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Gois LL, Ribeiro-Soares B, Regis-Silva CG, Zanette DL, Lisboa R, Nascimento RS, Coutinho Junior R, Galvão-Castro B, Grassi MFR. Imbalanced IL10/TGF-β production by regulatory T-lymphocytes in patients with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/ tropical spastic paraparesis. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:652. [PMID: 38943078 PMCID: PMC11214226 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09494-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), also denominated Human T-cell leukemia virus-1, induces immune activation and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, especially in individuals with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Regulatory T lymphocytes (Tregs) may control of inflammation through the production of regulatory cytokines, including IL10 and TGF-β. In this study we determined the frequencies of CD4 + and CD8 + Tregs in a HAM/TSP population, compared to asymptomatic carriers and uninfected individuals, as well as investigated the profiles of regulatory and inflammatory cytokines. METHODS Asymptomatic HTLV-1 carriers and HAM/TSP patients were matched by sex and age. The frequencies of IL10- and/or TGF-β-producing Tregs were quantified by flow cytometry. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to quantify HTLV-1 proviral load and the mRNA expression of cytokines and cellular receptors in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. RESULTS Total frequencies of CD4 + Tregs, as well as the IL10-producing CD4 + and CD8 + Treg subsets, were statistically higher in patients with HAM/TSP compared to asymptomatic HTLV-1-infected individuals. In addition, a positive correlation was found between the frequency of CD4 + IL10 + Tregs and proviral load in the HAM/TSP patients evaluated. A positive correlation was also observed between gene expression of proinflammatory versus regulatory cytokines only in HAM / TSP group. CONCLUSIONS A higher frequencies of IL10-producing Tregs were identified in patients with HAM/TSP. Imbalanced production of IL10 in relation to TGF-β may contribute to the increased inflammatory response characteristically seen in HAM/TSP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Leandro Gois
- Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública (EBMSP), Salvador-Bahia, Brazil
- Laboratório Avançado de Saúde Pública, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (LASP, IGM, FIOCRUZ), Salvador-Bahia, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências da Biointeração, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia (ICS/UFBA), Salvador-Bahia, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Ribeiro-Soares
- Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública (EBMSP), Salvador-Bahia, Brazil
- Laboratório Avançado de Saúde Pública, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (LASP, IGM, FIOCRUZ), Salvador-Bahia, Brazil
| | - Carlos Gustavo Regis-Silva
- Laboratório Avançado de Saúde Pública, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (LASP, IGM, FIOCRUZ), Salvador-Bahia, Brazil
| | - Dalila L Zanette
- Laboratório de Ciências e Tecnologias Aplicadas a Saúde, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (ICC/FIOCRUZ-PR), Curitiba-Paraná, Brazil
| | - Raphaella Lisboa
- Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública (EBMSP), Salvador-Bahia, Brazil
- Laboratório Avançado de Saúde Pública, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (LASP, IGM, FIOCRUZ), Salvador-Bahia, Brazil
| | - Regina Santos Nascimento
- Laboratório Avançado de Saúde Pública, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (LASP, IGM, FIOCRUZ), Salvador-Bahia, Brazil
| | - Raimundo Coutinho Junior
- Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública (EBMSP), Salvador-Bahia, Brazil
- Laboratório Avançado de Saúde Pública, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (LASP, IGM, FIOCRUZ), Salvador-Bahia, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Galvão-Castro
- Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública (EBMSP), Salvador-Bahia, Brazil
- Laboratório Avançado de Saúde Pública, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (LASP, IGM, FIOCRUZ), Salvador-Bahia, Brazil
| | - Maria Fernanda Rios Grassi
- Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública (EBMSP), Salvador-Bahia, Brazil.
- Laboratório Avançado de Saúde Pública, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (LASP, IGM, FIOCRUZ), Salvador-Bahia, Brazil.
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Gang M, Gao F, Poondru S, Thomas T, Ratner L. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of infection with human T-lymphotropic virus in a non-endemic area: a single institution study. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1187697. [PMID: 37426028 PMCID: PMC10324566 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1187697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Understanding of human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) remains largely based on epidemiologic and clinical data from endemic areas. Globalization has resulted in migration of persons living with HTLV (PLHTLV) from endemic to non-endemic areas, and a rise of HTLV infection in the United States. Yet, due to the historical rarity of this disease, affected patients are often under- and mis-diagnosed. Thus, we sought to characterize the epidemiology, clinical features, comorbidities, and survival of HTLV-1- or HTLV-2-positive individuals identified in a non-endemic area. Methods Our study was a single institution, retrospective case-control analysis of HTLV-1 or HTLV-2 patients between 1998 and 2020. We utilized two HTLV-negative controls, matched for age, sex, and ethnicity, for each HTLV-positive case. We evaluated associations between HTLV infection and several hematologic, neurologic, infectious, and rheumatologic covariates. Finally, clinical factors predictive of overall survival (OS) were assessed. Results We identified 38 cases of HTLV infection, of whom 23 were HTLV-1 and 15 were HTLV-2 positive. The majority (~54%) of patients in our control group received HTLV testing for transplant evaluation, compared to ~24% of HTLV-seropositive patients. Co-morbidities associated with HTLV, hepatitis C seropositivity were higher in HTLV-seropositive patients compared to controls (OR 10.7, 95% CI = 3.2-59.0, p < 0.001). Hepatitis C and HTLV co-infection resulted in decreased OS, compared to no infection, hepatitis C infection alone, or HTLV infection alone. Patients with any cancer diagnosis and HTLV infection had worse OS compared to patients with cancer or HTLV alone. HTLV-1 positive patients had lower median OS compared to HTLV-2 patients (47.7 months vs. 77.4 months). In univariate analysis, the hazard for 1-year all-cause mortality was increased among patients with HTLV-seropositivity, adult T-cell leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, and hepatitis C infection. When corrected, multivariate analysis showed that HTLV seropositivity was no longer associated with 1 year all-cause mortality; however association with AML and hepatitis C infection remained significant. Conclusion HTLV-seropositivity was not associated with increased 1 year mortality in multivariate analysis. However, our study is limited by our small patient sample size, as well as the biased patient control population due to selection factors for HTLV testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margery Gang
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Surgery at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Alvin Siteman Cancer Center, Cancer Center Biostatistics Core, Division of Public Health Sciences, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Sneha Poondru
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Theodore Thomas
- St Louis Veterans Health Administration Medical Center Research Service, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Lee Ratner
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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Assone T, Menezes SM, de Toledo Gonçalves F, Folgosi VA, da Silva Prates G, Dierckx T, Braz M, Smid J, Haziot ME, Marcusso RMN, Dahy FE, Vanderlinden E, Claes S, Schols D, Bruhn R, Murphy EL, Penalva de Oliveira AC, Daelemans D, Vercauteren J, Casseb J, Van Weyenbergh J. Systemic cytokines and GlycA discriminate disease status and predict corticosteroid response in HTLV-1-associated neuroinflammation. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:293. [PMID: 36482436 PMCID: PMC9733207 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02658-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HTLV-1-Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP) is an incapacitating neuroinflammatory disorder for which no disease-modifying therapy is available, but corticosteroids provide some clinical benefit. Although HAM/TSP pathogenesis is not fully elucidated, older age, female sex and higher proviral load are established risk factors. We investigated systemic cytokines and a novel chronic inflammatory marker, GlycA, as possible biomarkers of immunopathogenesis and therapeutic response in HAM/TSP, and examined their interaction with established risk factors. PATIENTS AND METHODS We recruited 110 People living with HTLV-1 (PLHTLV-1, 67 asymptomatic individuals and 43 HAM/TSP patients) with a total of 946 person-years of clinical follow-up. Plasma cytokine levels (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, IFN-γ, TNF) and GlycA were quantified by Cytometric Bead Array and 1NMR, respectively. Cytokine signaling and prednisolone response were validated in an independent cohort by nCounter digital transcriptomics. We used multivariable regression, machine learning algorithms and Bayesian network learning for biomarker identification. RESULTS We found that systemic IL-6 was positively correlated with both age (r = 0.50, p < 0.001) and GlycA (r = 0.45, p = 0.00049) in asymptomatics, revealing an 'inflammaging" signature which was absent in HAM/TSP. GlycA levels were higher in women (p = 0.0069), but cytokine levels did not differ between the sexes. IFN-γ (p = 0.007) and IL-17A (p = 0.0001) levels were increased in untreated HAM/TSP Multivariable logistic regression identified IL-17A and proviral load as independent determinants of clinical status, resulting in modest accuracy of predicting HAM/TSP status (64.1%), while a machine learning-derived decision tree classified HAM/TSP patients with 90.7% accuracy. Pre-treatment GlycA and TNF levels significantly predicted clinical worsening (measured by Osame Motor Disability Scale), independent of proviral load. In addition, a poor prednisolone response was significantly correlated with higher post-treatment IFN-γ levels. Likewise, a transcriptomic IFN signaling score, significantly correlated with previously proposed HAM/TSP biomarkers (CASP5/CXCL10/FCGR1A/STAT1), was efficiently blunted by in vitro prednisolone treatment of PBMC from PLHTLV-1 and incident HAM/TSP. CONCLUSIONS An age-related increase in systemic IL-6/GlycA levels reveals inflammaging in PLHTLV-1, in the absence of neurological disease. IFN-γ and IL-17A are biomarkers of untreated HAM/TSP, while pre-treatment GlycA and TNF predict therapeutic response to prednisolone pulse therapy, paving the way for a precision medicine approach in HAM/TSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane Assone
