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Wu Y, Meng Y, Zhang L, Yang Z, Su M, Jia R, Ming F. PeFtsH5 negatively regulates the biological stress response in Phalaenopsis equestris mitochondria. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 292:154159. [PMID: 38141482 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.154159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial homeostasis plays a crucial role in determining cell fate by direct influence on cell apoptosis and autophagy. The ATP and Zn2+-dependent protease FtsH are of paramount importance in maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis. In Phalaenopsis equestris, three mitochondrial FtsH proteases were identified, one of which was encoded by the PeFtsH5 gene. This gene encoded a distinctive mitochondrial protein featuring a unique domain within the FtsH family. Down-regulating the expression of the PeFtsH5 homolog in Nicotiana benthamiana resulted in elevated expression levels of SA synthesis-related genes, leading to enhanced disease resistance. However, this down-regulation also caused cellular damage. Similarly, in P. equestris, the down-regulation of PeFtsH5 expression promoted the expression of defense response genes, leading to accelerated apoptosis and increased ROS levels. Nonetheless, this down-regulation also positively influenced plant resistance to biotic stress. Notably, the PeFtsH5 (i-AAA) protein, as revealed by dual membrane experiments, could form homopolymers exclusively, as it did not interact with the other two mitochondrial FtsH proteases. Consequently, this mitochondrial FtsH protease functioned as a homopolymer within P. equestris cells. The findings of this study elucidated the role of PeFtsH5 in responding to biological stress and provided new insights into its potential molecular mechanism. The result presented in this study hold promise for future research endeavors examining the regulatory effects of mitochondrial proteases on mitochondrial homeostasis and the development of stress-resistant P. equestris varieties through breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiding Wu
- Development Centre of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China.
| | - Yang Meng
- Development Centre of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China.
| | - Long Zhang
- Development Centre of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China; Shanghai Xinchang High School, Shanghai, 201314, China.
| | - Zhenyu Yang
- Development Centre of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Mingyang Su
- Development Centre of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Ruidong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Bio Breeding, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Flower Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Feng Ming
- Development Centre of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China.
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Xu T, Zhao D. Cloning and functional analysis prohibitins protein-coding gene EuPHB1 in Eucommia ulmoides Oliver. Gene 2023; 888:147758. [PMID: 37661028 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
As multifunctional proteins, prohibitins(PHBs) participate in many cellular processes and play essential roles in organisms. In this study, using rapid amplification of cDNA end (RACE) technology, EuPHB1 was cloned from Eucommia ulmoides Oliver (E. ulmoides). A subcellular localization assay preliminarily located EuPHB1 in mitochondria. Then EuPHB1 was transformed into tobacco, and phenotype analyses showed that overexpression of EuPHB1 caused leaves to become chlorotic and shrivel. Furthermore, genes related to hormone and auxin signal transduction, auxin binding, and transport, such as ethylene-responsive transcription factor CRF4-like and ABC transporter B family member 11-like, were significantly inhibited in response to EuPHB1 overexpression. Its overexpression disturbs the original signal transduction pathway, thus causing the corresponding phenotypic changes in transgenic tobacco. Indeed, such overexpression caused fading of palisade tissue and an increase in the number of certain mesophyll cells. It also increased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase activity, mitochondrial membrane potential, ATP content, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in cells. Our results suggest that EuPHB1 expression promotes cellular energy metabolism by accelerating the oxidative phosphorylation of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Elevated levels of EuPHB1 in the mitochondria, which helps supply the extra energy required to support rapid rates of cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Degang Zhao
- Guizhou Plant Conservation Technology Center, Biotechnology Institute of Guizhou, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550006, China.
