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Ding L, Fox AR, Chaumont F. Multifaceted role and regulation of aquaporins for efficient stomatal movements. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:3330-3343. [PMID: 38742465 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Stomata are micropores on the leaf epidermis that allow carbon dioxide (CO2) uptake for photosynthesis at the expense of water loss through transpiration. Stomata coordinate the plant gas exchange of carbon and water with the atmosphere through their opening and closing dynamics. In the context of global climate change, it is essential to better understand the mechanism of stomatal movements under different environmental stimuli. Aquaporins (AQPs) are considered important regulators of stomatal movements by contributing to membrane diffusion of water, CO2 and hydrogen peroxide. This review compiles the most recent findings and discusses future directions to update our knowledge of the role of AQPs in stomatal movements. After highlighting the role of subsidiary cells (SCs), which contribute to the high water use efficiency of grass stomata, we explore the expression of AQP genes in guard cells and SCs. We then focus on the cellular regulation of AQP activity at the protein level in stomata. After introducing their post-translational modifications, we detail their trafficking as well as their physical interaction with various partners that regulate AQP subcellular dynamics towards and within specific regions of the cell membranes, such as microdomains and membrane contact sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ding
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Ana Romina Fox
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - François Chaumont
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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2
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Zhang H, Zhou J, Kou X, Liu Y, Zhao X, Qin G, Wang M, Qian G, Li W, Huang Y, Wang X, Zhao Z, Li S, Wu X, Jiang L, Feng X, Zhu JK, Li L. Syntaxin of plants71 plays essential roles in plant development and stress response via regulating pH homeostasis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1198353. [PMID: 37342145 PMCID: PMC10277689 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1198353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
SYP71, a plant-specific Qc-SNARE with multiple subcellular localization, is essential for symbiotic nitrogen fixation in nodules in Lotus, and is implicated in plant resistance to pathogenesis in rice, wheat and soybean. Arabidopsis SYP71 is proposed to participate in multiple membrane fusion steps during secretion. To date, the molecular mechanism underlying SYP71 regulation on plant development remains elusive. In this study, we clarified that AtSYP71 is essential for plant development and stress response, using techniques of cell biology, molecular biology, biochemistry, genetics, and transcriptomics. AtSYP71-knockout mutant atsyp71-1 was lethal at early development stage due to the failure of root elongation and albinism of the leaves. AtSYP71-knockdown mutants, atsyp71-2 and atsyp71-3, had short roots, delayed early development, and altered stress response. The cell wall structure and components changed significantly in atsyp71-2 due to disrupted cell wall biosynthesis and dynamics. Reactive oxygen species homeostasis and pH homeostasis were also collapsed in atsyp71-2. All these defects were likely resulted from blocked secretion pathway in the mutants. Strikingly, change of pH value significantly affected ROS homeostasis in atsyp71-2, suggesting interconnection between ROS and pH homeostasis. Furthermore, we identified AtSYP71 partners and propose that AtSYP71 forms distinct SNARE complexes to mediate multiple membrane fusion steps in secretory pathway. Our findings suggest that AtSYP71 plays an essential role in plant development and stress response via regulating pH homeostasis through secretory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoyue Kou
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaonan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guochen Qin
- Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Weifang, China
| | - Mingyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Guangtao Qian
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Wen Li
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Yongshun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhenjie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Shuang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoqian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Lixi Jiang
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xianzhong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Jian-Kang Zhu
- Institute of Advanced Biotechnology and School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Center for Advanced Bioindustry Technologies, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lixin Li
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
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Gowda RSR, Sharma S, Gill RS, Mangat GS, Bhatia D. Genome wide association studies and candidate gene mining for understanding the genetic basis of straw silica content in a set of Oryza nivara (Sharma et Shastry) accessions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1174266. [PMID: 37324704 PMCID: PMC10266271 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1174266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Rice is a high-silica (SiO2·nH2O) accumulator. Silicon (Si) is designated as a beneficial element associated with multiple positive effects on crops. However, the presence of high silica content is detrimental to rice straw management, hampering its use as animal feed and as raw material in multiple industries. Rice straw management is a serious concern in north-western India, and it is eventually burned in situ by farmers, contributing to air pollution. A practical solution could lie in reducing the silica content in rice while also attaining sound plant growth. A set of 258 Oryza nivara accessions along with 25 cultivated varieties of Oryza sativa was used to assess the variation in straw silica content using the molybdenum blue colorimetry method. A large continuous variation was observed for straw silica content in O. nivara accessions, ranging from 5.08% to 16%, while it varied from 6.18% to 15.81% in the cultivated varieties. The O. nivara accessions containing 43%-54% lower straw silica content than the currently prominent cultivated varieties in the region were identified. A set of 22,528 high-quality single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) among 258 O. nivara accessions was used for estimating population structure and genome-wide association studies (GWAS). A weak population structure with 59% admixtures was identified among O. nivara accessions. Further, multi-locus GWAS revealed the presence of 14 marker-trait associations (MTAs) for straw silica content, with six of them co-localizing with previously reported quantitative trait loci (QTL). Twelve out of 14 MTAs showed statistically significant allelic differences. Thorough candidate gene analyses revealed the presence of promising candidate genes, including those encoding the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter, Casparian thickening, multi-drug and toxin extrusion (MATE) protein, F-box, and MYB-transcription factors. Besides, ortho-QTLs among rice and maize genomes were identified, which could open ways for further genetic analysis of this trait. The findings of the study could aid in further understanding and characterizing genes for Si transport and regulation in the plant body. The donors carrying the alleles for lower straw silica content can be used in further marker-assisted breeding programs to develop rice varieties with lower silica content and higher yield potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakshith S. R. Gowda
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Sandeep Sharma
- Department of Soil Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Ranvir Singh Gill
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Gurjit Singh Mangat
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Dharminder Bhatia
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
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Horaruang W, Klejchová M, Carroll W, Silva-Alvim FAL, Waghmare S, Papanatsiou M, Amtmann A, Hills A, Alvim JC, Blatt MR, Zhang B. Engineering a K + channel 'sensory antenna' enhances stomatal kinetics, water use efficiency and photosynthesis. NATURE PLANTS 2022; 8:1262-1274. [PMID: 36266492 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01255-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Stomata of plant leaves open to enable CO2 entry for photosynthesis and close to reduce water loss via transpiration. Compared with photosynthesis, stomata respond slowly to fluctuating light, reducing assimilation and water use efficiency. Efficiency gains are possible without a cost to photosynthesis if stomatal kinetics can be accelerated. Here we show that clustering of the GORK channel, which mediates K+ efflux for stomatal closure in the model plant Arabidopsis, arises from binding between the channel voltage sensors, creating an extended 'sensory antenna' for channel gating. Mutants altered in clustering affect channel gating to facilitate K+ flux, accelerate stomatal movements and reduce water use without a loss in biomass. Our findings identify the mechanism coupling channel clustering with gating, and they demonstrate the potential for engineering of ion channels native to the guard cell to enhance stomatal kinetics and improve water use efficiency without a cost in carbon fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wijitra Horaruang
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Faculty of Science and Arts, Burapha University, Chanthaburi Campus, Chanthaburi, Thailand
| | - Martina Klejchová
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - William Carroll
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Sakharam Waghmare
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Maria Papanatsiou
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Anna Amtmann
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Adrian Hills
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jonas Chaves Alvim
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Michael R Blatt
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Ben Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan City, China
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Baena G, Xia L, Waghmare S, Karnik R. SNARE SYP132 mediates divergent traffic of plasma membrane H+-ATPase AHA1 and antimicrobial PR1 during bacterial pathogenesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:1639-1661. [PMID: 35348763 PMCID: PMC9237740 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The vesicle trafficking SYNTAXIN OF PLANTS132 (SYP132) drives hormone-regulated endocytic traffic to suppress the density and function of plasma membrane (PM) H+-ATPases. In response to bacterial pathogens, it also promotes secretory traffic of antimicrobial pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins. These seemingly opposite actions of SYP132 raise questions about the mechanistic connections between the two, likely independent, membrane trafficking pathways intersecting plant growth and immunity. To study SYP132 and associated trafficking of PM H+-ATPase 1 (AHA1) and PATHOGENESIS-RELATED PROTEIN1 (PR1) during pathogenesis, we used the virulent Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000) bacteria for infection of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants. SYP132 overexpression suppressed bacterial infection in plants through the stomatal route. However, bacterial infection was enhanced when bacteria were infiltrated into leaf tissue to bypass stomatal defenses. Tracking time-dependent changes in native AHA1 and SYP132 abundance, cellular distribution, and function, we discovered that bacterial pathogen infection triggers AHA1 and SYP132 internalization from the plasma membrane. AHA1 bound to SYP132 through its regulatory SNARE Habc domain, and these interactions affected PM H+-ATPase traffic. Remarkably, using the Arabidopsis aha1 mutant, we discovered that AHA1 is essential for moderating SYP132 abundance and associated secretion of PR1 at the plasma membrane for pathogen defense. Thus, we show that during pathogenesis SYP132 coordinates AHA1 with opposing effects on the traffic of AHA1 and PR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Baena
- Plant Science Group, Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bower Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Lingfeng Xia
- Plant Science Group, Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bower Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Sakharam Waghmare
- Plant Science Group, Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bower Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Rucha Karnik
- Plant Science Group, Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bower Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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6
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Cui X, Wang S, Huang Y, Ding X, Wang Z, Zheng L, Bi Y, Ge F, Zhu L, Yuan M, Yalovsky S, Fu Y. Arabidopsis SYP121 acts as an ROP2 effector in the regulation of root hair tip growth. MOLECULAR PLANT 2022; 15:1008-1023. [PMID: 35488430 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tip growth is an extreme form of polarized cell expansion that occurs in all eukaryotic kingdoms to generate highly elongated tubular cells with specialized functions, including fungal hyphae, animal neurons, plant pollen tubes, and root hairs (RHs). RHs are tubular structures that protrude from the root epidermis to facilitate water and nutrient uptake, microbial interactions, and plant anchorage. RH tip growth requires polarized vesicle targeting and active exocytosis at apical growth sites. However, how apical exocytosis is spatially and temporally controlled during tip growth remains elusive. Here, we report that the Qa-Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) SYP121 acts as an effector of Rho of Plants 2 (ROP2), mediating the regulation of RH tip growth. We show that active ROP2 promotes SYP121 targeting to the apical plasma membrane. Moreover, ROP2 directly interacts with SYP121 and promotes the interaction between SYP121 and the R-SNARE VAMP722 to form a SNARE complex, probably by facilitating the release of the Sec1/Munc18 protein SEC11, which suppresses the function of SYP121. Thus, the ROP2-SYP121 pathway facilitates exocytic trafficking during RH tip growth. Our study uncovers a direct link between an ROP GTPase and vesicular trafficking and a new mechanism for the control of apical exocytosis, whereby ROP GTPase signaling spatially regulates SNARE complex assembly and the polar distribution of a Q-SNARE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiankui Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yaohui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xuening Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zirong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lidan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yujing Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fanghui Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ming Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shaul Yalovsky
- Department of Plant Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Ying Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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7
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Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of SNARE Genes in Brassica napus. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11050711. [PMID: 35270180 PMCID: PMC8912762 DOI: 10.3390/plants11050711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
SNAREs (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors) are central components that drive membrane fusion events during exocytosis and endocytosis and play important roles in different biological processes of plants. In this study, we identified 237 genes encoding SNARE family proteins in B. napus in silico at the whole-genome level. Phylogenetic analysis showed that BnaSNAREs could be classified into five groups (Q (a-, b-, c-, bc-) and R) like other plant SNAREs and clustered into twenty-five subclades. The gene structure and protein domain of each subclade were found to be highly conserved. In many subclades, BnaSNAREs are significantly expanded compared with the orthologous genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. BnaSNARE genes are expressed differentially in the leaves and roots of B. napus. RNA-seq data and RT-qPCR proved that some of the BnaSNAREs are involved in the plant response to S. sclerotiorum infection as well as treatments with toxin oxalic acid (OA) (a virulence factor often secreted by S. sclerotiorum) or abscisic acid (ABA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), and salicylic acid (SA), which individually promote resistance to S. sclerotiorum. Moreover, the interacted proteins of BnaSNAREs contain some defense response-related proteins, which increases the evidence that BnaSNAREs are involved in plant immunity. We also found the co-expression of BnaSYP121/2s, BnaSNAPs, and BnaVAMP722/3s in B. napus due to S. sclerotiorum infection as well as the probable interaction among them.
