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Wu W, Zhuang Y, Chen D, Ruan Y, Li F, Jackson K, Liu CW, East A, Wen J, Tatsis E, Poole PS, Xu P, Murray JD. Methylated chalcones are required for rhizobial nod gene induction in the Medicago truncatula rhizosphere. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024. [PMID: 38571285 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Legume nodulation requires the detection of flavonoids in the rhizosphere by rhizobia to activate their production of Nod factor countersignals. Here we investigated the flavonoids involved in nodulation of Medicago truncatula. We biochemically characterized five flavonoid-O-methyltransferases (OMTs) and a lux-based nod gene reporter was used to investigate the response of Sinorhizobium medicae NodD1 to various flavonoids. We found that chalcone-OMT 1 (ChOMT1) and ChOMT3, but not OMT2, 4, and 5, were able to produce 4,4'-dihydroxy-2'-methoxychalcone (DHMC). The bioreporter responded most strongly to DHMC, while isoflavones important for nodulation of soybean (Glycine max) showed no activity. Mutant analysis revealed that loss of ChOMT1 strongly reduced DHMC levels. Furthermore, chomt1 and omt2 showed strongly reduced bioreporter luminescence in their rhizospheres. In addition, loss of both ChOMT1 and ChOMT3 reduced nodulation, and this phenotype was strengthened by the further loss of OMT2. We conclude that: the loss of ChOMT1 greatly reduces root DHMC levels; ChOMT1 or OMT2 are important for nod gene activation in the rhizosphere; and ChOMT1/3 and OMT2 promote nodulation. Our findings suggest a degree of exclusivity in the flavonoids used for nodulation in M. truncatula compared to soybean, supporting a role for flavonoids in rhizobial host range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences (CEMPS), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yuxin Zhuang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences (CEMPS), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Dasong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 1 Shizishan Street, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yiting Ruan
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences (CEMPS), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Fuyu Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences (CEMPS), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Kirsty Jackson
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Cheng-Wu Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Alison East
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Jiangqi Wen
- Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, 3210 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Evangelos Tatsis
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences (CEMPS), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Philip S Poole
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Ping Xu
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Plant Germplasm Resources Development, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Road, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Jeremy D Murray
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences (CEMPS), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
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Andersen IKL, Fomsgaard IS, Rasmussen J. Intercropping of Narrow-Leafed Lupin ( Lupinus angustifolius L.) and Barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) Affects the Flavonoid Composition of Both Crops. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:108-115. [PMID: 38146912 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c03684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is a common cereal crop in agricultural production and is often included in legume-cereal intercropping. Flavonoids, a major class of secondary metabolites found in barley, are involved in plant defense and protection. However, the effect of intercropping on barley flavonoids remains unknown. Herein, an intercropping system involving barley and lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) was studied. Intercropping increased the level of luteolin in lupin roots. Lupin-barley intercropping considerably increased genistein, rutin, and apigenin in barley shoots. Genistein and apigenin were also detected in intercropped barley roots and rhizosphere soil. The three flavonoids have been reported as defense compounds, suggesting that lupin triggers a defense response in barley to strengthen its survival ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida K L Andersen
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Forsoegsvej 1, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Inge S Fomsgaard
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Forsoegsvej 1, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Jim Rasmussen
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
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3
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Hakim S, Imran A, Hussain MS, Mirza MS. RNA-Seq analysis of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) roots shows differential gene expression and predicts regulatory pathways responding to taxonomically different rhizobia. Microbiol Res 2023; 275:127451. [PMID: 37478540 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Symbiotic interaction among legume and rhizobia is a complex phenomenon which results in the formation of nitrogen-fixing nodules. Mung bean is promiscuous host however expression profile of this important legume plant in response to rhizobial infection was particularly lacking and urgently needed. We have demonstrated the pattern of gene expression of mung bean roots inoculated with two symbionts Bradyrhizobium yuanmingense Vr50 and Sinorhizobium (Ensifer) aridi Vr33 and non-inoculated control (CK). The RNA-Seq data analyzed at two growth stages i.e., 1-3 h and 10-16 days post inoculation revealed significantly higher number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at nodulation stage. The DEGs encoding receptor kinases identified at early stage might be involved in perception of Nod factors produced by different rhizobia. At nodulation stage important genes involved in plant hormone signal transduction, nitrogen and sulfur metabolism were identified. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that metabolic pathways were most prominent in both groups (Group 1: Vr33 vs CK; Group 2: Vr50 vs CK), followed by biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, plant hormone signal transduction and biosynthesis of amino acids. Furthermore, DEGs involved in cell communication and plant hormone signal transduction were found to be different among two symbiotic systems while DEGs involved in carbon, nitrogen and sulfur metabolism were similar but their expression varied in response to two rhizobial strains. This study provides the first insight into the mechanisms underlying interactions of mung bean host with two taxonomically different symbionts (Bradyrhizobium and Sinorhizobium) and the candidate genes for better understanding the mechanisms of symbiotic host-specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sughra Hakim
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), P.O. Box 577, Faisalabad, Pakistan; Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Asma Imran
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), P.O. Box 577, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - M Sajjad Mirza
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), P.O. Box 577, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
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Wang Y, Li R, Chen B. Cytogenetic Characterization and Metabolomic Differences of Full-Sib Progenies of Saccharum spp. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:810. [PMID: 36840158 PMCID: PMC9968213 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Sugarcane smut is a worldwide fungal disease. Disease resistance breeding is the most economical and effective measure to prevent and control sugarcane smut. The cytogenetic characteristics and metabolomic differences of sugarcane F1s are closely related to disease resistance. Zhongzhe 1 and G160 sugarcane from the same parents (ROC25 and Yunzhe89-7) were used; the plants were grown in accordance with the barrel method. When the seedlings had 4-5 leaves, genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) was performed; digoxigenin (DIG)-labeled female parental (ROC25)DNA and biotin-labeled male parental (Yunzhe89-7) DNA were used as probes, and the karyotypes of two hybrids were analyzed. The new sugarcane smut-resistant variety (Zhongzhe 1) and the susceptible variety (G160) derived from the same parent were analyzed via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technology (GC-MS) to compare the metabolomic differences between them. GISH analysis revealed that the chromosome ploidy number of Zhongzhe 1 sugarcane and G160 sugarcane were 114 and 110, respectively. However, the two contain different numbers of chromosomes from the female (ROC25) and male (Yunzhe89-7) parents. Moreover, 258 significantly changed metabolites were identified in smut-resistant Zhongzhe 1, as compared with the smut-susceptible G160 sugarcane: 56 flavonoids, 52 phenolic acids, 30 lipids, 26 organic acids, 26 amino acids and derivatives, 19 nucleotides and derivatives, 5 alkaloids, 9 terpenoids, and 35 others. Multivariate statistical analysis revealed a distinct difference in metabolic pathways between Zhongzhe 1 sugarcane and G160, and both of these varieties had unique functional metabolites. Differences in chromosome composition may constitute the genetic basis for the difference in resistance to smut disease between Zhongzhe 1 sugarcane and G160 sugarcane, and a high accumulation of flavonoids, lipids, terpenoids and tannins may constitute the basis of resistance to smut disease for the Zhongzhe 1 variety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Ru Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Baoshan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
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Singh G, Agrawal H, Bednarek P. Specialized metabolites as versatile tools in shaping plant-microbe associations. MOLECULAR PLANT 2023; 16:122-144. [PMID: 36503863 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants are rich repository of a large number of chemical compounds collectively referred to as specialized metabolites. These compounds are of importance for adaptive processes including responses against changing abiotic conditions and interactions with various co-existing organisms. One of the strikingly affirmed functions of these specialized metabolites is their involvement in plants' life-long interactions with complex multi-kingdom microbiomes including both beneficial and harmful microorganisms. Recent developments in genomic and molecular biology tools not only help to generate well-curated information about regulatory and structural components of biosynthetic pathways of plant specialized metabolites but also to create and screen mutant lines defective in their synthesis. In this review, we have comprehensively surveyed the function of these specialized metabolites and discussed recent research findings demonstrating the responses of various microbes on tested mutant lines having defective biosynthesis of particular metabolites. In addition, we attempt to provide key clues about the impact of these metabolites on the assembly of the plant microbiome by summarizing the major findings of recent comparative metagenomic analyses of available mutant lines under customized and natural microbial niches. Subsequently, we delineate benchmark initiatives that aim to engineer or manipulate the biosynthetic pathways to produce specialized metabolites in heterologous systems but also to diversify their immune function. While denoting the function of these metabolites, we also discuss the critical bottlenecks associated with understanding and exploiting their function in improving plant adaptation to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal Singh
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland
| | - Himani Agrawal
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland
| | - Paweł Bednarek
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland.
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Wang L, Chen M, Lam PY, Dini-Andreote F, Dai L, Wei Z. Multifaceted roles of flavonoids mediating plant-microbe interactions. MICROBIOME 2022; 10:233. [PMID: 36527160 PMCID: PMC9756786 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01420-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant-microbe interactions dynamically affect plant growth, health, and development. The mechanisms underpinning these associations are-to a large extent-mediated by specialized host-derived secondary metabolites. Flavonoids are one of the most studied classes of such metabolites, regulating both plant development and the interaction with commensal microbes. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the multiple roles of flavonoids in mediating plant-microbe interactions. First, we briefly summarize the general aspects of flavonoid synthesis, transport, and exudation in plants. Then, we review the importance of flavonoids regulating plant-microbe interactions and dynamically influencing the overall community assembly of plant-root microbiomes. Last, we highlight potential knowledge gaps in our understanding of how flavonoids determine the interactions between plants and commensal microbes. Collectively, we advocate the importance of advancing research in this area toward innovative strategies to effectively manipulate plant-microbiome composition, in this case, via flavonoid production and exudation in plant roots. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanxiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Research and Development Center for Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Moxian Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Research and Development Center for Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Pui-Ying Lam
- Center for Crossover Education, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Akita University, Tegata Gakuen-machi 1-1, Akita City, Akita, 010-8502, Japan
| | - Francisco Dini-Andreote
- Department of Plant Science & Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Lei Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Zhong Wei
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
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7
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Wu Y, Li X, Zhang J, Zhao H, Tan S, Xu W, Pan J, Yang F, Pi E. ERF subfamily transcription factors and their function in plant responses to abiotic stresses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1042084. [PMID: 36531407 PMCID: PMC9748296 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1042084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene Responsive Factor (ERF) subfamily comprise the largest number of proteins in the plant AP2/ERF superfamily, and have been most extensively studied on the biological functions. Members of this subfamily have been proven to regulate plant resistances to various abiotic stresses, such as drought, salinity, chilling and some other adversities. Under these stresses, ERFs are usually activated by mitogen-activated protein kinase induced phosphorylation or escape from ubiquitin-ligase enzymes, and then form complex with nucleic proteins before binding to cis-element in promoter regions of stress responsive genes. In this review, we will discuss the phylogenetic relationships among the ERF subfamily proteins, summarize molecular mechanism how the transcriptional activity of ERFs been regulated and how ERFs of different subgroup regulate the transcription of stress responsive genes, such as high-affinity K+ transporter gene PalHKT1;2, reactive oxygen species related genes LcLTP, LcPrx, and LcRP, flavonoids synthesis related genes FtF3H and LhMYBSPLATTER, etc. Though increasing researches demonstrate that ERFs are involved in various abiotic stresses, very few interact proteins and target genes of them have been comprehensively annotated. Hence, future research prospects are described on the mechanisms of how stress signals been transited to ERFs and how ERFs regulate the transcriptional expression of stress responsive genes.