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation LIM 56, Division of Dermatology and Institute of Tropical Medicine of Sao Paulo, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Laboratory of Immunohematology and Forensic Hematology-LIM40, Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical Ethics, Social Medicine and Work, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Soraya Maria Menezes
- Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fernanda de Toledo Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation LIM 56, Division of Dermatology and Institute of Tropical Medicine of Sao Paulo, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Laboratory of Immunohematology and Forensic Hematology-LIM40, Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical Ethics, Social Medicine and Work, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Victor Angelo Folgosi
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation LIM 56, Division of Dermatology and Institute of Tropical Medicine of Sao Paulo, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Laboratory of Immunohematology and Forensic Hematology-LIM40, Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical Ethics, Social Medicine and Work, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela da Silva Prates
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation LIM 56, Division of Dermatology and Institute of Tropical Medicine of Sao Paulo, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Laboratory of Immunohematology and Forensic Hematology-LIM40, Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical Ethics, Social Medicine and Work, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tim Dierckx
- Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marcos Braz
- Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Jerusa Smid
- Institute of Infectious Diseases "Emilio Ribas" (IIER) de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Michel E Haziot
- Institute of Infectious Diseases "Emilio Ribas" (IIER) de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rosa M N Marcusso
- Institute of Infectious Diseases "Emilio Ribas" (IIER) de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Flávia E Dahy
- Institute of Infectious Diseases "Emilio Ribas" (IIER) de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Evelien Vanderlinden
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sandra Claes
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dominique Schols
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Roberta Bruhn
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Edward L Murphy
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Dirk Daelemans
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jurgen Vercauteren
- Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jorge Casseb
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation LIM 56, Division of Dermatology and Institute of Tropical Medicine of Sao Paulo, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Laboratory of Immunohematology and Forensic Hematology-LIM40, Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical Ethics, Social Medicine and Work, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Johan Van Weyenbergh
- Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Umekita K. Effect of HTLV-1 Infection on the Clinical Course of Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071460. [PMID: 35891440 PMCID: PMC9323945 DOI: 10.3390/v14071460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the causative agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). The effects of HTLV-1 on health are not fully elucidated. Epidemiological studies have shown that the prevalence of HTLV-1 infection is high in patients with rheumatic diseases. The prevalence of comorbidities, such as Sjögren’s syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), is higher in patients with HAM/TSP than the in general population. Studies have shown the effects of HTLV-1-infection on the clinical course of RA. Major questions on the association between HTLV-1 infection and RA: (1) Is it possible that HTLV-1 infection causes RA? (2) Do patients with RA who are infected with HTLV-1 have different clinical features? (3) Are immunosuppressants associated with an increased prevalence of HAM/TSP or ATL in RA patients with HTLV-1 infection? Is ATL an immunosuppressive therapy-associated lymphoproliferative disorder? No large-scale studies have investigated the incidence of ATL in patients with RA. However, several studies have reported the development of ATL in patients with RA who have HTLV-1 infection. This review aimed to shed light on the association between HTLV-1 infection and RA and summarize the unmet medical needs of RA patients with HTLV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunihiko Umekita
- Division of Respirology, Rheumatology, Infectious Diseases and Neurology, Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
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Brites C, Grassi MF, Quaresma JAS, Ishak R, Vallinoto ACR. Pathogenesis of HTLV-1 infection and progression biomarkers: An overview. Braz J Infect Dis 2021; 25:101594. [PMID: 34256025 PMCID: PMC9392164 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2021.101594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection by human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) occurs in lymphocytes, which travel throughout the body, thus affecting several target organs and causing varied clinical outcomes, particularly in populations that are underserved and do not have access to healthcare. However, the mechanism of pathogenesis is not yet fully understood. The TAX and HTLV-1 basic leucine zipper factor (HBZ) proteins maintain viral persistence and affect pathogenesis through cell proliferation and immune and inflammatory responses that accompany each clinical manifestation. TAX expression leads to inhibition of transcription error control, OX40 overexpression, and cell proliferation in adult T-cell leukemia (ATL). OX40 levels are elevated in the central nervous system (CNS), and the expression of TAX in the CNS causes neuronal damage and loss of immune reactivity among patients with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (HAM). HBZ reduces viral replication and suppresses the immune response. Its cell compartmentalization has been associated with the pathogenesis of HAM (cytoplasmic localization) and ATL (nuclear localization). TAX and HBZ seem to act antagonistically in immune responses, affecting the pathogenesis of HTLV-1 infection. The progression from HTLV-1 infection to disease is a consequence of HTLV-1 replication in CD4+ T and CD8+ T lymphocytes and the imbalance between proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The compartmentalization of HBZ suggests that this protein may be an additional tool for assessing immune and inflammatory responses, in addition to those already recognized as potential biomarkers associated with progression from infection to disease (including human leukocyte antigen (HLA), killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, IL-28, Fas, Fas ligand, interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and mannose-binding lectin).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Brites
- Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Professor Edgard Santos University Hospital Complex, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Research, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ricardo Ishak
- Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Institute of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Virology, Belém, PA, Brazil
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Ghazvini K, Youssefi M, Keikha M. Expression changes of cytotoxicity and apoptosis genes in HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis patients from the perspective of system virology. Access Microbiol 2020; 2:acmi000088. [PMID: 32974568 PMCID: PMC7470310 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) was the first retrovirus among human pathogens to be identified, insufficient information on the pathogenesis of HTLV-1 infection means that no precise mechanism has yet been provided for HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Based on previous studies, it was found that apoptosis and inflammation stimulation were among the most important mechanisms underlying HAM/TSP. The present study provides an in-silico analysis of the microarray data related to HAM/TSP patients. Expression changes of the genes responsible for cytotoxicity and apoptosis processes of HAM/TSP patients and asymptomatic carriers were investigated. Expression of the genes involved in cytotoxicity and apoptosis in HAM/TSP patients was decreased; hence, a model was proposed indicating that the spread of immune responses in HAM/TSP may be due to expression of HTLV-1 virulence factors and the resistance of HTLV-1-infected cells to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiarash Ghazvini
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Masoud Youssefi
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Masoud Keikha
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Keikha M, Ghazvini K, Eslami M, Yousefi B, Casseb J, Yousefi M, Karbalaei M. Molecular targeting of PD-1 signaling pathway as a novel therapeutic approach in HTLV-1 infection. Microb Pathog 2020; 144:104198. [PMID: 32283259 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
HTLV-1, the first human oncogenic retrovirus, is a type C retrovirus that belongs to the Deltaretrovirus genus. The HTLV-1 genome has 8.5 kbp length, and consists of major genes such as gag, pol, pro, env, and pX region. This retrovirus is considered as one of the most deadly infectious agent for peripheral-blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The infection of HTLV-1 can lead to dangerous complications, such as infective dermatitis (ID), uveitis, arthritis, lymphadenitis, arthropathies, Sjögren's Syndrome (SS), and particularly HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) or Adult T-Cell Leukemia Lymphoma (ATLL). At the moment, Zidovudine (AZT) plus IFN-α is the only treatment available for HTLV-1 infections. Based on scientific studies, alongside the therapeutic regimens, intrinsic mechanisms also play a determinant role in reducing the signs of disease. Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) signaling pathway, one of the most important checkpoints, has recently received interest, such as the development of a novel generation of anti-tumors. In the present study, we discuss the role of PD-1 signaling pathway in HTLV-1 infection as well as its application as a novel approach for treatment of HTLV-1 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Keikha
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Kiarash Ghazvini
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Eslami
- Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Department of Immunology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Jorge Casseb
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo/Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, Department of Dermatology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, 01246-100, Brazil
| | - Masoud Yousefi
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Mohsen Karbalaei
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran.