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Wang R, Deng M, Yang C, Yu Q, Zhang L, Zhu Q, Guo X. A Qa-SNARE complex contributes to soybean cyst nematode resistance via regulation of mitochondria-mediated cell death. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:7145-7162. [PMID: 34165531 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The resistance to Heterodera glycines 1 (Rhg1) locus is widely used by soybean breeders to reduce yield loss caused by soybean cyst nematode (SCN). α-SNAP (α-soluble NSF attachment protein) within Rhg1 locus contributes to SCN resistance by modulation of cell status at the SCN feeding site; however, the underlying mechanism is largely unclear. Here, we identified an α-SNAP-interacting protein, GmSYP31A, a Qa-SNARE (soluble NSF attachment protein receptor) protein from soybean. Expression of GmSYP31A significantly induced cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, and co-expression of α-SNAP and GmSYP31A could accelerate cell death. Overexpression of GmSYP31A increased SCN resistance, while silencing or overexpression of a dominant-negative form of GmSYP31A increased SCN sensitivity. GmSYP31A expression also disrupted endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi trafficking, and the exocytosis pathway. Moreover, α-SNAP was also found to interact with GmVDAC1D (voltage-dependent anion channel). The cytotoxicity induced by the expression of GmSYP31A could be relieved either with the addition of an inhibitor of VDAC protein, or by silencing the VDAC gene. Taken together, our data not only demonstrate that α-SNAP works together with GmSYP31A to increase SCN resistance through triggering cell death, but also highlight the unexplored link between the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway and vesicle trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Miaomiao Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qianqian Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoli Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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9
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Zhang M, Liu R, Liu H, Yang H, Li X, Wang P, Zhu F, Xu R, Xue S, Cheng Y. Citrus NIP5;1 aquaporin regulates cell membrane water permeability and alters PIPs plasma membrane localization. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:449-462. [PMID: 34173150 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01164-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The ER or donut-like structures localized aquaporin NIP5;1, which interacts with PIPs and alters their localization from plasma membrane to donut-like structures, regulates water permeability. NOD26-like intrinsic proteins (NIPs) play important roles in nutrient uptake and response to various stresses. However, there have been few studies of their functions in water transportation in citrus. Here, we demonstrate the functions of a novel citrus NIP aquaporin (CsNIP5;1) via multiple physiological and biochemical experiments. CsNIP5;1 showed high water permeability when expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes and yeast. However, subcellular localization assays showed that this protein was localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or donut-like structures in citrus callus and tobacco leaf. Meanwhile, overexpression of CsNIP5;1 led to a reduction in the water permeability of citrus callus. Protein-protein interaction experiments and subcellular localization assays further revealed that CsNIP5;1 physically interacted with PIPs (CsPIP1;1 and AtPIP2;1), which altered their subcellular localization from the plasma membrane to donut-like structures. Together, CsNIP5;1 was identified as a good water channel when expressed in oocytes and yeast. Meanwhile, CsNIP5;1 participated in the regulation of water permeability of citrus callus, which may be associated with CsNIP5;1-induced re-localization of water channels PIPs. In summary, these results provide new insights into the regulatory mechanism of AQPs-mediated water diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfei Zhang
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruilian Liu
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hongbin Yang
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Li
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Wang
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Zhu
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Rangwei Xu
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaowu Xue
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yunjiang Cheng
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Gu X, Fonseka K, Agneessens J, Casson SA, Smertenko A, Guo G, Topping JF, Hussey PJ, Lindsey K. The Arabidopsis R-SNARE VAMP714 is essential for polarisation of PIN proteins and auxin responses. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:550-566. [PMID: 33454983 PMCID: PMC8651015 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone auxin and its directional intercellular transport play a major role in diverse aspects of plant growth and development. The establishment of auxin gradients requires the asymmetric distribution of members of the auxin efflux carrier PIN-FORMED (PIN) protein family to the plasma membrane. An endocytic pathway regulates the recycling of PIN proteins between the plasma membrane and endosomes, providing a mechanism for dynamic localisation. N-Ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor adaptor protein receptors (SNAP receptors, SNAREs) mediate fusion between vesicles and target membranes and are classed as Q- or R-SNAREs based on their sequence. We analysed gain- and loss-of-function mutants, dominant-negative transgenics and localisation of the Arabidopsis R-SNARE VAMP714 protein to understand its function. We demonstrate that VAMP714 is essential for the insertion of PINs into the plasma membrane, for polar auxin transport, root gravitropism and morphogenesis. VAMP714 gene expression is upregulated by auxin, and the VAMP714 protein co-localises with endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi vesicles and with PIN proteins at the plasma membrane. It is proposed that VAMP714 mediates the delivery of PIN-carrying vesicles to the plasma membrane, and that this forms part of a positive regulatory loop in which auxin activates a VAMP714-dependent PIN/auxin transport system to control development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Gu
- Department of BiosciencesDurham UniversitySouth RoadDurhamDH1 3LEUK
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress AdaptationsSchool of Life SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhou730000China
| | - Kumari Fonseka
- Department of BiosciencesDurham UniversitySouth RoadDurhamDH1 3LEUK
| | | | - Stuart A. Casson
- Department of BiosciencesDurham UniversitySouth RoadDurhamDH1 3LEUK
| | - Andrei Smertenko
- Department of BiosciencesDurham UniversitySouth RoadDurhamDH1 3LEUK
| | - Guangqin Guo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress AdaptationsSchool of Life SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhou730000China
| | | | | | - Keith Lindsey
- Department of BiosciencesDurham UniversitySouth RoadDurhamDH1 3LEUK
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11
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Laloux T, Matyjaszczyk I, Beaudelot S, Hachez C, Chaumont F. Interaction Between the SNARE SYP121 and the Plasma Membrane Aquaporin PIP2;7 Involves Different Protein Domains. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:631643. [PMID: 33537055 PMCID: PMC7847993 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.631643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plasma membrane intrinsic proteins (PIPs) are channels facilitating the passive diffusion of water and small solutes. Arabidopsis PIP2;7 trafficking occurs through physical interaction with SNARE proteins including the syntaxin SYP121, a plasma membrane Qa-SNARE involved in membrane fusion. To better understand the interaction mechanism, we aimed at identifying the interaction motifs in SYP121 and PIP2;7 using ratiometric bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays in Nicotiana benthamiana. SYP121 consists of four regions, N, H, Q, and C, and sequential deletions revealed that the C region, containing the transmembrane domain, as well as the H and Q regions, containing the Habc and Qa-SNARE functional domains, interact with PIP2;7. Neither the linker between the Habc and the Qa-SNARE domains nor the H or Q regions alone could fully restore the interaction with PIP2;7, suggesting that the interacting motif depends on the conformation taken by the HQ region. When investigating the interacting motif(s) in PIP2;7, we observed that deletion of the cytosolic N- and/or C- terminus led to a significant decrease in the interaction with SYP121. Shorter deletions revealed that at the N-terminal amino acid residues 18-26 were involved in the interaction. Domain swapping experiments between PIP2;7 and PIP2;6, a PIP isoform that does not interact with SYP121, showed that PIP2;7 N-terminal part up to the loop C was required to restore the full interaction signal, suggesting that, as it is the case for SYP121, the interaction motif(s) in PIP2;7 depend on the protein conformation. Finally, we also showed that PIP2;7 physically interacted with other Arabidopsis SYP1s and SYP121 orthologs.