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Yan D, Tajima H, Cline LC, Fong RY, Ottaviani JI, Shapiro H, Blumwald E. Genetic modification of flavone biosynthesis in rice enhances biofilm formation of soil diazotrophic bacteria and biological nitrogen fixation. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:2135-2148. [PMID: 35869808 PMCID: PMC9616522 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Improving biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) in cereal crops is a long-sought objective; however, no successful modification of cereal crops showing increased BNF has been reported. Here, we described a novel approach in which rice plants were modified to increase the production of compounds that stimulated biofilm formation in soil diazotrophic bacteria, promoted bacterial colonization of plant tissues and improved BNF with increased grain yield at limiting soil nitrogen contents. We first used a chemical screening to identify plant-produced compounds that induced biofilm formation in nitrogen-fixing bacteria and demonstrated that apigenin and other flavones induced BNF. We then used CRISPR-based gene editing targeting apigenin breakdown in rice, increasing plant apigenin contents and apigenin root exudation. When grown at limiting soil nitrogen conditions, modified rice plants displayed increased grain yield. Biofilm production also modified the root microbiome structure, favouring the enrichment of diazotrophic bacteria recruitment. Our results support the manipulation of the flavone biosynthetic pathway as a feasible strategy for the induction of biological nitrogen fixation in cereals and a reduction in the use of inorganic nitrogen fertilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Yan
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Hiromi Tajima
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Reedmond Y. Fong
- Department of NutritionUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Javier I. Ottaviani
- Department of NutritionUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
- Mars Inc.McLeanVirginiaUSA
| | | | - Eduardo Blumwald
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
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Lyu X, Sun C, Lin T, Wang X, Li S, Zhao S, Gong Z, Wei Z, Yan C, Ma C. Systemic regulation of soybean nodulation and nitrogen fixation by nitrogen via isoflavones. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:968496. [PMID: 36035684 PMCID: PMC9403732 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.968496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) inhibits soybean (Glycine max L.) nodulation and N2 fixation. Isoflavones secreted by soybean roots can stimulate signal transduction for symbiotic nodules, thus playing a key role in root nodule development and N2 fixation. The relationship between the inhibition of soybean nodulation, N2 fixation and isoflavones by N is still unclear. In this study, dual-root soybean plants were prepared by grafting, and N or isoflavones were supplied to unilateral roots. The number and dry weight of the soybean nodules, nitrogenase activity, isoflavone concentrations and relative changes in the level of expression of nodulation-related genes were measured to study the response relationship between the N systemic regulation the soybean nodule N2 fixation and changes in the concentrations of isoflavones in its roots. The results showed that N supply to one side of the dual-root soybeans systematically affected the N2 fixation of root nodules on both sides, and this effect began in the early stage of nodulation. Moreover, a unilateral supply of N systematically affected the concentrations of daidzein and genistein on both sides of the roots. The concentrations of isoflavones were consistent with the change trend of soybean root nodule and nodulation-related gene expression level. Treatment with unilateral N or isoflavones affected the soybean nodule N2 fixation and its nodulation-related genes, which had the same response to the changes in concentrations of root isoflavones. N regulates soybean nodulation and N2 fixation by systematically affecting the concentrations of isoflavones in the roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Lyu
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Chunyan Sun
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Tao Lin
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xuelai Wang
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Sha Li
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Shuhong Zhao
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- College of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhenping Gong
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Ziwei Wei
- Harbin Agricultural Technology Extension Station, Harbin, China
| | - Chao Yan
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Chunmei Ma
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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10
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Alvarez-Rivera G, Sanz A, Cifuentes A, Ibánez E, Paape T, Lucas MM, Pueyo JJ. Flavonoid Accumulation Varies in Medicago truncatula in Response to Mercury Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:933209. [PMID: 35874019 PMCID: PMC9301243 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.933209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) contamination is increasing worldwide in both wild ecosystems and agricultural soils due to natural processes, but mostly to anthropic activities. The molecular mechanisms involved in Hg toxicity and tolerance in plants have been extensively studied; however, the role of flavonoids in response to Hg stress remains to be investigated. We conducted a metabolomic study to analyze the changes induced at the secondary metabolite level in three Hg-tolerant and one Hg-sensitive Medicago truncatula cultivars. A total of 46 flavonoid compounds, classified into five different flavonoid families: anthocyanidins, flavones, isoflavones, pterocarpan flavonoids, and flavanones, along with their respective glycoconjugate derivatives, were identified in leaf and root tissues. The synthesis of free isoflavones, followed by monoglycosylation and further malonylation was shown to be characteristic of root samples, whereas higher glycosylation, followed by further acylation with coumaric and ferulic acid was characteristic of leaf tissues. While minor changes were observed in leaves, significant quantitative changes could be observed in roots upon Hg treatment. Some flavonoids were strongly upregulated in roots, including malonylglucosides of biochanin A, formononetin and medicarpin, and aglycones biochanin, daidzein, and irisolidone. Hg tolerance appeared to be mainly associated to the accumulation of formononetin MalGlc, tricin GlcAGlcA, and afrormosin Glc II in leaves, whereas aglycone accumulation was associated with tolerance to Hg stress in roots. The results evidence the alteration of the flavonoid metabolic profile and their glycosylation processes in response to Hg stress. However, notable differences existed between varieties, both in the basal metabolic profile and in the response to treatment with Hg. Overall, we observed an increase in flavonoid production in response to Hg stress, and Hg tolerance appeared to be associated to a characteristic glycosylation pattern in roots, associated with the accumulation of aglycones and monoglycosylated flavonoids. The findings are discussed in the context of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway to provide a better understanding of the role of these secondary metabolites in the response and tolerance to Hg stress in M. truncatula.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aurora Sanz
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ICA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Cifuentes
- Laboratory of Foodomics, CIAL-CSIC, Institute of Food Science Research, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Ibánez
- Laboratory of Foodomics, CIAL-CSIC, Institute of Food Science Research, Madrid, Spain
| | - Timothy Paape
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, United States
| | | | - José J. Pueyo
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ICA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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11
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Zhao C, Hu J, Li Q, Fang Y, Liu D, Liu Z, Zhong R. Transfer of Nitrogen and Phosphorus From Cattle Manure to Soil and Oats Under Simulative Cattle Manure Deposition. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:916610. [PMID: 35774448 PMCID: PMC9238326 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.916610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simulated cattle manure deposition was used to estimate nutrient transfer to soil and oats and to investigate changes in microbial community composition and functional groups in oat rhizospheres. Nutrient absorption and return efficiency were calculated as a series of standard calculation formulas, and total nutrient transfer efficiency was nutrient absorption efficiency plus nutrient return efficiency. In total, 74.83% of nitrogen (N) and 59.30% of phosphorus (P) in cattle manure were transferred to soil and oats, with 11.79% of N and 7.89% of P in cattle manure absorbed by oats, and the remainder sequestered in the soil for 80 days after sowing. Cattle manure increased oat root length, surface, and volume under 0.2 mm diameter, and improved relative abundance of the microbiome known to be beneficial. In response to cattle manure, several bacteria known to be beneficial, such as Proteobacteria, Bacteroidota, and Firmicutes at phyla the level and Pseudoxanthomonas, Pseudomonas, and Sphingomonas at the genus level, were positively related to oat biomass and nutrient accumulation. For fungal communities, the relative abundance of Ascomycota is the predominant phylum, which varied in a larger range in the control treatment (81.0–63.3%) than the cattle manure deposition treatment (37.0–42.9%) as plant growing days extend. The relevant abundance of Basidiomycota known as decomposer was higher in cattle manure deposition treatment compared to that in control treatment at 15 days after sowing. More importantly, cattle manure deposition inhibited trophic mode within pathotroph like Alternaria and Fusarium fungal genus and promoted saprotroph and symbiotroph.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzhen Zhao
- Jilin Provincial Laboratory of Grassland Farming, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- School of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Hu
- Jilin Provincial Laboratory of Grassland Farming, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Jilin Provincial Laboratory of Grassland Farming, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yi Fang
- Jilin Provincial Laboratory of Grassland Farming, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Di Liu
- Key Laboratory of Combining Farming and Animal Husbandry, Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Ziguang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Combining Farming and Animal Husbandry, Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Rongzhen Zhong
- Jilin Provincial Laboratory of Grassland Farming, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Rongzhen Zhong,
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12
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Zhao X, Yan Y, Zhou WH, Feng RZ, Shuai YK, Yang L, Liu MJ, He XY, Wei Q. Transcriptome and metabolome reveal the accumulation of secondary metabolites in different varieties of Cinnamomum longepaniculatum. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:243. [PMID: 35585490 PMCID: PMC9116011 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03637-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cinnamomum longepaniculatum (Gamble) N. Chao ex H. W. Li, whose leaves produce essential oils, is a traditional Chinese medicine and economically important tree species. In our study, two C. longepaniculatum varieties that have significantly different essential oil contents and leaf phenotypes were selected as the materials to investigate secondary metabolism. RESULT The essential oil content and leaf phenotypes were different between the two varieties. When the results of both transcriptome and metabolomic analyses were combined, it was found that the differences were related to phenylalanine metabolic pathways, particularly the metabolism of flavonoids and terpenoids. The transcriptome results based on KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that pathways involving phenylpropanoids, tryptophan biosynthesis and terpenoids significantly differed between the two varieties; 11 DEGs (2 upregulated and 9 downregulated) were associated with the biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites, and 12 DEGs (2 upregulated and 10 downregulated) were related to the metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides. Through further analysis of the leaves, we detected 196 metabolites in C. longepaniculatum. The abundance of 49 (26 downregulated and 23 upregulated) metabolites differed between the two varieties, which is likely related to the differences in the accumulation of these metabolites. We identified 12 flavonoids, 8 terpenoids and 8 alkaloids and identified 4 kinds of PMFs from the leaves of C. longepaniculatum. CONCLUSIONS The combined results of transcriptome and metabolomic analyses revealed a strong correlation between metabolite contents and gene expression. We speculate that light leads to differences in the secondary metabolism and phenotypes of leaves of different varieties of C. longepaniculatum. This research provides data for secondary metabolite studies and lays a solid foundation for breeding ideal C. longepaniculatum plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, YiBin University, Yibin, 644000 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Yan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, YiBin University, Yibin, 644000 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Wan-hai Zhou
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, YiBin University, Yibin, 644000 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui-zhang Feng
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, YiBin University, Yibin, 644000 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
- Sichuan Oil Cinnamon Engineering Technology Research Center, Yibin, 644000 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong-kang Shuai
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, YiBin University, Yibin, 644000 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
- Sichuan Oil Cinnamon Engineering Technology Research Center, Yibin, 644000 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Yang
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, YiBin University, Yibin, 644000 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
- Sichuan Oil Cinnamon Engineering Technology Research Center, Yibin, 644000 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Meng-jie Liu
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, YiBin University, Yibin, 644000 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiu-yan He
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, YiBin University, Yibin, 644000 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Qin Wei
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, YiBin University, Yibin, 644000 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
- Sichuan Oil Cinnamon Engineering Technology Research Center, Yibin, 644000 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
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Beyond Photoprotection: The Multifarious Roles of Flavonoids in Plant Terrestrialization. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095284. [PMID: 35563675 PMCID: PMC9101737 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants evolved an impressive arsenal of multifunctional specialized metabolites to cope with the novel environmental pressures imposed by the terrestrial habitat when moving from water. Here we examine the multifarious roles of flavonoids in plant terrestrialization. We reason on the environmental drivers, other than the increase in UV-B radiation, that were mostly responsible for the rise of flavonoid metabolism and how flavonoids helped plants in land conquest. We are reasonably based on a nutrient-deficiency hypothesis for the replacement of mycosporine-like amino acids, typical of streptophytic algae, with the flavonoid metabolism during the water-to-land transition. We suggest that flavonoids modulated auxin transport and signaling and promoted the symbiosis between plants and fungi (e.g., arbuscular mycorrhizal, AM), a central event for the conquest of land by plants. AM improved the ability of early plants to take up nutrients and water from highly impoverished soils. We offer evidence that flavonoids equipped early land plants with highly versatile “defense compounds”, essential for the new set of abiotic and biotic stressors imposed by the terrestrial environment. We conclude that flavonoids have been multifunctional since the appearance of plants on land, not only acting as UV filters but especially improving both nutrient acquisition and biotic stress defense.