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The IL-18, IL-12, and IFN-γ expression in HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) patients, HTLV-1 carriers, and healthy subjects. J Neurovirol 2020; 26:338-346. [PMID: 32270468 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-020-00832-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-12, IL-18, and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) can induce Th1-inflammatory responses in favor of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) manifestation. In this study, the gene expression and plasma levels of these cytokines were evaluated. The peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in 20 HAM/TSP patients, 21 asymptomatic carriers (ACs), and 21 healthy subjects (HSs) were assessed for the expression of IL-18, IL-12, and IFN-γ, using qRT-PCR. The plasma level of IL-18 and IFN-γ were measured by an ELISA method. The mean of HTLV-1 proviral load (PVL) in the HAM/TSPs was 1846.59 ± 273.25 and higher than ACs at 719.58 ± 150.72 (p = 0.001). The IL-12 was considerably expressed only in nine ACs, five HAM/TSPs, and all HSs. Furthermore, the gene expression and plasma levels of IL-18 were lower in the HTLV-1-positive group than the control group (p = 0.001 and 0.012, respectively); however, there was no significant difference between the ACs and HAM/TSPs. The IFN-γ level was higher in the HTLV-1-positive group (p < 0.001) than HSs. Although there were no correlation between plasma levels of IL-18 and IFN-γ with PVL in the ACs, a positive correlation was observed between plasma IL-18 levels and PVL (r = 0.654, p = 0.002). The highest levels of IFN-γ were observed in the HAM/TSPs which has a significant correlation with HTLV-1-HBZ (r = 0.387, p = 0.05) but not with Tax. However, no significant correlation was found between PVL and proinflammatory pattern. Apart from the IFN-γ as a lymphokine, as a host factor, and HTLV-1-HBZ, as a viral agent, the other proinflammatory monokines or HTLV-1 factors are among the less-effective agents in the maintenance of HAM/TSP.
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Umekita K, Okayama A. HTLV-1 Infection and Rheumatic Diseases. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:152. [PMID: 32117170 PMCID: PMC7025999 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Some major research and clinical questions about human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection and rheumatic diseases remain: (1) Does HTLV-1 infection cause rheumatic diseases? (2) Do patients with rheumatic diseases display different responses to treatment with anti-rheumatic agents when they are HTLV-1 carriers? (3) Is adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) or HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) more prevalent in HTLV-1 carriers with rheumatic diseases who are treated with anti-rheumatic agents? These questions are important because increasing numbers of patients with rheumatic diseases are currently receiving treatment with aggressive medicines such as immunosuppressants and biologics. Studies on HTLV-1 gene-transgenic mice have shown manifestations resembling rheumatic diseases. Epidemiological studies have shown a high incidence of HTLV-1 infection in patients with rheumatic diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Sjogren’s syndrome, and polymyositis. HTLV-1-positive and HTLV-1-negative patients with RA have displayed similar immunological features including the seroprevalence of anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies. Conversely, attenuated effectiveness of tumor necrosis factor inhibitors for HTLV-1-positive patients with RA in Japan has been reported. Therefore, although no direct evidence has shown that HTLV-1 infection alone causes rheumatic diseases, HTLV-1 may affect the inflammation of RA. Although the incidence of ATL or HAM/TSP among patients with rheumatic diseases has not been investigated in large-scale studies, ATL or HAM/TSP has developed among HTLV-1-positive patients with rheumatic diseases. HTLV-1 infection may affect the clinical course of patients with rheumatic diseases, particularly after receiving anti-rheumatic agents. Because studies on these issues are limited, further investigation with large sample sizes is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunihiko Umekita
- Department of Rheumatology, Infectious Diseases, and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Akihiko Okayama
- Department of Rheumatology, Infectious Diseases, and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
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10
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Mozhgani SH, Piran M, Zarei-Ghobadi M, Jafari M, Jazayeri SM, Mokhtari-Azad T, Teymoori-Rad M, Valizadeh N, Farajifard H, Mirzaie M, Khamseh A, Rafatpanah H, Rezaee SA, Norouzi M. An insight to HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) pathogenesis; evidence from high-throughput data integration and meta-analysis. Retrovirology 2019; 16:46. [PMID: 31888669 PMCID: PMC6937958 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-019-0508-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human T-lymphotropic virus 1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) is a progressive disease of the central nervous system that significantly affected spinal cord, nevertheless, the pathogenesis pathway and reliable biomarkers have not been well determined. This study aimed to employ high throughput meta-analysis to find major genes that are possibly involved in the pathogenesis of HAM/TSP. RESULTS High-throughput statistical analyses identified 832, 49, and 22 differentially expressed genes for normal vs. ACs, normal vs. HAM/TSP, and ACs vs. HAM/TSP groups, respectively. The protein-protein interactions between DEGs were identified in STRING and further network analyses highlighted 24 and 6 hub genes for normal vs. HAM/TSP and ACs vs. HAM/TSP groups, respectively. Moreover, four biologically meaningful modules including 251 genes were identified for normal vs. ACs. Biological network analyses indicated the involvement of hub genes in many vital pathways like JAK-STAT signaling pathway, interferon, Interleukins, and immune pathways in the normal vs. HAM/TSP group and Metabolism of RNA, Viral mRNA Translation, Human T cell leukemia virus 1 infection, and Cell cycle in the normal vs. ACs group. Moreover, three major genes including STAT1, TAP1, and PSMB8 were identified by network analysis. Real-time PCR revealed the meaningful down-regulation of STAT1 in HAM/TSP samples than AC and normal samples (P = 0.01 and P = 0.02, respectively), up-regulation of PSMB8 in HAM/TSP samples than AC and normal samples (P = 0.04 and P = 0.01, respectively), and down-regulation of TAP1 in HAM/TSP samples than those in AC and normal samples (P = 0.008 and P = 0.02, respectively). No significant difference was found among three groups in terms of the percentage of T helper and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (P = 0.55 and P = 0.12). CONCLUSIONS High-throughput data integration disclosed novel hub genes involved in important pathways in virus infection and immune systems. The comprehensive studies are needed to improve our knowledge about the pathogenesis pathways and also biomarkers of complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayed-Hamidreza Mozhgani
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mehran Piran
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência - IGC, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, 2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Mohadeseh Zarei-Ghobadi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohieddin Jafari
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Seyed-Mohammad Jazayeri
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Talat Mokhtari-Azad
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Teymoori-Rad
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Narges Valizadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid Farajifard
- Immunology-Microbiology Department, School of Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences, 14155-6447, Qom, Iran
- Pediatric Cell Therapy Research Center, Children Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mirzaie
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Khamseh
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Houshang Rafatpanah
- Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed-Abdolrahim Rezaee
- Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Norouzi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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11
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Vallinoto ACR, Cayres-Vallinoto I, Freitas Queiroz MA, Ishak MDOG, Ishak R. Influence of Immunogenetic Biomarkers in the Clinical Outcome of HTLV-1 Infected Persons. Viruses 2019; 11:v11110974. [PMID: 31652745 PMCID: PMC6893456 DOI: 10.3390/v11110974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus 1, a member of the Retroviridae family, causes a neglected, silent, persistent infection affecting circa 5 to 10 million people around the world, with biology, immune pathology, clinical diseases, epidemiology, and laboratory issues still unsolved. Most of the infected subjects are asymptomatic, but severe clinical disorders appear as a neurodegenerative disease (HTLV-1 associated myelopathy—HAM) or a lymphoprolipherative disorder (Adult T Leukemia/Lymphoma—ATLL) and in other target organs of the human body. HTLV-1 infections are frequently asymptomatic, but there is a large spectrum of diseases that have been described along the years. The mechanisms by which the virus interacts with the host, the different modes of response of the host to the infection, and the immunogenic characteristics of the host are some of the interesting and unanswered questions that may direct the outcome of the disease. The most relevant published results dealing with the genetic variations of the host, the immune response to HTLV-1 infection, and the outcome of the infection are presented herein, including Human Leucocyte Antigen (HLA), Killer Immunoglobulin-like Receptors (KIR), interleukin 6, 10, 28, Fas and Fas ligand, IFN-gamma, TNF-A, and Mannose-binding lectin. In summary, there are still several unmet research needs in the field of useful biomarkers on HTLV-1 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Izaura Cayres-Vallinoto
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil.
| | - Maria Alice Freitas Queiroz
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil.
| | | | - Ricardo Ishak
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil.