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12
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Garg V, Hackel A, Kühn C. Subcellular Targeting of Plant Sucrose Transporters Is Affected by Their Oligomeric State. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9020158. [PMID: 32012757 PMCID: PMC7076641 DOI: 10.3390/plants9020158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational regulation of sucrose transporters represents one possibility to adapt transporter activity in a very short time frame. This can occur either via phosphorylation/dephosphorylation, oligomerization, protein-protein interactions, endocytosis/exocytosis, or degradation. It is also known that StSUT1 can change its compartmentalization at the plasma membrane and concentrate in membrane microdomains in response to changing redox conditions. A systematic screen for protein-protein-interactions of plant sucrose transporters revealed that the interactome of all three known sucrose transporters from the Solanaceous species Solanum tuberosum and Solanum lycopersicum represents a specific subset of interaction partners, suggesting different functions for the three different sucrose transporters. Here, we focus on factors that affect the subcellular distribution of the transporters. It was already known that sucrose transporters are able to form homo- as well as heterodimers. Here, we reveal the consequences of homo- and heterodimer formation and the fact that the responses of individual sucrose transporters will respond differently. Sucrose transporter SlSUT2 is mainly found in intracellular vesicles and several of its interaction partners are involved in vesicle traffic and subcellular targeting. The impact of interaction partners such as SNARE/VAMP proteins on the localization of SlSUT2 protein will be investigated, as well as the impact of inhibitors, excess of substrate, or divalent cations which are known to inhibit SUT1-mediated sucrose transport in yeast cells. Thereby we are able to identify factors regulating sucrose transporter activity via a change of their subcellular distribution.
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13
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Zhang L, Liu Y, Zhu XF, Jung JH, Sun Q, Li TY, Chen LJ, Duan YX, Xuan YH. SYP22 and VAMP727 regulate BRI1 plasma membrane targeting to control plant growth in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:1059-1065. [PMID: 30802967 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Xiao Feng Zhu
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Jin Hee Jung
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Qian Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Tian Ya Li
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Li Jie Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Yu Xi Duan
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Yuan Hu Xuan
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
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Laloux T, Junqueira B, Maistriaux LC, Ahmed J, Jurkiewicz A, Chaumont F. Plant and Mammal Aquaporins: Same but Different. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E521. [PMID: 29419811 PMCID: PMC5855743 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) constitute an ancient and diverse protein family present in all living organisms, indicating a common ancient ancestor. However, during evolution, these organisms appear and evolve differently, leading to different cell organizations and physiological processes. Amongst the eukaryotes, an important distinction between plants and animals is evident, the most conspicuous difference being that plants are sessile organisms facing ever-changing environmental conditions. In addition, plants are mostly autotrophic, being able to synthesize carbohydrates molecules from the carbon dioxide in the air during the process of photosynthesis, using sunlight as an energy source. It is therefore interesting to analyze how, in these different contexts specific to both kingdoms of life, AQP function and regulation evolved. This review aims at highlighting similarities and differences between plant and mammal AQPs. Emphasis is given to the comparison of isoform numbers, their substrate selectivity, the regulation of the subcellular localization, and the channel activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothée Laloux
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-L7.07.14, B-1348 Louvain-la Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Bruna Junqueira
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-L7.07.14, B-1348 Louvain-la Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Laurie C Maistriaux
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-L7.07.14, B-1348 Louvain-la Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Jahed Ahmed
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-L7.07.14, B-1348 Louvain-la Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Agnieszka Jurkiewicz
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-L7.07.14, B-1348 Louvain-la Neuve, Belgium.
| | - François Chaumont
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-L7.07.14, B-1348 Louvain-la Neuve, Belgium.
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15
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van de Meene AML, Doblin MS, Bacic A. The plant secretory pathway seen through the lens of the cell wall. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:75-94. [PMID: 26993347 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-016-0952-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Secretion in plant cells is often studied by looking at well-characterised, evolutionarily conserved membrane proteins associated with particular endomembrane compartments. Studies using live cell microscopy and fluorescent proteins have illuminated the highly dynamic nature of trafficking, and electron microscopy studies have resolved the ultrastructure of many compartments. Biochemical and molecular analyses have further informed about the function of particular proteins and endomembrane compartments. In plants, there are over 40 cell types, each with highly specialised functions, and hence potential variations in cell biological processes and cell wall structure. As the primary function of secretion in plant cells is for the biosynthesis of cell wall polysaccharides and apoplastic transport complexes, it follows that utilising our knowledge of cell wall glycosyltransferases (GTs) and their polysaccharide products will inform us about secretion. Indeed, this knowledge has led to novel insights into the secretory pathway, including previously unseen post-TGN secretory compartments. Conversely, our knowledge of trafficking routes of secretion will inform us about polarised and localised deposition of cell walls and their constituent polysaccharides/glycoproteins. In this review, we look at what is known about cell wall biosynthesis and the secretory pathway and how the different approaches can be used in a complementary manner to study secretion and provide novel insights into these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M L van de Meene
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - M S Doblin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
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16
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Karnik R, Waghmare S, Zhang B, Larson E, Lefoulon C, Gonzalez W, Blatt MR. Commandeering Channel Voltage Sensors for Secretion, Cell Turgor, and Volume Control. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 22:81-95. [PMID: 27818003 PMCID: PMC5224186 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Control of cell volume and osmolarity is central to cellular homeostasis in all eukaryotes. It lies at the heart of the century-old problem of how plants regulate turgor, mineral and water transport. Plants use strongly electrogenic H+-ATPases, and the substantial membrane voltages they foster, to drive solute accumulation and generate turgor pressure for cell expansion. Vesicle traffic adds membrane surface and contributes to wall remodelling as the cell grows. Although a balance between vesicle traffic and ion transport is essential for cell turgor and volume control, the mechanisms coordinating these processes have remained obscure. Recent discoveries have now uncovered interactions between conserved subsets of soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins that drive the final steps in secretory vesicle traffic and ion channels that mediate in inorganic solute uptake. These findings establish the core of molecular links, previously unanticipated, that coordinate cellular homeostasis and cell expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rucha Karnik
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Sakharam Waghmare
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Ben Zhang
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Emily Larson
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Cécile Lefoulon
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Wendy Gonzalez
- Centro de Bioinformatica y Simulacion Molecular, Universidad de Talca, Casilla 721, Talca, Chile
| | - Michael R Blatt
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
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17
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Bellati J, Champeyroux C, Hem S, Rofidal V, Krouk G, Maurel C, Santoni V. Novel Aquaporin Regulatory Mechanisms Revealed by Interactomics. Mol Cell Proteomics 2016; 15:3473-3487. [PMID: 27609422 PMCID: PMC5098044 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m116.060087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PIP1;2 and PIP2;1 are aquaporins that are highly expressed in roots and bring a major contribution to root water transport and its regulation by hormonal and abiotic factors. Interactions between cellular proteins or with other macromolecules contribute to forming molecular machines. Proteins that molecularly interact with PIP1;2 and PIP2;1 were searched to get new insights into regulatory mechanisms of root water transport. For that, a immuno-purification strategy coupled to protein identification and quantification by mass spectrometry (IP-MS) of PIPs was combined with data from the literature, to build thorough PIP1;2 and PIP2;1 interactomes, sharing about 400 interacting proteins. Such interactome revealed PIPs to behave as a platform for recruitment of a wide range of transport activities and provided novel insights into regulation of PIP cellular trafficking by osmotic and oxidative treatments. This work also pointed a role of lipid signaling in PIP function and enhanced our knowledge of protein kinases involved in PIP regulation. In particular we show that 2 members of the receptor-like kinase (RLK) family (RKL1 (At1g48480) and Feronia (At3g51550)) differentially modulate PIP activity through distinct molecular mechanisms. The overall work opens novel perspectives in understanding PIP regulatory mechanisms and their role in adjustment of plant water status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Bellati
- From the ‡Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Institut de Biologie Intégrative des Plantes, UMR 5004 CNRS/UMR 0386 INRA/Montpellier SupAgro/Université Montpellier, F-34060 Montpellier, Cedex 2, France
| | - Chloé Champeyroux
- From the ‡Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Institut de Biologie Intégrative des Plantes, UMR 5004 CNRS/UMR 0386 INRA/Montpellier SupAgro/Université Montpellier, F-34060 Montpellier, Cedex 2, France
| | - Sonia Hem
- From the ‡Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Institut de Biologie Intégrative des Plantes, UMR 5004 CNRS/UMR 0386 INRA/Montpellier SupAgro/Université Montpellier, F-34060 Montpellier, Cedex 2, France
| | - Valérie Rofidal
- From the ‡Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Institut de Biologie Intégrative des Plantes, UMR 5004 CNRS/UMR 0386 INRA/Montpellier SupAgro/Université Montpellier, F-34060 Montpellier, Cedex 2, France
| | - Gabriel Krouk
- From the ‡Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Institut de Biologie Intégrative des Plantes, UMR 5004 CNRS/UMR 0386 INRA/Montpellier SupAgro/Université Montpellier, F-34060 Montpellier, Cedex 2, France
| | - Christophe Maurel
- From the ‡Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Institut de Biologie Intégrative des Plantes, UMR 5004 CNRS/UMR 0386 INRA/Montpellier SupAgro/Université Montpellier, F-34060 Montpellier, Cedex 2, France
| | - Véronique Santoni
- From the ‡Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Institut de Biologie Intégrative des Plantes, UMR 5004 CNRS/UMR 0386 INRA/Montpellier SupAgro/Université Montpellier, F-34060 Montpellier, Cedex 2, France
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Rodriguez-Furlán C, Salinas-Grenet H, Sandoval O, Recabarren C, Arraño-Salinas P, Soto-Alvear S, Orellana A, Blanco-Herrera F. The Root Hair Specific SYP123 Regulates the Localization of Cell Wall Components and Contributes to Rizhobacterial Priming of Induced Systemic Resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1081. [PMID: 27507978 PMCID: PMC4961009 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Root hairs are important for nutrient and water uptake and are also critically involved the interaction with soil inhabiting microbiota. Root hairs are tubular-shaped outgrowths that emerge from trichoblasts. This polarized elongation is maintained and regulated by a robust mechanism involving the endomembrane secretory and endocytic system. Members of the syntaxin family of SNAREs (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor) in plants (SYP), have been implicated in regulation of the fusion of vesicles with the target membranes in both exocytic and endocytic pathways. One member of this family, SYP123, is expressed specifically in the root hairs and accumulated in the growing tip region. This study shows evidence of the SYP123 role in polarized trafficking using knockout insertional mutant plants. We were able to observe defects in the deposition of cell wall proline rich protein PRP3 and cell wall polysaccharides. In a complementary strategy, similar results were obtained using a plant expressing a dominant negative soluble version of SYP123 (SP2 fragment) lacking the transmembrane domain. The evidence presented indicates that SYP123 is also regulating PRP3 protein distribution by recycling by endocytosis. We also present evidence that indicates that SYP123 is necessary for the response of roots to plant growth promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR) in order to trigger trigger induced systemic response (ISR). Plants with a defective SYP123 function were unable to mount a systemic acquired resistance in response to bacterial pathogen infection and ISR upon interaction with rhizobacteria. These results indicated that SYP123 was involved in the polarized localization of protein and polysaccharides in growing root hairs and that this activity also contributed to the establishment of effective plant defense responses. Root hairs represent very plastic structures were many biotic and abiotic factors can affect the number, anatomy and physiology of root hairs. Here, we presented evidence that indicates that interactions with soil PGPR could be closely regulated by signaling involving secretory and/or endocytic trafficking at the root hair tip as a quick way to response to changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Rodriguez-Furlán