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Chen JH, Hou N, Xv X, Zhang D, Fan TQ, Zhang QX, Huang YJ. Flavonoid Synthesis and Metabolism During the Fruit Development in Hickory ( Carya cathayensis). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:896421. [PMID: 35615140 PMCID: PMC9125235 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.896421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Hickory (Carya cathayensis) kernel is rich in powerful bioactive flavonoids, which can remove excess free radicals in the human body and play an important role in regulating the physiological metabolism of the plant. This study investigated the changes of flavonoids in hickory exocarp and embryo during development. In this study, 72 DEGs involved in the regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis in fruits were identified, and TT4, CCoAOMT1, UGT71D1, C4H, F3H, TT8, FLS1, and LDOX were identified as the core genes of flavonoid biosynthesis. A total of 144 flavonoid-related metabolites were detected by metabolite analysis. Transcriptome and metabolome analysis combined to construct the flavonoid biosynthesis regulatory pathway in the development stage of hickory fruit. Our results provide a theoretical basis for the exploration and regulation of functional genes related to flavonoid biosynthesis and metabolism in hickory and other plants and the breeding of new walnut varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Hui Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Na Hou
- Guizhou Academy of Forestry, Guiyang, China
| | - Xv Xv
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Da Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tong-Qiang Fan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi-Xiang Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - You-Jun Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
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Wang L, Rengel Z, Zhang K, Jin K, Lyu Y, Zhang L, Cheng L, Zhang F, Shen J. Ensuring future food security and resource sustainability: insights into the rhizosphere. iScience 2022; 25:104168. [PMID: 35434553 PMCID: PMC9010633 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Feeding the world’s growing population requires continuously increasing crop yields with less fertilizers and agrochemicals on limited land. Focusing on plant belowground traits, especially root-soil-microbe interactions, holds a great promise for overcoming this challenge. The belowground root-soil-microbe interactions are complex and involve a range of physical, chemical, and biological processes that influence nutrient-use efficiency, plant growth and health. Understanding, predicting, and manipulating these rhizosphere processes will enable us to harness the relevant interactions to improve plant productivity and nutrient-use efficiency. Here, we review the recent progress and challenges in root-soil-microbe interactions. We also highlight how root-soil-microbe interactions could be manipulated to ensure food security and resource sustainability in a changing global climate, with an emphasis on reducing our dependence on fertilizers and agrochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyang Wang
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Zed Rengel
- Soil Science & Plant Nutrition, UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.,Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, Split 21000, Croatia
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Kemo Jin
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Yang Lyu
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Lingyun Cheng
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Fusuo Zhang
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Jianbo Shen
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
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Khan KY, Ali B, Zhang S, Stoffella PJ, Shi S, Xia Q, Cui X, Ali Z, Guo Y. Phytotoxic effects on chloroplast and UHPLC-HRMS based untargeted metabolomic responses in Allium tuberosum Rottler ex Sprengel (Chinese leek) exposed to antibiotics. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 234:113418. [PMID: 35304336 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Introduction of antibiotics into agricultural fields poses serious health risks to humans. This study investigated the uptake of antibiotics, their effects on metabolic pathways, and chloroplast structure changes of Allium tuberosum exposed to norfloxacin (NFL), oxytetracycline (OTC), and tetracycline (TC). Among all the antibiotic treatments, the highest accumulation of antibiotics in roots (4.15 mg/kg) and leaves (0.29 mg/kg) was TC, while in bulbs it was NFL (5.94 mg/kg). OTC was with the lowest accumulation in roots: 0.19 mg/kg, bulbs: 0.18 mg/kg, and leaves: 0.11 mg/kg. The number of mitochondira and the number of plastoglobulli increased. The chloroplast structure was disturbed under the stress of NFL, OTC, and TC. Disturbance in the chloroplast ultrastructure leads to altered chlorophyll fluorescence variables. Simultaneously, metabolomic profiling of leaves demonstrated that NFL stress regulated more of metabolic pathways than OTC and TC. Differences in metabolic pathways among the antibiotic treatments showed that each antibiotic has different impact even under the same experimental conditions. TC and NFL have more toxic effects than OTC antibiotic. Metabolic variations induced by antibiotics stress highlighted pools of metabolites that affect the metabolic activities, chlorophyll fluorescence, ultrastructural adjustments, and stimulate defensive impact in A. tubersoum. These findings provide an insight of metabolic destabilization as well as metabolic changes in defensive mechanism and stress response of A. tuberosum to different antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Yasmin Khan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Process Control for Light Industry, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Barkat Ali
- The Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; National Agricultural Research Centre, 44000 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shuang Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Peter Joseph Stoffella
- Indian River Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, United States
| | - Shiyu Shi
- Dalian Chem Data Solution Information Technology Co. Ltd, Dalian 116000, China
| | - Qian Xia
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Process Control for Light Industry, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Cui
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering/Tianjin Key Lab of Biomass Waste Utilization, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zeshan Ali
- Plant Physiology Program, Crop Sciences Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre, Park Road, PO 45500, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ya Guo
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Process Control for Light Industry, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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Chang D, Gao S, Zhou G, Deng S, Jia J, Wang E, Cao W. The chromosome-level genome assembly of Astragalus sinicus and comparative genomic analyses provide new resources and insights for understanding legume-rhizobial interactions. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:100263. [PMID: 35529952 PMCID: PMC9073321 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The legume species Astragalus sinicus (Chinese milk vetch [CMV]) has been widely cultivated for centuries in southern China as one of the most important green manures/cover crops for improving rice productivity and preventing soil degeneration. In this study, we generated the first chromosome-scale reference genome of CMV by combining PacBio and Illumina sequencing with high-throughput chromatin conformation capture (Hi-C) technology. The CMV genome was 595.52 Mb in length, with a contig N50 size of 1.50 Mb. Long terminal repeats (LTRs) had been amplified and contributed to genome size expansion in CMV. CMV has undergone two whole-genome duplication (WGD) events, and the genes retained after the WGD shared by Papilionoideae species shaped the rhizobial symbiosis and the hormonal regulation of nodulation. The chalcone synthase (CHS) gene family was expanded and was expressed primarily in the roots of CMV. Intriguingly, we found that resistance genes were more highly expressed in roots than in nodules of legume species, suggesting that their expression may be increased to bolster plant immunity in roots to cope with pathogen infection in legumes. Our work sheds light on the genetic basis of nodulation and symbiosis in CMV and provides a benchmark for accelerating genetic research and molecular breeding in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danna Chang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Songjuan Gao
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Guopeng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shuhan Deng
- Glbizzia Biological Science and Technology, Co, Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Jizeng Jia
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Corresponding author
| | - Ertao Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- Corresponding author
| | - Weidong Cao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Corresponding author
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18
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Xiong C, Li X, Wang X, Wang J, Lambers H, Vance CP, Shen J, Cheng L. Flavonoids are involved in phosphorus-deficiency-induced cluster-root formation in white lupin. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2022; 129:101-112. [PMID: 34668958 PMCID: PMC8829899 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Initiation of cluster roots in white lupin (Lupinus albus) under phosphorus (P) deficiency requires auxin signalling, whereas flavonoids inhibit auxin transport. However, little information is available about the interactions between P deficiency and flavonoids in terms of cluster-root formation in white lupin. METHODS Hydroponic and aeroponic systems were used to investigate the role of flavonoids in cluster-root formation, with or without 75 μm P supply. KEY RESULTS Phosphorus-deficiency-induced flavonoid accumulation in cluster roots depended on developmental stage, based on in situ determination of fluorescence of flavonoids and flavonoid concentration. LaCHS8, which codes for a chalcone synthase isoform, was highly expressed in cluster roots, and silencing LaCHS8 reduced flavonoid production and rootlet density. Exogenous flavonoids suppressed cluster-root formation. Tissue-specific distribution of flavonoids in roots was altered by P deficiency, suggesting that P deficiency induced flavonoid accumulation, thus fine-tuning the effect of flavonoids on cluster-root formation. Furthermore, naringenin inhibited expression of an auxin-responsive DR5:GUS marker, suggesting an interaction of flavonoids and auxin in regulating cluster-root formation. CONCLUSIONS Phosphorus deficiency triggered cluster-root formation through the regulation of flavonoid distribution, which fine-tuned an auxin response in the early stages of cluster-root development. These findings provide valuable insights into the mechanisms of cluster-root formation under P deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanyong Xiong
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Academy of National Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqing Li
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Academy of National Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Academy of National Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingxin Wang
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Academy of National Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hans Lambers
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Academy of National Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- School of Biological Sciences and UWA Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Carroll P Vance
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota and United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Jianbo Shen
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Academy of National Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- For correspondence. E-mail ;
| | - Lingyun Cheng
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Academy of National Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- For correspondence. E-mail ;
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Banasiak J, Jamruszka T, Murray JD, Jasiński M. A roadmap of plant membrane transporters in arbuscular mycorrhizal and legume-rhizobium symbioses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:2071-2091. [PMID: 34618047 PMCID: PMC8644718 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Most land plants live in close contact with beneficial soil microbes: the majority of land plant species establish symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, while most legumes, the third largest plant family, can form a symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing rhizobia. These microbes contribute to plant nutrition via endosymbiotic processes that require modulating the expression and function of plant transporter systems. The efficient contribution of these symbionts involves precisely controlled integration of transport, which is enabled by the adaptability and plasticity of their transporters. Advances in our understanding of these systems, driven by functional genomics research, are rapidly filling the gap in knowledge about plant membrane transport involved in these plant-microbe interactions. In this review, we synthesize recent findings associated with different stages of these symbioses, from the pre-symbiotic stage to nutrient exchange, and describe the role of host transport systems in both mycorrhizal and legume-rhizobia symbioses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Banasiak
