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Geng R, Li X, Huang J, Zhou W. The chloroplast singlet oxygen-triggered biosynthesis of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid is mediated by EX1 and GUN1 in Arabidopsis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:2852-2864. [PMID: 38600785 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and defence hormones like salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) play pivotal roles in triggering cell death. However, the precise mechanism governing the interaction between ROS and SA/JA remains elusive. Recently, our research revealed that RNAi mutants with suppressed expression of PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH8 (PCD8) exhibit an overabundance of tetrapyrrole intermediates, particularly uroporphyrinogen III (Uro III), leading to the accumulation of singlet oxygen (1O2) during the transition from darkness to light, thereby instigating leaf necrosis. In this investigation, we uncovered that 1O2 stimulates biosynthesis of SA and JA, activating SA/JA signalling and the expression of responsive genes in PCD8 RNAi (pcd8) mutants. Introducing NahG or knocking out PAD4 or NPR1 significantly alleviates the cell death phenotype of pcd8 mutants, while coi1 partially mitigates the pcd8 phenotype. Further exploration revealed that EX1 and GUN1 can partially rescue the pcd8 phenotype by reducing the levels of Uro III and 1O2. Notably, mutations in EX1 mutations but not GUN1, substantially diminish SA content in pcd8 mutants compared to the wild type, implying that EX1 acts as the primary mediator of 1O2 signalling-mediated SA biosynthesis. Moreover, the triple ex1 gun1 pcd8 displays a phenotype similar to ex1. Overall, our findings underscore that the 1O2-induced cell death phenotype requires EX1/GUN1-mediated retrograde signalling in pcd8 mutants, providing novel insights into the interplay between ROS and SA/JA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudan Geng
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xia Li
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jirong Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenbin Zhou
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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2
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Liang Y, Weng X, Ling H, Mustafa G, Yang B, Lu N. Transcriptomic Insights into Molecular Response of Butter Lettuce to Different Light Wavelengths. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1582. [PMID: 38931014 PMCID: PMC11207648 DOI: 10.3390/plants13121582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Lettuce is a widely consumed leafy vegetable; it became popular due to its enhanced nutritional content. Recently, lettuce is also regarded as one of the model plants for vegetable production in plant factories. Light and nutrients are essential environmental factors that affect lettuce growth and morphology. To evaluate the impact of light spectra on lettuce, butter lettuce was grown under the light wavelengths of 460, 525, and 660 nm, along with white light as the control. Plant morphology, physiology, nutritional content, and transcriptomic analyses were performed to study the light response mechanisms. The results showed that the leaf fresh weight and length/width were higher when grown at 460 nm and lower when grown at 525 nm compared to the control treatment. When exposed to 460 nm light, the sugar, crude fiber, mineral, and vitamin concentrations were favorably altered; however, these levels decreased when exposed to light with a wavelength of 525 nm. The transcriptomic analysis showed that co-factor and vitamin metabolism- and secondary metabolism-related genes were specifically induced by 460 nm light exposure. Furthermore, the pathway enrichment analysis found that flavonoid biosynthesis- and vitamin B6 metabolism-related genes were significantly upregulated in response to 460 nm light exposure. Additional experiments demonstrated that the vitamin B6 and B2 content was significantly higher in leaves exposed to 460 nm light than those grown under the other conditions. Our findings suggested that the addition of 460 nm light could improve lettuce's biomass and nutritional value and help us to further understand how the light spectrum can be tuned as needed for lettuce production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqi Liang
- Shanxi Qingmei Biotechnology Company Limited, Baoji 721000, China
| | - Xinying Weng
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310000, China; (X.W.); (H.L.); (B.Y.)
| | - Hao Ling
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310000, China; (X.W.); (H.L.); (B.Y.)
| | - Ghazala Mustafa
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan;
| | - Bingxian Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310000, China; (X.W.); (H.L.); (B.Y.)
| | - Na Lu
- Center for Environment, Health and Field Sciences, Chiba University, 6-2-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-0882, Japan
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3
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Goggin FL, Fischer HD. Singlet oxygen signalling and its potential roles in plant biotic interactions. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:1957-1970. [PMID: 38372069 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Singlet oxygen (SO) is among the most potent reactive oxygen species, and readily oxidizes proteins, lipids and DNA. It can be generated at the plant surface by phototoxins in the epidermis, acting as a direct defense against pathogens and herbivores (including humans). SO can also accumulate within mitochondria, peroxisomes, cytosol and the nucleus through multiple enzymatic and nonenzymatic processes. However, the majority of research on intracellular SO generation in plants has focused on transfer of light energy to triplet oxygen by photopigments from the chloroplast. SO accumulates in response to diverse stresses that perturb chloroplast metabolism, and while its high reactivity limits diffusion distances, it participates in retrograde signalling through the EXECUTER1 sensor, generation of carotenoid metabolites and possibly other unknown pathways. SO thereby reprogrammes nuclear gene expression and modulates hormone signalling and programmed cell death. While SO signalling has long been known to regulate plant responses to high-light stress, recent literature also suggests a role in plant interactions with insects, bacteria and fungi. The goals of this review are to provide a brief overview of SO, summarize evidence for its involvement in biotic stress responses and discuss future directions for the study of SO in defense signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona L Goggin
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Hillary D Fischer
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
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4
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Rai S, Lemke MD, Arias AM, Mendez MFG, Dehesh K, Woodson JD. Plant U-Box 4 regulates chloroplast stress signaling and programmed cell death via Salicylic acid modulation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.13.593788. [PMID: 38798329 PMCID: PMC11118471 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.13.593788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
In response to environmental stress, chloroplasts generate reactive oxygen species, including singlet oxygen (1O2), which regulates nuclear gene expression (retrograde signaling), chloroplast turnover, and programmed cell death (PCD). Yet, the central signaling mechanisms and downstream responses remain poorly understood. The Arabidopsis thaliana plastid ferrochelatase two (fc2) mutant conditionally accumulates 1O2 and involves Plant U-Box 4 (PUB4), a cytoplasmic E3 ubiquitin ligase, in propagating these signals. To gain insights into 1O2 signaling pathways, we compared transcriptomes of fc2 and fc2 pub4 mutants. The accumulation of 1O2 in fc2 plants broadly repressed genes involved in chloroplast function and photosynthesis, while 1O2 induced genes and transcription factors involved in abiotic and biotic stress, the biosynthesis of jasmonic acid (JA), and Salicylic acid (SA). Elevated JA and SA levels were observed in stressed fc2 plants, but were not responsible for PCD. pub4 reversed the majority of 1O2-induced gene expression in fc2 and reduced the JA content, but maintained elevated levels of SA even in the absence of 1O2 stress. Reducing SA levels in fc2 pub4 restored 1O2 signaling and light sensitivity. Together, this work demonstrates that SA plays a protective role during photo-oxidative stress and that PUB4 mediates 1O2 signaling by modulating its levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snigdha Rai
- The School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | | | - Anika M. Arias
- The School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Maria F. Gomez Mendez
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA
| | - Katayoon Dehesh
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA
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5
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van Wijk KJ, Adam Z. Does the polyubiquitination pathway operate inside intact chloroplasts to remove proteins? THE PLANT CELL 2024:koae104. [PMID: 38683741 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Klaas J van Wijk
- Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Sciences (SIPS), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Zach Adam
- Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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6
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Hossain Z, Zhao S, Luo X, Liu K, Li L, Hubbard M. Deciphering Aphanomyces euteiches-pea-biocontrol bacterium interactions through untargeted metabolomics. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8877. [PMID: 38632368 PMCID: PMC11024177 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52949-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Aphanomyces euteiches causes root rot in pea, leading to significant yield losses. However, the metabolites involved in this pathosystem have not been thoroughly studied. This study aimed to fill this gap and explore mechanisms of bacterial suppression of A. euteiches via untargeted metabolomics using pea grown in a controlled environment. Chemical isotope labeling (CIL), followed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), was used for metabolite separation and detection. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed clear separation of metabolites from pathogen-treated pea roots and roots from other treatments. A three-tier approach positively or putatively identified 5249 peak pairs or metabolites. Of these, 403 were positively identified in tier 1; 940 were putatively identified with high confidence in tier 2. There were substantial changes in amino acid pool, and fatty acid and phenylpropanoid pathway products. More metabolites, including salicylic and jasmonic acids, were upregulated than downregulated in A. euteiches-infected roots. 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid and 12-oxophytodienoic acid were upregulated in A. euteiches + bacterium-treated roots compared to A. euteiches-infected roots. A great number of metabolites were up- or down-regulated in response to A. euteiches infection compared with the control and A. euteiches + bacterium-treated plants. The results of this study could facilitate improved disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakir Hossain
- Swift Current Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1 Airport Road, Swift Current, Saskatchewan, S9H 3X2, Canada.
| | - Shuang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Xian Luo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Kui Liu
- Swift Current Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1 Airport Road, Swift Current, Saskatchewan, S9H 3X2, Canada
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Michelle Hubbard
- Swift Current Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1 Airport Road, Swift Current, Saskatchewan, S9H 3X2, Canada.