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés BelloSantiago, Chile
| | - Hernán Salinas-Grenet
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés BelloSantiago, Chile
| | - Omar Sandoval
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés BelloSantiago, Chile
- FONDAP Center for Genome RegulationSantiago, Chile
| | - Camilo Recabarren
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés BelloSantiago, Chile
- FONDAP Center for Genome RegulationSantiago, Chile
| | - Paulina Arraño-Salinas
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés BelloSantiago, Chile
| | | | - Ariel Orellana
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés BelloSantiago, Chile
- FONDAP Center for Genome RegulationSantiago, Chile
| | - Francisca Blanco-Herrera
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés BelloSantiago, Chile
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Hossain MR, Bassel GW, Pritchard J, Sharma GP, Ford-Lloyd BV. Trait Specific Expression Profiling of Salt Stress Responsive Genes in Diverse Rice Genotypes as Determined by Modified Significance Analysis of Microarrays. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:567. [PMID: 27200040 PMCID: PMC4853522 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Stress responsive gene expression is commonly profiled in a comparative manner involving different stress conditions or genotypes with contrasting reputation of tolerance/resistance. In contrast, this research exploited a wide natural variation in terms of taxonomy, origin and salt sensitivity in eight genotypes of rice to identify the trait specific patterns of gene expression under salt stress. Genome wide transcptomic responses were interrogated by the weighted continuous morpho-physiological trait responses using modified Significance Analysis of Microarrays. More number of genes was found to be differentially expressed under salt stressed compared to that of under unstressed conditions. Higher numbers of genes were observed to be differentially expressed for the traits shoot Na(+)/K(+), shoot Na(+), root K(+), biomass and shoot Cl(-), respectively. The results identified around 60 genes to be involved in Na(+), K(+), and anion homeostasis, transport, and transmembrane activity under stressed conditions. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis identified 1.36% (578 genes) of the entire transcriptome to be involved in the major molecular functions such as signal transduction (>150 genes), transcription factor (81 genes), and translation factor activity (62 genes) etc., under salt stress. Chromosomal mapping of the genes suggests that majority of the genes are located on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 6, and 7. The gene network analysis showed that the transcription factors and translation initiation factors formed the major gene networks and are mostly active in nucleus, cytoplasm and mitochondria whereas the membrane and vesicle bound proteins formed a secondary network active in plasma membrane and vacuoles. The novel genes and the genes with unknown functions thus identified provide picture of a synergistic salinity response representing the potentially fundamental mechanisms that are active in the wide natural genetic background of rice and will be of greater use once their roles are functionally verified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad R. Hossain
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bangladesh Agricultural UniversityMymensingh, Bangladesh
- School of Biosciences, University of BirminghamBirmingham, UK
- *Correspondence: Mohammad R. Hossain
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Maurel C, Boursiac Y, Luu DT, Santoni V, Shahzad Z, Verdoucq L. Aquaporins in Plants. Physiol Rev 2015; 95:1321-58. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00008.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 486] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaporins are membrane channels that facilitate the transport of water and small neutral molecules across biological membranes of most living organisms. In plants, aquaporins occur as multiple isoforms reflecting a high diversity of cellular localizations, transport selectivity, and regulation properties. Plant aquaporins are localized in the plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, vacuoles, plastids and, in some species, in membrane compartments interacting with symbiotic organisms. Plant aquaporins can transport various physiological substrates in addition to water. Of particular relevance for plants is the transport of dissolved gases such as carbon dioxide and ammonia or metalloids such as boron and silicon. Structure-function studies are developed to address the molecular and cellular mechanisms of plant aquaporin gating and subcellular trafficking. Phosphorylation plays a central role in these two processes. These mechanisms allow aquaporin regulation in response to signaling intermediates such as cytosolic pH and calcium, and reactive oxygen species. Combined genetic and physiological approaches are now integrating this knowledge, showing that aquaporins play key roles in hydraulic regulation in roots and leaves, during drought but also in response to stimuli as diverse as flooding, nutrient availability, temperature, or light. A general hydraulic control of plant tissue expansion by aquaporins is emerging, and their role in key developmental processes (seed germination, emergence of lateral roots) has been established. Plants with genetically altered aquaporin functions are now tested for their ability to improve plant tolerance to stresses. In conclusion, research on aquaporins delineates ever expanding fields in plant integrative biology thereby establishing their crucial role in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Maurel
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5004, CNRS/INRA/Montpellier SupAgro/Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Yann Boursiac
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5004, CNRS/INRA/Montpellier SupAgro/Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Doan-Trung Luu
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5004, CNRS/INRA/Montpellier SupAgro/Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Véronique Santoni
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5004, CNRS/INRA/Montpellier SupAgro/Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Zaigham Shahzad
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5004, CNRS/INRA/Montpellier SupAgro/Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Lionel Verdoucq
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5004, CNRS/INRA/Montpellier SupAgro/Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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21
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Grefen C, Karnik R, Larson E, Lefoulon C, Wang Y, Waghmare S, Zhang B, Hills A, Blatt MR. A vesicle-trafficking protein commandeers Kv channel voltage sensors for voltage-dependent secretion. NATURE PLANTS 2015; 1:15108. [PMID: 27250541 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2015.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Growth in plants depends on ion transport for osmotic solute uptake and secretory membrane trafficking to deliver material for wall remodelling and cell expansion. The coordination of these processes lies at the heart of the question, unresolved for more than a century, of how plants regulate cell volume and turgor. Here we report that the SNARE protein SYP121 (SYR1/PEN1), which mediates vesicle fusion at the Arabidopsis plasma membrane, binds the voltage sensor domains (VSDs) of K(+) channels to confer a voltage dependence on secretory traffic in parallel with K(+) uptake. VSD binding enhances secretion in vivo subject to voltage, and mutations affecting VSD conformation alter binding and secretion in parallel with channel gating, net K(+) concentration, osmotic content and growth. These results demonstrate a new and unexpected mechanism for secretory control, in which a subset of plant SNAREs commandeer K(+) channel VSDs to coordinate membrane trafficking with K(+) uptake for growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Grefen
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Rucha Karnik
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Emily Larson
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Cécile Lefoulon
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Yizhou Wang
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Sakharam Waghmare
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Ben Zhang
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Adrian Hills
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Michael R Blatt
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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22
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Zhang B, Karnik R, Wang Y, Wallmeroth N, Blatt MR, Grefen C. The Arabidopsis R-SNARE VAMP721 Interacts with KAT1 and KC1 K+ Channels to Moderate K+ Current at the Plasma Membrane. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:1697-717. [PMID: 26002867 PMCID: PMC4498211 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.15.00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor protein attachment protein receptor) proteins drive vesicle traffic, delivering membrane and cargo to target sites within the cell and at its surface. They contribute to cell homeostasis, morphogenesis, and pathogen defense. A subset of SNAREs, including the Arabidopsis thaliana SNARE SYP121, are known also to coordinate solute uptake via physical interactions with K(+) channels and to moderate their gating at the plasma membrane. Here, we identify a second subset of SNAREs that interact to control these K(+) channels, but with opposing actions on gating. We show that VAMPs (vesicle-associated membrane proteins), which target vesicles to the plasma membrane, also interact with and suppress the activities of the inward-rectifying K(+) channels KAT1 and KC1. Interactions were evident in yeast split-ubiquitin assays, they were recovered in vivo by ratiometric bimolecular fluorescence complementation, and they were sensitive to mutation of a single residue, Tyr-57, within the longin domain of VAMP721. Interaction was also recovered on exchange of the residue at this site in the homolog VAMP723, which normally localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum and otherwise did not interact. Functional analysis showed reduced channel activity and alterations in voltage sensitivity that are best explained by a physical interaction with the channel gates. These actions complement those of SYP121, a cognate SNARE partner of VAMP721, and lead us to propose that the channel interactions reflect a "hand-off" in channel control between the two SNARE proteins that is woven together with vesicle fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Zhang
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Rucha Karnik
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Yizhou Wang
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Michael R Blatt
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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Karnik R, Zhang B, Waghmare S, Aderhold C, Grefen C, Blatt MR. Binding of SEC11 indicates its role in SNARE recycling after vesicle fusion and identifies two pathways for vesicular traffic to the plasma membrane. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:675-94. [PMID: 25747882 PMCID: PMC4558655 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.134429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor) proteins drive vesicle fusion in all eukaryotes and contribute to homeostasis, pathogen defense, cell expansion, and growth in plants. Two homologous SNAREs, SYP121 (=SYR1/PEN1) and SYP122, dominate secretory traffic to the Arabidopsis thaliana plasma membrane. Although these proteins overlap functionally, differences between SYP121 and SYP122 have surfaced, suggesting that they mark two discrete pathways for vesicular traffic. The SNAREs share primary cognate partners, which has made separating their respective control mechanisms difficult. Here, we show that the regulatory protein SEC11 (=KEULE) binds selectively with SYP121 to affect secretory traffic mediated by this SNARE. SEC11 rescued traffic block by dominant-negative (inhibitory) fragments of both SNAREs, but only in plants expressing the native SYP121. Traffic and its rescue were sensitive to mutations affecting SEC11 interaction with the N terminus of SYP121. Furthermore, the domain of SEC11 that bound the SYP121 N terminus was itself able to block secretory traffic in the wild type and syp122 but not in syp121 mutant Arabidopsis. Thus, SEC11 binds and selectively regulates secretory traffic mediated by SYP121 and is important for recycling of the SNARE and its cognate partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rucha Karnik
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Zhang
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Sakharam Waghmare
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Christin Aderhold
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Michael R Blatt
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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24
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Hachez C, Laloux T, Reinhardt H, Cavez D, Degand H, Grefen C, De Rycke R, Inzé D, Blatt MR, Russinova E, Chaumont F. Arabidopsis SNAREs SYP61 and SYP121 coordinate the trafficking of plasma membrane aquaporin PIP2;7 to modulate the cell membrane water permeability. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:3132-47. [PMID: 25082856 PMCID: PMC4145137 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.127159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant plasma membrane intrinsic proteins (PIPs) are aquaporins that facilitate the passive movement of water and small neutral solutes through biological membranes. Here, we report that post-Golgi trafficking of PIP2;7 in Arabidopsis thaliana involves specific interactions with two syntaxin proteins, namely, the Qc-SNARE SYP61 and the Qa-SNARE SYP121, that the proper delivery of PIP2;7 to the plasma membrane depends on the activity of the two SNAREs, and that the SNAREs colocalize and physically interact. These findings are indicative of an important role for SYP61 and SYP121, possibly forming a SNARE complex. Our data support a model in which direct interactions between specific SNARE proteins and PIP aquaporins modulate their post-Golgi trafficking and thus contribute to the fine-tuning of the water permeability of the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Hachez