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań 61-704, Poland
| | - Tomasz Jamruszka
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań 61-704, Poland
| | - Jeremy D Murray
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science (CEPAMS), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular and Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Michał Jasiński
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań 61-704, Poland
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznań 60-632, Poland
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20
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Duan Y, Shang X, Liu G, Zou Z, Zhu X, Ma Y, Li F, Fang W. The effects of tea plants-soybean intercropping on the secondary metabolites of tea plants by metabolomics analysis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:482. [PMID: 34686144 PMCID: PMC8532361 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03258-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intercropping, especially with legumes, as a productive and sustainable system, can promote plants growth and improves the soil quality than the sole crop, is an essential cultivation pattern in modern agricultural systems. However, the metabolic changes of secondary metabolites and the growth in tea plants during the processing of intercropping with soybean have not been fully analyzed. RESULTS The secondary metabolomic of the tea plants were significant influence with intercropping soybean during the different growth stages. Especially in the profuse flowering stage of intercropping soybean, the biosynthesis of amino acids was significantly impacted, and the flavonoid biosynthesis, the flavone and flavonol biosynthesis also were changed. And the expression of metabolites associated with amino acids metabolism, particularly glutamate, glutamine, lysine and arginine were up-regulated, while the expression of the sucrose and D-Glucose-6P were down-regulated. Furthermore, the chlorophyll photosynthetic parameters and the photosynthetic activity of tea plants were higher in the tea plants-soybean intercropping system. CONCLUSIONS These results strengthen our understanding of the metabolic mechanisms in tea plant's secondary metabolites under the tea plants-soybean intercropping system and demonstrate that the intercropping system of leguminous crops is greatly potential to improve tea quality. These may provide the basis for reducing the application of nitrogen fertilizer and improve the ecosystem in tea plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Duan
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaowen Shang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Guodong Liu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhongwei Zou
- Department of Plants Science, University of Manitoba, 66 Dafoe Road, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Xujun Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuanchun Ma
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Fang Li
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wanping Fang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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21
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Gao Z, Chen Z, Cui Y, Ke M, Xu H, Xu Q, Chen J, Li Y, Huang L, Zhao H, Huang D, Mai S, Xu T, Liu X, Li S, Guan Y, Yang W, Friml J, Petrášek J, Zhang J, Chen X. GmPIN-dependent polar auxin transport is involved in soybean nodule development. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:2981-3003. [PMID: 34240197 PMCID: PMC8462816 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
To overcome nitrogen deficiency, legume roots establish symbiotic interactions with nitrogen-fixing rhizobia that are fostered in specialized organs (nodules). Similar to other organs, nodule formation is determined by a local maximum of the phytohormone auxin at the primordium site. However, how auxin regulates nodule development remains poorly understood. Here, we found that in soybean, (Glycine max), dynamic auxin transport driven by PIN-FORMED (PIN) transporter GmPIN1 is involved in nodule primordium formation. GmPIN1 was specifically expressed in nodule primordium cells and GmPIN1 was polarly localized in these cells. Two nodulation regulators, (iso)flavonoids trigger expanded distribution of GmPIN1b to root cortical cells, and cytokinin rearranges GmPIN1b polarity. Gmpin1abc triple mutants generated with CRISPR-Cas9 showed the impaired establishment of auxin maxima in nodule meristems and aberrant divisions in the nodule primordium cells. Moreover, overexpression of GmPIN1 suppressed nodule primordium initiation. GmPIN9d, an ortholog of Arabidopsis thaliana PIN2, acts together with GmPIN1 later in nodule development to acropetally transport auxin in vascular bundles, fine-tuning the auxin supply for nodule enlargement. Our findings reveal how PIN-dependent auxin transport modulates different aspects of soybean nodule development and suggest that the establishment of auxin gradient is a prerequisite for the proper interaction between legumes and rhizobia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Gao
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Yuanyuan Cui
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Meiyu Ke
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Huifang Xu
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Qinzhen Xu
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiaomei Chen
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Laimei Huang
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Dingquan Huang
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Siyuan Mai
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shujia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuefeng Guan
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Wenqiang Yang
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Jan Petrášek
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
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22
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Gibberellins Inhibit Flavonoid Biosynthesis and Promote Nitrogen Metabolism in Medicago truncatula. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179291. [PMID: 34502200 PMCID: PMC8431309 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioactive gibberellic acids (GAs) are diterpenoid plant hormones that are biosynthesized through complex pathways and control various aspects of growth and development. Although GA biosynthesis has been intensively studied, the downstream metabolic pathways regulated by GAs have remained largely unexplored. We investigated Tnt1 retrotransposon insertion mutant lines of Medicago truncatula with a dwarf phenotype by forward and reverse genetics screening and phylogenetic, molecular, biochemical, proteomic and metabolomic analyses. Three Tnt1 retrotransposon insertion mutant lines of the gibberellin 3-beta-dioxygenase 1 gene (GA3ox1) with a dwarf phenotype were identified, in which the synthesis of GAs (GA3 and GA4) was inhibited. Phenotypic analysis revealed that plant height, root and petiole length of ga3ox1 mutants were shorter than those of the wild type (Medicago truncatula ecotype R108). Leaf size was also much smaller in ga3ox1 mutants than that in wild-type R108, which is probably due to cell-size diminution instead of a decrease in cell number. Proteomic and metabolomic analyses of ga3ox1/R108 leaves revealed that in the ga3ox1 mutant, flavonoid isoflavonoid biosynthesis was significantly up-regulated, while nitrogen metabolism was down-regulated. Additionally, we further demonstrated that flavonoid and isoflavonoid biosynthesis was induced by prohexadione calcium, an inhibitor of GA3ox enzyme, and inhibited by exogenous GA3. In contrast, nitrogen metabolism was promoted by exogenous GA3 but inhibited by prohexadione calcium. The results of this study further demonstrated that GAs play critical roles in positively regulating nitrogen metabolism and transport and negatively regulating flavonoid biosynthesis through GA-mediated signaling pathways in leaves.
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23
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Wang M, Zhang Y, Zhu C, Yao X, Zheng Z, Tian Z, Cai X. EkFLS overexpression promotes flavonoid accumulation and abiotic stress tolerance in plant. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 172:1966-1982. [PMID: 33774830 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids with great medicinal value play an important role in plant individual growth and stress resistance. Flavonol synthetase (FLS) is one of the key enzymes to synthesize flavonoids. However, the role of the FLS gene in flavonoid accumulation and tolerance to abiotic stresses, as well as its mechanism has not yet been investigated systematically in plants. The aim of this research is to evaluate the effect of FLS overexpression on the accumulation of active ingredients and stress resistance in Euphorbia kansui Liou. The results showed that when the EkFLS gene was overexpressed in Arabidopsis thaliana, the accumulation of flavonoids was improved. In addition, when the wild-type and EkFLS overexpressed Arabidopsis plants were treated with ABA and MeJA, compared with WT Arabidopsis, EkFLS overexpressed Arabidopsis promoted stomatal aperture to influence photosynthesis of the plants, which in turn can promote stress resistance. Meanwhile, under MeJA, NaCl, and PEG treatment, EkFLS overexpressed in Arabidopsis induced higher accumulation of flavonoids, which significantly enhanced peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities that can scavenge reactive oxygen species in cells to protect the plant. These results indicated that EkFLS overexpression is strongly correlated to the increase of flavonoid synthesis and therefore the tolerance to abiotic stresses in plants, providing a theoretical basis for further improving the quality of medicinal plants and their resistance to abiotic stresses simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chenyu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiangyu Yao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhe Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zheni Tian
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xia Cai
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
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24
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Feng H, Fu R, Hou X, Lv Y, Zhang N, Liu Y, Xu Z, Miao Y, Krell T, Shen Q, Zhang R. Chemotaxis of Beneficial Rhizobacteria to Root Exudates: The First Step towards Root-Microbe Rhizosphere Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136655. [PMID: 34206311 PMCID: PMC8269324 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotaxis, the ability of motile bacteria to direct their movement in gradients of attractants and repellents, plays an important role during the rhizosphere colonization by rhizobacteria. The rhizosphere is a unique niche for plant-microbe interactions. Root exudates are highly complex mixtures of chemoeffectors composed of hundreds of different compounds. Chemotaxis towards root exudates initiates rhizobacteria recruitment and the establishment of bacteria-root interactions. Over the last years, important progress has been made in the identification of root exudate components that play key roles in the colonization process, as well as in the identification of the cognate chemoreceptors. In the first part of this review, we summarized the roles of representative chemoeffectors that induce chemotaxis in typical rhizobacteria and discussed the structure and function of rhizobacterial chemoreceptors. In the second part we reviewed findings on how rhizobacterial chemotaxis and other root-microbe interactions promote the establishment of beneficial rhizobacteria-plant interactions leading to plant growth promotion and protection of plant health. In the last part we identified the existing gaps in the knowledge and discussed future research efforts that are necessary to close them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haichao Feng
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-Based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (H.F.); (R.F.); (X.H.); (Y.L.); (N.Z.); (Z.X.); (Y.M.); (Q.S.)
| | - Ruixin Fu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-Based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (H.F.); (R.F.); (X.H.); (Y.L.); (N.Z.); (Z.X.); (Y.M.); (Q.S.)
| | - Xueqin Hou
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-Based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (H.F.); (R.F.); (X.H.); (Y.L.); (N.Z.); (Z.X.); (Y.M.); (Q.S.)
| | - Yu Lv
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-Based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (H.F.); (R.F.); (X.H.); (Y.L.); (N.Z.); (Z.X.); (Y.M.); (Q.S.)
| | - Nan Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-Based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (H.F.); (R.F.); (X.H.); (Y.L.); (N.Z.); (Z.X.); (Y.M.); (Q.S.)
| | - Yunpeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Collection and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Zhihui Xu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-Based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (H.F.); (R.F.); (X.H.); (Y.L.); (N.Z.); (Z.X.); (Y.M.); (Q.S.)
| | - Youzhi Miao
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-Based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (H.F.); (R.F.); (X.H.); (Y.L.); (N.Z.); (Z.X.); (Y.M.); (Q.S.)
| | - Tino Krell
- Department of Environmental Protection, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 18008 Granada, Spain;
| | - Qirong Shen
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-Based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (H.F.); (R.F.); (X.H.); (Y.L.); (N.Z.); (Z.X.); (Y.M.); (Q.S.)