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12
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Gascon MR, Haziot ME, Assone T, Fonseca LAM, Smid J, Oliveira ACPD, Casseb J. Memory impairment: an intermediate clinical syndrome symptom in HTLV-1-infected patients? ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2019; 77:429-435. [PMID: 31314846 DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x20190062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although classical human T-cell lymphocyte virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis syndrome is the most frequent HTLV-1-associated neurological disorder, some "minor" neurological disorders can be seen in "asymptomatic" carriers. These disorders, including cognitive alterations already described in clinical cases and studies, may constitute an intermediate syndrome (IMS) between the asymptomatic state and myelopathy. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of cognitive deficits in patients with HTLV-1 virus, who usually are diagnosed as asymptomatic. METHODS A total of 54 HTLV-1-infected patients were evaluated, 35 asymptomatic and 19 with minor neurological alterations (evaluated by a neurologist); 25 HTLV-1-seronegative individuals served as controls. The instruments used were: Beck's Depression Inventory, Lawton's Daily Life Activity Scale, and a complete neuropsychological battery. The application of these evaluation instruments was performed blindly, with the evaluator neuropsychologist not knowing the clinical condition of the patient. RESULTS Most of the participants in this cohort, including seronegative controls, were female (n = 57, 72.21%), their mean age was 52.34 years (SD = 14.29) and their average schooling was 9.70 years (SD = 4.11). DISCUSSION Participants classified with IMS had lower gross scores when compared with both the patients classified as asymptomatic and with the control group, and when tested for auditory episodic memory of immediate (p < 0.01), and late (p = 0.01), recall. CONCLUSION Patients with IMS presented with memory impairment when compared with asymptomatic patients and seronegative individuals; this is one of the symptoms that aids in the classification of the syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rita Gascon
- Universidade de São Paulo, Hospital das Clínicas, Instituto Central, Divisão de Psicologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Michel E Haziot
- Instituto de Doenças Infecciosas "Emilio Ribas" de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Tatiane Assone
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Dermatologia, Laboratório de Dermatologia e Imunodeficiencas, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.,Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Jerusa Smid
- Instituto de Doenças Infecciosas "Emilio Ribas" de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Jorge Casseb
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Dermatologia, Laboratório de Dermatologia e Imunodeficiencas, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.,Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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13
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Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 and Zika virus: tale of two reemerging viruses with neuropathological sequelae of public health concern. J Neurovirol 2019; 25:289-300. [PMID: 30693421 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-019-00720-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and Zika virus (ZIKV) have been considered neglected viruses of low public health concern until recently when incidences of HTLV-1 and ZIKV were observed to be linked to serious immune-related disease and neurological complications. This review will discuss the epidemiology, genomic evolution, virus-host interactions, virulence factors, neuropathological sequelae, and current perspectives of these reemerging viruses. There are no FDA-approved therapeutics or vaccines against these viruses, and as such, it is important for clinical trials to focus on developing vaccines that can induce cell-mediated immune response to confer long-term protective immunity. Furthermore, attention should be paid to reducing the transmission of these viruses through unprotected sex, infected blood during sharing of contaminated needles, donated blood and organs, and vertical transmission from mother to baby via breastfeeding. There is an urgent need to re-evaluate repurposing current antiviral therapies as well as developing novel antiviral agents with enhanced efficacy due to the high morbidity rate associated with these two reemerging chronic viral diseases.
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14
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Schor D, Porto LC, Roma EH, Quintana MDSB, Fabricio-Silva GM, Bonecini-Almeida MG, Araújo AQC, Andrada-Serpa MJ. Lack of association between single-nucleotide polymorphisms of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy / tropical spastic paraparesis development in patients from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:593. [PMID: 30466392 PMCID: PMC6251227 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3510-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) is a progressive neurological and inflammatory disease, associated with HTLV-1 infection. HAM/TSP neurological disease is a consequence of an inflammatory reaction, and adaptive immune responses, through the secretion of anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines, play an important role in the outcome of infection and disease progression. Studies addressing the association between cytokines functional single nucleotide polymorphisms and HAM/TSP development are scarce. Methods The genetic polymorphisms of cytokine genes were evaluated in HAM/TSP patients (n = 68) and in asymptomatic HTLV-1 positive carriers (n = 83) from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in a case-control study. HTLV-1 infected patients were genotyped for SNPs in five cytokine genes: TNFA-308G/A, IL6-174G/C, IFNG + 874 T/A, TGFB at the codons + 10 T/C and + 25G/C, IL10-592C/A and -819C/T, and -1082A/G and proviral load (PVL) was quantified. Associations between genotypes, haplotypes, clinical outcome and pro viral load were evaluated. Results Lack of association between the cytokine polymorphisms and disease outcome was observed. The genotypes TNFA-308GG, IL6-174GG/GC, IL10-592AA and -819CC and TGFb1 high producers phenotypes were correlated with higher PVL in HAM/TSP patients versus asymptomatic carriers. Conclusions We did not observe association between cytokine polymorphisms and risk for HAM/TSP development in Brazilian HTLV-1 infected individuals, regardless of differences in PVL between HAM/TSP versus asymptomatic carriers in specific cytokine polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Schor
- Laboratory of Immunology and Immunogenetics in Infectious Diseases, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, FIOCRUZ, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil.,Laboratory for Clinical Research in Neuroinfections, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luís Cristóvão Porto
- Histocompatibility and Cryopreservation Laboratory, Policlinica Piquet Carneiro, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Eric Henrique Roma
- Laboratory of Immunology and Immunogenetics in Infectious Diseases, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, FIOCRUZ, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil.
| | | | - Gustavo Milson Fabricio-Silva
- Histocompatibility and Cryopreservation Laboratory, Policlinica Piquet Carneiro, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Gloria Bonecini-Almeida
- Laboratory of Immunology and Immunogenetics in Infectious Diseases, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, FIOCRUZ, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Abelardo Queiroz-Campos Araújo
- Laboratory for Clinical Research in Neuroinfections, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Jose Andrada-Serpa
- Laboratory for Clinical Research in Neuroinfections, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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15
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Queiroz MAF, Azevedo VN, Amoras EDSG, Moura TCF, Guimarães Ishak MDO, Ishak R, Vallinoto ACR, Martins Feitosa RN. IFNG +874A/T Polymorphism Among Asymptomatic HTLV-1-Infected Individuals Is Potentially Related to a Worse Prognosis. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:795. [PMID: 29867783 PMCID: PMC5968086 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
HTLV-1 infections are persistent and frequently latent; however, productive infections trigger different types of immunological responses that utilize cytokines to control infection. The present study investigated the role of IFNG +874A/T polymorphisms among 153 HTLV-1-infected individuals (33 clinically diagnosed with TSP/HAM, 22 with rheumatologic manifestations, 2 with dermatitis, 1 with uveitis, and 95 asymptomatic patients) and 300 healthy control individuals. Genotyping and proviral HTLV-1 load assessment were performed using real-time PCR assays, and the plasma levels of IFN-γ were measured using an enzyme immunoassay (ELISA). Genotype frequencies were not significantly different, but the presence of the T allele was higher (p < 0.0142) among the asymptomatic patients. Plasma levels of IFN-γ were significantly higher (p < 0.0137) among those with the TT genotype. Their proviral load was also higher, although this elevation did not reach statistical significance. There was no difference in the IFN-γ plasma levels among the symptomatic patients, even when ranked according to disease severity (TSP/HAM or rheumatologic manifestations). However, the difference among asymptomatic patients with the T allele was significantly higher (p < 0.0016) and similar to the plasma levels observed among symptomatic individuals. These results suggest that the IFNG +874A/T polymorphism may modulate the plasma levels of IFN-γ during HTLV-1 infection. Asymptomatic carriers of the polymorphic genotypes appear to develop an inflammatory response in a shorter timeframe, triggering progression to HTLV-1-related symptoms and disorders. These results further suggest that HTLV-1-infected asymptomatic individuals expressing the IFNG +874A/T polymorphism should be monitored more closely in order to readily detect the increase in clinical symptoms, as these patients are potentially at risk of a poor prognosis and should therefore start available treatment procedures earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A F Queiroz
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Vânia N Azevedo
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Ednelza da S G Amoras
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Tuane C F Moura
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Ishak
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Antonio C R Vallinoto
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
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16
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Rosa DV, Magno LA, Pereira NC, Romanelli LC, Albuquerque MR, Martins ML, de Freitas Carneiro Proietti AB, Nicolato R, Simões E Silva AC, de Miranda DM. Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid levels of cytokines as disease markers of neurologic manifestation in long-term HTLV-1 infected individuals. Biomark Med 2018; 12:447-454. [PMID: 29737866 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2017-0313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study is to evaluate the presence of a particular immunological profile in individuals long-term infected with HTLV-1, followed presenting different clinical courses. MATERIALS & METHODS Forty-eight individuals were evaluated for 19 cytokines analyzed in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma of patients with HTLV-1 presenting with and without neurological symptoms. RESULTS Proinflammatory cytokines and the chemokine ligand 11 (ITAC/CXCL11) were increased in individuals with HTLV-1 coursing with neurological symptoms. CONCLUSION Different cytokines' expression profile in the presence of neurological symptoms may help to understand and characterize the progression for severe clinical presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela V Rosa