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Timothée Laloux
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Hagen Reinhardt
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Damien Cavez
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Hervé Degand
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Christopher Grefen
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Developmental Genetics, University of Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Riet De Rycke
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michael R Blatt
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Eugenia Russinova
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - François Chaumont
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Paul P, Simm S, Mirus O, Scharf KD, Fragkostefanakis S, Schleiff E. The complexity of vesicle transport factors in plants examined by orthology search. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97745. [PMID: 24844592 PMCID: PMC4028247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesicle transport is a central process to ensure protein and lipid distribution in eukaryotic cells. The current knowledge on the molecular components and mechanisms of this process is majorly based on studies in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Arabidopsis thaliana, which revealed 240 different proteinaceous factors either experimentally proven or predicted to be involved in vesicle transport. In here, we performed an orthologue search using two different algorithms to identify the components of the secretory pathway in yeast and 14 plant genomes by using the 'core-set' of 240 factors as bait. We identified 4021 orthologues and (co-)orthologues in the discussed plant species accounting for components of COP-II, COP-I, Clathrin Coated Vesicles, Retromers and ESCRTs, Rab GTPases, Tethering factors and SNAREs. In plants, we observed a significantly higher number of (co-)orthologues than yeast, while only 8 tethering factors from yeast seem to be absent in the analyzed plant genomes. To link the identified (co-)orthologues to vesicle transport, the domain architecture of the proteins from yeast, genetic model plant A. thaliana and agriculturally relevant crop Solanum lycopersicum has been inspected. For the orthologous groups containing (co-)orthologues from yeast, A. thaliana and S. lycopersicum, we observed the same domain architecture for 79% (416/527) of the (co-)orthologues, which documents a very high conservation of this process. Further, publically available tissue-specific expression profiles for a subset of (co-)orthologues found in A. thaliana and S. lycopersicum suggest that some (co-)orthologues are involved in tissue-specific functions. Inspection of localization of the (co-)orthologues based on available proteome data or localization predictions lead to the assignment of plastid- as well as mitochondrial localized (co-)orthologues of vesicle transport factors and the relevance of this is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Paul
- Department of Biosciences Molecular Cell Biology of Plants
| | - Stefan Simm
- Department of Biosciences Molecular Cell Biology of Plants
| | - Oliver Mirus
- Department of Biosciences Molecular Cell Biology of Plants
| | | | | | - Enrico Schleiff
- Department of Biosciences Molecular Cell Biology of Plants
- Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt
- Center of Membrane Proteomics; Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
- * E-mail:
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26
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Abstract
Over the past decade, confocal microscopy and the ever-expanding toolchest of fluorescent protein (xFP) markers and technologies have become routine methods for the biological laboratory. A common use of xFP fluorophores is in localizing proteins and the subcellular structures with which they associate, including analyzing their distribution and dynamics and the interactions of proteins in vivo. Additionally, a number of so-called optical highlighters have proven especially useful in analyzing the kinetics of these processes in pulse-chase studies of protein relocation(s) following an experimental challenge. Here we focus on exemplary methods in transformation and live-cell imaging in plant cells, with the expectation that researchers will find these and the accompanying resources useful as a starting point in developing their own expertise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Blatt
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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27
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Rojas-Pierce M. Targeting of tonoplast proteins to the vacuole. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 211:132-136. [PMID: 23987818 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Vacuoles are essential for plant growth and development, and are dynamic compartments that require constant deposition of integral membrane proteins. These membrane proteins carry out many critical functions of the vacuole such as transporting ions and metabolites for vacuolar storage. Understanding the mechanisms for targeting proteins to the vacuolar membrane, or tonoplast, is important for developing novel applications for biotechnology. The mechanisms to target tonoplast proteins to the vacuole are quite complex. Multiple routes, including both Golgi-dependent and Golgi-independent mechanisms, have been implicated in tonoplast protein trafficking. A few endomembrane proteins that regulate this traffic at the level of the endoplasmic reticulum, the pre-vacuolar compartment and the tonoplast are now known. Recent reports indicate that the Golgi-dependent and independent pathways may merge at the level of the pre-vacuolar compartment. Finally, the small GTP-binding protein Rab7 and the SNARE protein SYP21 have been implicated in the traffic of tonoplast proteins from the pre-vacuolar compartment to the tonoplast. With multiple cargo proteins being analyzed under a variety of experimental systems, a clearer picture for targeting mechanisms for tonoplast proteins is starting to emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Rojas-Pierce
- Department of Plant Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States.
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28
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De Benedictis M, Bleve G, Faraco M, Stigliano E, Grieco F, Piro G, Dalessandro G, Di Sansebastiano GP. AtSYP51/52 functions diverge in the post-Golgi traffic and differently affect vacuolar sorting. MOLECULAR PLANT 2013; 6:916-30. [PMID: 23087325 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sss117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) encoded by genes of the same sub-family are generally considered as redundant in promoting vesicle-associated membrane fusion events. Nonetheless, the application of innovative experimental approaches highlighted that members of the same gene sub-family often have different functional specificities. In this work, two closely related Qc-SNAREs--the AtSYP51 and the AtSYP52--are compared in their ability to influence different secretory pathways. Their role in the vesicle sorting to the central vacuole has been revised and they were found to have a novel inhibitory function. When transiently overexpressed, the SYP51 and the SYP52 distributed between the TGN and the tonoplast. Our data demonstrate that these SYPs (syntaxin of plants) act as t-SNARE when present on the membrane of TGN/PVC, whereas they behave as inhibitory or interfering SNAREs (i-SNAREs) when they accumulate on the tonoplast. Moreover, the performed functional analysis indicated that the AtSYP51 and the AtSYP52 roles differ in the traffic to the vacuole. The findings are a novel contribution to the functional characterization of plant SNAREs that reveals additional non-fusogenic roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria De Benedictis
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, University of Salento, Campus Ecotekne, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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29
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Satori CP, Henderson MM, Krautkramer EA, Kostal V, Distefano MM, Arriaga EA. Bioanalysis of eukaryotic organelles. Chem Rev 2013; 113:2733-811. [PMID: 23570618 PMCID: PMC3676536 DOI: 10.1021/cr300354g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chad P. Satori
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 55455
| | - Michelle M. Henderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 55455
| | - Elyse A. Krautkramer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 55455
| | - Vratislav Kostal
- Tescan, Libusina trida 21, Brno, 623 00, Czech Republic
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry ASCR, Veveri 97, Brno, 602 00, Czech Republic
| | - Mark M. Distefano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 55455
| | - Edgar A. Arriaga
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 55455
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30
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Karnik R, Grefen C, Bayne R, Honsbein A, Köhler T, Kioumourtzoglou D, Williams M, Bryant NJ, Blatt MR. Arabidopsis Sec1/Munc18 protein SEC11 is a competitive and dynamic modulator of SNARE binding and SYP121-dependent vesicle traffic. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:1368-82. [PMID: 23572542 PMCID: PMC3663274 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.108506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis thaliana Qa-SNARE SYP121 (=SYR1/PEN1) drives vesicle traffic at the plasma membrane of cells throughout the vegetative plant. It facilitates responses to drought, to the water stress hormone abscisic acid, and to pathogen attack, and it is essential for recovery from so-called programmed stomatal closure. How SYP121-mediated traffic is regulated is largely unknown, although it is thought to depend on formation of a fusion-competent SNARE core complex with the cognate partners VAMP721 and SNAP33. Like SYP121, the Arabidopsis Sec1/Munc18 protein SEC11 (=KEULE) is expressed throughout the vegetative plant. We find that SEC11 binds directly with SYP121 both in vitro and in vivo to affect secretory traffic. Binding occurs through two distinct modes, one requiring only SEC11 and SYP121 and the second dependent on assembly of a complex with VAMP721 and SNAP33. SEC11 competes dynamically for SYP121 binding with SNAP33 and VAMP721, and this competition is predicated by SEC11 association with the N terminus of SYP121. These and additional data are consistent with a model in which SYP121-mediated vesicle fusion is regulated by an unusual "handshaking" mechanism of concerted SEC11 debinding and rebinding. They also implicate one or more factors that alter or disrupt SEC11 association with the SYP121 N terminus as an early step initiating SNARE complex formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rucha Karnik
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Grefen
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Bayne
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Annegret Honsbein
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Köhler
- Botanical Institute, University of Darmstadt, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Kioumourtzoglou
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Mary Williams
- American Society of Plant Biologists, Rockville, Maryland 20855
| | - Nia J. Bryant
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R. Blatt
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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31
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Luu DT, Maurel C. Aquaporin Trafficking in Plant Cells: An Emerging Membrane-Protein Model. Traffic 2013; 14:629-35. [DOI: 10.1111/tra.12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christophe Maurel
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Institut de Biologie Intégrative des Plantes; UMR 5004 CNRS/UMR 0386 INRA/Montpellier SupAgro/Université Montpellier 2; F-34060; Montpellier Cedex 2; France
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32
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Di Sansebastiano GP. Defining new SNARE functions: the i-SNARE. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:99. [PMID: 23596457 PMCID: PMC3627133 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
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Hakoyama T, Oi R, Hazuma K, Suga E, Adachi Y, Kobayashi M, Akai R, Sato S, Fukai E, Tabata S, Shibata S, Wu GJ, Hase Y, Tanaka A, Kawaguchi M, Kouchi H, Umehara Y, Suganuma N. The SNARE protein SYP71 expressed in vascular tissues is involved in symbiotic nitrogen fixation in Lotus japonicus nodules. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 160:897-905. [PMID: 22858633 PMCID: PMC3461563 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.200782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Soluble N-Ethylmaleimide Sensitive Factor Attachment Protein Receptor (SNARE) proteins are crucial for signal transduction and development in plants. Here, we investigate a Lotus japonicus symbiotic mutant defective in one of the SNARE proteins. When in symbiosis with rhizobia, the growth of the mutant was retarded compared with that of the wild-type plant. Although the mutant formed nodules, these exhibited lower nitrogen fixation activity than the wild type. The rhizobia were able to invade nodule cells, but enlarged symbiosomes were observed in the infected cells. The causal gene, designated LjSYP71 (for L. japonicus syntaxin of plants71), was identified by map-based cloning and shown to encode a Qc-SNARE protein homologous to Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) SYP71. LjSYP71 was expressed ubiquitously in shoot, roots, and nodules, and transcripts were detected in the vascular tissues. In the mutant, no other visible defects in plant morphology were observed. Furthermore, in the presence of combined nitrogen, the mutant plant grew almost as well as the wild type. These results suggest that the vascular tissues expressing LjSYP71 play a pivotal role in symbiotic nitrogen fixation in L. japonicus nodules.