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Lemke MD, Woodson JD. A genetic screen for dominant chloroplast reactive oxygen species signaling mutants reveals life stage-specific singlet oxygen signaling networks. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1331346. [PMID: 38273946 PMCID: PMC10809407 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1331346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Plants employ intricate molecular mechanisms to respond to abiotic stresses, which often lead to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within organelles such as chloroplasts. Such ROS can produce stress signals that regulate cellular response mechanisms. One ROS, singlet oxygen (1O2), is predominantly produced in the chloroplast during photosynthesis and can trigger chloroplast degradation, programmed cell death (PCD), and retrograde (organelle-to-nucleus) signaling. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms involved in these signaling pathways or how many different signaling 1O2 pathways may exist. Methods The Arabidopsis thaliana plastid ferrochelatase two (fc2) mutant conditionally accumulates chloroplast 1O2, making fc2 a valuable genetic system for studying chloroplast 1O2-initiated signaling. Here, we have used activation tagging in a new forward genetic screen to identify eight dominant fc2 activation-tagged (fas) mutations that suppress chloroplast 1O2-initiated PCD. Results While 1O2-triggered PCD is blocked in all fc2 fas mutants in the adult stage, such cellular degradation in the seedling stage is blocked in only two mutants. This differential blocking of PCD suggests that life-stage-specific 1O2-response pathways exist. In addition to PCD, fas mutations generally reduce 1O2-induced retrograde signals. Furthermore, fas mutants have enhanced tolerance to excess light, a natural mechanism to produce chloroplast 1O2. However, general abiotic stress tolerance was only observed in one fc2 fas mutant (fc2 fas2). Together, this suggests that plants can employ general stress tolerance mechanisms to overcome 1O2 production but that this screen was mostly specific to 1O2 signaling. We also observed that salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonate (JA) stress hormone response marker genes were induced in 1O2-stressed fc2 and generally reduced by fas mutations, suggesting that SA and JA signaling is correlated with active 1O2 signaling and PCD. Discussion Together, this work highlights the complexity of 1O2 signaling by demonstrating that multiple pathways may exist and introduces a suite of new 1O2 signaling mutants to investigate the mechanisms controlling chloroplast-initiated degradation, PCD, and retrograde signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jesse D. Woodson
- The School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
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8
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Hananya N, Green O, Gutiérrez-Fernández I, Shabat D, Arellano JB. Singlet Oxygen Detection by Chemiluminescence Probes in Living Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2798:27-43. [PMID: 38587734 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3826-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Singlet oxygen is a reactive oxygen species that causes oxidative damage to plant cells, but intriguingly it can also act as a signalling molecule to reprogram gene expression required to induce plant physiological/cellular responses. Singlet oxygen photosensitization in plants mainly occurs in chloroplasts after the molecular collision of ground-state molecular oxygen with triplet-excited-state chlorophyll. Singlet oxygen direct detection through phosphorescence emission in chloroplasts is a herculean task due to its extremely low luminescence quantum yield. Because of this, indirect alternative methods have been developed for its detection in biological systems, for example, by measuring the changes in the EPR signal or fluorescence intensity of singlet oxygen reaction-based probes. The singlet oxygen chemiluminescence (SOCL) is a chemiluminescence probe with high sensitivity and selectivity towards singlet oxygen and promising use to detect it in living cells without the inconvenience of low stability of the EPR signal of spin probes in the presence of redox compounds, spurious light scattering coming from the light source required for the excitation of fluorescence probes or the light emission of endogenous fluorescent molecules like chlorophyll in chloroplasts. The protocol presented in this chapter describes the first steps to characterizing singlet oxygen production within the biological system under study; this is accomplished through monitoring molecular oxygen consumption by SOCL using a Clark-type oxygen electrode and measuring the chemiluminescence generated by SOCL 1,2-dioxetane using a spectrofluorometer. For singlet oxygen detection within living cells, a version of SOCL with increased membrane permeability (SOCL-CPP) is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nir Hananya
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ori Green
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ismael Gutiérrez-Fernández
- Departamento de Estrés Abiótico, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Doron Shabat
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Juan B Arellano
- Departamento de Estrés Abiótico, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain.
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9
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Bali S, Gautam A, Dhiman A, Michael R, Dogra V. Salicylate and jasmonate intertwine in ROS-triggered chloroplast-to-nucleus retrograde signaling. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e14041. [PMID: 37882286 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Plants, being sessile, are frequently exposed to environmental perturbations, affecting their sustenance and survival. In response, distinct inherent mechanisms emerged during plant evolution to deal with environmental stresses. Among various organelles, chloroplast plays an indispensable role in plant cells. Besides providing the site for photosynthesis and biosynthesis of many important primary and secondary metabolites, including hormones, chloroplasts also act as environmental sensors. Any environmental perturbation directly influences the photosynthetic electron transport chain, leading to excess accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), causing oxidative damages to biomolecules in the vicinity. To prevent excess ROS accumulation and the consequent oxidative damages, the chloroplast activates retrograde signaling (RS) pathways to reprogramme nuclear gene expression, defining plant's response to stress. Based on levels and site of ROS accumulation, distinct biomolecules are oxidized, generating specific derivatives that act as genuine signaling molecules, triggering specific RS pathways to instigate distinctive responses, including growth inhibition, acclimation, and programmed cell death. Though various RS pathways independently modulate nuclear gene expression, they also implicate the defense hormone salicylic acid (SA) and oxylipins, including 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) and jasmonic acid (JA), by promoting their biosynthesis and utilizing them for intra- and intercellular communications. Several studies reported the involvement of both hormones in individual RS pathways, but the precise dissection of their activation and participation in a given RS pathway remains an enigma. The present review describes the current understanding of how SA and JA intertwine in ROS-triggered RS pathways. We have also emphasized the future perspectives for elucidating stress specificity and spatiotemporal accumulation of respective hormones in a given RS pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shagun Bali
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
| | - Ayushi Gautam
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
| | - Aarzoo Dhiman
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
| | - Rahul Michael
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
| | - Vivek Dogra
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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10
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van Wijk KJ, Leppert T, Sun Z, Deutsch EW. Does the Ubiquitination Degradation Pathway Really Reach inside of the Chloroplast? A Re-Evaluation of Mass Spectrometry-Based Assignments of Ubiquitination. J Proteome Res 2023. [PMID: 37092802 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
A recent paper in Science Advances by Sun et al. claims that intra-chloroplast proteins in the model plant Arabidopsis can be polyubiquitinated and then extracted into the cytosol for subsequent degradation by the proteasome. Most of this conclusion hinges on several sets of mass spectrometry (MS) data. If the proposed results and conclusion are true, this would be a major change in the proteolysis/proteostasis field, breaking the long-standing dogma that there are no polyubiquitination mechanisms within chloroplast organelles (nor in mitochondria). Given its importance, we reanalyzed their raw MS data using both open and closed sequence database searches and encountered many issues not only with the results but also discrepancies between stated methods (e.g., use of alkylating agent iodoacetamide (IAA)) and observed mass modifications. Although there is likely enrichment of ubiquitination signatures in a subset of the data (probably from ubiquitination in the cytosol), we show that runaway alkylation with IAA caused extensive artifactual modifications of N termini and lysines to the point that a large fraction of the desired ubiquitination signatures is indistinguishable from artifactual acetamide signatures, and thus, no intra-chloroplast polyubiquitination conclusions can be drawn from these data. We provide recommendations on how to avoid such perils in future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaas J van Wijk
- Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Sciences (SIPS), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Tami Leppert
- Institute for Systems Biology (ISB), Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Zhi Sun
- Institute for Systems Biology (ISB), Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Eric W Deutsch
- Institute for Systems Biology (ISB), Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
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11
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Hong B, Zhou B, Peng Z, Yao M, Wu J, Wu X, Guan C, Guan M. Tissue-Specific Transcriptome and Metabolome Analysis Reveals the Response Mechanism of Brassica napus to Waterlogging Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076015. [PMID: 37046988 PMCID: PMC10094381 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
During the growth period of rapeseed, if there is continuous rainfall, it will easily lead to waterlogging stress, which will seriously affect the growth of rapeseed. Currently, the mechanisms of rapeseed resistance to waterlogging stress are largely unknown. In this study, the rapeseed (Brassica napus) inbred lines G230 and G218 were identified as waterlogging-tolerant rapeseed and waterlogging-sensitive rapeseed, respectively, through a potted waterlogging stress simulation and field waterlogging stress experiments. After six days of waterlogging stress at the seedling stage, the degree of leaf aging and root damage of the waterlogging-tolerant rapeseed G230 were lower than those of the waterlogging-sensitive rapeseed G218. A physiological analysis showed that waterlogging stress significantly increased the contents of malondialdehyde, soluble sugar, and hydrogen peroxide in rape leaves and roots. The transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis showed that the differential genes and the differential metabolites of waterlogging-tolerant rapeseed G230 were mainly enriched in the metabolic pathways, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, flavonoid biosynthesis, and vitamin B6 metabolism. Compared to G218, the expression levels of some genes associated with flavonoid biosynthesis and vitamin B metabolism were higher in G230, such as CHI, DRF, LDOX, PDX1.1, and PDX2. Furthermore, some metabolites involved in flavonoid biosynthesis and vitamin B6 metabolism, such as naringenin and epiafzelechin, were significantly up-regulated in leaves of G230, while pyridoxine phosphate was only significantly down-regulated in roots and leaves of G218. Furthermore, foliar spraying of vitamin B6 can effectively improve the tolerance to waterlogging of G218 in the short term. These results indicate that flavonoid biosynthesis and vitamin B6 metabolism pathways play a key role in the waterlogging tolerance and hypoxia stress resistance of Brassica napus and provide new insights for improving the waterlogging tolerance and cultivating waterlogging-tolerant rapeseed varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hong
- College of Agriculture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Branch of National Oilseed Crops Improvement Center, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Bingqian Zhou
- College of Agriculture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Branch of National Oilseed Crops Improvement Center, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Zechuan Peng
- College of Agriculture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Branch of National Oilseed Crops Improvement Center, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Mingyao Yao
- College of Agriculture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Branch of National Oilseed Crops Improvement Center, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Junjie Wu
- College of Agriculture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Branch of National Oilseed Crops Improvement Center, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Xuepeng Wu
- College of Agriculture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Branch of National Oilseed Crops Improvement Center, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Chunyun Guan
- College of Agriculture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Branch of National Oilseed Crops Improvement Center, Changsha 410128, China
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Mei Guan
- College of Agriculture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Branch of National Oilseed Crops Improvement Center, Changsha 410128, China
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Changsha 410128, China
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12
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Ren D, Xie W, Xu Q, Hu J, Zhu L, Zhang G, Zeng D, Qian Q. LSL1 controls cell death and grain production by stabilizing chloroplast in rice. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2022; 65:2148-2161. [PMID: 35960419 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-022-2152-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lesion mutants can be valuable tools to reveal the interactions between genetic factors and environmental signals and to improve grain production. Here we identified a rice (Oryza sativa) mutant, lesion spotleaf1 (lsl1), which produces necrotic leaf lesions throughout its life cycle. LSL1 encodes a protein of unknown function and belongs to a grass-specific clade. The lesion phenotype of the lsl1 mutant was sharply induced by shading, and its detached leaves incubated in 6-benzylamino purine similarly formed lesions in the dark. In addition, the lsl1 mutant exhibited reactive oxygen species accumulation and cell death. The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) and comet assays revealed that the lsl1 mutant contained severe DNA damage, resulting in reduced grain yield and quality. RNA sequencing, gene expression, and protein activity analyses indicate that LSL1 is required for chloroplast function. Furthermore, LSL1 interacts with PsaD and PAP10 to form a regulatory module that functions in chlorophyll synthesis and chloroplast development to maintain redox balance. Our results reveal that LSL1 maintains chloroplast structure, redox homeostasis, and DNA stability, and plays important roles in the interaction between genetic factors and environmental signals and in regulating grain size and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyong Ren
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China.
| | - Wei Xie
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Qiankun Xu
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
- College of Modern Agriculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Jiang Hu
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Li Zhu
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Guangheng Zhang
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
- National Nanfan Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, 572024, China
| | - Dali Zeng
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
- College of Modern Agriculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Qian Qian
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China.