- Laboratório de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av Alfredo Balena, 190. Belo Horizonte-MG, CEP 30130-100, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência eTecnologia de Medicina Molecular, INCT-MM, CNPq-FAPEMIG, Universidade Federalde Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte
| | - Luiz A Magno
- Laboratório de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av Alfredo Balena, 190. Belo Horizonte-MG, CEP 30130-100, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência eTecnologia de Medicina Molecular, INCT-MM, CNPq-FAPEMIG, Universidade Federalde Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte
| | - Nathália Cm Pereira
- Laboratório de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av Alfredo Balena, 190. Belo Horizonte-MG, CEP 30130-100, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência eTecnologia de Medicina Molecular, INCT-MM, CNPq-FAPEMIG, Universidade Federalde Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte
| | - Luiz C Romanelli
- Laboratório de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av Alfredo Balena, 190. Belo Horizonte-MG, CEP 30130-100, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência eTecnologia de Medicina Molecular, INCT-MM, CNPq-FAPEMIG, Universidade Federalde Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte.,GIPH Hemominas, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
| | - Maicon R Albuquerque
- Laboratório de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av Alfredo Balena, 190. Belo Horizonte-MG, CEP 30130-100, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência eTecnologia de Medicina Molecular, INCT-MM, CNPq-FAPEMIG, Universidade Federalde Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte
| | | | | | - Rodrigo Nicolato
- Laboratório de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av Alfredo Balena, 190. Belo Horizonte-MG, CEP 30130-100, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência eTecnologia de Medicina Molecular, INCT-MM, CNPq-FAPEMIG, Universidade Federalde Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte
| | - Ana C Simões E Silva
- Laboratório de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av Alfredo Balena, 190. Belo Horizonte-MG, CEP 30130-100, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência eTecnologia de Medicina Molecular, INCT-MM, CNPq-FAPEMIG, Universidade Federalde Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte.,Department of Pediatrics, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av Alfredo Balena, 190. Belo Horizonte-MG, CEP 30130-100, Brazil
| | - Debora M de Miranda
- Laboratório de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av Alfredo Balena, 190. Belo Horizonte-MG, CEP 30130-100, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência eTecnologia de Medicina Molecular, INCT-MM, CNPq-FAPEMIG, Universidade Federalde Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte
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17
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Assone T, Kanashiro TM, Baldassin MPM, Paiva A, Haziot ME, Smid J, Oliveira APD, Fonseca LAM, Norris PJ, Casseb J. In vitro basal T-cell proliferation among asymptomatic Human T cell Leukemia Virus type 1 patients co-infected with hepatitis C and/or Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1. Braz J Infect Dis 2018; 22:106-112. [PMID: 29499169 PMCID: PMC9428222 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infection with Human T cell Leukemia Virus type 1 can be associated with myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and other inflammatory diseases. Lymphocytes from about half of Human T cell Leukemia Virus type 1-infected subjects spontaneously proliferate in vitro, and how this phenomenon relates to symptomatic disease and viral burden is poorly understood. Objective To evaluate T-cell proliferation in vitro among patients co-infected with Human T cell Leukemia Virus type 1/Hepatitis C Virus/Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1. Material and methods From 610 Human T cell Leukemia Virus-infected patients of the Human T cell Leukemia Virus outpatient clinic from Institute of Infectious Diseases “Emilio Ribas” in São Paulo, 273 agreed to participate: 72 had HAM/TSP (excluded from this analysis) and 201 were asymptomatic, a classification performed during a regular neurological appointment. We selected the subgroup made up only by the 201 asymptomatic subjects to avoid bias by the clinical status as a confounder effect, who had laboratory results of Human T cell Leukemia Virus type 1 proviral load and T-cell proliferation assay in our database. They were further grouped according to their serological status in four categories: 121 Human T cell Leukemia Virus type 1 asymptomatic mono-infected carriers; 32 Human T cell Leukemia Virus type 1/Hepatitis C Virus, 29 Human T cell Leukemia Virus type 1/Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1, and 19 Human T cell Leukemia Virus type 1/Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1/Hepatitis C Virus co-infected patients. Clinical data were obtained from medical records and interviews. DNA Human T cell Leukemia Virus type 1 proviral load (PVL) and T-cell proliferation (LPA) assay were performed for all samples. Results From a total of 273 subjects with Human T cell Leukemia Virus type 1, 80 presented co-infections: 29 had Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1, 32 had Hepatitis C Virus, and 19 had Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 and Hepatitis C Virus. Comparing the groups based on their serological status, independently of being asymptomatic carriers, we observed a significant increase of PVL (p < 0.001) and LPA (p = 0.001). However, when groups were stratified according to their clinical and serological status, there was no significant increase in Human T cell Leukemia Virus type 1 PVL and LPA. Conclusion No significant increase of basal T-cell proliferation among Human T cell Leukemia Virus type 1 co-infected was observed. This interaction may be implicated in liver damage, worsening the prognosis of co-infected patients or, on the contrary, inducing a higher spontaneous clearance of Hepatitis C Virus infection in Human T cell Leukemia Virus type 1 co-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane Assone
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Dermatologia, Laboratório de Investigação em Dermatologia e Imunodeficiências, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Tatiana M Kanashiro
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Dermatologia, Laboratório de Investigação em Dermatologia e Imunodeficiências, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maira P M Baldassin
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Dermatologia, Laboratório de Investigação em Dermatologia e Imunodeficiências, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Arthur Paiva
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Dermatologia, Laboratório de Investigação em Dermatologia e Imunodeficiências, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Michel E Haziot
- Instituto de Doenças Infecciosas "Emilio Ribas" (IIER), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jerusa Smid
- Instituto de Doenças Infecciosas "Emilio Ribas" (IIER), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz Augusto M Fonseca
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Philip J Norris
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA; University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jorge Casseb
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Dermatologia, Laboratório de Investigação em Dermatologia e Imunodeficiências, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Kagdi H, Demontis MA, Ramos JC, Taylor GP. Switching and loss of cellular cytokine producing capacity characterize in vivo viral infection and malignant transformation in human T- lymphotropic virus type 1 infection. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006861. [PMID: 29444188 PMCID: PMC5828519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma (ATL) arises from chronic non-malignant human T lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) infection which is characterized by high plasma pro-inflammatory cytokines whereas ATL is characterized by high plasma anti-inflammatory (IL-10) concentrations. The poor prognosis of ATL is partly ascribed to disease-associated immune suppression. ATL cells have a CD4+CCR4+CD26-CD7- immunophenotype but infected cells with this immunophenotype (‘ATL-like’ cells) are also present in non-malignant HTLV-1 infection. We hypothesized that ‘ATL-like’ and ATL cells have distinct cytokine producing capacity and a switch in the cytokines produced occurs during leukemogenesis. Seventeen asymptomatic carriers (ACs), 28 patients with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (HAM) and 28 with ATL were studied. Plasma IL-10 concentration and the absolute frequency of IL-10-producing CD4+ T cells were significantly higher in patients with ATL compared to AC. IL-10-producing ATL cells were significantly more frequent than ‘ATL-like’ cells. The cytokine-producing cells were only a small fraction of ATL cells. Clonality analysis revealed that even in patients with ATL the ATL cells were composed not only of a single dominant clone (putative ATL cells) but also tens of non-dominant infected clones (‘ATL-like’ cells). The frequency of cytokine-producing cells showed a strong inverse correlation with the relative abundance of the largest clone in ATL cells suggesting that the putative ATL cells were cytokine non-producing and that the ‘ATL-like’ cells were the primary cytokine producers. These findings were confirmed by RNAseq with cytokine mRNA expression in ATL cells in patients with ATL (confirmed to be composed of both putative ATL and ‘ATL-like’ cells by TCR analysis) significantly lower compared to ‘ATL-like’ cells in patients with non-malignant HTLV-1 infection (confirmed to be composed of hundreds of non-dominant clones by TCR analysis). A significant inverse correlation between the relative abundance of the largest clone and cytokine mRNA expression was also confirmed. Finally, ‘ATL-like’ cells produced less pro- and more anti-inflammatory cytokines than non ‘ATL-like’ CD4+ cells (which are predominantly HTLV uninfected). In summary, HTLV-1 infection of CD4+ T cells is associated with a change in cytokine producing capacity and dominant malignant clonal growth is associated with loss of cytokine producing capacity. Non-dominant clones with ‘ATL-like’ cells contribute to plasma cytokine profile in patients with non-malignant HTLV-1 infection and are also present in patient with ATL. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) infection of CD4+ T cells is associated with a change in their cytokine producing capacity and is responsible for the different plasma cytokine profiles in patients with adult T-cell leukaemia/Lymphoma (ATL) and non-malignant HTLV-1 infection. Dominant malignant clonal growth of the infected CD4+ T cells is associated with loss of cytokine producing capacity. ACs, patients with HAM and patients with ATL have a common cytokine cluster with positive correlations between pro- (TNFα and IL-6) and anti- (IL-10) inflammatory cytokines. Plasma IL-10 was higher in the HAM and ATL states compared to AC whilst there was no difference in pro-inflammatory cytokines. Patients with HAM have raised plasma concentrations of IFNγ, IL-10 and IL-17 suggesting a complex interaction between these cytokine in HAM which was not seen in ATL. Aggressive ATL is associated with raised plasma concentrations of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines compared to indolent ATL. This cytokine profile did not precede or predict aggressive ATL. The ‘ATL-like’ infected cells in ACs and in patients with HAM have lower pro- and higher anti-inflammatory cytokine secretion than non- ‘ATL-like’ cells which are predominantly HTLV-1 uninfected. Putative ATL cells have little or no cytokine producing capacity. ‘ATL-like’ infected cells from non-dominant infected clones were present not only in patients with non-malignant HTLV-1 infection but also ATL. ‘ATL-like’ cells have cytokine producing capacity and contribute to plasma cytokine profile in patients with non-malignant HTLV-1 infection and possibly also in ATL.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Viral/physiology
- Clonal Evolution/physiology