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Burda I, Li CB, Clark FK, Roeder AHK. Robust organ size in Arabidopsis is primarily governed by cell growth rather than cell division patterns. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.11.566685. [PMID: 38014347 PMCID: PMC10680605 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.11.566685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Organ sizes and shapes are highly reproducible, or robust, within a species and individuals. Arabidopsis thaliana sepals, which are the leaf-like organs that enclose flower buds, have consistent size and shape, which indicates robust development. Counterintuitively, variability in cell growth rate over time and between cells facilitates robust development because cumulative cell growth averages to a uniform rate. Here we investigate how sepal morphogenesis is robust to changes in cell division but not robust to changes in cell growth variability. We live image and quantitatively compare the development of sepals with increased or decreased cell division rate ( lgo mutant and LGO overexpression, respectively), a mutant with altered cell growth variability ( ftsh4 ), and double mutants combining these. We find that robustness is preserved when cell division rate changes because there is no change in the spatial pattern of growth. Meanwhile when robustness is lost in ftsh4 mutants, cell growth accumulates unevenly, and cells have disorganized growth directions. Thus, we demonstrate in vivo that both cell growth rate and direction average in robust development, preserving robustness despite changes in cell division. Summary statement Robust sepal development is preserved despite changes in cell division rate and is characterized by spatiotemporal averaging of heterogeneity in cell growth rate and direction.
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Viñegra de la Torre N, Vayssières A, Obeng-Hinneh E, Neumann U, Zhou Y, Lázaro A, Roggen A, Sun H, Stolze SC, Nakagami H, Schneeberger K, Timmers T, Albani MC. FLOWERING REPRESSOR AAA + ATPase 1 is a novel regulator of perennial flowering in Arabis alpina. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:729-744. [PMID: 35832005 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Arabis alpina is a polycarpic perennial, in which PERPETUAL FLOWERING1 (PEP1) regulates flowering and perennial traits in a vernalization-dependent manner. Mutagenesis screens of the pep1 mutant established the role of other flowering time regulators in PEP1-parallel pathways. Here we characterized three allelic enhancers of pep1 (eop002, 085 and 091) which flower early. We mapped the causal mutations and complemented mutants with the identified gene. Using quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR and reporter lines, we determined the protein spatiotemporal expression patterns and localization within the cell. We also characterized its role in Arabidopsis thaliana using CRISPR and in A. alpina by introgressing mutant alleles into a wild-type background. These mutants carried lesions in an AAA+ ATPase of unknown function, FLOWERING REPRESSOR AAA+ ATPase 1 (AaFRAT1). AaFRAT1 was detected in the vasculature of young leaf primordia and the rib zone of flowering shoot apical meristems. At the subcellular level, AaFRAT1 was localized at the interphase between the endoplasmic reticulum and peroxisomes. Introgression lines carrying Aafrat1 alleles required less vernalization to flower and reduced number of vegetative axillary branches. By contrast, A. thaliana CRISPR lines showed weak flowering phenotypes. AaFRAT1 contributes to flowering time regulation and the perennial growth habit of A. alpina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natanael Viñegra de la Torre
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674, Cologne, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences "From Complex Traits towards Synthetic Modules", 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alice Vayssières
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674, Cologne, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences "From Complex Traits towards Synthetic Modules", 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Evelyn Obeng-Hinneh
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674, Cologne, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences "From Complex Traits towards Synthetic Modules", 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ulla Neumann
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yanhao Zhou
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674, Cologne, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences "From Complex Traits towards Synthetic Modules", 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ana Lázaro
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674, Cologne, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences "From Complex Traits towards Synthetic Modules", 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Adrian Roggen
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674, Cologne, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hequan Sun
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sara C Stolze
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hirofumi Nakagami
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Korbinian Schneeberger
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ton Timmers
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Maria C Albani
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674, Cologne, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences "From Complex Traits towards Synthetic Modules", 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Yi L, Liu B, Nixon PJ, Yu J, Chen F. Recent Advances in Understanding the Structural and Functional Evolution of FtsH Proteases. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:837528. [PMID: 35463435 PMCID: PMC9020784 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.837528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The FtsH family of proteases are membrane-anchored, ATP-dependent, zinc metalloproteases. They are universally present in prokaryotes and the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells. Most bacteria bear a single ftsH gene that produces hexameric homocomplexes with diverse house-keeping roles. However, in mitochondria, chloroplasts and cyanobacteria, multiple FtsH homologs form homo- and heterocomplexes with specialized functions in maintaining photosynthesis and respiration. The diversification of FtsH homologs combined with selective pairing of FtsH isomers is a versatile strategy to enable functional adaptation. In this article we summarize recent progress in understanding the evolution, structure and function of FtsH proteases with a focus on the role of FtsH in photosynthesis and respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanbo Yi