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13
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Yan J, Fang Y, Xue D. Advances in the Genetic Basis and Molecular Mechanism of Lesion Mimic Formation in Rice. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11162169. [PMID: 36015472 PMCID: PMC9412831 DOI: 10.3390/plants11162169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plant lesion mutation usually refers to the phenomenon of cell death in green tissues before senescence in the absence of external stress, and such mutants also show enhanced resistance to some plant pathogens. The occurrence of lesion mimic mutants in rice is affected by gene mutation, reactive oxygen species accumulation, an uncontrolled programmed cell death system, and abiotic stress. At present, many lesion mimic mutants have been identified in rice, and some genes have been functionally analyzed. This study reviews the occurrence mechanism of lesion mimic mutants in rice. It analyzes the function of rice lesion mimic mutant genes to elucidate the molecular regulation pathways of rice lesion mimic mutants in regulating plant disease resistance.
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14
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A Single Amino Acid Substitution in MIL1 Leads to Activation of Programmed Cell Death and Defense Responses in Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23168853. [PMID: 36012116 PMCID: PMC9408282 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lesion mimic mutants are an ideal model system for elucidating the molecular mechanisms of programmed cell death and defense responses in rice. In this study, we identified a lesion mimic mutant termed miner infection like 1-1 (mil1-1). The mil1-1 exhibited lesions on the leaves during development, and the chloroplasts of mil1-1 leaves were disrupted. Reactive oxygen species were found to accumulate in mil1-1 leaves. Cell death and DNA fragmentation were observed in mil1-1 leaves, indicating that the cells in the spots of mil1-1 leaves experienced programmed cell death. Most agronomic traits decreased in mil1-1, suggesting that the growth retardation in mil1-1 caused reduced per-plant grain yield. However, the mutation of MIL1 activated the expression of pathogen response genes and enhanced resistance to bacterial blight. The MIL1 gene was cloned using the positional cloning approach. A missense mutation 751 bp downstream of ATG was found in mil1-1. The defects of mil1-1 were able to be rescued by delivering a wild-type MIL1 gene into mil1-1. MIL1 encoded hydroperoxide lyase 3 (OsHPL3), and the expression of OsHPL3 was induced via hormone and abiotic stresses. Our findings provide insights into the roles of MIL1 in regulating programmed cell death, development, yield, and defense responses in rice.
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15
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Liu Z, Farkas P, Wang K, Kohli M, Fitzpatrick TB. B vitamin supply in plants and humans: the importance of vitamer homeostasis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 111:662-682. [PMID: 35673947 PMCID: PMC9544542 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
B vitamins are a group of water-soluble micronutrients that are required in all life forms. With the lack of biosynthetic pathways, humans depend on dietary uptake of these compounds, either directly or indirectly, from plant sources. B vitamins are frequently given little consideration beyond their role as enzyme accessory factors and are assumed not to limit metabolism. However, it should be recognized that each individual B vitamin is a family of compounds (vitamers), the regulation of which has dedicated pathways. Moreover, it is becoming increasingly evident that individual family members have physiological relevance and should not be sidelined. Here, we elaborate on the known forms of vitamins B1 , B6 and B9 , their distinct functions and importance to metabolism, in both human and plant health, and highlight the relevance of vitamer homeostasis. Research on B vitamin metabolism over the past several years indicates that not only the total level of vitamins but also the oft-neglected homeostasis of the various vitamers of each B vitamin is essential to human and plant health. We briefly discuss the potential of plant biology studies in supporting human health regarding these B vitamins as essential micronutrients. Based on the findings of the past few years we conclude that research should focus on the significance of vitamer homeostasis - at the organ, tissue and subcellular levels - which could improve the health of not only humans but also plants, benefiting from cross-disciplinary approaches and novel technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeguang Liu
- Vitamins and Environmental Stress Responses in Plants, Department of Botany and Plant BiologyUniversity of GenevaQuai Ernest‐Ansermet 30CH‐1211Geneva 4Switzerland
| | - Peter Farkas
- Vitamins and Environmental Stress Responses in Plants, Department of Botany and Plant BiologyUniversity of GenevaQuai Ernest‐Ansermet 30CH‐1211Geneva 4Switzerland
| | - Kai Wang
- Vitamins and Environmental Stress Responses in Plants, Department of Botany and Plant BiologyUniversity of GenevaQuai Ernest‐Ansermet 30CH‐1211Geneva 4Switzerland
| | - Morgan‐Océane Kohli
- Vitamins and Environmental Stress Responses in Plants, Department of Botany and Plant BiologyUniversity of GenevaQuai Ernest‐Ansermet 30CH‐1211Geneva 4Switzerland
| | - Teresa B. Fitzpatrick
- Vitamins and Environmental Stress Responses in Plants, Department of Botany and Plant BiologyUniversity of GenevaQuai Ernest‐Ansermet 30CH‐1211Geneva 4Switzerland
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16
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Fu D, Li J, Yang X, Li W, Zhou Z, Xiao S, Xue C. Iron redistribution induces oxidative burst and resistance in maize against Curvularia lunata. PLANTA 2022; 256:46. [PMID: 35867182 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03963-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ΔClnps6 induced iron redistribution in maize B73 leaf cells and resulted in reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst to enhance plant resistance against Curvularia lunata. Iron is an indispensable co-factor of various crucial enzymes that are involved in cellular metabolic processes and energy metabolism in eukaryotes. For this reason, plants and pathogens compete for iron to maintain their iron homeostasis, respectively. In our previous study, ΔClnps6, the extracellular siderophore biosynthesis deletion mutant of Curvularia lunata, was sensitive to exogenous hydrogen peroxide and virulence reduction. However, the mechanism was not studied. Here, we report that maize B73 displayed highly resistance to ΔClnps6. The plants recruited more iron at cell wall appositions (CWAs) to cause ROS bursts. Intracellular iron deficiency induced by iron redistribution originated form up-regulated expression of genes involved in intracellular iron consumption in leaves and absorption in roots. The RNA-sequencing data also showed that the expression of respiratory burst oxidase homologue (ZmRBOH4) and NADP-dependent malic enzyme 4 (ZmNADP-ME4) involved in ROS production was up-regulated in maize B73 after ΔClnps6 infection. Simultaneously, jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis genes lipoxygenase (ZmLOX), allene oxide synthase (ZmAOS), GA degradation gene gibberellin 2-beta-dioxygenase (ZmGA2OX6) and ABA degradation genes abscisic acid hydroxylase (ZmABH1, ZmABH2) involved in iron homeostasis were up-regulated expression. Ferritin1 (ZmFER1) positive regulated maize resistance against C. lunata via ROS burst under Fe-limiting conditions. Overall, our results showed that iron played vital roles in activating maize resistance in B73-C. lunata interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Fu
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Jiayang Li
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Xue Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Wenling Li
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Zengran Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Shuqin Xiao
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.
| | - Chunsheng Xue
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.
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17
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Liu Y, Maniero RA, Giehl RFH, Melzer M, Steensma P, Krouk G, Fitzpatrick TB, von Wirén N. PDX1.1-dependent biosynthesis of vitamin B 6 protects roots from ammonium-induced oxidative stress. MOLECULAR PLANT 2022; 15:820-839. [PMID: 35063660 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite serving as a major inorganic nitrogen source for plants, ammonium causes toxicity at elevated concentrations, inhibiting root elongation early on. While previous studies have shown that ammonium-inhibited root development relates to ammonium uptake and formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in roots, it remains unclear about the mechanisms underlying the repression of root growth and how plants cope with this inhibitory effect of ammonium. In this study, we demonstrate that ammonium-induced apoplastic acidification co-localizes with Fe precipitation and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation along the stele of the elongation and differentiation zone in root tips, indicating Fe-dependent ROS formation. By screening ammonium sensitivity in T-DNA insertion lines of ammonium-responsive genes, we identified PDX1.1, which is upregulated by ammonium in the root stele and whose product catalyzes de novo biosynthesis of vitamin B6. Root growth of pdx1.1 mutants is hypersensitive to ammonium, while chemical complementation or overexpression of PDX1.1 restores root elongation. This salvage strategy requires non-phosphorylated forms of vitamin B6 that are able to quench ROS and rescue root growth from ammonium inhibition. Collectively, these results suggest that PDX1.1-mediated synthesis of non-phosphorylated B6 vitamers acts as a primary strategy to protect roots from ammonium-dependent ROS formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Rodolfo A Maniero
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Ricardo F H Giehl
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Michael Melzer
- Structural Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Priscille Steensma
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gabriel Krouk
- BPMP, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INRA, SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Teresa B Fitzpatrick
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolaus von Wirén
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany.
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18
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Gorshkov VY, Toporkova YY, Tsers ID, Smirnova EO, Ogorodnikova AV, Gogoleva NE, Parfirova OI, Petrova OE, Gogolev YV. Differential modulation of the lipoxygenase cascade during typical and latent Pectobacterium atrosepticum infections. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2022; 129:271-286. [PMID: 34417794 PMCID: PMC8835645 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Plant diseases caused by Pectobacterium atrosepticum are often accompanied by extensive rot symptoms. In addition, these bacteria are able to interact with host plants without causing disease for long periods, even throughout several host plant generations. There is, to date, no information on the comparative physiology/biochemistry of symptomatic and asymptomatic plant-P. atrosepticum interactions. Typical (symptomatic) P. atrosepticum infections are associated with the induction of plant responses mediated by jasmonates, which are one of the products of the lipoxygenase cascade that gives origin to many other oxylipins with physiological activities. In this study, we compared the functioning of the lipoxygenase cascade following typical and latent (asymptomatic) infections to gain better insight into the physiological basis of the asymptomatic and antagonistic coexistence of plants and pectobacteria. METHODS Tobacco plants were mock-inoculated (control) or infected with the wild type P. atrosepticum (typical infection) or its coronafacic acid-deficient mutant (latent infection). The expression levels of the target lipoxygenase cascade-related genes were assessed by Illumina RNA sequencing. Oxylipin profiles were analysed by GC-MS. With the aim of revising the incorrect annotation of one of the target genes, its open reading frame was cloned to obtain the recombinant protein, which was further purified and characterized using biochemical approaches. KEY RESULTS The obtained data demonstrate that when compared to the typical infection, latent asymptomatic P. atrosepticum infection is associated with (and possibly maintained due to) decreased levels of 9-lipoxygenase branch products and jasmonic acid and increased level of cis-12-oxo-10,15-phytodienoic acid. The formation of 9-oxononanoic acid and epoxyalcohols in tobacco plants was based on the identification of the first tobacco hydroperoxide lyase (HPL) with additional epoxyalcohol synthase (EAS) activity. CONCLUSIONS Our results contribute to the hypothesis of the oxylipin signature, indicating that different types of plant interactions with a particular pathogen are characterized by the different oxylipin profiles of the host plant. In addition, the tobacco LOC107825278 gene was demonstrated to encode an NtHPL (CYP74C43) enzyme yielding volatile aldehydes and aldoacids (HPL products) as well as oxiranyl carbinols (EAS products).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Y Gorshkov
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia
- Laboratory of Plant Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia
- Kazan Federal University, 420111 Kazan, Russia
| | - Yana Y Toporkova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia
| | - Ivan D Tsers
- Laboratory of Plant Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia
- Kazan Federal University, 420111 Kazan, Russia
| | - Elena O Smirnova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia
| | - Anna V Ogorodnikova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia
| | - Natalia E Gogoleva
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia
- Laboratory of Plant Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia
- Kazan Federal University, 420111 Kazan, Russia
| | - Olga I Parfirova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia
- Laboratory of Plant Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia
| | - Olga E Petrova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia
- Laboratory of Plant Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia
| | - Yuri V Gogolev
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia
- Laboratory of Plant Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia
- Kazan Federal University, 420111 Kazan, Russia
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19
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Li M, Kim C. Chloroplast ROS and stress signaling. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:100264. [PMID: 35059631 PMCID: PMC8760138 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts overproduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) under unfavorable environmental conditions, and these ROS are implicated in both signaling and oxidative damage. There is mounting evidence for their roles in translating environmental fluctuations into distinct physiological responses, but their targets, signaling cascades, and mutualism and antagonism with other stress signaling cascades and within ROS signaling remain poorly understood. Great efforts made in recent years have shed new light on chloroplast ROS-directed plant stress responses, from ROS perception to plant responses, in conditional mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana or under various stress conditions. Some articles have also reported the mechanisms underlying the complexity of ROS signaling pathways, with an emphasis on spatiotemporal regulation. ROS and oxidative modification of affected target proteins appear to induce retrograde signaling pathways to maintain chloroplast protein quality control and signaling at a whole-cell level using stress hormones. This review focuses on these seemingly interconnected chloroplast-to-nucleus retrograde signaling pathways initiated by ROS and ROS-modified target molecules. We also discuss future directions in chloroplast stress research to pave the way for discovering new signaling molecules and identifying intersectional signaling components that interact in multiple chloroplast signaling pathways.