- Cohort Studies
- Cytokines/blood
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Progression
- Female
- HTLV-I Infections/immunology
- HTLV-I Infections/metabolism
- HTLV-I Infections/pathology
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/immunology
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/pathogenicity
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/physiology
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/virology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/immunology
- Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/metabolism
- Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/pathology
- Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/virology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Viral Load
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Affiliation(s)
- Huseini Kagdi
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Juan Carlos Ramos
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Graham P. Taylor
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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19
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Polymorphisms in HLA-C and KIR alleles are not associated with HAM/TSP risk in HTLV-1-infected subjects. Virus Res 2018; 244:71-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), also known as human T lymphotropic virus type 1, was the first exogenous human retrovirus discovered. Unlike the distantly related lentivirus HIV-1, HTLV-1 causes disease in only 5-10% of infected people, depending on their ethnic origin. But whereas HIV-1 infection and the consequent diseases can be efficiently contained in most cases by antiretroviral drug treatment, there is no satisfactory treatment for the malignant or inflammatory diseases caused by HTLV-1. The purpose of the present article is to review recent advances in the understanding of the mechanisms by which the virus persists in vivo and causes disabling or fatal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R M Bangham
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom;
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21
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Neco HVPC, Teixeira VGS, Trindade ACL, Magalhães PMR, Lorena VMB, Vasconcelos LR, Moura PMMF, Morais CNL. IL17A Polymorphism Is Not Associated with Human T-Lymphotropic Virus 1-Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis. Viral Immunol 2017; 30:298-301. [PMID: 28410448 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2016.0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) is the causative agent of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). The present study investigated the association between the rs2275913 polymorphism in the IL17A gene and the development of HAM/TSP. Peripheral blood samples were collected from 116 patients (29 symptomatic patients with HAM/TSP and 87 asymptomatic) with a positive diagnosis of HTLV-1. The single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping was carried out by real time PCR using TaqMan probes. In addition, serum levels of IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-17 were measured in 64 infected individuals from the study (47 asymptomatic and 17 HAM/TSP), using cytometric bead array technique. No significant differences were found in genotypic and allelic frequencies between the groups. Analysis of cytokine levels showed highest concentrations of IFN-γ and TNF-α in HAM/TSP patients. The results of the present study, therefore, suggest a lack of association between the rs2275913 polymorphism in the IL17A gene and the presence of HAM/TSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heytor V P C Neco
- 1 Department of Virology, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães (CPqAM) Research Center , Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Recife, Brazil
| | - Vanessa G S Teixeira
- 2 Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade de Pernambuco , Recife, Brazil
| | - Ana C L Trindade
- 2 Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade de Pernambuco , Recife, Brazil
| | | | - Virgínia M B Lorena
- 4 Department of Immunology, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães (CPqAM) Research Center , Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Recife, Brazil
| | - Luydson R Vasconcelos
- 5 Department of Parasitology, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães (CPqAM) Research Center , Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Recife, Brazil
| | - Patricia M M F Moura
- 2 Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade de Pernambuco , Recife, Brazil
| | - Clarice N L Morais
- 1 Department of Virology, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães (CPqAM) Research Center , Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Recife, Brazil
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22
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Domingos JA, Soares LS, Bandeira LM, Bonin CM, Vicente ACP, Zanella L, Puga MAM, Tozetti IA, Motta-Castro ARC, da Cunha RV. Cytokine profile and proviral load among Japanese immigrants and non-Japanese infected with HTLV-1 in a non-endemic area of Brazil. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174869. [PMID: 28376092 PMCID: PMC5380323 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The lifetime risk of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) development differs among ethnic groups. To better understand these differences, this prospective cohort study was conducted to investigate the cytokine profile and the HTLV-1 proviral load (PVL) in Japanese and non-Japanese populations with HAM/TSP and asymptomatic carriers (ACs). The serum IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, TNF-α, and IFN-γ levels were quantified using the Cytometric Bead Array in 40 HTLV-1-infected patients (11 HAM/TSP and 29 ACs) and 18 healthy controls (HCs) in Brazil. Among ACs, 15 were Japanese descendants and 14 were non-Japanese. Of 11 patients with HAM/TSP, only one was a Japanese descendant. The HTLV-1 PVL was quantified by real-time PCR. The HTLV-1 PVL was 2.7-fold higher in HAM/TSP patients than ACs. Regardless of the clinical outcome, the PVL was significantly higher in patients younger than 60 years than older patients. The HAM/TSP and ACs had higher IL-10 serum concentrations than that of HCs. The ACs also showed higher IL-6 serum levels than those of HCs. According to age, the IL-10 and IL-6 levels were higher in ACs non-Japanese patients older than 60 years. HAM/TSP patients showed a positive correlation between IL-6 and IL-17 and a negative correlation between the PVL and IL-17 and IFN-γ. In the all ACs, a significant positive correlation was observed between IL-2 and IL-17 and a negative correlation was detected between IL-10 and TNF-α. Only 6.25% of the Japanese patients were symptomatic carriers, compared with 41.67% of the non-Japanese patients. In conclusion, this study showed that high levels of HTLV-1 PVL was intrinsicaly associated with the development of HAM/TSP. A higher HTLV-1 PVL and IL10 levels found in non-Japanese ACs over 60 years old, which compared with the Japanese group depicts that the ethnic background may interfere in the host immune status. More researches also need to be undertaken regarding the host genetic background to better understand the low frequency of HAM/TSP in Japanese HTLV-1-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luana Silva Soares
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Larissa M. Bandeira
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Camila Mareti Bonin
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Ana Rita Coimbra Motta-Castro
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Rivaldo Venâncio da Cunha
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
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23
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Physalin F, a seco-steroid from Physalis angulata L., has immunosuppressive activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with HTLV1-associated myelopathy. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 79:129-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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24
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Assone T, Paiva A, Fonseca LAM, Casseb J. Genetic Markers of the Host in Persons Living with HTLV-1, HIV and HCV Infections. Viruses 2016; 8:v8020038. [PMID: 26848682 PMCID: PMC4776193 DOI: 10.3390/v8020038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) are prevalent worldwide, and share similar means of transmission. These infections may influence each other in evolution and outcome, including cancer or immunodeficiency. Many studies have reported the influence of genetic markers on the host immune response against different persistent viral infections, such as HTLV-1 infection, pointing to the importance of the individual genetic background on their outcomes. However, despite recent advances on the knowledge of the pathogenesis of HTLV-1 infection, gaps in the understanding of the role of the individual genetic background on the progress to disease clinically manifested still remain. In this scenario, much less is known regarding the influence of genetic factors in the context of dual or triple infections or their influence on the underlying mechanisms that lead to outcomes that differ from those observed in monoinfection. This review describes the main factors involved in the virus–host balance, especially for some particular human leukocyte antigen (HLA) haplotypes, and other important genetic markers in the development of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and other persistent viruses, such as HIV and HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane Assone
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immune deficiencies, Department of Dermatology, University of São Paulo Medical School, LIM56, Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar 500, 3rd Floor, Building II, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Arthur Paiva
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Luiz Augusto M Fonseca
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Jorge Casseb
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immune deficiencies, Department of Dermatology, University of São Paulo Medical School, LIM56, Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar 500, 3rd Floor, Building II, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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25
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Correlation between clinical symptoms and peripheral immune response in HAM/TSP. Microb Pathog 2015; 92:72-75. [PMID: 26626960 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
HTLV-1 infects principally CD4+ T cells that are the main reservoirs of the virus in vivo, which play an important role in the immunological response. Most of the infected patients are asymptomatic. However, 2-3% of patients will develop HAM/TSP or Adult T lymphoma. HAM/TSP is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system, which is characterized by unremitting myelopathic symptoms. Studies have shown that cytokines levels alterations (IFN-γ and TNF-α) were associated with tissue injury in HAM/TSP. The aims of this study were to compare the gene expression of IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-10 of asymptomatic and HAM/TSP HTLV-1 infected patients, and to correlate the gene expression with those of clinical symptoms. 28 subjects were included, 20 asymptomatic HTLV-1 and 8 with HAM/TSP. Spasticity was evaluated using the Modified Ashworth Scale and the degree of walking aid was classified on a progressive scale. The relative gene expression of IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-10 was measured by Real-Time PCR. Results showed high gene expression of IFN-γ for all patients, but it was higher among HAM/TSP. A significant correlation was observed between IFN-γ gene expression and the degree of walking aid, and IFN-γ gene expression was higher among wheelchair users compared to non-wheelchair users. No association was found with IL-4 and IL-10. These findings indicate that HAM/TSP patients express higher amounts of IFN-γ than asymptomatic patients, and more importantly, the expression of this cytokine was strongly correlated with the need of walking aid.