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MESH Headings
- Chromosome Mapping
- Cloning, Molecular
- Crosses, Genetic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Genes, Plant
- Genetic Complementation Test
- Lotus/genetics
- Lotus/metabolism
- Lotus/microbiology
- Mesorhizobium/growth & development
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Mutagenesis
- Nitrogen Fixation
- Phylogeny
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- Plant Proteins/metabolism
- Plant Shoots/genetics
- Plant Shoots/metabolism
- Plant Vascular Bundle/genetics
- Plant Vascular Bundle/metabolism
- Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics
- Plants, Genetically Modified/metabolism
- Plants, Genetically Modified/microbiology
- Qc-SNARE Proteins/genetics
- Qc-SNARE Proteins/metabolism
- Root Nodules, Plant/genetics
- Root Nodules, Plant/metabolism
- Root Nodules, Plant/microbiology
- Symbiosis
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Rivera-Serrano EE, Rodriguez-Welsh MF, Hicks GR, Rojas-Pierce M. A small molecule inhibitor partitions two distinct pathways for trafficking of tonoplast intrinsic proteins in Arabidopsis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44735. [PMID: 22957103 PMCID: PMC3434187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Tonoplast intrinsic proteins (TIPs) facilitate the membrane transport of water and other small molecules across the plant vacuolar membrane, and members of this family are expressed in specific developmental stages and tissue types. Delivery of TIP proteins to the tonoplast is thought to occur by vesicle–mediated traffic from the endoplasmic reticulum to the vacuole, and at least two pathways have been proposed, one that is Golgi-dependent and another that is Golgi-independent. However, the mechanisms for trafficking of vacuolar membrane proteins to the tonoplast remain poorly understood. Here we describe a chemical genetic approach to unravel the mechanisms of TIP protein targeting to the vacuole in Arabidopsis seedlings. We show that members of the TIP family are targeted to the vacuole via at least two distinct pathways, and we characterize the bioactivity of a novel inhibitor that can differentiate between them. We demonstrate that, unlike for TIP1;1, trafficking of markers for TIP3;1 and TIP2;1 is insensitive to Brefeldin A in Arabidopsis hypocotyls. Using a chemical inhibitor that may target this BFA-insensitive pathway for membrane proteins, we show that inhibition of this pathway results in impaired root hair growth and enhanced vacuolar targeting of the auxin efflux carrier PIN2 in the dark. Our results indicate that the vacuolar targeting of PIN2 and the BFA-insensitive pathway for tonoplast proteins may be mediated in part by common mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrain E. Rivera-Serrano
- Department of Plant Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Maria F. Rodriguez-Welsh
- Department of Plant Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Glenn R. Hicks
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Marcela Rojas-Pierce
- Department of Plant Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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35
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Matsye PD, Lawrence GW, Youssef RM, Kim KH, Lawrence KS, Matthews BF, Klink VP. The expression of a naturally occurring, truncated allele of an α-SNAP gene suppresses plant parasitic nematode infection. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 80:131-55. [PMID: 22689004 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-012-9932-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional mapping experiments of the major soybean cyst nematode resistance locus, rhg1, identified expression of the vesicular transport machinery component, α soluble NSF attachment protein (α-SNAP), occurring during defense. Sequencing the α-SNAP coding regions from the resistant genotypes G. max ([Peking/PI 548402]) and G. max ([PI 437654]) revealed they are identical, but differ from the susceptible G. max ([Williams 82/PI 518671]) by the presence of several single nucleotide polymorphisms. Using G. max ([Williams 82/PI 518671]) as a reference, a G → T(2,822) transversion in the genomic DNA sequence at a functional splice site of the α-SNAP([Peking/PI 548402]) allele produced an additional 17 nucleotides of mRNA sequence that contains an in-frame stop codon caused by a downstream G → A(2,832) transition. The G. max ([Peking/PI 548402]) genotype has cell wall appositions (CWAs), structures identified as forming as part of a defense response by the activity of the vesicular transport machinery. In contrast, the 17 nt α-SNAP([Peking/PI 548402]) mRNA motif is not found in G. max ([PI 88788]) that exhibits defense to H. glycines, but lack CWAs. The α-SNAP([PI 88788]) promoter contains sequence elements that are nearly identical to the α-SNAP([Peking/PI 548402]) allele, but differs from the G. max ([Williams 82/PI 518671]) ortholog. Overexpressing the α-SNAP([Peking/PI 548402]) allele in the susceptible G. max ([Williams 82/PI 518671]) genotype suppressed H. glycines infection. The experiments indicate a role for the vesicular transport machinery during infection of soybean by the soybean cyst nematode. However, increased GmEREBP1, PR1, PR2, PR5 gene activity but suppressed PR3 expression accompanied the overexpression of the α-SNAP([Peking/PI 548402]) allele prior to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi D Matsye
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
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Schulze S, Kay S, Büttner D, Egler M, Eschen-Lippold L, Hause G, Krüger A, Lee J, Müller O, Scheel D, Szczesny R, Thieme F, Bonas U. Analysis of new type III effectors from Xanthomonas uncovers XopB and XopS as suppressors of plant immunity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 195:894-911. [PMID: 22738163 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04210.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenicity of the Gram-negative plant-pathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv) is dependent on type III effectors (T3Es) that are injected into plant cells by a type III secretion system and interfere with cellular processes to the benefit of the pathogen. In this study, we analyzed eight T3Es from Xcv strain 85-10, six of which were newly identified effectors. Genetic studies and protoplast expression assays revealed that XopB and XopS contribute to disease symptoms and bacterial growth, and suppress pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered plant defense gene expression. In addition, XopB inhibits cell death reactions induced by different T3Es, thus suppressing defense responses related to both PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI). XopB localizes to the Golgi apparatus and cytoplasm of the plant cell and interferes with eukaryotic vesicle trafficking. Interestingly, a XopB point mutant derivative was defective in the suppression of ETI-related responses, but still interfered with vesicle trafficking and was only slightly affected with regard to the suppression of defense gene induction. This suggests that XopB-mediated suppression of PTI and ETI is dependent on different mechanisms that can be functionally separated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schulze
- Institute of Biology, Department of Genetics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 10, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Sabine Kay
- Institute of Biology, Department of Genetics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 10, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Daniela Büttner
- Institute of Biology, Department of Genetics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 10, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Monique Egler
- Institute of Biology, Department of Genetics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 10, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | - Gerd Hause
- Biozentrum, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 22, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Antje Krüger
- Institute of Biology, Department of Genetics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 10, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Justin Lee
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Oliver Müller
- Institute of Biology, Department of Genetics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 10, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Dierk Scheel
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Robert Szczesny
- Institute of Biology, Department of Genetics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 10, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Frank Thieme
- Institute of Biology, Department of Genetics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 10, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ulla Bonas
- Institute of Biology, Department of Genetics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 10, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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Xu C, Gao X, Sun X, Wen CK. The basal level ethylene response is important to the wall and endomembrane structure in the hypocotyl cells of etiolated Arabidopsis seedlings. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 54:434-455. [PMID: 22591458 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2012.01130.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The sub-cellular events that occur during the ethylene-modulated cell elongation were characterized by examining the ultra-structure of etiolated Arabidopsis seedling hypocotyl cells. Preventing the basal level ethylene response facilitated cell elongation, and the cells exhibited wall loosening and separation phenotype. Nearby the wall separation sites were frequently associated with an increase in the cortical rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) membranes, the presence of paramural bodies, and the circular Golgi formation. The cortical rER proliferation and circular Golgi phenotype were reverted by the protein biosynthesis inhibitor cycloheximide. The cortical rER membranes were longer when the ethylene response was prevented and shortened with elevated ethylene responses. Proteomic changes between wild type and the ethylene-insensitive mutant ethylene insensitive2 (ein2) seedling hypocotyls indicated that distinct subsets of proteins involving endomembrane trafficking, remodeling, and wall modifications were differentially expressed. FM4-64 staining supported the proteomic changes, which indicated reduced endocytosis activity with alleviation of the ethylene response. The basal level ethylene response has an important role in endomembrane trafficking, biological materials transport and maintenance of the endomembrane organization. It is possible that endomembrane alterations may partly associate with the wall modifications, though the biological significance of the alterations should be addressed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Shanghai), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai, China
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38
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Bao YM, Sun SJ, Li M, Li L, Cao WL, Luo J, Tang HJ, Huang J, Wang ZF, Wang JF, Zhang HS. Overexpression of the Qc-SNARE gene OsSYP71 enhances tolerance to oxidative stress and resistance to rice blast in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Gene 2012; 504:238-44. [PMID: 22583826 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OsSYP71 is an oxidative stress and rice blast response gene that encodes a Qc-SNARE protein in rice. Qc-SNARE proteins belong to the superfamily of SNAREs (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors), which function as important components of the vesicle trafficking machinery in eukaryotic cells. In this paper, 12 Qc-SNARE genes were isolated from rice, and expression patterns of 9 genes were detected in various tissues and in seedlings challenged with oxidative stresses and inoculated with rice blast. The expression of OsSYP71 was clearly up-regulated under these stresses. Overexpression of OsSYP71 in rice showed more tolerance to oxidative stress and resistance to rice blast than wild-type plants. These results indicate that Qc-SNAREs play an important role in rice response to environmental stresses, and OsSYP71 is useful in engineering crop plants with enhanced tolerance to oxidative stress and resistance to rice blast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Mei Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Ruiz-May E, Kim SJ, Brandizzi F, Rose JKC. The secreted plant N-glycoproteome and associated secretory pathways. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:117. [PMID: 22685447 PMCID: PMC3368311 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