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20
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Bhatt M, Pandey SS, Tiwari AK, Tiwari BS. Plastid-mediated singlet oxygen in regulated cell death. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2021; 23:686-694. [PMID: 33768665 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation within a cell is a natural process of specific subcellular components involved in redox reactions. Within a plant cell, chloroplasts are one of the major sources of ROS generation. Plastid-generated ROS molecules include singlet oxygen (1 O2 ), superoxide radical (O2 - ), hydroxyl radical (OH• ) and hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), which are produced mainly during photochemical reactions of photosynthesis and chlorophyll biosynthetic process. Under normal growth and developmental, generated ROS molecules act as a secondary messenger controlling several metabolic reactions; however, perturbed environmental conditions lead to multi-fold amplification of cellular ROS that eventually kill the target cell. To maintain homeostasis between production and scavenging of ROS, the cell has instituted several enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant machineries to maintain ROS at a physiological level. Among chloroplastic ROS molecules, excess generation of singlet oxygen (1 O2 ) is highly deleterious to the cell metabolic functions and survival. Interestingly, within cellular antioxidant machinery, enzymes involved in detoxification of 1 O2 are lacking. Recent studies suggest that under optimal concentrations, 1 O2 acts as a signalling molecule and drives the cell to either the acclimation pathway or regulated cell death (RCD). Stress-induced RCD is a survival mechanism for the whole plant, while the involvement of chloroplasts and chloroplast-localized molecules that execute RCD are not well understood. In this review, we advocate for participation of chloroplasts-generated 1 O2 in signalling and RCD in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bhatt
- Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar, Gujrat, India
| | - S S Pandey
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, H.P., India
| | - A K Tiwari
- Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar, Gujrat, India
| | - B S Tiwari
- Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar, Gujrat, India
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21
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Jarocka-Karpowicz I, Markowska A. Therapeutic Potential of Jasmonic Acid and Its Derivatives. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168437. [PMID: 34445138 PMCID: PMC8395089 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A modern method of therapeutic use of natural compounds that would protect the body are jasmonates. The main representatives of jasmonate compounds include jasmonic acid and its derivatives, mainly methyl jasmonate. Extracts from plants rich in jasmonic compounds show a broad spectrum of activity, i.e., anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and cosmetic. Studies of the biological activity of jasmonic acid and its derivatives in mammals are based on their structural similarity to prostaglandins and the compounds can be used as natural therapeutics for inflammation. Jasmonates also constitute a potential group of anti-cancer drugs that can be used alone or in combination with other known chemotherapeutic agents. Moreover, due to their ability to stimulate exfoliation of the epidermis, remove discoloration, regulate the function of the sebaceous glands and reduce the visible signs of aging, they are considered for possible use in cosmetics and dermatology. The paper presents a review of literature data on the biological activity of jasmonates that may be helpful in treatment and prevention.
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22
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Wang Y, Wang M, Ye X, Liu H, Takano T, Tsugama D, Liu S, Bu Y. Biotin plays an important role in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings under carbonate stress. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 300:110639. [PMID: 33180716 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Globally, many saline-alkali soils are rich in NaHCO3 and Na2CO3, which are characterized by a high pH Carbonate stress caused by this kind of soil severely damages plant cells and inhibits plant growth. Biotin and HCO3- participate in the first and rate-limiting reaction of the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway, but whether biotin contributes to plant responses to carbonate stress is unclear. In this study, we revealed that high carbonate and biotin concentrations inhibited Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedling growth. However, specific concentrations of carbonate and biotin decreased the inhibitory effects of the other compound at the germination and seedling stages. Additionally, a carbonate treatment increased the endogenous biotin content and expression of AtBIO2, which encodes a biotin synthase. Moreover, phenotypic analyses indicated that the overexpression of AtBIO2 in Arabidopsis enhanced the tolerance to carbonate stress, whereas mutations to AtBIO2 had the opposite effect. Furthermore, the carbonate stress-induced accumulation of reactive oxygen species was lower in plants overexpressing AtBIO2 than in the wild-type and bio2 mutants. Accordingly, biotin, which is an essential vitamin for plants, can enhance the resistance to carbonate stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150040, China; College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150040, China; College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Xiaoxue Ye
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150040, China; College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Hua Liu
- Department of Silviculture, State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin'an, Zhejiang, 311300, China
| | - Tetsuo Takano
- Asian Natural Environmental Science Center (ANESC), University of Tokyo, Nishitokyo, Tokyo, 188-0002, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tsugama
- Asian Natural Environmental Science Center (ANESC), University of Tokyo, Nishitokyo, Tokyo, 188-0002, Japan
| | - Shenkui Liu
- Department of Silviculture, State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin'an, Zhejiang, 311300, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Bu
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150040, China; College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
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23
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Zeng HY, Li CY, Yao N. Fumonisin B1: A Tool for Exploring the Multiple Functions of Sphingolipids in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:600458. [PMID: 33193556 PMCID: PMC7652989 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.600458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Fumonisin toxins are produced by Fusarium fungal pathogens. Fumonisins are structural analogs of sphingosine and potent inhibitors of ceramide synthases (CerSs); they disrupt sphingolipid metabolism and cause disease in plants and animals. Over the past three decades, researchers have used fumonisin B1 (FB1), the most common fumonisin, as a probe to investigate sphingolipid metabolism in yeast and animals. Although the physiological effects of FB1 in plants have yet to be investigated in detail, forward and reverse genetic approaches have revealed many genes involved in these processes. In this review, we discuss the intricate network of signaling pathways affected by FB1, including changes in sphingolipid metabolism and the effects of these changes, with a focus on our current understanding of the multiple effects of FB1 on plant cell death and plant growth. We analyze the major findings that highlight the connections between sphingolipid metabolism and FB1-induced signaling, and we point out where additional research is needed to fill the gaps in our understanding of FB1-induced signaling pathways in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yun Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resource, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chun-Yu Li
- Institution of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resource, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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24
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Zhou Z, Zhi T, Han C, Peng Z, Wang R, Tong J, Zhu Q, Ren C. Cell death resulted from loss of fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase in Arabidopsis is related to phytohormone jasmonate but not salicylic acid. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13714. [PMID: 32792583 PMCID: PMC7426959 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70567-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) catalyzes the final step in Tyr degradation pathway essential to animals but not well understood in plants. Previously, we found that mutation of SSCD1 encoding Arabidopsis FAH causes cell death under short day, which uncovered an important role of Tyr degradation pathway in plants. Since phytohormones salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonate (JA) are involved in programmed cell death, in this study, we investigated whether sscd1 cell death is related to SA and JA, and found that (1) it is accompanied by up-regulation of JA- and SA-inducible genes as well as accumulation of JA but not SA; (2) it is repressed by breakdown of JA signaling but not SA signaling; (3) the up-regulation of reactive oxygen species marker genes in sscd1 is repressed by breakdown of JA signaling; (4) treatment of wild-type Arabidopsis with succinylacetone, an abnormal metabolite caused by loss of FAH, induces expression of JA-inducible genes whereas treatment with JA induces expression of some Tyr degradation genes with dependence of JA signaling. These results demonstrated that cell death resulted from loss of FAH in Arabidopsis is related to JA but not SA, and suggested that JA signaling positively regulates sscd1 cell death by up-regulating Tyr degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Zhou
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.,College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Tiantian Zhi
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.,College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.,College of Life Sciences and Resources and Environment, Yichun University, Yichun, 336000, China
| | - Chengyun Han
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.,College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.,College of Life Sciences and Resources and Environment, Yichun University, Yichun, 336000, China
| | - Zhihong Peng
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Ruozhong Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Jianhua Tong
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Qi Zhu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Chunmei Ren
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China. .,College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
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25
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Abstract
Etiolated seedlings accumulate the chlorophyll biosynthesis intermediate protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) and measuring Pchlide can be important for characterizing photomorphogenic mutants that may be affected in chloroplast development. In this chapter we outline a simple and sensitive method for quantifying Pchlide in extracts of Arabidopsis seedlings using fluorescence spectroscopy. This method can be easily adapted to study chloroplast development in a wide range of plant species.