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26
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Starling ALB, Coelho-dos-Reis JGA, Peruhype-Magalhães V, Pascoal-Xavier MA, Gonçalves DU, Béla SR, Lambertucci JR, Labanca L, Souza Pereira SR, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Ribas JG, Trindade BC, Faccioli LH, Carneiro-Proietti ABF, Martins-Filho OA. Immunological signature of the different clinical stages of the HTLV-1 infection: establishing serum biomarkers for HTLV-1-associated disease morbidity. Biomarkers 2015; 20:502-12. [DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2015.1094141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lúcia Borges Starling
- Centro De Pesquisas René Rachou – FIOCRUZ-Minas, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil,
- Fundação Centro De Hematologia E Hemoterapia De Minas Gerais – HEMOMINAS, Santa Efigênia, Minas Gerais, Brazil,
- Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Infectologia E Medicina Tropical – Faculdade De Medicina Da Universidade Federal De Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil,
| | | | | | - Marcelo Antônio Pascoal-Xavier
- Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Infectologia E Medicina Tropical – Faculdade De Medicina Da Universidade Federal De Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil,
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Medicine School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil,
| | - Denise Utsch Gonçalves
- Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Infectologia E Medicina Tropical – Faculdade De Medicina Da Universidade Federal De Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil,
| | - Samantha Ribeiro Béla
- Centro De Pesquisas René Rachou – FIOCRUZ-Minas, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil,
| | - José Roberto Lambertucci
- Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Infectologia E Medicina Tropical – Faculdade De Medicina Da Universidade Federal De Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil,
| | - Ludimila Labanca
- Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Infectologia E Medicina Tropical – Faculdade De Medicina Da Universidade Federal De Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil,
| | - Silvio Roberto Souza Pereira
- Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Infectologia E Medicina Tropical – Faculdade De Medicina Da Universidade Federal De Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil,
| | | | | | - Bruno Caetano Trindade
- Centro De Pesquisas René Rachou – FIOCRUZ-Minas, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil,
- Laboratório De Inflamação E Imunologia Das Parasitoses, Faculdade De Ciências Farmacêuticas De Ribeirão Preto, Universidade De São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucia Helena Faccioli
- Laboratório De Inflamação E Imunologia Das Parasitoses, Faculdade De Ciências Farmacêuticas De Ribeirão Preto, Universidade De São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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27
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Neurological manifestations in individuals with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis in the Amazon. Spinal Cord 2015; 54:154-7. [PMID: 26169165 DOI: 10.1038/sc.2015.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN A cross-sectional observational study was conducted. OBJECTIVE The aim was to analyze the clinical-functional profile of patients diagnosed with HTLV-1 (human T-lymphotropic virus type 1)-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) in the Amazon region. SETTING Reference center for HTLV in the city of Belém, state of Pará, Brazil. METHODS Muscle strength, muscle tone, balance and the need for gait assistance among patients with HAM/TSP were evaluated. RESULTS Among the 82 patients infected with HTLV-1, 27 (10 men and 17 women) were diagnosed with HAM/TSP. No statistically significant difference in muscle tone or strength was found between the lower limbs. Muscle weakness and spasticity were predominant in the proximal lower limbs. Patients with HAM/TSP are at a high risk of falls (P=0.03), and predominantly use either a cane or a crutch on one side as a gait-assistance device (P=0.02). CONCLUSION Patients with HAM/TSP exhibit a similar clinical pattern of muscle weakness and spasticity, with a high risk of falls, requiring gait-assistance devices.
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28
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Espíndola OM, Oliveira LC, Ferreira PMS, Leite ACCB, Lima MASD, Andrada-Serpa MJ. High IFN-γ/IL-10 expression ratio and increased frequency of persistent human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1-infected clones are associated with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis development. Intervirology 2015; 58:106-14. [PMID: 25833232 DOI: 10.1159/000371766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus that causes a persistent infection, and only 0.5-5% of infected individuals will develop HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Therefore, we investigated parameters to discriminate HTLV-1 asymptomatic carriers (ACs) with an increased chance to develop HAM/TSP. METHODS We evaluated integration patterns of HTLV-1 provirus, the relative expression of HTLV-1 tax and HBZ mRNAs and of IFN-γ and IL-10 mRNAs, in addition to proviral load (PVL) levels. RESULTS HAM/TSP patients presented a higher number of large persistent HTLV-1-carrying clones compared to ACs, and the expression of the HTLV-1 tax and HBZ genes by infected cells was detected at low levels and correlated positively with PVL. In addition, HAM/TSP patients and ACs with high PVL expressed higher levels of IFN-γ mRNA in comparison to IL-10, while ACs with low PVL presented an equilibrate IFN-γ/IL-10 ratio. CONCLUSIONS The presence of large persistent HTLV-1-infected clones in association with viral gene expression, even at small levels, could stimulate the intense inflammatory response in HTLV-1-infected individuals. This was supported by a high ratio of IFN-γ/IL-10 relative expression in HAM/TSP patients and ACs with high PVL, indicating that these parameters could aid the identification of ACs with a high risk to develop HAM/TSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otávio M Espíndola
- Laboratory for Research on Viral Pathogenesis, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases - FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Assone T, de Souza FV, Gaester KO, Fonseca LAM, Luiz ODC, Malta F, Pinho JRR, Gonçalves FDT, Duarte AJDS, de Oliveira ACP, Casseb J. IL28B gene polymorphism SNP rs8099917 genotype GG is associated with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) in HTLV-1 carriers. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3199. [PMID: 25233462 PMCID: PMC4169378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The polymorphisms of IL28B have been described as important in the pathogenesis of infections caused by some viruses. The aim of this research was to evaluate whether IL28B gene polymorphisms (SNP rs8099917 and SNP rs12979860) are associated with HAM/TSP. METHODS The study included 229 subjects, classified according to their neurological status in two groups: Group I (136 asymptomatic HTLV-1 carriers) and Group II (93 HAM/TSP patients). The proviral loads were quantified, and the rs8099917 and rs12979860 SNPs in the region of IL28B-gene were analyzed by StepOnePlus Real-time PCR System. RESULTS A multivariate model analysis, including gender, age, and HTLV-1 DNA proviral load, showed that IL28B polymorphisms were independently associated with HAM/TSP outcome in rs12979860 genotype CT (OR = 2.03; IC95% = 0.96-4.27) and in rs8099917 genotype GG (OR = 7.61; IC95% = 1.82-31.72). CONCLUSION Subjects with SNP rs8099917 genotype GG and rs12979618 genotype CT may present a distinct immune response against HTLV-1 infection. So, it seems reasonable to suggest that a search for IL28B polymorphisms should be performed for all HTLV-1-infected subjects in order to monitor their risk for disease development; however, since this is the first description of such finding in the literature, we should first replicate this study with more HTLV-1-infected persons to strengthen the evidence already provided by our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane Assone
- Laboratório de Dermatologia e Imunodeficiências, Departamento de Dermatologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Vieira de Souza
- Instituto de Doenças Infecciosas “Emilio Ribas” (IIER) de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karen Oliveira Gaester
- Laboratório de Dermatologia e Imunodeficiências, Departamento de Dermatologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Olinda do Carmo Luiz
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Malta
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Fernanda de Toledo Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Imuno-hematologia e Hematologia Forense – LIM40, Departamento de Medicina Legal, Ética Médica, Medicina Social e do Trabalho, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alberto Jose da Silva Duarte
- Laboratório de Dermatologia e Imunodeficiências, Departamento de Dermatologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Jorge Casseb
- Laboratório de Dermatologia e Imunodeficiências, Departamento de Dermatologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Fuzii HT, da Silva Dias GA, de Barros RJS, Falcão LFM, Quaresma JAS. Immunopathogenesis of HTLV-1-assoaciated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Life Sci 2014; 104:9-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Menezes SM, Decanine D, Brassat D, Khouri R, Schnitman SV, Kruschewsky R, López G, Alvarez C, Talledo M, Gotuzzo E, Vandamme AM, Galvão-Castro B, Liblau R, Weyenbergh JV. CD80+ and CD86+ B cells as biomarkers and possible therapeutic targets in HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis and multiple sclerosis. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:18. [PMID: 24472094 PMCID: PMC3922160 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-11-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1) is the causative agent of the incapacitating, neuroinflammatory disease HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Currently, there are no disease-modifying therapies with long-term clinical benefits or validated biomarkers for clinical follow-up in HAM/TSP. Although CD80 and CD86 costimulatory molecules play prominent roles in immune regulation and reflect disease status in multiple sclerosis (MS), data in HAM/TSP are lacking. Methods Using flow cytometry, we quantified ex vivo and in vitro expression of CD80 and CD86 in PBMCs of healthy controls, HTLV-1-infected individuals with and without HAM/TSP, and MS patients. We hypothesized ex vivo CD80 and CD86 expressions and their in vitro regulation by interferon (IFN)-α/β mirror similarities between HAM/TSP and MS and hence might reveal clinically useful biomarkers in HAM/TSP. Results Ex vivo expression of CD80 and CD86 in T and B cells increased in all HTLV-1 infected individuals, but with a selective defect for B cell CD86 upregulation in HAM/TSP. Despite decreased total B cells with increasing disease duration (p = 0.0003, r = −0.72), CD80+ B cells positively correlated with disease severity (p = 0.0017, r = 0.69) in HAM/TSP. B cell CD80 expression was higher in women with HAM/TSP, underscoring that immune markers can reflect the female predominance observed in most autoimmune diseases. In contrast to MS patients, CD80+ (p = 0.0001) and CD86+ (p = 0.0054) lymphocytes expanded upon in vitro culture in HAM/TSP patients. The expansion of CD80+ and CD86+ T cells but not B cells was associated with increased proliferation in HTLV-1 infection. In vitro treatment with IFN-β but not IFN-α