| | - Ruifu Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-Based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (H.F.); (R.F.); (X.H.); (Y.L.); (N.Z.); (Z.X.); (Y.M.); (Q.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Collection and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-025-84396477
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25
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Kumar J, Sen Gupta D, Djalovic I, Kumar S, Siddique KHM. Root-omics for drought tolerance in cool-season grain legumes. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 172:629-644. [PMID: 33314181 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Root traits can be exploited to increase the physiological efficiency of crop water use under drought. Root length, root hairs, root branching, root diameter, and root proliferation rate are genetically defined traits that can help to improve the water productivity potential of crops. Recently, high-throughput phenotyping techniques/platforms have been used to screen the germplasm of major cool-season grain legumes for root traits and their impact on different physiological processes, including nutrient uptake and yield potential. Advances in omics approaches have led to the dissection of genomic, proteomic, and metabolomic structures of these traits. This knowledge facilitates breeders to improve the water productivity and nutrient uptake of cultivars under limited soil moisture conditions in major cool-season grain legumes that usually face terminal drought. This review discusses the advances in root traits and their potential for developing drought-tolerant cultivars in cool-season grain legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra Kumar
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, India
| | - Debjyoti Sen Gupta
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, India
| | - Ivica Djalovic
- Maize Department, Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Shiv Kumar
- Biodiversity and Crop Improvement Program, International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Rabat, Morocco
| | - Kadambot H M Siddique
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture and School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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26
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Root endophyte-enhanced peanut-rhizobia interaction is associated with regulation of root exudates. Microbiol Res 2021; 250:126765. [PMID: 34049186 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Root exudates play a crucial role in the symbiosis between leguminous plants and rhizobia. Our previous studies have shown that a fungal endophyte Phomopsis liquidambaris promotes peanut-rhizobia nodulation and nitrogen fixation, but the underlying mechanism are largely unknown. Here, we explore the role of peanut root exudates in Ph. liquidambaris-mediated nodulation enhancement. We first collected root exudates from Ph. liquidambaris-inoculated and un-inoculated peanuts and determined their effects on rhizobial growth, biofilm formation, chemotaxis, nodC gene expression, and peanut nodulation. Our results found a positive effect of Ph. liquidambaris-inoculated root exudates on these characteristics of rhizobia. Next, we compared the root exudates profile of Ph. liquidambaris-inoculated and un-inoculated plants and found that Ph. liquidambaris altered the concentrations of phenolic acids, flavonoids, organic acids and amino acids in root exudates. Furthermore, the rhizobial chemotaxis, growth and biofilm formation in response to the changed compounds at different concentrations showed that all of the test compounds induced rhizobial chemotactic behavior, and organic acids (citric acid and oxalic acid) and amino acid (glutamate, glycine and glutamine) at higher concentrations increased rhizobial growth and biofilm formation. Collectively, our results suggest that root exudates alterations contribute to Ph. liquidambaris-mediated peanut-rhizobia nodulation enhancement.
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27
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Naik J, Rajput R, Pucker B, Stracke R, Pandey A. The R2R3-MYB transcription factor MtMYB134 orchestrates flavonol biosynthesis in Medicago truncatula. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:157-172. [PMID: 33704646 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01135-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Our results provide insights into the flavonol biosynthesis regulation of M. truncatula. The R2R3-MYB transcription factor MtMYB134 emerged as tool to improve the flavonol biosynthesis. Flavonols are plant specialized metabolites with vital roles in plant development and defense and are known as diet compound beneficial to human health. In leguminous plants, the regulatory proteins involved in flavonol biosynthesis are not well characterized. Using a homology-based approach, three R2R3-MYB transcription factor encoding genes have been identified in the Medicago truncatula reference genome sequence. The gene encoding a protein with highest similarity to known flavonol regulators, MtMYB134, was chosen for further experiments and was characterized as a functional flavonol regulator from M. truncatula. MtMYB134 expression levels are correlated with the expression of MtFLS2, encoding a key enzyme of flavonol biosynthesis, and with flavonol metabolite content. MtMYB134 was shown to activate the promoters of the A. thaliana flavonol biosynthesis genes AtCHS and AtFLS1 in Arabidopsis protoplasts in a transactivation assay and to interact with the Medicago promoters of MtCHS2 and MtFLS2 in yeast 1-hybrid assays. To ascertain the functional aspect of the identified transcription factor, we developed a sextuple mutant, which is defective in anthocyanin and flavonol biosynthesis. Ectopic expression of MtMYB134 in a multiple myb A. thaliana mutant restored flavonol biosynthesis. Furthermore, overexpression of MtMYB134 in hairy roots of M. truncatula enhanced the biosynthesis of various flavonol derivatives. Taken together, our results provide insight into the understanding of flavonol biosynthesis regulation in M. truncatula and provides MtMYB134 as tool for genetic manipulation to improve flavonol synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jogindra Naik
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ruchika Rajput
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Boas Pucker
- Chair of Genetics and Genomics of Plants, Bielefeld University, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
- Evolution and Diversity, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, CB2 3EA, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ralf Stracke
- Chair of Genetics and Genomics of Plants, Bielefeld University, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Ashutosh Pandey
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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28
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Costa SR, Ng JLP, Mathesius U. Interaction of Symbiotic Rhizobia and Parasitic Root-Knot Nematodes in Legume Roots: From Molecular Regulation to Field Application. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:470-490. [PMID: 33471549 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-20-0350-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Legumes form two types of root organs in response to signals from microbes, namely, nodules and root galls. In the field, these interactions occur concurrently and often interact with each other. The outcomes of these interactions vary and can depend on natural variation in rhizobia and nematode populations in the soil as well as abiotic conditions. While rhizobia are symbionts that contribute fixed nitrogen to their hosts, parasitic root-knot nematodes (RKN) cause galls as feeding structures that consume plant resources without a contribution to the plant. Yet, the two interactions share similarities, including rhizosphere signaling, repression of host defense responses, activation of host cell division, and differentiation, nutrient exchange, and alteration of root architecture. Rhizobia activate changes in defense and development through Nod factor signaling, with additional functions of effector proteins and exopolysaccharides. RKN inject large numbers of protein effectors into plant cells that directly suppress immune signaling and manipulate developmental pathways. This review examines the molecular control of legume interactions with rhizobia and RKN to elucidate shared and distinct mechanisms of these root-microbe interactions. Many of the molecular pathways targeted by both organisms overlap, yet recent discoveries have singled out differences in the spatial control of expression of developmental regulators that may have enabled activation of cortical cell division during nodulation in legumes. The interaction of legumes with symbionts and parasites highlights the importance of a comprehensive view of root-microbe interactions for future crop management and breeding strategies.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia R Costa
- CBMA - Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Jason Liang Pin Ng
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Ulrike Mathesius
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
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29
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Exploring the structural changes in nitrogen-fixing microorganisms of rhizosheath during the growth of Stipagrostis pennata in the desert. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:228169. [PMID: 33779713 PMCID: PMC8047386 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20201679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Rhizosheath is an adaptive feature for the survival of Stipagrostis pennata in desert systems. Although microorganisms play important ecological roles in promoting the nitrogen cycle of rhizosheath, the diversity and function of nitrogen-fixing microorganism communities have not been fully understood. Materials and methods: Therefore, the aim of the present study is to explore the nitrogen fixation ability of rhizosheaths and the changes in abundance of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms at different growth periods of S. pennata. We sequenced the nifH gene through sequencing to identify the structure and diversity of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms of S. pennata at different growth periods of rhizosheaths. Results: A total of 1256 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified by nifH sequence and distributed in different growth periods. There were five OTUs distributed in each sample at the same time, and the abundance and diversity of microorganisms in fruit period were much higher than those in other periods. Mainly four phyla were involved, among which Proteobacteria was the most abundant in all groups. Conclusions: In general, the present study investigated the abundance and characteristics of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms of rhizosheaths in different growth periods of S. pennata. It also may elucidate and indicate that the structure of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms of rhizosheaths in different growth periods of S. pennata had changed.
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30
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Yu P, He X, Baer M, Beirinckx S, Tian T, Moya YAT, Zhang X, Deichmann M, Frey FP, Bresgen V, Li C, Razavi BS, Schaaf G, von Wirén N, Su Z, Bucher M, Tsuda K, Goormachtig S, Chen X, Hochholdinger F. Plant flavones enrich rhizosphere Oxalobacteraceae to improve maize performance under nitrogen deprivation. NATURE PLANTS 2021; 7:481-499. [PMID: 33833418 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-021-00897-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Beneficial interactions between plant roots and rhizosphere microorganisms are pivotal for plant fitness. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms controlling the feedback between root architecture and microbial community structure remain elusive in maize. Here, we demonstrate that transcriptomic gradients along the longitudinal root axis associate with specific shifts in rhizosphere microbial diversity. Moreover, we have established that root-derived flavones predominantly promote the enrichment of bacteria of the taxa Oxalobacteraceae in the rhizosphere, which in turn promote maize growth and nitrogen acquisition. Genetic experiments demonstrate that LRT1-mediated lateral root development coordinates the interactions of the root system with flavone-dependent Oxalobacteraceae under nitrogen deprivation. In summary, these experiments reveal the genetic basis of the reciprocal interactions between root architecture and the composition and diversity of specific microbial taxa in the rhizosphere resulting in improved plant performance. These findings may open new avenues towards the breeding of high-yielding and nutrient-efficient crops by exploiting their interaction with beneficial soil microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yu
- College of Resources and Environment, and Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Crop Functional Genomics, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Emmy Noether Group Root Functional Biology, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Xiaoming He
- College of Resources and Environment, and Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Crop Functional Genomics, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Emmy Noether Group Root Functional Biology, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marcel Baer
- Crop Functional Genomics, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stien Beirinckx
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture Fisheries and Food, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tian Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yudelsy A T Moya
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Xuechen Zhang
- Department of Biogeochemistry of Agroecosystems, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marion Deichmann
- Plant Nutrition, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Felix P Frey
- Crop Functional Genomics, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Verena Bresgen
- Crop Functional Genomics, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Emmy Noether Group Root Functional Biology, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Chunjian Li
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Bahar S Razavi
- Department of Soil and Plant Microbiome, Institute of Phytopathology, Christian-Albrecht University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Gabriel Schaaf
- Plant Nutrition, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nicolaus von Wirén
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Zhen Su
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Marcel Bucher
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kenichi Tsuda
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sofie Goormachtig
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xinping Chen
- College of Resources and Environment, and Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Frank Hochholdinger
- College of Resources and Environment, and Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
- Crop Functional Genomics, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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31
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A Root Tip-Specific Expressing Anthocyanin Marker for Direct Identification of Transgenic Tissues by the Naked Eye in Symbiotic Studies. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10030605. [PMID: 33806858 PMCID: PMC8004629 DOI: 10.3390/plants10030605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Agrobacterium rhizogenes hairy root transformation system is widely used in symbiotic studies of model legumes. It typically relies on fluorescent reporters, such as DsRed, for identification of transgenic roots. The MtLAP1 transcription factor has been utilized as a reporter system in Medicago truncatula based on production of anthocyanin pigment. Here, we describe a version of this reporter driven by a root-cap specific promoter for direct observation of anthocyanin accumulation in root tips, which allows the identification of transgenic hairy roots by the naked eye. Results from our analysis suggest that the reporter had no significant effects on nodulation of M. truncatula. This approach, by virtue of its strong and specific expression in root cap cells, greatly reduces false positives and false negatives, and its use of an easily scored visible pigment should allow greater versatility and efficiency in root biology studies.