N-Glycosylation is a common form of eukaryotic protein post-translational modification, and one that is particularly prevalent in plant cell wall proteins. Large scale and detailed characterization of N-glycoproteins therefore has considerable potential in better understanding the composition and functions of the cell wall proteome, as well as those proteins that reside in other compartments of the secretory pathway. While there have been numerous studies of mammalian and yeast N-glycoproteins, less is known about the population complexity, biosynthesis, structural variation, and trafficking of their plant counterparts. However, technical developments in the analysis of glycoproteins and the structures the glycans that they bear, as well as valuable comparative analyses with non-plant systems, are providing new insights into features that are common among eukaryotes and those that are specific to plants, some of which may reflect the unique nature of the plant cell wall. In this review we present an overview of the current knowledge of plant N-glycoprotein synthesis and trafficking, with particular reference to those that are cell wall localized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliel Ruiz-May
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell UniversityIthaca, NY, USA
| | - Sang-Jin Kim
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, USA
- DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, USA
- DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jocelyn K. C. Rose
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell UniversityIthaca, NY, USA
- *Correspondence: Jocelyn K. C. Rose, Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, 412 Mann Library Building, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. e-mail:
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Eisenach C, Chen ZH, Grefen C, Blatt MR. The trafficking protein SYP121 of Arabidopsis connects programmed stomatal closure and K⁺ channel activity with vegetative growth. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 69:241-51. [PMID: 21914010 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04786.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The vesicle-trafficking protein SYP121 (SYR1/PEN1) was originally identified in association with ion channel control at the plasma membrane of stomatal guard cells, although stomata of the Arabidopsis syp121 loss-of-function mutant close normally in ABA and high Ca²⁺. We have now uncovered a set of stomatal phenotypes in the syp121 mutant that reduce CO₂ assimilation, slow vegetative growth and increase water use efficiency in the whole plant, conditional upon high light intensities and low relative humidity. Stomatal opening and the rise in stomatal transpiration of the mutant was delayed in the light and following Ca²⁺-evoked closure, consistent with a constitutive form of so-called programmed stomatal closure. Delayed reopening was observed in the syp121, but not in the syp122 mutant lacking the homologous gene product; the delay was rescued by complementation with wild-type SYP121 and was phenocopied in wild-type plants in the presence of the vesicle-trafficking inhibitor Brefeldin A. K⁺ channel current that normally mediates K⁺ uptake for stomatal opening was suppressed in the syp121 mutant and, following closure, its recovery was slowed compared to guard cells of wild-type plants. Evoked stomatal closure was accompanied by internalisation of GFP-tagged KAT1 K⁺ channels in both wild-type and syp121 mutant guard cells, but their subsequently recycling was slowed in the mutant. Our findings indicate that SYP121 facilitates stomatal reopening and they suggest that K⁺ channel traffic and recycling to the plasma membrane underpins the stress memory phenomenon of programmed closure in stomata. Additionally, they underline the significance of vesicle traffic for whole-plant water use and biomass production, tying SYP121 function to guard cell membrane transport and stomatal control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Eisenach
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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41
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Chen Z, Grefen C, Donald N, Hills A, Blatt MR. A bicistronic, Ubiquitin-10 promoter-based vector cassette for transient transformation and functional analysis of membrane transport demonstrates the utility of quantitative voltage clamp studies on intact Arabidopsis root epidermis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2011; 34:554-64. [PMID: 21251017 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2010.02262.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
To date the use of fluorescent reporter constructs in analysing membrane transport has been limited primarily to cell lines expressing stably either the tagged transporter protein(s) or markers to identify lineages of interest. Strategies for transient expression have yet to be exploited in transport analysis, despite their wide application in cellular imaging studies. Here we describe a Gateway-compatible, bicistronic vector, incorporating the constitutive Ubiqutin-10 gene promoter of Arabidopsis that gives prolonged expression after transient transformation and enables fluorescence marking of cells without a fusion construct. We show that Arabidopsis root epidermal cells are readily transformed by co-cultivation with Agrobacterium and are tractable for quantitative electrophysiological analysis. As a proof of principle, we transiently transformed Arabidopsis with the bicistronic vector carrying GFP as the fluorescent marker and, separately, the integral plasma membrane protein SYP121 essential for the inward K+ channel current. We demonstrate that transient expression of SYP121 in syp121 mutant plants is sufficient to rescue the K+ current in vivo. The combination of transient expression and use of the bicistronic vector promises significant advantages for studies of membrane transport and nutrient acquisition in roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Chen
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, MCSB-Plant Sciences, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G128QQ, UK
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42
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Honsbein A, Blatt MR, Grefen C. A molecular framework for coupling cellular volume and osmotic solute transport control. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:2363-2370. [PMID: 21115662 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells expand using vesicle traffic to increase membrane surface area. Expansion in walled eukaryotes is driven by turgor pressure which depends fundamentally on the uptake and accumulation of inorganic ions. Thus, ion uptake and vesicle traffic must be controlled coordinately for growth. How this coordination is achieved is still poorly understood, yet is so elemental to life that resolving the underlying mechanisms will have profound implications for our understanding of cell proliferation, development, and pathogenesis, and will find applications in addressing the mineral and water use by plants in the face of global environmental change. Recent discoveries of interactions between trafficking and ion transport proteins now open the door to an entirely new approach to understanding this coordination. Some of the advances to date in identifying key protein partners in the model plant Arabidopsis and in yeast at membranes vital for cell volume and turgor control are outlined here. Additionally, new evidence is provided of a wider participation among Arabidopsis Kv-like K(+) channels in selective interaction with the vesicle-trafficking protein SYP121. These advances suggest some common paradigms that will help guide further exploration of the underlying connection between ion transport and membrane traffic and should transform our understanding of cellular homeostasis in eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annegret Honsbein
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Molecular, Cellular and Systems Biology, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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43
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Park M, Jürgens G. Membrane traffic and fusion at post-Golgi compartments. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2011; 2:111. [PMID: 22645561 PMCID: PMC3355779 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2011.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Complete sequencing of the Arabidopsis genome a decade ago has facilitated the functional analysis of various biological processes including membrane traffic by which many proteins are delivered to their sites of action and turnover. In particular, membrane traffic between post-Golgi compartments plays an important role in cell signaling, taking care of receptor-ligand interaction and inactivation, which requires secretion, endocytosis, and recycling or targeting to the vacuole for degradation. Here, we discuss recent studies that address the identity of post-Golgi compartments, the machinery involved in traffic and fusion or functionally characterized cargo proteins that are delivered to or pass through post-Golgi compartments. We also provide an outlook on future challenges in this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misoon Park
- Entwicklungsgenetik, Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, University of TübingenTübingen, Germany
| | - Gerd Jürgens
- Entwicklungsgenetik, Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, University of TübingenTübingen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Gerd Jürgens, Entwicklungsgenetik, Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany. e-mail:
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44
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Grefen C, Donald N, Hashimoto K, Kudla J, Schumacher K, Blatt MR. A ubiquitin-10 promoter-based vector set for fluorescent protein tagging facilitates temporal stability and native protein distribution in transient and stable expression studies. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 64:355-65. [PMID: 20735773 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04322.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent tagging of proteins and confocal imaging techniques have become methods of choice in analysing the distributions and dynamic characteristics of proteins at the subcellular level. In common use are a number of strategies for transient expression that greatly reduce the preparation time in advance of imaging, but their applications are limited in success outside a few tractable species and tissues. We previously developed a simple method to transiently express fluorescently-tagged proteins in Arabidopsis root epidermis and root hairs. We describe here a set of Gateway-compatable vectors with fluorescent tags incorporating the ubiqutin-10 gene promoter (P(UBQ10) ) of Arabidopsis that gives prolonged expression of the fluorescently-tagged proteins, both in tobacco and Arabidopsis tissues, after transient transformation, and is equally useful in generating stably transformed lines. As a proof of principle, we carried out transformations with fluorescent markers for the integral plasma membrane protein SYP121, a member of the SNARE family of vesicle-trafficking proteins, and for DHAR1, a cytosolic protein that facilitates the scavenging of reactive oxygen species. We also carried out transformations with SYP121 and its interacting partner, the KC1 K(+) channel, to demonstrate the utility of the methods in bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC). Transient transformations of Arabidopsis using Agrobacterium co-cultivation methods yielded expression in all epidermal cells, including root hairs and guard cells. Comparative studies showed that the P(UBQ10) promoter gives similar levels of expression to that driven by the native SYP121 promoter, faithfully reproducing the characteristics of protein distributions at the subcellular level. Unlike the 35S-driven construct, expression under the P(UBQ10) promoter remained elevated for periods in excess of 2 weeks after transient transformation. This toolbox of vectors and fluorescent tags promises significant advantages for the study of membrane dynamics and cellular development, as well as events associated with environmental stimuli in guard cells and nutrient acquisition in roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Grefen
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, FBLS - Plant Sciences, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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45