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26
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Ramis R, Ortega-Castro J, Caballero C, Casasnovas R, Cerrillo A, Vilanova B, Adrover M, Frau J. How Does Pyridoxamine Inhibit the Formation of Advanced Glycation End Products? The Role of Its Primary Antioxidant Activity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:E344. [PMID: 31480509 PMCID: PMC6770850 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8090344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyridoxamine, one of the natural forms of vitamin B6, is known to be an effective inhibitor of the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which are closely related to various human diseases. Pyridoxamine forms stable complexes with metal ions that catalyze the oxidative reactions taking place in the advanced stages of the protein glycation cascade. It also reacts with reactive carbonyl compounds generated as byproducts of protein glycation, thereby preventing further protein damage. We applied Density Functional Theory to study the primary antioxidant activity of pyridoxamine towards three oxygen-centered radicals (•OOH, •OOCH3 and •OCH3) to find out whether this activity may also play a crucial role in the context of protein glycation inhibition. Our results show that, at physiological pH, pyridoxamine can trap the •OCH3 radical, in both aqueous and lipidic media, with rate constants in the diffusion limit (>1.0 × 108 M - 1 s - 1 ). The quickest pathways involve the transfer of the hydrogen atoms from the protonated pyridine nitrogen, the protonated amino group or the phenolic group. Its reactivity towards •OOH and •OOCH3 is smaller, but pyridoxamine can still scavenge them with moderate rate constants in aqueous media. Since reactive oxygen species are also involved in the formation of AGEs, these results highlight that the antioxidant capacity of pyridoxamine is also relevant to explain its inhibitory role on the glycation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Ramis
- Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Departament de Química, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Joaquín Ortega-Castro
- Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Departament de Química, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
| | - Carmen Caballero
- Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Departament de Química, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Casasnovas
- Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Departament de Química, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Antonia Cerrillo
- Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Departament de Química, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Bartolomé Vilanova
- Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Departament de Química, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Miquel Adrover
- Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Departament de Química, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Juan Frau
- Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Departament de Química, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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27
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Mangel N, Fudge JB, Li K, Wu T, Tohge T, Fernie AR, Szurek B, Fitzpatrick TB, Gruissem W, Vanderschuren H. Enhancement of vitamin B 6 levels in rice expressing Arabidopsis vitamin B 6 biosynthesis de novo genes. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 99:1047-1065. [PMID: 31063672 PMCID: PMC6852651 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) is vital for key metabolic reactions and reported to have antioxidant properties in planta. Therefore, enhancement of vitamin B6 content has been hypothesized to be a route to improve resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Most of the current studies on vitamin B6 in plants are on eudicot species, with monocots remaining largely unexplored. In this study, we investigated vitamin B6 biosynthesis in rice, with a view to examining the feasibility and impact of enhancing vitamin B6 levels. Constitutive expression in rice of two Arabidopsis thaliana genes from the vitamin B6 biosynthesis de novo pathway, AtPDX1.1 and AtPDX2, resulted in a considerable increase in vitamin B6 in leaves (up to 28.3-fold) and roots (up to 12-fold), with minimal impact on general growth. Rice lines accumulating high levels of vitamin B6 did not display enhanced tolerance to abiotic stress (salt) or biotic stress (resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae infection). While a significant increase in vitamin B6 content could also be achieved in rice seeds (up to 3.1-fold), the increase was largely due to its accumulation in seed coat and embryo tissues, with little enhancement observed in the endosperm. However, seed yield was affected in some vitamin B6 -enhanced lines. Notably, expression of the transgenes did not affect the expression of the endogenous rice PDX genes. Intriguingly, despite transgene expression in leaves and seeds, the corresponding proteins were only detectable in leaves and could not be observed in seeds, possibly pointing to a mode of regulation in this organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Mangel
- Plant Biotechnology, Department of BiologyETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Jared B. Fudge
- Department of Botany and Plant BiologyUniversity of GenevaGeneva1211Switzerland
| | - Kuan‐Te Li
- Plant Biotechnology, Department of BiologyETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Ting‐Ying Wu
- Plant Biotechnology, Department of BiologyETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Takayuki Tohge
- Max‐Planck‐Institute for Molecular Plant PhysiologyPotsdam‐Gölm14476Germany
- Present address:
Graduate School of Biological SciencesNara Institute of Science and TechnologyIkomaNara630‐0192Japan
| | - Alisdair R. Fernie
- Max‐Planck‐Institute for Molecular Plant PhysiologyPotsdam‐Gölm14476Germany
| | - Boris Szurek
- IRDCiradUniversity of MontpellierIPMEMontpellier34394France
| | | | - Wilhelm Gruissem
- Plant Biotechnology, Department of BiologyETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology CenterNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung City40227Taiwan
| | - Hervé Vanderschuren
- Plant Biotechnology, Department of BiologyETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
- Plant Genetics LabTERRA Research and Teaching CentreGembloux Agro BioTechUniversity of LiègeGembloux5030Belgium
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28
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Sathe AP, Su X, Chen Z, Chen T, Wei X, Tang S, Zhang XB, Wu JL. Identification and characterization of a spotted-leaf mutant spl40 with enhanced bacterial blight resistance in rice. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 12:68. [PMID: 31446514 PMCID: PMC6708518 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-019-0326-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spotted leaf mutants show typical necrotic lesions that appear spontaneously in the absence of any pathogen attack. These mutants are often characterized to exhibit programmed cell death (PCD) and activation of plant defense responses resulting in enhanced disease resistance to multiple pathogens. Here, we reported a novel spotted-leaf mutant, spl40 that showed enhanced disease resistance response. RESULTS Initially lesions appeared at leaf tips during seedling stage and gradually covered the whole leaf at the tillering stage. The lesion development was light-dependent. spl40 showed obvious cell death at and around the lesion, and burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was accompanied by disturbed ROS scavenging system. Photosynthetic capacity was compromised as evidenced by significant reductions in chlorophyll content, important photosynthesis parameters and downregulated expression of photosynthesis-related genes which ultimately led to poor performance of major agronomic traits. spl40 exhibited enhanced resistance to 14 out of 16 races of bacterial blight pathogen of rice, caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, most probably though activation of SA and JA signaling pathways, owing to upregulated expression of SA and JA signaling genes, though the exact mechanism remain to be elucidated. The spotted-leaf phenotype was controlled by a novel single recessive nuclear gene. Genetic mapping combined with high throughput sequencing analysis identified Os05G0312000 as the most probable candidate gene. Sequencing of ORF revealed a single SNP change from C to T that resulted in non-synonymous change in amino acid residue from leucine to phenylalanine. Interestingly, the complementation plants did not display lesions before heading but showed lesions at the heading stage and the transgenic T1 progenies could be classified into 3 categories based on their lesion intensity, indicating the complex genetic nature of the spl40 mutation. CONCLUSION The results obtained here clearly show that genes related to defense and PCD were upregulated in accordance with enhanced disease resistance and occurrence of PCD, whereas the photosynthetic capacity and overall ROS homeostasis was compromised in spl40. Our data suggest that a novel spotted-leaf mutant, spl40, would help to elucidate the mechanism behind lesion development involving programmed cell death and associated defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Prakash Sathe
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006 China
| | - Xiaona Su
- Nanchang Business College of Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330044 China
| | - Zheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006 China
| | - Ting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006 China
| | - Xiangjing Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006 China
| | - Shaoqing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006 China
| | - Xiao-bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006 China
| | - Jian-li Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006 China
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29
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Abstract
This year marks the 50th anniversary of the discovery of σ70 as a protein factor that was needed for bacterial RNA polymerase to accurately transcribe a promoter in vitro. It was 25 years later that the Group IV alternative σs were described as a distinct family of proteins related to σ70 . In the intervening time, there has been an ever-growing list of Group IV σs, numbers of genes they transcribe, insight into the diverse suite of processes they control, and appreciation for their impact on bacterial lifestyles. This work summarizes knowledge of the Rhodobacter sphaeroides σE -ChrR pair, a member of the ECF11 subfamily of Group IV alternative σs, in protecting cells from the reactive oxygen species, singlet oxygen. It describes lessons learned from analyzing ChrR, a zinc-dependent anti-σ factor, that are generally applicable to Group IV σs and relevant to the response to single oxygen. This MicroReview also illustrates insights into stress responses in this and other bacteria that have been acquired by analyzing or modeling the activity of the σE -ChrR across the bacterial phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Donohue
- Bacteriology Department, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research CenterWisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWI53726USA
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30
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The plastidial pentose phosphate pathway is essential for postglobular embryo development in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:15297-15306. [PMID: 31296566 PMCID: PMC6660741 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1908556116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Many mutations that affect plastidial metabolism are embryo-lethal, as expected if the disrupted genes encode enzymes with essential housekeeping functions. However, some mutations that disrupt the plastidial oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (OPPP) cause developmental defects, as well as embryo arrest at the globular stage of development. We show that the OPPP provides the substrate for the pathway of purine synthesis, ribose-5-phosphate, and is thus essential for the generation of nucleic acids during the very early stages of embryo development. Inadequate purine synthesis leads to abnormal patterns of cell division in the embryo and blocks development beyond the globular stage. Therefore, defects in primary metabolic pathways can have profound consequences for development as well as simply reducing growth. Large numbers of genes essential for embryogenesis in Arabidopsis encode enzymes of plastidial metabolism. Disruption of many of these genes results in embryo arrest at the globular stage of development. However, the cause of lethality is obscure. We examined the role of the plastidial oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (OPPP) in embryo development. In nonphotosynthetic plastids the OPPP produces reductant and metabolic intermediates for central biosynthetic processes. Embryos with defects in various steps in the oxidative part of the OPPP had cell division defects and arrested at the globular stage, revealing an absolute requirement for the production via these steps of ribulose-5-phosphate. In the nonoxidative part of the OPPP, ribulose-5-phosphate is converted to ribose-5-phosphate (R5P)—required for purine nucleotide and histidine synthesis—and subsequently to erythrose-4-phosphate, which is required for synthesis of aromatic amino acids. We show that embryo development through the globular stage specifically requires synthesis of R5P rather than erythrose-4-phosphate. Either a failure to convert ribulose-5-phosphate to R5P or a block in purine nucleotide biosynthesis beyond R5P perturbs normal patterning of the embryo, disrupts endosperm development, and causes early developmental arrest. We suggest that seed abortion in mutants unable to synthesize R5P via the oxidative part of the OPPP stems from a lack of substrate for synthesis of purine nucleotides, and hence nucleic acids. Our results show that the plastidial OPPP is essential for normal developmental progression as well as for growth in the embryo.