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Yin M, Zhang S, Du X, Mateo RG, Guo W, Li A, Wang Z, Wu S, Chen J, Liu J, Ren G. Genomic analysis of Medicago ruthenica provides insights into its tolerance to abiotic stress and demographic history. Mol Ecol Resour 2021; 21:1641-1657. [PMID: 33615703 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Medicago ruthenica has been recently cultivated as a new forage crop and has been recognized as a source of genes to improve abiotic stress tolerance in cultivated alfalfa because of its remarkable tolerance to drought, salinity-alkalinity, and cold and snowy winters. Here, we reveal a chromosome-scale genome sequence of M. ruthenica based on Illumina, PacBio, and Hi-C data. The assembled genome consists of 903.56 Mb with 50,268 annotated protein-coding genes, which is larger and contains relatively more genes than Medicago truncatula (420 Mb and 44,623 genes) and Medicago sativa spp. caerulea (793 Mb and 47,202 genes). All three species shared the ancestral Papilionoideae whole-genome duplication event before their divergence. The more recent expansion of repetitive elements compared to that in the other two species was determined to have contributed greatly to the larger genome size of M. ruthenica. We further found that multiple gene and transcription factor families (e.g., SOS homologous genes, NAC, C2H2, and CAMTA) have expanded in M. ruthenica, which might have led to its enhanced tolerance to abiotic stress. In addition, M. ruthenica harbors more genes involved in the lignin and cellulose biosynthesis pathways than the other two species. Finally, population genomic analyses revealed two genetic lineages, reflecting the west and east of its geographical distribution, respectively. The two lineages probably diverged during the last glaciation and survived in multiple refugia at the last glacial maximum, followed by recent expansion. Our genomic data provide a genetic basis for further molecular breeding research on M. ruthenica and alfalfa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mou Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Institute of Innovation Ecology & School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shangzhe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Institute of Innovation Ecology & School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xin Du
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Institute of Innovation Ecology & School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Rubén G Mateo
- Departamento de Biología (Botánica), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Cambio Global (CIBC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Wei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Institute of Innovation Ecology & School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Institute of Innovation Ecology & School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhenyue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Institute of Innovation Ecology & School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Institute of Innovation Ecology & School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jinyuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Institute of Innovation Ecology & School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Institute of Innovation Ecology & School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education & State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics & Mountain River Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guangpeng Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Institute of Innovation Ecology & School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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Aoki T, Kawaguchi M, Imaizumi-Anraku H, Akao S, Ayabe SI, Akashi T. Mutants of Lotus japonicus deficient in flavonoid biosynthesis. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2021; 134:341-352. [PMID: 33570676 PMCID: PMC7929969 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-021-01258-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Spatiotemporal features of anthocyanin accumulation in a model legume Lotus japonicus (Regel) K.Larsen were elucidated to develop criteria for the genetic analysis of flavonoid biosynthesis. Artificial mutants and wild accessions, with lower anthocyanin accumulation in the stem than the standard wild type (B-129 'Gifu'), were obtained by ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis and from a collection of wild-grown variants, respectively. The loci responsible for the green stem of the mutants were named as VIRIDICAULIS (VIC). Genetic and chemical analysis identified two loci, namely, VIC1 and VIC2, required for the production of both anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins (condensed tannins), and two loci, namely, VIC3 and VIC4, required for the steps specific to anthocyanin biosynthesis. A mutation in VIC5 significantly reduced the anthocyanin accumulation. These mutants will serve as a useful system for examining the effects of anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins on the interactions with herbivorous pests, pathogenic microorganisms and nitrogen-fixing symbiotic bacteria, Mesorhizobium loti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Aoki
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Kawaguchi
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan.
| | - Haruko Imaizumi-Anraku
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Akao
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Ayabe
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Akashi
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan.
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Dinkins RD, Hancock J, Coe BL, May JB, Goodman JP, Bass WT, Liu J, Fan Y, Zheng Q, Zhu H. Isoflavone levels, nodulation and gene expression profiles of a CRISPR/Cas9 deletion mutant in the isoflavone synthase gene of red clover. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:517-528. [PMID: 33389047 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02647-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Isoflavones are not involved in rhizobial signaling in red clover, but likely play a role in defense in the rhizosphere. Red clover (Trifolium pratense) is a high-quality forage legume, well suited for grazing and hay production in the temperate regions of the world. Like many legumes, red clover produces a number of phenylpropanoid compounds including anthocyanidins, flavan-3-ols, flavanols, flavanones, flavones, and isoflavones. The study of isoflavone biosynthesis and accumulation in legumes has come into the forefront of biomedical and agricultural research due to potential for medicinal, antimicrobial, and environmental implications. CRISPR/Cas9 was used to knock out the function of a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of isoflavones, isoflavone synthase (IFS1). A hemizygous plant carrying a 9-bp deletion in the IFS1 gene was recovered and was intercrossed to obtain homozygous mutant plants. Levels of the isoflavones formononetin, biochanin A and genistein were significantly reduced in the mutant plants. Wild-type and mutant plants were inoculated with rhizobia to test the effect of the mutation on nodulation, but no significant differences were observed, suggesting that these isoflavones do not play important roles in nodulation. Gene expression profiling revealed an increase in expression of the upstream genes producing the precursors for IFS1, namely, phenylalanine ammonium lyase and chalcone synthase, but there were no significant differences in IFS1 gene expression or in the downstream genes in the production of specific isoflavones. Higher expression in genes involved in ethylene response was observed in the mutant plants. This response is normally associated with biotic stress, suggesting that the plants may have been responding to cues in the surrounding rhizosphere due to lower levels of isoflavones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy D Dinkins
- USDA-ARS, Forage-Animal Production Research Unit, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Julie Hancock
- College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Brenda L Coe
- USDA-ARS, Forage-Animal Production Research Unit, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - John B May
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jack P Goodman
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - William T Bass
- USDA-ARS, Forage-Animal Production Research Unit, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jinge Liu
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Yinglun Fan
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- College of Agriculture, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Qiaolin Zheng
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Fort Pierce, FL, USA
| | - Hongyan Zhu
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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35
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Ahmad MZ, Zhang Y, Zeng X, Li P, Wang X, Benedito VA, Zhao J. Isoflavone malonyl-CoA acyltransferase GmMaT2 is involved in nodulation of soybean by modifying synthesis and secretion of isoflavones. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:1349-1369. [PMID: 33130852 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Malonyl-CoA:flavonoid acyltransferases (MaTs) modify isoflavones, but only a few have been characterized for activity and assigned to specific physiological processes. Legume roots exude isoflavone malonates into the rhizosphere, where they are hydrolyzed into isoflavone aglycones. Soybean GmMaT2 was highly expressed in seeds, root hairs, and nodules. GmMaT2 and GmMaT4 recombinant enzymes used isoflavone 7-O-glucosides as acceptors and malonyl-CoA as an acyl donor to generate isoflavone glucoside malonates. GmMaT2 had higher activity towards isoflavone glucosides than GmMaT4. Overexpression in hairy roots of GmMaT2 and GmMaT4 produced more malonyldaidzin, malonylgenistin, and malonylglycitin, and resulted in more nodules than control. However, only GmMaT2 knockdown (KD) hairy roots showed reduced levels of malonyldaidzin, malonylgenistin, and malonylglycitin, and, likewise, reduced nodule numbers. These were consistent with the up-regulation of only GmMaT2 by rhizobial infection, and higher expression levels of early nodulation genes in GmMaT2- and GmMaT4-overexpressing roots, but lower only in GmMaT2-KD roots compared with control roots. Higher malonyl isoflavonoid levels in transgenic hairy roots were associated with higher levels of isoflavones in root exudates and more nodules, and vice versa. We suggest that GmMaT2 participates in soybean nodulation by catalyzing isoflavone malonylation and affecting malonyl isoflavone secretion for activation of Nod factor and nodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zulfiqar Ahmad
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yanrui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiangsheng Zeng
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Penghui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Vagner A Benedito
- Division of Plant & Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Jian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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36
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Lui ACW, Lam PY, Chan KH, Wang L, Tobimatsu Y, Lo C. Convergent recruitment of 5'-hydroxylase activities by CYP75B flavonoid B-ring hydroxylases for tricin biosynthesis in Medicago legumes. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:269-284. [PMID: 32083753 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tricin (3',5'-dimethoxylated flavone) is a predominant flavonoid amongst monocots but occurs only in isolated and unrelated dicot lineages. Although tricin biosynthesis has been intensively studied in monocots, it has remained largely elusive in tricin-accumulating dicots. We investigated a subgroup of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 75B subfamily flavonoid B-ring hydroxylases (FBHs) from two tricin-accumulating legumes, Medicago truncatula and alfalfa (Medicago sativa), by phylogenetic, molecular, biochemical and mutant analyses. Five Medicago cytochrome P450 CYP75B FBHs are phylogenetically distant from other legume CYP75B members. Among them, MtFBH-4, MsFBH-4 and MsFBH-10 were expressed in tricin-accumulating vegetative tissues. In vitro and in planta analyses demonstrated that these proteins catalyze 3'- and 5'-hydroxylations critical to tricin biosynthesis. A key amino acid polymorphism, T492G, at their substrate recognition site 6 domain is required for the novel 5'-hydroxylation activities. Medicago truncatula mtfbh-4 mutants were tricin-deficient, indicating that MtFBH-4 is indispensable for tricin biosynthesis. Our results revealed that these Medicago legumes had acquired the tricin pathway through molecular evolution of CYP75B FBHs subsequent to speciation from other nontricin-accumulating legumes. Moreover, their evolution is independent of that of grass-specific CYP75B apigenin 3'-hydroxylases/chrysoeriol 5'-hydroxylases dedicated to tricin production and Asteraceae CYP75B flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylases catalyzing the production of delphinidin-based pigments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy C W Lui
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pui Ying Lam
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Kwun Ho Chan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lanxiang Wang
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuki Tobimatsu
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Clive Lo
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Premathilake AT, Ni J, Bai S, Tao R, Ahmad M, Teng Y. R2R3-MYB transcription factor PpMYB17 positively regulates flavonoid biosynthesis in pear fruit. PLANTA 2020; 252:59. [PMID: 32964301 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03473-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
PpMYB17 positively regulates flavonoid biosynthesis in pear fruit by activating PpCHS, PpCHI, PpF3H, and PpFLS in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway independently of bHLH or WD40 cofactors in the MBW complex. Flavonoids are important secondary metabolites in plants. The flavonoid biosynthesis pathway is regulated by various transcription factors, with MYB transcription factors considered to be the key regulators. However, the regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis in the pear fruit has not been fully characterized. The R2R3-MYB transcription factor PpMYB17 was isolated from 'Red Zaosu' pear fruit and functionally characterized. An exposure to light upregulated PpMYB17 expression in the pear fruit. A phylogenetic analysis indicated PpMYB17 is related to the flavonol regulators. A subcellular localization assay suggested that PpMYB17 is a nuclear protein. Overexpression of PpMYB17 increased the flavonoid content of pear calli and Arabidopsis via the upregulated expression of structural genes in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway, especially FLS. The LC-MS/MS analysis revealed most of the differentially accumulated flavonols, flavanones, flavones, isoflavones, and anthocyanins were significantly more abundant in PpMYB17-overexpressing calli than in wild-type calli. Moreover, PpMYB17 did not interact with PpbHLH3, PpbHLH33, or PpWD40 in a yeast system. Dual-luciferase assays demonstrated that PpMYB17 strongly activates the promoters of PpCHS, PpCHI, PpF3H, PpFLS, and PpUFGT which are key downstream genes in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway, independently of the PpbHLH3 cofactor. These gene expression changes may enhance flavonoid biosynthesis in pear fruit. The data presented may be useful for further elucidating the flavonoid biosynthesis regulatory network, potentially leading to the development of new pear cultivars that produce fruits with increased flavonoid contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apekshika T Premathilake
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrative Biology of Horticultural Plants, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Export Agriculture, Uva Wellassa University, Badulla, 90000, Sri Lanka
| | - Junbei Ni
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrative Biology of Horticultural Plants, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Songling Bai
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrative Biology of Horticultural Plants, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ruiyan Tao
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrative Biology of Horticultural Plants, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mudassar Ahmad
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrative Biology of Horticultural Plants, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuanwen Teng
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrative Biology of Horticultural Plants, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.