resulted in a pronounced increase of B cell CD86 expression in healthy controls, as well as in patients with neuroinflammatory disease (HAM/TSP and MS), similar to in vivo treatment in MS. Conclusions We propose two novel biomarkers, ex vivo CD80+ B cells positively correlating to disease severity and CD86+ B cells preferentially induced by IFN-β, which restores defective upregulation in HAM/TSP. This study suggests a role for B cells in HAM/TSP pathogenesis and opens avenues to B cell targeting (with proven clinical benefit in MS) in HAM/TSP but also CD80-directed immunotherapy, unprecedented in both HAM/TSP and MS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Johan Van Weyenbergh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Barros N, Risco J, Rodríguez C, Sánchez C, González E, Tanaka Y, Gotuzzo E, White AC, Montes M. CD4+ T cell subsets and Tax expression in HTLV-1 associated diseases. Pathog Glob Health 2014; 107:202-6. [PMID: 23816512 DOI: 10.1179/2047773213y.0000000091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection displays variable clinical manifestations. These include inflammatory diseases such as HTLV-1 associated myelopathy (HAM) or immunosuppressive conditions such as Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection. The viral protein, Tax causes activation and proliferation of T cells. We hypothesize that the expression of Tax in T cell subsets characterizes the clinical manifestations of HTLV-1. To test this hypothesis, we measured T helper 1 effector cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs) among Tax expressing lymphocytes from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 32 HTLV-1 infected patients with HAM, with S. stercoralis co-infection or with asymptomatic infection. We observed increased ratios of Th1/Treg among Tax expressing lymphocytes in HAM patients. These data suggest that the expression of Tax among the different target cells may explain the variable presentation of HTLV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Barros
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana, Cayetano Heredia in Lima, Lima, Peru
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Coelho-dos-Reis JGA, Passos L, Duarte MC, Araújo MG, Campi-Azevedo AC, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Peruhype-Magalhães V, Trindade BC, dos Santos Dias R, Martins ML, Carneiro-Proietti ABDF, Guedes AC, Gonçalves DU, Martins-Filho OA. Immunological profile of HTLV-1-infected patients associated with infectious or autoimmune dermatological disorders. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2328. [PMID: 23936564 PMCID: PMC3723575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the frequency, the activation and the cytokine and chemokine profile of HTLV-1 carriers with or without dermatological lesions were thoroughly described and compared. The results indicated that HTLV-1-infected patients with dermatological lesions have distinct frequency and activation status when compared to asymptomatic carriers. Alterations in the CD4(+)HLA-DR(+), CD8(+) T cell, macrophage-like and NKT subsets as well as in the serum chemokines CCL5, CXCL8, CXCL9 and CXCL10 were observed in the HTLV-1-infected group with skin lesions. Additionally, HTLV-1 carriers with dermatological skin lesions showed more frequently high proviral load as compared to asymptomatic carriers. The elevated proviral load in HTLV-1 patients with infectious skin lesions correlated significantly with TNF-α/IL-10 ratio, while the same significant correlation was found for the IL-12/IL-10 ratio and the high proviral load in HTLV-1-infected patients with autoimmune skin lesions. All in all, these results suggest a distinct and unique immunological profile in the peripheral blood of HTLV-1-infected patients with skin disorders, and the different nature of skin lesion observed in these patients may be an outcome of a distinct unbalance of the systemic inflammatory response upon HTLV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordana Grazziela Alves Coelho-dos-Reis
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Instituto René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary HTLV Research Group – GIPH – HEMOMINAS, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Livia Passos
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Instituto René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Interdisciplinary HTLV Research Group – GIPH – HEMOMINAS, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mariana Costa Duarte
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Instituto René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Grossi Araújo
- Interdisciplinary HTLV Research Group – GIPH – HEMOMINAS, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Campi-Azevedo
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Instituto René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Andréa Teixeira-Carvalho
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Instituto René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Peruhype-Magalhães
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Instituto René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bruno Caetano Trindade
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Instituto René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Raquel dos Santos Dias
- Interdisciplinary HTLV Research Group – GIPH – HEMOMINAS, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marina Lobato Martins
- Interdisciplinary HTLV Research Group – GIPH – HEMOMINAS, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Antônio Carlos Guedes
- Interdisciplinary HTLV Research Group – GIPH – HEMOMINAS, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Denise Utsch Gonçalves
- Interdisciplinary HTLV Research Group – GIPH – HEMOMINAS, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Olindo Assis Martins-Filho
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Instituto René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Interdisciplinary HTLV Research Group – GIPH – HEMOMINAS, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Okajima R, Casseb J, Sanches JA. Co-presentation of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis and adult-onset infective dermatitis associated with HTLV-1 infection. Int J Dermatol 2013; 52:63-8. [PMID: 23278610 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2012.05606.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiologic agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), infective dermatitis associated with HTLV-1 (IDH), and various other clinical conditions. Several of these diseases can occur in association. OBJECTIVE Report an association of diseases related to HTLV-1 infection, occurring in an unusual age group. METHODS Dermatological and laboratory exams were consecutively performed in HTLV-1-infected individuals from January 2008 to July 2010 in the HTLV Outpatient Clinic at the Institute of Infectious Diseases "Emilio Ribas" in São Paulo, Brazil. RESULTS A total of 193 individuals (73 HAM/TSP and 120 asymptomatic carriers) were evaluated, three of which were associated with adult-onset IDH and HAM/TSP. In all three cases, the patients were affected by IDH after the development and progression of HAM/TSP-associated symptoms. LIMITATIONS Small number of cases because of the rarity of these diseases. CONCLUSION We draw attention to the possibility of co-presentation of adult-onset IDH in patients with a previous diagnosis of HAM/TSP, although IDH is a disease classically described in children. Thus, dermatologists should be aware of these diagnoses in areas endemic for HTLV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Okajima
- HTLV Outpatient Clinic, Institute of Infectious Diseases Emilio Ribas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Abrahão MH, Lima RG, Netto E, Brites C. Short communication: human lymphotropic virus type 1 coinfection modulates the synthesis of cytokines by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV type 1-infected individuals. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2012; 28:806-8. [PMID: 22050450 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2011.0192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 and HTLV-1 infect CD4(+) T lymphocyte but little is known about the impact of coinfection on patient's immune response. In this study we have evaluated the spontaneous production of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10 and interferon (IFN)-γ by unstimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cultures obtained from patients infected by HTLV-1, HIV-1, or both viruses. We have observed that HIV/HTLV-coinfected individuals presented significantly higher production of IL-2 and IFN-γ compared to both HIV single-infected and HTLV single-infected individuals. IL-6 and IL-10 synthesis was similar in all infected groups, but HTLV single-infected individuals presented a lower production of IL-4. These results show that HIV/HTLV-coinfected individuals presented a profile of higher production of Th-1 cytokines, suggesting a predominant stimulus of HTLV-1 in detriment to HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos H.N. Abrahão
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Infectologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Rosangela G. Lima
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Infectologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Netto
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Infectologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Carlos Brites
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Infectologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
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Rocha-Júnior MC, Haddad R, Cilião Alves DC, de Deus Wagatsuma VM, Mendes-Junior CT, Deghaide NHS, Takayanagui OM, Covas DT, Donadi EA, Kashima S. Interleukin-18 and interferon-gamma polymorphisms are implicated on proviral load and susceptibility to human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 80:143-50. [PMID: 22587568 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2012.01887.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-18 (IL-18) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) exert important functions in both innate and adaptive immune responses against intracellular pathogens and viruses. Previous studies suggested that host genetic factors, including cytokines gene polymorphisms, could be involved in the pathogenesis of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Thus, we analyzed -137C/G and -607A/C of the IL-18 promoter and +874T/A of the IFN-γ in DNA samples from 98 HTLV-1-infected individuals exhibiting or not clinical symptoms and 150 healthy control individuals. The IL-18 promoter -607CC genotype was significantly lower in HTLV-1 asymptomatic carriers (HAC) and HTLV-1-infected individuals (HAC + HAM/TSP) than healthy control group. In contrast, the -607AC genotype was significantly higher in HAC and HTLV-1-infected individuals group compared to the healthy control group. The -137G/-607A IL-18 haplotype was higher in infected group than healthy control group, and the -137C/-607C IL-18 haplotype was increased in the healthy control group compared to the others. Finally, the IFN-γ polymorphism analysis showed that the HTLV-1-infected individuals with +874AT genotype presented higher proviral load than +874AA genotype. These data indicate that the IL-18-607AC genotype and -137G/-607A haplotype could be a risk factor for HTLV-1 infection, whereas the protective effect could be conferred by -607CC genotype and -137C/-607C haplotype. Also, the IFN-γ could be implicated on the proviral load levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Rocha-Júnior
- Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo CEP: 14051-140, Brazil
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