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Grefen C, Chen Z, Honsbein A, Donald N, Hills A, Blatt MR. A novel motif essential for SNARE interaction with the K(+) channel KC1 and channel gating in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2010; 22:3076-92. [PMID: 20884800 PMCID: PMC2965544 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.110.077768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2010] [Revised: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The SNARE (for soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor protein attachment protein receptor) protein SYP121 (=SYR1/PEN1) of Arabidopsis thaliana facilitates vesicle traffic, delivering ion channels and other cargo to the plasma membrane, and contributing to plant cell expansion and defense. Recently, we reported that SYP121 also interacts directly with the K(+) channel subunit KC1 and forms a tripartite complex with a second K(+) channel subunit, AKT1, to control channel gating and K(+) transport. Here, we report isolating a minimal sequence motif of SYP121 prerequisite for its interaction with KC1. We made use of yeast mating-based split-ubiquitin and in vivo bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays for protein-protein interaction and of expression and electrophysiological analysis. The results show that interaction of SYP121 with KC1 is associated with a novel FxRF motif uniquely situated within the first 12 residues of the SNARE sequence, that this motif is the minimal requirement for SNARE-dependent alterations in K(+) channel gating when heterologously expressed, and that rescue of KC1-associated K(+) current of the root epidermis in syp121 mutant Arabidopsis plants depends on expression of SNARE constructs incorporating this motif. These results establish the FxRF sequence as a previously unidentified motif required for SNARE-ion channel interactions and lead us to suggest a mechanistic framework for understanding the coordination of vesicle traffic with transmembrane ion transport.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael R. Blatt
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Molecular, Cellular and Systems Biology-Plant Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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46
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Oh DH, Lee SY, Bressan RA, Yun DJ, Bohnert HJ. Intracellular consequences of SOS1 deficiency during salt stress. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2010; 5:766-8. [PMID: 20054031 PMCID: PMC2826659 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erp391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Revised: 12/12/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A mutation of AtSOS1 (Salt Overly Sensitive 1), a plasma membrane Na(+)/H(+)-antiporter in Arabidopsis thaliana, leads to a salt-sensitive phenotype accompanied by the death of root cells under salt stress. Intracellular events and changes in gene expression were compared during a non-lethal salt stress between the wild type and a representative SOS1 mutant, atsos1-1, by confocal microscopy using ion-specific fluorophores and by quantitative RT-PCR. In addition to the higher accumulation of sodium ions, atsos1-1 showed inhibition of endocytosis, abnormalities in vacuolar shape and function, and changes in intracellular pH compared to the wild type in root tip cells under stress. Quantitative RT-PCR revealed a dramatically faster and higher induction of root-specific Ca(2+) transporters, including several CAXs and CNGCs, and the drastic down-regulation of genes involved in pH-homeostasis and membrane potential maintenance. Differential regulation of genes for functions in intracellular protein trafficking in atsos1-1 was also observed. The results suggested roles of the SOS1 protein, in addition to its function as a Na(+)/H(+) antiporter, whose disruption affected membrane traffic and vacuolar functions possibly by controlling pH homeostasis in root cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ha Oh
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 program) and Environmental BiotechnologyNational Core Research Center, Graduate School of Gyeongsang NationalUniversity, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | - Sang Yeol Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 program) and Environmental BiotechnologyNational Core Research Center, Graduate School of Gyeongsang NationalUniversity, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | - Ray A. Bressan
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, WestLafayette, IN 47907, USA
- WCU Program, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660--701, Korea
| | - Dae-Jin Yun
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 program) and Environmental BiotechnologyNational Core Research Center, Graduate School of Gyeongsang NationalUniversity, Jinju 660-701, Korea
- WCU Program, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660--701, Korea
| | - Hans J. Bohnert
- WCU Program, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660--701, Korea
- Departments of Plant Biology and of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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47
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Schapire AL, Valpuesta V, Botella MA. Plasma membrane repair in plants. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2009; 14:645-652. [PMID: 19819752 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2009.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Revised: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Resealing is the membrane-repair process that enables cells to survive disruption, preventing the loss of irreplaceable cell types and eliminating the cost of replacing injured cells. Given that failure in the resealing process in animal cells causes diverse types of muscular dystrophy, plasma membrane repair has been extensively studied in these systems. Animal proteins with Ca(2+)-binding domains such as synaptotagmins and dysferlin mediate Ca(2+)-dependent exocytosis to repair plasma membranes after mechanical damage. Until recently, no components or proof for membrane repair mechanisms have been discovered in plants. However, Arabidopsis SYT1 is now the first plant synaptotagmin demonstrated to participate in Ca(2+)-dependent repair of membranes. This suggests a conservation of membrane repair mechanisms between animal and plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaldo L Schapire
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biotecnología Vegetal, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos s/n, Spain
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48
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Honsbein A, Sokolovski S, Grefen C, Campanoni P, Pratelli R, Paneque M, Chen Z, Johansson I, Blatt MR. A tripartite SNARE-K+ channel complex mediates in channel-dependent K+ nutrition in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2009; 21:2859-77. [PMID: 19794113 PMCID: PMC2768940 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.109.066118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2009] [Revised: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A few membrane vesicle trafficking (SNARE) proteins in plants are associated with signaling and transmembrane ion transport, including control of plasma membrane ion channels. Vesicle traffic contributes to the population of ion channels at the plasma membrane. Nonetheless, it is unclear whether these SNAREs also interact directly to affect channel gating and, if so, what functional impact this might have on the plant. Here, we report that the Arabidopsis thaliana SNARE SYP121 binds to KC1, a regulatory K(+) channel subunit that assembles with different inward-rectifying K(+) channels to affect their activities. We demonstrate that SYP121 interacts preferentially with KC1 over other Kv-like K(+) channel subunits and that KC1 interacts specifically with SYP121 but not with its closest structural and functional homolog SYP122 nor with another related SNARE SYP111. SYP121 promoted gating of the inward-rectifying K(+) channel AKT1 but only when heterologously coexpressed with KC1. Mutation in any one of the three genes, SYP121, KC1, and AKT1, selectively suppressed the inward-rectifying K(+) current in Arabidopsis root epidermal protoplasts as well as K(+) acquisition and growth in seedlings when channel-mediated K(+) uptake was limiting. That SYP121 should be important for gating of a K(+) channel and its role in inorganic mineral nutrition demonstrates an unexpected role for SNARE-ion channel interactions, apparently divorced from signaling and vesicle traffic. Instead, it suggests a role in regulating K(+) uptake coordinately with membrane expansion for cell growth.
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Bartetzko V, Sonnewald S, Vogel F, Hartner K, Stadler R, Hammes UZ, Börnke F. The Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria type III effector protein XopJ inhibits protein secretion: evidence for interference with cell wall-associated defense responses. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2009; 22:655-64. [PMID: 19445590 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-22-6-0655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The phytopathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria uses the type III secretion system (T3SS) to inject effector proteins into cells of its Solanaceous host plants. It is generally assumed that these effectors manipulate host pathways to favor bacterial replication and survival. However, the molecular mechanisms by which type III effectors suppress host defense responses are far from being understood. Based on sequence similarity, Xanthomonas outer protein J (XopJ) is a member of the YopJ/AvrRxv family of SUMO peptidases and acetyltranferases, although its biochemical activity has not yet been demonstrated. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusions of XopJ are targeted to the plasma membrane when expressed in plant cells, which most likely involves N-myristoylation. In contrast to a XopJ(C235A) mutant disrupted in the catalytic triad sequence, the wild-type effector GFP fusion protein was also localized in vesicle-like structures colocalizing together with a Golgi marker protein, suggesting an effect of XopJ on vesicle trafficking. To explore an effect of XopJ on protein secretion, we used a GFP-based secretion assay. When a secreted (sec)GFP marker was coexpressed with XopJ in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana, GFP fluorescence was retained in reticulate structures. In contrast, in plant cells expressing secGFP alone or along with the XopJ(C235A) mutant, no GFP fluorescence accumulated within the cells. Moreover, coexpressing secGFP together with XopJ led to a reduced accumulation of secGFP within the apoplastic fluid of N. benthamiana leaves, further showing that XopJ affects protein secretion. Transgenic expression of XopJ in Arabidopsis suppressed callose deposition elicited by a T3SS-negative mutant of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. A role of XopJ in the inhibition of cell wall-based defense responses is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Bartetzko
- Institut für Biologie, Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Friedrich Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Abstract
Secretory and endocytic traffic through the post-Golgi endomembrane system regulates the abundance of plasma-membrane proteins such as receptors, transporters and ion channels, modulating the ability of a cell to communicate with its neighbours and to adapt to a changing environment. The major post-Golgi compartments are numerous and appear to be similar to their counterparts in animals. However, endosomes are rather ill defined morphologically but seem to be involved in specific trafficking pathways. Many plasma-membrane proteins cycle constitutively via endosomal compartments. The trans-Golgi network (TGN) appears to be an early endosome where secretory and endocytic traffic meet. Endocytosed proteins that are to be degraded are targeted to the vacuole via the multivesiculate prevacuolar compartment (PVC) whereas cycling proteins pass through recycling endosomes. The trafficking machinery involves the same classes of proteins as in other eukaryotes. However, there are modifications that match the specifics of post-Golgi traffic in plants. Although plants lack epithelia, some plasma-membrane proteins are located on specific faces of the cell which reflects polarized traffic and influences the physiological performance of the tissue. Plants also differentiate highly polarized tip-growing cells in which post-Golgi traffic is adapted to very high rates of targeted exocytosis, endocytosis and recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Richter
- ZMBP, Entwicklungsgenetik,Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 3, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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