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38
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Dong W, Song Y. The Significance of Flavonoids in the Process of Biological Nitrogen Fixation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5926. [PMID: 32824698 PMCID: PMC7460597 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen is essential for the growth of plants. The ability of some plant species to obtain all or part of their requirement for nitrogen by interacting with microbial symbionts has conferred a major competitive advantage over those plants unable to do so. The function of certain flavonoids (a group of secondary metabolites produced by the plant phenylpropanoid pathway) within the process of biological nitrogen fixation carried out by Rhizobium spp. has been thoroughly researched. However, their significance to biological nitrogen fixation carried out during the actinorhizal and arbuscular mycorrhiza-Rhizobium-legume interaction remains unclear. This review catalogs and contextualizes the role of flavonoids in the three major types of root endosymbiosis responsible for biological nitrogen fixation. The importance of gaining an understanding of the molecular basis of endosymbiosis signaling, as well as the potential of and challenges facing modifying flavonoids either quantitatively and/or qualitatively are discussed, along with proposed strategies for both optimizing the process of nodulation and widening the plant species base, which can support nodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuguang Song
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China;
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39
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Arkorful E, Hu S, Zou Z, Yu Y, Chen X, Li X. Metabolomic Analyses Provide New Insights into Signaling Mechanisms for Nutrient Uptake by Lateral Roots of Pruned Tea Plant ( Camellia sinensis). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:7890-7903. [PMID: 32633955 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c02053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Pruning is an important plant management practice in tea cultivation. However, the mechanism underlying the dynamics of nutrient uptake by roots of pruned tea is unknown. This study investigated the metabolic alterations in lateral roots of pruned tea to unveil the mechanism of nutrient uptake. Elemental analysis revealed that pruning significantly increases the uptake of nutrients by lateral roots. Metabolic profiling showed significant metabolic variations in lateral roots of pruned tea. Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis revealed that flavonoid biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and amino acid metabolism were differentially regulated in lateral roots. Caffeine metabolism was significantly hindered, while ethylene signaling was significantly induced in lateral roots of pruned plants. In addition, intermediates in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle were upregulated, indicating high rates of the TCA cycle. Therefore, pathways related to phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, TCA cycle, ethylene biosynthesis, and metabolism of amino acids contribute to higher nutrient uptake by lateral roots of the tea plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Arkorful
- Tea Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shunkai Hu
- Tea Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhongwei Zou
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Ying Yu
- Tea Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xuan Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xinghui Li
- Tea Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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40
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García-Calderón M, Pérez-Delgado CM, Palove-Balang P, Betti M, Márquez AJ. Flavonoids and Isoflavonoids Biosynthesis in the Model Legume Lotus japonicus; Connections to Nitrogen Metabolism and Photorespiration. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9060774. [PMID: 32575698 PMCID: PMC7357106 DOI: 10.3390/plants9060774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Phenylpropanoid metabolism represents an important metabolic pathway from which originates a wide number of secondary metabolites derived from phenylalanine or tyrosine, such as flavonoids and isoflavonoids, crucial molecules in plants implicated in a large number of biological processes. Therefore, various types of interconnection exist between different aspects of nitrogen metabolism and the biosynthesis of these compounds. For legumes, flavonoids and isoflavonoids are postulated to play pivotal roles in adaptation to their biological environments, both as defensive compounds (phytoalexins) and as chemical signals in symbiotic nitrogen fixation with rhizobia. In this paper, we summarize the recent progress made in the characterization of flavonoid and isoflavonoid biosynthetic pathways in the model legume Lotus japonicus (Regel) Larsen under different abiotic stress situations, such as drought, the impairment of photorespiration and UV-B irradiation. Emphasis is placed on results obtained using photorespiratory mutants deficient in glutamine synthetase. The results provide different types of evidence showing that an enhancement of isoflavonoid compared to standard flavonol metabolism frequently occurs in Lotus under abiotic stress conditions. The advance produced in the analysis of isoflavonoid regulatory proteins by the use of co-expression networks, particularly MYB transcription factors, is also described. The results obtained in Lotus japonicus plants can be also extrapolated to other cultivated legume species, such as soybean, of extraordinary agronomic importance with a high impact in feeding, oil production and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita García-Calderón
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Calle Profesor García González, 1, 41012-Sevilla, Spain; (M.G.-C.); (C.M.P.-D.); (M.B.)
| | - Carmen M. Pérez-Delgado
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Calle Profesor García González, 1, 41012-Sevilla, Spain; (M.G.-C.); (C.M.P.-D.); (M.B.)
| | - Peter Palove-Balang
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University in Košice, Mánesova 23, SK-04001 Košice, Slovakia;
| | - Marco Betti
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Calle Profesor García González, 1, 41012-Sevilla, Spain; (M.G.-C.); (C.M.P.-D.); (M.B.)
| | - Antonio J. Márquez
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Calle Profesor García González, 1, 41012-Sevilla, Spain; (M.G.-C.); (C.M.P.-D.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-954557145
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Kreynes AE, Yong Z, Liu XM, Wong DCJ, Castellarin SD, Ellis BE. Biological impacts of phosphomimic AtMYB75. PLANTA 2020; 251:60. [PMID: 32030477 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03350-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The phosphorylation status of MYB75 at T-131 affects protein stability, flavonoid profiles, and patterns of gene expression. The Arabidopsis transcription factor Myeloblastosis protein 75 (MYB75, AT1G56650) is known to act as a positive transcriptional regulator of genes required for flavonoid and anthocyanin biosynthesis. MYB75 was also shown to negatively regulate lignin and other secondary cell wall biosynthetic genes (Bhargava et al. in Plant Physiol 154(3):1428-1438, 2010). While transcriptional regulation of MYB75 has been described in numerous publications, little is known about post-translational control of MYB75 protein function. In a recent publication, light-induced activation of a MAP kinase (MPK4, AT4G01370) in Arabidopsis was reported to lead to MYB75 phosphorylation at two canonical MPK target sites, threonines, T-126 and T-131. This double phosphorylation event positively influenced MYB75 protein stability (Li et al. in Plant Cell 28(11):2866-2883, 2016). We have examined this phenomenon through use of phosphomutant forms of MYB75 and found that MYB75 is phosphorylated primarily at T-131, and that the phosphorylation of MYB75 recombinant protein in vitro can be catalyzed by multiple MAP kinases, including MPK3 (AT3G45640), MPK6 (AT2G43790), MPK4 and MPK11 (AT1G01560). We also demonstrate that MYB75 can bind to a large number of Arabidopsis MPK's in vitro, suggesting it could be a target of multiple signalling pathways. The impact of MYB75 phosphorylation at T-131 on the function of this transcription factor, in terms of localization, stability, and protein-protein interactions with known binding partners was examined in transgenic lines expressing phosphomimic and phosphonull versions of MYB75, to capture the behaviour of permanently phosphorylated and unphosphorylated MYB75 protein, respectively. In addition, we describe how ectopic over-expression of different phosphovariant forms of MYB75 (MYB75WT, MYB75T131A, and MYB75T131E) affects flavonoid biochemical profiles and global changes of gene expression in the corresponding transgenic Arabidopsis plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Kreynes
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Botany, and Wine Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Zhenhua Yong
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Botany, and Wine Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Xiao-Min Liu
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Botany, and Wine Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Darren C J Wong
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Botany, and Wine Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Simone D Castellarin
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Botany, and Wine Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brian E Ellis
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Botany, and Wine Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Pi E, Xu J, Li H, Fan W, Zhu C, Zhang T, Jiang J, He L, Lu H, Wang H, Poovaiah BW, Du L. Enhanced Salt Tolerance of Rhizobia-inoculated Soybean Correlates with Decreased Phosphorylation of the Transcription Factor GmMYB183 and Altered Flavonoid Biosynthesis. Mol Cell Proteomics 2019; 18:2225-2243. [PMID: 31467032 PMCID: PMC6823849 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra119.001704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) is an important component of the human diet and animal feed, but soybean production is limited by abiotic stresses especially salinity. We recently found that rhizobia inoculation enhances soybean tolerance to salt stress, but the underlying mechanisms are unaddressed. Here, we used quantitative phosphoproteomic and metabonomic approaches to identify changes in phosphoproteins and metabolites in soybean roots treated with rhizobia inoculation and salt. Results revealed differential regulation of 800 phosphopeptides, at least 32 of these phosphoproteins or their homologous were reported be involved in flavonoid synthesis or trafficking, and 27 out of 32 are transcription factors. We surveyed the functional impacts of all these 27 transcription factors by expressing their phospho-mimetic/ablative mutants in the roots of composite soybean plants and found that phosphorylation of GmMYB183 could affect the salt tolerance of the transgenic roots. Using data mining, ChIP and EMSA, we found that GmMYB183 binds to the promoter of the soybean GmCYP81E11 gene encoding for a Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase which contributes to the accumulation of ononin, a monohydroxy B-ring flavonoid that negatively regulates soybean tolerance to salinity. Phosphorylation of GmMYB183 was inhibited by rhizobia inoculation; overexpression of GmMYB183 enhanced the expression of GmCYP81E11 and rendered salt sensitivity to the transgenic roots; plants deficient in GmMYB183 function are more tolerant to salt stress as compared with wild-type soybean plants, these results correlate with the transcriptional induction of GmCYP81E11 by GmMYB183 and the subsequent accumulation of ononin. Our findings provide molecular insights into how rhizobia enhance salt tolerance of soybean plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erxu Pi
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310036, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants.
| | - Jia Xu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310036, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants
| | - Huihui Li
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310036, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants
| | - Wei Fan
- Shanghai Applied Protein Technology Co. Ltd, Shanghai, 200233, PR China
| | - Chengmin Zhu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310036, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants
| | - Tongyao Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310036, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants
| | - Jiachen Jiang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310036, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants
| | - Litao He
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310036, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants
| | - Hongfei Lu
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China
| | - Huizhong Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310036, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants
| | - B W Poovaiah
- Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6414
| | - Liqun Du
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310036, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants.