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31
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Borisova-Mubarakshina MM, Vetoshkina DV, Ivanov BN. Antioxidant and signaling functions of the plastoquinone pool in higher plants. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 166:181-198. [PMID: 30706486 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The review covers data representing the plastoquinone pool as the component integrated in plant antioxidant defense and plant signaling. The main goal of the review is to discuss the evidence describing the plastoquinone-involved biochemical reactions, which are incorporated in maintaining the sustainability of higher plants to stress conditions. In this context, the analysis of the reactions of various redox forms of plastoquinone with oxygen species is presented. The review describes how these reactions can constitute both the antioxidant and signaling functions of the pool. Special attention is paid to the reaction of superoxide anion radicals with plastohydroquinone molecules, producing hydrogen peroxide as signal molecules. Attention is also given to the processes affecting the redox state of the plastoquinone pool because the redox state of the pool is of special importance for antioxidant defense and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daria V Vetoshkina
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Boris N Ivanov
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
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32
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Hou Z, Yang Y, Hedtke B, Grimm B. Fluorescence in blue light (FLU) is involved in inactivation and localization of glutamyl-tRNA reductase during light exposure. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 97:517-529. [PMID: 30362619 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent in blue light (FLU) is a negative regulator involved in dark repression of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) synthesis and interacts with glutamyl-tRNA reductase (GluTR), the rate-limiting enzyme of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis. In this study, we investigated FLU's regulatory function in light-exposed FLU-overexpressing (FLUOE) Arabidopsis lines and under fluctuating light intensities in wild-type (WT) and flu seedlings. FLUOE lines suppress ALA synthesis in the light, resulting in reduced chlorophyll content, but more strongly in low and high light than in medium growth light. This situation indicates that FLU's impact on chlorophyll biosynthesis depends on light intensity. FLU overexpressors contain strongly increased amounts of mainly membrane-associated GluTR. These findings correlate with FLU-dependent localization of GluTR to plastidic membranes and concomitant inhibition, such that only the soluble GluTR fraction is active. The overaccumulation of membrane-associated GluTR indicates that FLU binding enhances GluTR stability. Interestingly, under fluctuating light, the leaves of flu mutants contain less chlorophyll compared with WT and become necrotic. We propose that FLU is basically required for fine-tuned ALA synthesis. FLU not only mediates dark repression of ALA synthesis, but functions also to control balanced ALA synthesis under variable light intensities to ensure the adequate supply of chlorophyll.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Hou
- Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, Institut für Biologie, AG Pflanzenphysiologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstrasse 13, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yanyu Yang
- Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, Institut für Biologie, AG Pflanzenphysiologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstrasse 13, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Boris Hedtke
- Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, Institut für Biologie, AG Pflanzenphysiologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstrasse 13, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, Institut für Biologie, AG Pflanzenphysiologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstrasse 13, 10115, Berlin, Germany
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33
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Wang L, Apel K. Dose-dependent effects of 1O2 in chloroplasts are determined by its timing and localization of production. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:29-40. [PMID: 30272237 PMCID: PMC6939833 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In plants, highly reactive singlet oxygen (1O2) is known to inhibit photosynthesis and to damage the cell as a cytotoxin. However, more recent studies have also proposed 1O2 as a signal. In plants under stress, not only 1O2 but also other reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated simultaneously, thus making it difficult to link a particular response to the release of 1O2 and establish a signaling role for this ROS. This obstacle has been overcome by the identification of conditional mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana that selectively generate 1O2 and trigger various 1O2-mediated responses. In chloroplasts of these mutants, chlorophyll or its biosynthetic intermediates may act as a photosensitizer and generate 1O2. These 1O2-mediated responses are not only dependent on the dosage of 1O2 but also are determined by the timing and suborganellar localization of its production. This spatial- and temporal-dependent variability of 1O2-mediated responses emphasizes the importance of 1O2 as a highly versatile and short-lived signal that acts throughout the life cycle of a plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangsheng Wang
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Plant Molecular Biology (Botany), Department Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Klaus Apel
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zürich, Switzerland
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34
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Propagation of cell death in dropdead1, a sorghum ortholog of the maize lls1 mutant. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201359. [PMID: 30199528 PMCID: PMC6130852 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe dropdead1-1 (ded1), an EMS-induced recessive lesion mimic mutant of sorghum. It is characterized by the formation of spreading necrotic lesions that share many attributes with those associated with the maize lethal leaf spot1 (lls1) and Arabidopsis accelerated cell death1 (acd1) mutation. We show that as in lls1, ded1 lesions are initiated by wounding and require light for continued propagation, and that loss of chloroplast integrity is responsible for ded1 cell death. Consistent with these parallels, we demonstrate that ded1 is an ortholog of lls1 and encodes pheophorbide a oxidase (PaO) with 93% identity at the protein level. The mutant ded1 allele resulted from a stop codon-inducing single base pair change in exon 6 of the sorghum ortholog of lls1. The ded1 transcript was rapidly and transiently induced after wounding and substantially elevated in leaves containing ded1 lesions. Given that PaO is a key enzyme of the chlorophyll degradation pathway, its dysfunction would result in the accumulation of pheophorbide, a potent photosensitizer that results in the production of singlet oxygen. Consistent with this, cell death associated with ded1 lesions is most likely caused by singlet oxygen as our results exclude superoxide and H2O2 from this role. We explore the signal responsible for the propagation of lesions affecting both ded1 and lls1 lesions and find that both developmental age and ethylene increase the rate of lesion expansion in both mutants.
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35
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Synthesis of [ 13C₃]-B6 Vitamers Labelled at Three Consecutive Positions Starting from [ 13C₃]-Propionic Acid. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 23:molecules23092117. [PMID: 30142892 PMCID: PMC6225105 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
[13C3]-labelled vitamers (PN, PL and PM) of the B6 group were prepared starting from [13C3]-propionic acid. [13C3]-PN was synthesized in ten linear steps with an overall yield of 17%. Hereby, higher alkyl homologues of involved esters showed a positive impact on the reaction outcome of the intermediates in the chosen synthetic route. Oxidation of [13C3]-PN to [13C3]-PL was undertaken using potassium permanganate and methylamine followed by acid hydrolysis of the imine derivative. [13C3]-PM could be prepared from the oxime derivative of [13C3]-PN by hydrogenation with palladium.
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36
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Dogra V, Rochaix JD, Kim C. Singlet oxygen-triggered chloroplast-to-nucleus retrograde signalling pathways: An emerging perspective. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:1727-1738. [PMID: 29749057 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Singlet oxygen (1 O2 ) is a prime cause of photo-damage of the photosynthetic apparatus. The chlorophyll molecules in the photosystem II reaction center and in the light-harvesting antenna complex are major sources of 1 O2 generation. It has been thought that the generation of 1 O2 mainly takes place in the appressed regions of the thylakoid membranes, namely, the grana core, where most of the active photosystem II complexes are localized. Apart from being a toxic molecule, new evidence suggests that 1 O2 significantly contributes to chloroplast-to-nucleus retrograde signalling that primes acclimation and cell death responses. Interestingly, recent studies reveal that chloroplasts operate two distinct 1 O2 -triggered retrograde signalling pathways in which β-carotene and a nuclear-encoded chloroplast protein EXECUTER1 play essential roles as signalling mediators. The coexistence of these mediators raises several questions: their crosstalk, source(s) of 1 O2 , downstream signalling components, and the perception and reaction mechanism of these mediators towards 1 O2 . In this review, we mainly discuss the molecular genetic basis of the mode of action of these two putative 1 O2 sensors and their corresponding retrograde signalling pathways. In addition, we also propose the possible existence of an alternative source of 1 O2 , which is spatially and functionally separated from the grana core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Dogra
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jean-David Rochaix
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Chanhong Kim
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
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37
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Czarnocka W, Karpiński S. Friend or foe? Reactive oxygen species production, scavenging and signaling in plant response to environmental stresses. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 122:4-20. [PMID: 29331649 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In the natural environment, plants are exposed to a variety of biotic and abiotic stress conditions that trigger rapid changes in the production and scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The production and scavenging of ROS is compartmentalized, which means that, depending on stimuli type, they can be generated and eliminated in different cellular compartments such as the apoplast, plasma membrane, chloroplasts, mitochondria, peroxisomes, and endoplasmic reticulum. Although the accumulation of ROS is generally harmful to cells, ROS play an important role in signaling pathways that regulate acclimatory and defense responses in plants, such as systemic acquired acclimation (SAA) and systemic acquired resistance (SAR). However, high accumulations of ROS can also trigger redox homeostasis disturbance which can lead to cell death, and in consequence, to a limitation in biomass and yield production. Different ROS have various half-lifetimes and degrees of reactivity toward molecular components such as lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Thus, they play different roles in intra- and extra-cellular signaling. Despite their possible damaging effect, ROS should mainly be considered as signaling molecules that regulate local and systemic acclimatory and defense responses. Over the past two decades it has been proven that ROS together with non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), hormones, Ca2+ waves, and electrical signals are the main players in SAA and SAR, two physiological processes essential for plant survival and productivity in unfavorable conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Czarnocka
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Horticulture, Biotechnology and Landscape Architecture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska Street 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska Street 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Stanisław Karpiński
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Horticulture, Biotechnology and Landscape Architecture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska Street 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; The Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute (IHAR) - National Research Institute, Radzików, 05-870 Błonie, Poland.
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Mullineaux PM, Exposito-Rodriguez M, Laissue PP, Smirnoff N. ROS-dependent signalling pathways in plants and algae exposed to high light: Comparisons with other eukaryotes. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 122:52-64. [PMID: 29410363 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Like all aerobic organisms, plants and algae co-opt reactive oxygen species (ROS) as signalling molecules to drive cellular responses to changes in their environment. In this respect, there is considerable commonality between all eukaryotes imposed by the constraints of ROS chemistry, similar metabolism in many subcellular compartments, the requirement for a high degree of signal specificity and the deployment of thiol peroxidases as transducers of oxidising equivalents to regulatory proteins. Nevertheless, plants and algae carry out specialised signalling arising from oxygenic photosynthesis in chloroplasts and photoautotropism, which often induce an imbalance between absorption of light energy and the capacity to use it productively. A key means of responding to this imbalance is through communication of chloroplasts with the nucleus to adjust cellular metabolism. Two ROS, singlet oxygen (1O2) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), initiate distinct signalling pathways when photosynthesis is perturbed. 1O2, because of its potent reactivity means that it initiates but does not transduce signalling. In contrast, the lower reactivity of H2O2 means that it can also be a mobile messenger in a spatially-defined signalling pathway. How plants translate a H2O2 message to bring about changes in gene expression is unknown and therefore, we draw on information from other eukaryotes to propose a working hypothesis. The role of these ROS generated in other subcellular compartments of plant cells in response to HL is critically considered alongside other eukaryotes. Finally, the responses of animal cells to oxidative stress upon high irradiance exposure is considered for new comparisons between plant and animal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Mullineaux
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK.
