characteristic aroma-active compounds of floral scent in situ from Barringtonia racemosa and their dynamic emission rates. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:12531-12538. [PMID: 24369104 DOI: 10.1021/jf404505p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Barringtonia racemosa is a nocturnal flowering plant. Information on its floral volatiles and the dynamic emission profiles was very limited. In this study, the floral volatiles of B. racemosa were monitored hourly during its florescence via detached and in situ collection for the first time. The dynamic odor activity value (OAV) was calculated to elucidate the active aroma components of floral scent. Results of compositional analyses showed that the predominant floral volatiles were linalool and phenylacetaldehyde. Their emission started around 8:00 p.m., and the peak emissions were 20541 and 18234 ng h(-1) flower(-1), respectively, during 10:00 p.m.-2:00 a.m. Results from dynamic OAV profiling revealed that linalool (409 min(-1)) and phenylacetaldehyde (547 min(-1)) had higher OAVs than other components (<10 min(-1)), indicating that linalool and phenylacetaldehyde contributed mainly to the floral scent with a strong, sweet, and pleasant aroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ya Lin
- School of Forest, Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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Kersten B, Ghirardo A, Schnitzler JP, Kanawati B, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Fladung M, Schroeder H. Integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics decipher differences in the resistance of pedunculate oak to the herbivore Tortrix viridana L. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:737. [PMID: 24160444 PMCID: PMC4007517 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interaction between insect pests and their host plants is a never-ending race of evolutionary adaption. Plants have developed an armament against insect herbivore attacks, and attackers continuously learn how to address it. Using a combined transcriptomic and metabolomic approach, we investigated the molecular and biochemical differences between Quercus robur L. trees that resisted (defined as resistant oak type) or were susceptible (defined as susceptible oak type) to infestation by the major oak pest, Tortrix viridana L. RESULTS Next generation RNA sequencing revealed hundreds of genes that exhibited constitutive and/or inducible differential expression in the resistant oak compared to the susceptible oak. Distinct differences were found in the transcript levels and the metabolic content with regard to tannins, flavonoids, and terpenoids, which are compounds involved in the defence against insect pests. The results of our transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses are in agreement with those of a previous study in which we showed that female moths prefer susceptible oaks due to their specific profile of herbivore-induced volatiles. These data therefore define two oak genotypes that clearly differ on the transcriptomic and metabolomic levels, as reflected by their specific defensive compound profiles. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the resistant oak type seem to prefer a strategy of constitutive defence responses in contrast to more induced defence responses of the susceptible oaks triggered by feeding. These results pave the way for the development of biomarkers for an early determination of potentially green oak leaf roller-resistant genotypes in natural pedunculate oak populations in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hilke Schroeder
- Thünen Institute of Forest Genetics, Sieker Landstrasse 2, D-22927, Grosshansdorf, Germany.
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Holopainen JK, Blande JD. Where do herbivore-induced plant volatiles go? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:185. [PMID: 23781224 PMCID: PMC3678092 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Herbivore induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) are specific volatile organic compounds (VOC) that a plant produces in response to herbivory. Some HIPVs are only produced after damage, while others are also produced by intact plants, but in lower quantities. Among the known functions of HIPVs are within plant volatile signaling to activate systemic plant defenses, the priming and activation of defenses in neighboring plants and the attraction of natural enemies of herbivores. When released into the atmosphere a plant's control over the produced compounds ends. However, many of the HIPVs are highly reactive with atmospheric oxidants and their atmospheric life times could be relatively short, often only a few minutes. We summarise the potential ecological and atmospheric processes that involve the reaction products of HIPVs in their gaseous, liquid and solid secondary organic aerosol (SOA) forms, both in the atmosphere and after deposition on plant surfaces. A potential negative feedback loop, based on the reactions forming SOA from HIPVs and the associated stimulation of sun screening cloud formation is presented. This hypothesis is based on recent field surveys in the geographical areas facing the greatest degree of global warming and insect outbreaks. Furthermore, we discuss how these processes could benefit the individual plant or conspecifics that originally released the HIPVs into the atmosphere. Further ecological studies should aim to elucidate the possible reasons for biosynthesis of short-lived volatile compounds to have evolved as a response to external biotic damage to plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarmo K. Holopainen
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern FinlandKuopio, Finland