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Rea KA, Casaretto JA, Al-Abdul-Wahid MS, Sukumaran A, Geddes-McAlister J, Rothstein SJ, Akhtar TA. Biosynthesis of cannflavins A and B from Cannabis sativa L. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2019; 164:162-171. [PMID: 31151063 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In addition to the psychoactive constituents that are typically associated with Cannabis sativa L., there exist numerous other specialized metabolites in this plant that are believed to contribute to its medicinal versatility. This study focused on two such compounds, known as cannflavin A and cannflavin B. These prenylated flavonoids specifically accumulate in C. sativa and are known to exhibit potent anti-inflammatory activity in various animal cell models. However, almost nothing is known about their biosynthesis. Using a combination of phylogenomic and biochemical approaches, an aromatic prenyltransferase from C. sativa (CsPT3) was identified that catalyzes the regiospecific addition of either geranyl diphosphate (GPP) or dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) to the methylated flavone, chrysoeriol, to produce cannflavins A and B, respectively. Further evidence is presented for an O-methyltransferase (CsOMT21) encoded within the C. sativa genome that specifically converts the widespread plant flavone known as luteolin to chrysoeriol, both of which accumulate in C. sativa. These results therefore imply the following reaction sequence for cannflavins A and B biosynthesis: luteolin ► chrysoeriol ► cannflavin A and cannflavin B. Taken together, the identification of these two unique enzymes represent a branch point from the general flavonoid pathway in C. sativa and offer a tractable route towards metabolic engineering strategies that are designed to produce these two medicinally relevant Cannabis compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Rea
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - José A Casaretto
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | | | - Arjun Sukumaran
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jennifer Geddes-McAlister
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Steven J Rothstein
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Tariq A Akhtar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Sharma A, Shahzad B, Rehman A, Bhardwaj R, Landi M, Zheng B. Response of Phenylpropanoid Pathway and the Role of Polyphenols in Plants under Abiotic Stress. Molecules 2019; 24:E2452. [PMID: 31277395 PMCID: PMC6651195 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24132452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 655] [Impact Index Per Article: 131.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenolic compounds are an important class of plant secondary metabolites which play crucial physiological roles throughout the plant life cycle. Phenolics are produced under optimal and suboptimal conditions in plants and play key roles in developmental processes like cell division, hormonal regulation, photosynthetic activity, nutrient mineralization, and reproduction. Plants exhibit increased synthesis of polyphenols such as phenolic acids and flavonoids under abiotic stress conditions, which help the plant to cope with environmental constraints. Phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway is activated under abiotic stress conditions (drought, heavy metal, salinity, high/low temperature, and ultraviolet radiations) resulting in accumulation of various phenolic compounds which, among other roles, have the potential to scavenge harmful reactive oxygen species. Deepening the research focuses on the phenolic responses to abiotic stress is of great interest for the scientific community. In the present article, we discuss the biochemical and molecular mechanisms related to the activation of phenylpropanoid metabolism and we describe phenolic-mediated stress tolerance in plants. An attempt has been made to provide updated and brand-new information about the response of phenolics under a challenging environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anket Sharma
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China.
| | - Babar Shahzad
- School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7005, Australia
| | - Abdul Rehman
- Department of Crop Science and Biotechnology, Dankook University, Chungnam 31116, Korea
| | - Renu Bhardwaj
- Plant Stress Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Marco Landi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Bingsong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China.
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Duan L, Pei J, Ren Y, Li H, Zhou X, Zhu H, Duanmu D, Wen J, Mysore KS, Cao Y, Zhang Z. A Dihydroflavonol-4-Reductase-Like Protein Interacts with NFR5 and Regulates Rhizobial Infection in Lotus japonicus. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:401-412. [PMID: 30295579 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-04-18-0104-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In almost all symbiotic interactions between rhizobia and leguminous plants, host flavonoid-induced synthesis of Nod factors in rhizobia is required to initiate symbiotic response in plants. In this study, we found that Lotus japonicus Nod factor receptor 5 (LjNFR5) might directly regulate flavonoid biosynthesis during symbiotic interaction with rhizobia. A yeast two-hybrid analysis revealed that a dihydroflavonol-4-reductase-like protein (LjDFL1) interacts with LjNFR5. The interaction between MtDFL1 and MtNFP, two Medicago truncatula proteins with homology to LjDFL1 and LjNFR5, respectively, was also shown, suggesting that interaction between these two proteins might be conserved in different legumes. LjDFL1 was highly expressed in root hairs and epidermal cells of root tips. Lotus ljdfl1 mutants and Medicago mtdfl1 mutants produced significantly fewer infection threads (ITs) than the wild-type control plants following rhizobial treatment. Furthermore, the roots of stable transgenic L. japonicus plants overexpressing LjDFL1 formed more ITs than control roots after exposure to rhizobia. These data indicated that LjDFL1 is a positive regulator of symbiotic signaling. However, the expression of LjDFL1 was suppressed by rhizobial treatment, suggesting that a negative feedback loop might be involved in regulation of the symbiotic response in L. japonicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liujian Duan
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; and
| | - Junqing Pei
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; and
| | - Yaping Ren
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; and
| | - Hao Li
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; and
| | - Xiangzhen Zhou
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; and
| | - Hui Zhu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; and
| | - Deqiang Duanmu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; and
| | - Jiangqi Wen
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; and
| | - Kirankumar S Mysore
- 2 Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401, U.S.A
| | - Yangrong Cao
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; and
| | - Zhongming Zhang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; and
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Tan H, Man C, Xie Y, Yan J, Chu J, Huang J. A Crucial Role of GA-Regulated Flavonol Biosynthesis in Root Growth of Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2019; 12:521-537. [PMID: 30630075 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2018.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Flavonols have been demonstrated to play many important roles in plant growth, development, and communication with other organisms. Flavonol biosynthesis is spatiotemporally regulated by the subgroup 7 R2R3-MYB (SG7 MYB) transcription factors including MYB11/MYB12/MYB111. However, whether SG7-MYB activity is subject to post-translational regulation remains unclear. Here, we show that gibberellic acid (GA) inhibits flavonol biosynthesis via DELLA proteins in Arabidopsis. Protein-protein interaction analyses revealed that DELLAs (RGA and GAI) interacted with SG7 MYBs (MYB12 and MYB111) both in vitro and in vivo, leading to enhanced affinity of MYB binding to the promoter regions of key genes for flavonol biosynthesis and thus increasing their transcriptional levels. We observed that the level of auxin in the root tip was negatively correlated with root flavonol content. Furthermore, genetic assays showed that loss-of-function mutations in MYB12, which is predominantly expressed in roots, partially rescued the short-root phenotype of the GA-deficient mutant ga1-3 by increasing root meristem size and mature cell size. Consistent with these observations, exogenous application of the flavonol quercetin restored the root meristem size of myb12 ga1-3 to that of ga1-3. Taken together, our data elucidate a molecular mechanism by which GA promotes root growth by directly reducing flavonol biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Tan
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Cong Man
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ye Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jijun Yan
- National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jinfang Chu
- National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jirong Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China.
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Brunetti C, Sebastiani F, Tattini M. Review: ABA, flavonols, and the evolvability of land plants. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 280:448-454. [PMID: 30824025 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
There is evidence that the ABA signaling pathway has greatly contributed to increase the complexity of land plants, thereby sustaining their ability to adapt in an ever-changing environment. The regulatory functions of the ABA signaling pathway go well beyond the movements of stomata and the dormancy of seeds. For instance, the ABA signaling regulates the flavonoid biosynthesis, consistent with the high integration of ABA and light signaling pathways, which occurs at the level of key signaling components, such as the bZIP transcription factors HY5 and ABI5. Here we focus on the regulation of 'colorless' (UV-absorbing) flavonol biosynthesis by the ABA signaling and, about how flavonols may regulate, in turn, the ABA signaling network. We discuss very recent findings that quercetin regulates the ABA signaling pathway, and hypothesize this might occur at the level of second messenger and perhaps of primary signaling components as well. We critically review old and recent suggestions of the primary roles played by flavonols, the ancient class of flavonoids already present in bryophytes, in the evolution of terrestrial plants. Our reasoning strongly supports the view that the ABA-flavonol relationship may represent a robust trait of land plants, and might have contributed to their adaptation on land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Brunetti
- National Research Council of Italy, Trees and Timber Institute, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, I-50019, Florence, Italy; Department of Agri-Food Production and Environmental Sciences, University of Florence, Viale delle Idee 30, Sesto Fiorentino, I-50019, Florence, Italy
| | - Federico Sebastiani
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, I-50019, Florence, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Tattini
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, I-50019, Florence, Italy.
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48
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Stambulska UY, Bayliak MM. Legume-Rhizobium Symbiosis: Secondary Metabolites, Free Radical Processes, and Effects of Heavy Metals. BIOACTIVE MOLECULES IN FOOD 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-76887-8_43-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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49
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Tripp EA, Zhuang Y, Schreiber M, Stone H, Berardi AE. Evolutionary and ecological drivers of plant flavonoids across a large latitudinal gradient. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 128:147-161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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50
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Brunetti C, Fini A, Sebastiani F, Gori A, Tattini M. Modulation of Phytohormone Signaling: A Primary Function of Flavonoids in Plant-Environment Interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1042. [PMID: 30079075 PMCID: PMC6062965 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The old observation that plants preferentially synthesize flavonoids with respect to the wide range of phenylpropanoid structures when exposed to high doses of UV-B radiation has supported the view that flavonoids are primarily involved in absorbing the shortest solar wavelengths in photoprotection. However, there is compelling evidence that the biosynthesis of flavonoids is similarly upregulated in response to high photosynthetically active radiation in the presence or in the absence of UV-radiation, as well as in response to excess metal ions and photosynthetic redox unbalance. This supports the hypothesis that flavonoids may play prominent roles as scavengers of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by light excess. These 'antioxidant' functions of flavonoids appears robust, as maintained between different life kingdoms, e.g., plants and animals. The ability of flavonoids to buffer stress-induced large alterations in ROS homeostasis and, hence, to modulate the ROS-signaling cascade, is at the base of well-known functions of flavonoids as developmental regulators in both plants and animals. There is both long and very recent evidence indeed that, in plants, flavonoids may strongly affect phytohormone signaling, e.g., auxin and abscisic acid signaling. This function is served by flavonoids in a very low (nM) concentration range and involves the ability of flavonoids to inhibit the activity of a wide range of protein kinases, including but not limited to mitogen-activated protein kinases, that operate downstream of ROS in the regulation of cell growth and differentiation. For example, flavonoids inhibit the transport of auxin acting on serine-threonine PINOID (PID) kinases that regulate the localization of auxin efflux facilitators PIN-formed (PIN) proteins. Flavonoids may also determine auxin gradients at cellular and tissue levels, and the consequential developmental processes, by reducing auxin catabolism. Recent observations lead to the hypothesis that regulation/modulation of auxin transport/signaling is likely an ancestral function of flavonoids. The antagonistic functions of flavonoids on ABA-induced stomatal closure also offer novel hypotheses on the functional role of flavonoids in plant-environment interactions, in early as well as in modern terrestrial plants. Here, we surmise that the regulation of phytohormone signaling might have represented a primary function served by flavonols for the conquest of land by plants and it is still of major significance for the successful acclimation of modern terrestrial plants to a severe excess of radiant energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Brunetti
- National Research Council of Italy, Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, Trees and Timber Institute, Florence, Italy
- Department of Agri-Food Production and Environmental Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessio Fini
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences—Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Sebastiani
- National Research Council of Italy, Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Florence, Italy
| | - Antonella Gori
- Department of Agri-Food Production and Environmental Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Tattini
- National Research Council of Italy, Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Florence, Italy
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