| | | | | | - Nicholas Smirnoff
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
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Crawford T, Lehotai N, Strand Å. The role of retrograde signals during plant stress responses. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:2783-2795. [PMID: 29281071 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplast and mitochondria not only provide the energy to the plant cell but due to the sensitivity of organellar processes to perturbations caused by abiotic stress, they are also key cellular sensors of environmental fluctuations. Abiotic stresses result in reduced photosynthetic efficiency and thereby reduced energy supply for cellular processes. Thus, in order to acclimate to stress, plants must re-program gene expression and cellular metabolism to divert energy from growth and developmental processes to stress responses. To restore cellular energy homeostasis following exposure to stress, the activities of the organelles must be tightly co-ordinated with the transcriptional re-programming in the nucleus. Thus, communication between the organelles and the nucleus, so-called retrograde signalling, is essential to direct the energy use correctly during stress exposure. Stress-triggered retrograde signals are mediated by reactive oxygen species and metabolites including β-cyclocitral, MEcPP (2-C-methyl-d-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate), PAP (3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphate), and intermediates of the tetrapyrrole biosynthesis pathway. However, for the plant cell to respond optimally to environmental stress, these stress-triggered retrograde signalling pathways must be integrated with the cytosolic stress signalling network. We hypothesize that the Mediator transcriptional co-activator complex may play a key role as a regulatory hub in the nucleus, integrating the complex stress signalling networks originating in different cellular compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Crawford
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Nóra Lehotai
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Åsa Strand
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Zhang Q, Xia C, Zhang L, Dong C, Liu X, Kong X. Transcriptome Analysis of a Premature Leaf Senescence Mutant of Common Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Int J Mol Sci 2018. [PMID: 29534430 PMCID: PMC5877643 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Leaf senescence is an important agronomic trait that affects both crop yield and quality. In this study, we characterized a premature leaf senescence mutant of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) obtained by ethylmethane sulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis, named m68. Genetic analysis showed that the leaf senescence phenotype of m68 is controlled by a single recessive nuclear gene. We compared the transcriptome of wheat leaves between the wild type (WT) and the m68 mutant at four time points. Differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis revealed many genes that were closely related to senescence genes. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis suggested that transcription factors and protein transport genes might function in the beginning of leaf senescence, while genes that were associated with chlorophyll and carbon metabolism might function in the later stage. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis showed that the genes that are involved in plant hormone signal transduction were significantly enriched. Through expression pattern clustering of DEGs, we identified 1012 genes that were induced during senescence, and we found that the WRKY family and zinc finger transcription factors might be more important than other transcription factors in the early stage of leaf senescence. These results will not only support further gene cloning and functional analysis of m68, but also facilitate the study of leaf senescence in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lichao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Chunhao Dong
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Xu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Xiuying Kong
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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Cacas J, Pré M, Pizot M, Cissoko M, Diedhiou I, Jalloul A, Doumas P, Nicole M, Champion A. GhERF-IIb3 regulates the accumulation of jasmonate and leads to enhanced cotton resistance to blight disease. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2017; 18:825-836. [PMID: 27291786 PMCID: PMC6638235 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone jasmonic acid (JA) and its derivatives, collectively referred to as jasmonates, regulate many developmental processes, but are also involved in the response to numerous abiotic/biotic stresses. Thus far, powerful reverse genetic strategies employing perception, signalling or biosynthesis mutants have broadly contributed to our understanding of the role of JA in the plant stress response and development, as has the chemical gain-of-function approach based on exogenous application of the hormone. However, there is currently no method that allows for tightly controlled JA production in planta. By investigating the control of the JA synthesis pathway in bacteria-infected cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants, we identified a transcription factor (TF), named GhERF-IIb3, which acts as a positive regulator of the JA pathway. Expression of this well-conserved TF in cotton leaves was sufficient to produce in situ JA accumulation at physiological concentrations associated with an enhanced cotton defence response to bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean‐Luc Cacas
- Institut Jean‐Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA‐AgroParisTech Centre INRA de Versailles‐GrignonRoute de St. Cyr78026Versailles CedexFrance
| | - Martial Pré
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Unités Mixte de Recherche DIADE (DIversité Adaptation et DEveloppement des plantes) et IPME (Interactions Plantes‐Microorganismes‐Environnement)911 avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5France
| | - Maxime Pizot
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Unités Mixte de Recherche DIADE (DIversité Adaptation et DEveloppement des plantes) et IPME (Interactions Plantes‐Microorganismes‐Environnement)911 avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5France
| | - Maimouna Cissoko
- Laboratoire Mixte International Adaptation des Plantes et Microorganismes Associés aux Stress Environnementaux (LAPSE), Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie (LCM)Centre de Recherche de Bel Air, BP 1386Dakar18524Senegal
| | - Issa Diedhiou
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Unités Mixte de Recherche DIADE (DIversité Adaptation et DEveloppement des plantes) et IPME (Interactions Plantes‐Microorganismes‐Environnement)911 avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5France
- Laboratoire Mixte International Adaptation des Plantes et Microorganismes Associés aux Stress Environnementaux (LAPSE), Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie (LCM)Centre de Recherche de Bel Air, BP 1386Dakar18524Senegal
| | - Aida Jalloul
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of AgronomyUniversity of DamascusDamascusBox 113Syria
| | - Patrick Doumas
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des PlantesMontpellier34060France
| | - Michel Nicole
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Unités Mixte de Recherche DIADE (DIversité Adaptation et DEveloppement des plantes) et IPME (Interactions Plantes‐Microorganismes‐Environnement)911 avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5France
| | - Antony Champion
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Unités Mixte de Recherche DIADE (DIversité Adaptation et DEveloppement des plantes) et IPME (Interactions Plantes‐Microorganismes‐Environnement)911 avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5France
- Laboratoire Mixte International Adaptation des Plantes et Microorganismes Associés aux Stress Environnementaux (LAPSE), Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie (LCM)Centre de Recherche de Bel Air, BP 1386Dakar18524Senegal
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Page MT, McCormac AC, Smith AG, Terry MJ. Singlet oxygen initiates a plastid signal controlling photosynthetic gene expression. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:1168-1180. [PMID: 27735068 PMCID: PMC5244666 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Retrograde signals from the plastid regulate photosynthesis-associated nuclear genes and are essential to successful chloroplast biogenesis. One model is that a positive haem-related signal promotes photosynthetic gene expression in a pathway that is abolished by the herbicide norflurazon. Far-red light (FR) pretreatment and transfer to white light also results in plastid damage and loss of photosynthetic gene expression. Here, we investigated whether norflurazon and FR pretreatment affect the same retrograde signal. We used transcriptome analysis and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to analyse the effects of these treatments on nuclear gene expression in various Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) retrograde signalling mutants. Results showed that the two treatments inhibited largely different nuclear gene sets, suggesting that they affected different retrograde signals. Moreover, FR pretreatment resulted in singlet oxygen (1 O2 ) production and a rapid inhibition of photosynthetic gene expression. This inhibition was partially blocked in the executer1executer2 mutant, which is impaired in 1 O2 signalling. Our data support a new model in which a 1 O2 retrograde signal, generated by chlorophyll precursors, inhibits expression of key photosynthetic and chlorophyll synthesis genes to prevent photo-oxidative damage during de-etiolation. Such a signal would provide a counterbalance to the positive haem-related signal to fine tune regulation of chloroplast biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike T. Page
- Biological SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | - Alex C. McCormac
- Biological SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | - Alison G. Smith
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 3EAUK
| | - Matthew J. Terry
- Biological SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
- Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
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Agarrwal R, Padmakumari AP, Bentur JS, Nair S. Metabolic and transcriptomic changes induced in host during hypersensitive response mediated resistance in rice against the Asian rice gall midge. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2016; 9:5. [PMID: 26892000 PMCID: PMC4759115 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-016-0077-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An incompatible interaction between rice (Oryza sativa) and the Asian rice gall midge (AGM, Orseolia oryzae Wood-Mason), that is usually manifested through a hypersensitive response (HR), represents an intricate relationship between the resistant host and its avirulent pest. We investigated changes in the transcriptome and metabolome of the host (indica rice variety: RP2068-18-3-5, RP), showing HR when attacked by an avirulent gall midge biotype (GMB1), to deduce molecular and biochemical bases of such a complex interaction. Till now, such an integrated analysis of host transcriptome and metabolome has not been reported for any rice-insect interaction. RESULTS Transcript and metabolic profiling data revealed more than 7000 differentially expressed genes and 80 differentially accumulated metabolites, respectively, in the resistant host. Microarray data revealed deregulation of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) metabolism causing a C/N shift; up-regulation of tetrapyrrole synthesis and down-regulation of chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthesis. Integrated results revealed that genes involved in lipid peroxidation (LPO) were up-regulated and a marker metabolite for LPO (azelaic acid) accumulated during HR. This coincided with a greater accumulation of GABA (neurotransmitter and an insect antifeedant) at the feeding site. Validation of microarray results by semi-quantitative RT-PCR revealed temporal variation in gene expression profiles. CONCLUSIONS The study revealed extensive reprogramming of the transcriptome and metabolome of RP upon GMB1 infestation leading to an HR that was induced by the generation and release of reactive oxygen species i.e. singlet oxygen and resulted in LPO-mediated cell death. RP thus used HR as a means to limit nutrient supply to the feeding maggots and simultaneously accumulated GABA, strategies that could have led to maggot mortality. The integrated results of transcript and metabolic profiling, for the first time, provided insights into an HR+ type of resistance in rice against gall midge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Agarrwal
- />International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Ayyagari Phani Padmakumari
- />Indian Institute of Rice Research (formerly Directorate of Rice Research), Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 500030 India
| | - Jagadish S. Bentur
- />Indian Institute of Rice Research (formerly Directorate of Rice Research), Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 500030 India
- />Present address: AgriBiotech Foundation, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 500030 India
| | - Suresh Nair
- />International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067 India
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Mignolet-Spruyt L, Xu E, Idänheimo N, Hoeberichts FA, Mühlenbock P, Brosché M, Van Breusegem F, Kangasjärvi J. Spreading the news: subcellular and organellar reactive oxygen species production and signalling. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:3831-44. [PMID: 26976816 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