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Behnke K, Ghirardo A, Janz D, Kanawati B, Esperschütz J, Zimmer I, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Niinemets Ü, Polle A, Schnitzler JP, Rosenkranz M. Isoprene function in two contrasting poplars under salt and sunflecks. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 33:562-578. [PMID: 23532135 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpt018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions and photosynthetic gas exchange of salt-sensitive (Populus x canescens (Aiton) Sm.) and salt-tolerant (Populus euphratica Oliv.) isoprene-emitting and non-isoprene-emitting poplars were examined under controlled high-salinity and high-temperature and -light episode ('sunfleck') treatments. Combined treatment with salt and sunflecks led to an increased isoprene emission capacity in both poplar species, although the photosynthetic performance of P. × canescens was reduced. Indeed, different allocations of isoprene precursors between the cytosol and the chloroplast in the two species were uncovered by means of (13)CO2 labeling. Populus × canescens leaves, moreover, increased their use of 'alternative' carbon (C) sources in comparison with recently fixed C for isoprene biosynthesis under salinity. Our studies show, however, that isoprene itself does not have a function in poplar survival under salt stress: the non-isoprene-emitting leaves showed only a slightly decreased photosynthetic performance compared with wild type under salt treatment. Lipid composition analysis revealed differences in the double bond index between the isoprene-emitting and non-isoprene-emitting poplars. Four clear metabolomics patterns were recognized, reflecting systemic changes in flavonoids, sterols and C fixation metabolites due to the lack/presence of isoprene and the absence/presence of salt stress. The studies were complemented by long-term temperature stress experiments, which revealed the thermotolerance role of isoprene as the non-isoprene-emitting leaves collapsed under high temperature, releasing a burst of BVOCs. Engineered plants with a low isoprene emission potential might therefore not be capable of resisting high-temperature episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Behnke
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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48
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Kanter U, Heller W, Durner J, Winkler JB, Engel M, Behrendt H, Holzinger A, Braun P, Hauser M, Ferreira F, Mayer K, Pfeifer M, Ernst D. Molecular and immunological characterization of ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) pollen after exposure of the plants to elevated ozone over a whole growing season. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61518. [PMID: 23637846 PMCID: PMC3630196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change and air pollution, including ozone is known to affect plants and might also influence the ragweed pollen, known to carry strong allergens. We compared the transcriptome of ragweed pollen produced under ambient and elevated ozone by 454-sequencing. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was carried out for the major ragweed allergen Amb a 1. Pollen surface was examined by scanning electron microscopy and attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and phenolics were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Elevated ozone had no influence on the pollen size, shape, surface structure or amount of phenolics. ATR-FTIR indicated increased pectin-like material in the exine. Transcriptomic analyses showed changes in expressed-sequence tags (ESTs), including allergens. However, ELISA indicated no significantly increased amounts of Amb a 1 under elevated ozone concentrations. The data highlight a direct influence of ozone on the exine components and transcript level of allergens. As the total protein amount of Amb a 1 was not altered, a direct correlation to an increased risk to human health could not be derived. Additional, the 454-sequencing contributes to the identification of stress-related transcripts in mature pollen that could be grouped into distinct gene ontology terms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Kanter
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
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Nieuwenhuizen NJ, Green SA, Chen X, Bailleul EJ, Matich AJ, Wang MY, Atkinson RG. Functional genomics reveals that a compact terpene synthase gene family can account for terpene volatile production in apple. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 161:787-804. [PMID: 23256150 PMCID: PMC3561019 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.208249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Terpenes are specialized plant metabolites that act as attractants to pollinators and as defensive compounds against pathogens and herbivores, but they also play an important role in determining the quality of horticultural food products. We show that the genome of cultivated apple (Malus domestica) contains 55 putative terpene synthase (TPS) genes, of which only 10 are predicted to be functional. This low number of predicted functional TPS genes compared with other plant species was supported by the identification of only eight potentially functional TPS enzymes in apple 'Royal Gala' expressed sequence tag databases, including the previously characterized apple (E,E)-α-farnesene synthase. In planta functional characterization of these TPS enzymes showed that they could account for the majority of terpene volatiles produced in cv Royal Gala, including the sesquiterpenes germacrene-D and (E)-β-caryophyllene, the monoterpenes linalool and α-pinene, and the homoterpene (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene. Relative expression analysis of the TPS genes indicated that floral and vegetative tissues were the primary sites of terpene production in cv Royal Gala. However, production of cv Royal Gala floral-specific terpenes and TPS genes was observed in the fruit of some heritage apple cultivars. Our results suggest that the apple TPS gene family has been shaped by a combination of ancestral and more recent genome-wide duplication events. The relatively small number of functional enzymes suggests that the remaining terpenes produced in floral and vegetative and fruit tissues are maintained under a positive selective pressure, while the small number of terpenes found in the fruit of modern cultivars may be related to commercial breeding strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xiuyin Chen
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand (N.J.N., S.A.G., X.C., E.J.D.B., M.Y.W., R.G.A.)
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, New Zealand (A.J.M.)
| | - Estelle J.D. Bailleul
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand (N.J.N., S.A.G., X.C., E.J.D.B., M.Y.W., R.G.A.)
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, New Zealand (A.J.M.)
| | - Adam J. Matich
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand (N.J.N., S.A.G., X.C., E.J.D.B., M.Y.W., R.G.A.)
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, New Zealand (A.J.M.)
| | - Mindy Y. Wang
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand (N.J.N., S.A.G., X.C., E.J.D.B., M.Y.W., R.G.A.)
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, New Zealand (A.J.M.)
| | - Ross G. Atkinson
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand (N.J.N., S.A.G., X.C., E.J.D.B., M.Y.W., R.G.A.)
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, New Zealand (A.J.M.)
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