As plants are sessile organisms that have to attune their physiology and morphology continuously to varying environmental challenges in order to survive and reproduce, they have evolved complex and integrated environment-cell, cell-cell, and cell-organelle signalling circuits that regulate and trigger the required adjustments (such as alteration of gene expression). Although reactive oxygen species (ROS) are essential components of this network, their pathways are not yet completely unravelled. In addition to the intrinsic chemical properties that define the array of interaction partners, mobility, and stability, ROS signalling specificity is obtained via the spatiotemporal control of production and scavenging at different organellar and subcellular locations (e.g. chloroplasts, mitochondria, peroxisomes, and apoplast). Furthermore, these cellular compartments may crosstalk to relay and further fine-tune the ROS message. Hence, plant cells might locally and systemically react upon environmental or developmental challenges by generating spatiotemporally controlled dosages of certain ROS types, each with specific chemical properties and interaction targets, that are influenced by interorganellar communication and by the subcellular location and distribution of the involved organelles, to trigger the suitable acclimation responses in association with other well-established cellular signalling components (e.g. reactive nitrogen species, phytohormones, and calcium ions). Further characterization of this comprehensive ROS signalling matrix may result in the identification of new targets and key regulators of ROS signalling, which might be excellent candidates for engineering or breeding stress-tolerant plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorin Mignolet-Spruyt
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Enjun Xu
- Division of Plant Biology, Viikki Plant Science Centre, Department of Biosciences, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Niina Idänheimo
- Division of Plant Biology, Viikki Plant Science Centre, Department of Biosciences, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Frank A Hoeberichts
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Per Mühlenbock
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mikael Brosché
- Division of Plant Biology, Viikki Plant Science Centre, Department of Biosciences, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Frank Van Breusegem
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jaakko Kangasjärvi
- Division of Plant Biology, Viikki Plant Science Centre, Department of Biosciences, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland Distinguished Scientist Fellowship Program, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Dani KGS, Fineschi S, Michelozzi M, Loreto F. Do cytokinins, volatile isoprenoids and carotenoids synergically delay leaf senescence? PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:1103-11. [PMID: 26729201 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaidala Ganesha Srikanta Dani
- Istituto per lo Studio degli Ecosistemi, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
- Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, 2109, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Silvia Fineschi
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Marco Michelozzi
- Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Francesco Loreto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Bio-Agroalimentari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazzale Aldo Moro 7, 00185, Roma, Italy
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Samsatly J, Chamoun R, Gluck-Thaler E, Jabaji S. Genes of the de novo and Salvage Biosynthesis Pathways of Vitamin B6 are Regulated under Oxidative Stress in the Plant Pathogen Rhizoctonia solani. Front Microbiol 2016; 6:1429. [PMID: 26779127 PMCID: PMC4700284 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin B6 is recognized as an important cofactor required for numerous metabolic enzymes, and has been shown to act as an antioxidant and play a role in stress responses. It can be synthesized through two different routes: salvage and de novo pathways. However, little is known about the possible function of the vitamin B6 pathways in the fungal plant pathogen Rhizoctonia solani. Using genome walking, the de novo biosynthetic pathway genes; RsolPDX1 and RsolPDX2 and the salvage biosynthetic pathway gene, RsolPLR were sequenced. The predicted amino acid sequences of the three genes had high degrees of similarity to other fungal PDX1, PDX2, and PLR proteins and are closely related to other R. solani anastomosis groups. We also examined their regulation when subjected to reactive oxygen species (ROS) stress inducers, the superoxide generator paraquat, or H2O2, and compared it to the well-known antioxidant genes, catalase and glutathione-S-transferase (GST). The genes were differentially regulated with transcript levels as high as 33 fold depending on the gene and type of stress reflecting differences in the type of damage induced by ROS. Exogenous addition of the vitamers PN or PLP in culture medium significantly induced the transcription of the vitamin B6 de novo encoding genes as early as 0.5 hour post treatment (HPT). On the other hand, transcription of RsolPLR was vitamer-specific; a down regulation upon supplementation of PN and upregulation with PLP. Our results suggest that accumulation of ROS in R. solani mycelia is linked to transcriptional regulation of the three genes and implicate the vitamin B6 biosynthesis machinery in R. solani, similar to catalases and GST, as an antioxidant stress protector against oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamil Samsatly
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Rony Chamoun
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | | | - Suha Jabaji
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
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Kaurilind E, Xu E, Brosché M. A genetic framework for H2O2 induced cell death in Arabidopsis thaliana. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:837. [PMID: 26493993 PMCID: PMC4619244 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1964-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To survive in a changing environment plants constantly monitor their surroundings. In response to several stresses and during photorespiration plants use reactive oxygen species as signaling molecules. The Arabidopsis thaliana catalase2 (cat2) mutant lacks a peroxisomal catalase and under photorespiratory conditions accumulates H2O2, which leads to activation of cell death. METHODS A cat2 double mutant collection was generated through crossing and scored for cell death in different assays. Selected double mutants were further analyzed for photosynthetic performance and H2O2 accumulation. RESULTS We used a targeted mutant analysis with more than 50 cat2 double mutants to investigate the role of stress hormones and other defense regulators in H2O2-mediated cell death. Several transcription factors (AS1, MYB30, MYC2, WRKY70), cell death regulators (RCD1, DND1) and hormone regulators (AXR1, ERA1, SID2, EDS1, SGT1b) were essential for execution of cell death in cat2. Genetic loci required for cell death in cat2 was compared with regulators of cell death in spontaneous lesion mimic mutants and led to the identification of a core set of plant cell death regulators. Analysis of gene expression data from cat2 and plants undergoing cell death revealed similar gene expression profiles, further supporting the existence of a common program for regulation of plant cell death. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide a genetic framework for further study on the role of H2O2 in regulation of cell death. The hormones salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and auxin, as well as their interaction, are crucial determinants of cell death regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve Kaurilind
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Enjun Xu
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Mikael Brosché
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu, 50411, Estonia.
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Simancas B, Munné-Bosch S. Interplay between vitamin E and phosphorus availability in the control of longevity in Arabidopsis thaliana. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2015; 116:511-8. [PMID: 25808655 PMCID: PMC4577990 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Vitamin E helps to control the cellular redox state by reacting with singlet oxygen and preventing the propagation of lipid peroxidation in thylakoid membranes. Both plant ageing and phosphorus deficiency can trigger accumulation of reactive oxygen species, leading to damage to the photosynthetic apparatus. This study investigates how phosphorus availability and vitamin E interact in the control of plant longevity in the short-lived annual Arabidopsis thaliana. METHODS The responses of tocopherol cyclase (VTE1)- and γ-tocopherol methyltransferase (VTE4)-null mutants to various levels of phosphorus availability was compared with that of wild-type plants. Longevity (time from germination to rosette death) and the time taken to pass through different developmental stages were determined, and measurements were taken of photosynthetic efficiency, pigment concentration, lipid peroxidation, vitamin E content and jasmonate content. KEY RESULTS The vte1 mutant showed accelerated senescence under control conditions, excess phosphorus and mild phosphorus deficiency, suggesting a delaying, protective effect of α-tocopherol during plant senescence. However, under severe phosphorus deficiency the lack of α-tocopherol paradoxically increased longevity in the vte1 mutant, while senescence was accelerated in wild-type plants. Reduced photoprotection in vitamin E-deficient mutants led to increased levels of defence chemicals (as indicated by jasmonate levels) under severe phosphorus starvation in the vte4 mutant and under excess phosphorus and mild phosphorus starvation in the vte1 mutant, indicating a trade-off between the capacity for photoprotection and the activation of chemical defences (jasmonate accumulation). CONCLUSIONS Vitamin E increases plant longevity under control conditions and mild phosphorus starvation, but accelerates senescence under severe phosphorus limitation. Complex interactions are revealed between phosphorus availability, vitamin E and the potential to synthesize jasmonates, suggesting a trade-off between photoprotection and the activation of chemical defences in the plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Simancas
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Munné-Bosch
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Maize death acids, 9-lipoxygenase-derived cyclopente(a)nones, display activity as cytotoxic phytoalexins and transcriptional mediators. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:11407-12. [PMID: 26305953 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1511131112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant damage promotes the interaction of lipoxygenases (LOXs) with fatty acids yielding 9-hydroperoxides, 13-hydroperoxides, and complex arrays of oxylipins. The action of 13-LOX on linolenic acid enables production of 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (12-OPDA) and its downstream products, termed "jasmonates." As signals, jasmonates have related yet distinct roles in the regulation of plant resistance against insect and pathogen attack. A similar pathway involving 9-LOX activity on linolenic and linoleic acid leads to the 12-OPDA positional isomer, 10-oxo-11-phytodienoic acid (10-OPDA) and 10-oxo-11-phytoenoic acid (10-OPEA), respectively; however, physiological roles for 9-LOX cyclopentenones have remained unclear. In developing maize (Zea mays) leaves, southern leaf blight (Cochliobolus heterostrophus) infection results in dying necrotic tissue and the localized accumulation of 10-OPEA, 10-OPDA, and a series of related 14- and 12-carbon metabolites, collectively termed "death acids." 10-OPEA accumulation becomes wound inducible within fungal-infected tissues and at physiologically relevant concentrations acts as a phytoalexin by suppressing the growth of fungi and herbivores including Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium verticillioides, and Helicoverpa zea. Unlike previously established maize phytoalexins, 10-OPEA and 10-OPDA display significant phytotoxicity. Both 12-OPDA and 10-OPEA promote the transcription of defense genes encoding glutathione S transferases, cytochrome P450s, and pathogenesis-related proteins. In contrast, 10-OPEA only weakly promotes the accumulation of multiple protease inhibitor transcripts. Consistent with a role in dying tissue, 10-OPEA application promotes cysteine protease activation and cell death, which is inhibited by overexpression of the cysteine protease inhibitor maize cystatin-9. Unlike jasmonates, functions for 10-OPEA and associated death acids are consistent with specialized roles in local defense reactions.
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Yi LY, Liang X, Liu DM, Sun B, Ying S, Yang DB, Li QB, Jiang CL, Han Y. Disrupted topological organization of resting-state functional brain network in subcortical vascular mild cognitive impairment. CNS Neurosci Ther 2015; 21:846-54. [PMID: 26257386 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Neuroimaging studies have demonstrated both structural and functional abnormalities in widespread brain regions in patients with subcortical vascular mild cognitive impairment (svMCI). However, whether and how these changes alter functional brain network organization remains largely unknown. METHODS We recruited 21 patients with svMCI and 26 healthy control (HC) subjects who underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scans. Graph theory-based network analyses were used to investigate alterations in the topological organization of functional brain networks. RESULTS Compared with the HC individuals, the patients with svMCI showed disrupted global network topology with significantly increased path length and modularity. Modular structure was also impaired in the svMCI patients with a notable rearrangement of the executive control module, where the parietal regions were split out and grouped as a separate module. The svMCI patients also revealed deficits in the intra- and/or intermodule connectivity of several brain regions. Specifically, the within-module degree was decreased in the middle cingulate gyrus while it was increased in the left anterior insula, medial prefrontal cortex and cuneus. Additionally, increased intermodule connectivity was observed in the inferior and superior parietal gyrus, which was associated with worse cognitive performance in the svMCI patients. CONCLUSION Together, our results indicate that svMCI patients exhibit dysregulation of the topological organization of functional brain networks, which has important implications for understanding the pathophysiological mechanism of svMCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ye Yi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xia Liang
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Da-Ming Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Bo Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Sun Ying
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Dong-Bo Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Qing-Bin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chuan-Lu Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ying Han
- Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurology, XuanWu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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