- Institute for Food and Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peter J. Nixon
- Sir Ernst Chain Building-Wolfson Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Peter J. Nixon, ; orcid.org/0000-0003-1952-6937
| | - Jianfeng Yu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Sir Ernst Chain Building-Wolfson Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Jianfeng Yu, ; orcid.org/0000-0001-7174-3803
| | - Feng Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Feng Chen, ; orcid.org/0000-0002-9054-943X
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Heidorn-Czarna M, Maziak A, Janska H. Protein Processing in Plant Mitochondria Compared to Yeast and Mammals. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:824080. [PMID: 35185991 PMCID: PMC8847149 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.824080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Limited proteolysis, called protein processing, is an essential post-translational mechanism that controls protein localization, activity, and in consequence, function. This process is prevalent for mitochondrial proteins, mainly synthesized as precursor proteins with N-terminal sequences (presequences) that act as targeting signals and are removed upon import into the organelle. Mitochondria have a distinct and highly conserved proteolytic system that includes proteases with sole function in presequence processing and proteases, which show diverse mitochondrial functions with limited proteolysis as an additional one. In virtually all mitochondria, the primary processing of N-terminal signals is catalyzed by the well-characterized mitochondrial processing peptidase (MPP). Subsequently, a second proteolytic cleavage occurs, leading to more stabilized residues at the newly formed N-terminus. Lately, mitochondrial proteases, intermediate cleavage peptidase 55 (ICP55) and octapeptidyl protease 1 (OCT1), involved in proteolytic cleavage after MPP and their substrates have been described in the plant, yeast, and mammalian mitochondria. Mitochondrial proteins can also be processed by removing a peptide from their N- or C-terminus as a maturation step during insertion into the membrane or as a regulatory mechanism in maintaining their function. This type of limited proteolysis is characteristic for processing proteases, such as IMP and rhomboid proteases, or the general mitochondrial quality control proteases ATP23, m-AAA, i-AAA, and OMA1. Identification of processing protease substrates and defining their consensus cleavage motifs is now possible with the help of large-scale quantitative mass spectrometry-based N-terminomics, such as combined fractional diagonal chromatography (COFRADIC), charge-based fractional diagonal chromatography (ChaFRADIC), or terminal amine isotopic labeling of substrates (TAILS). This review summarizes the current knowledge on the characterization of mitochondrial processing peptidases and selected N-terminomics techniques used to uncover protease substrates in the plant, yeast, and mammalian mitochondria.
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Sharma P, Gayen D. Plant protease as regulator and signaling molecule for enhancing environmental stress-tolerance. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:2081-2095. [PMID: 34173047 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02739-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Proteases are ubiquitous in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Plant proteases are key regulators of various physiological processes, including protein homeostasis, organelle development, senescence, seed germination, protein processing, environmental stress response, and programmed cell death. Proteases are involved in the breakdown of peptide bonds resulting in irreversible posttranslational modification of the protein. Proteases act as signaling molecules that specifically regulate cellular function by cleaving and triggering receptor molecules. Peptides derived from proteolysis regulate ROS signaling under oxidative stress in the plant. It degrades misfolded and abnormal proteins into amino acids to repair the cell damage and regulates the biological process in response to environmental stress. Proteases modulate the biogenesis of phytohormones which control plant growth, development, and environmental stresses. Protein homeostasis, the overall balance between protein synthesis and proteolysis, is required for plant growth and development. Abiotic and biotic stresses are major factors that negatively impact cellular survivability, biomass production, and reduced crop yield potentials. Therefore, the identification of various stress-responsive proteases and their molecular functions may elucidate valuable information for the development of stress-resilient crops with higher yield potentials. However, the understanding of molecular mechanisms of plant protease remains unexplored. This review provides an overview of proteases related to development, signaling, and growth regulation to acclimatize environmental stress in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punam Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, 305817, Rajasthan, India
| | - Dipak Gayen
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, 305817, Rajasthan, India.
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Wu Q, Han T, Yang L, Wang Q, Zhao Y, Jiang D, Ruan X. The essential roles of OsFtsH2 in developing the chloroplast of rice. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:445. [PMID: 34598671 PMCID: PMC8485545 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03222-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Filamentation temperature-sensitive H (FtsH) is an ATP-dependent zinc metalloprotease with ATPase activity, proteolysis activity and molecular chaperone-like activity. For now, a total of nine FtsH proteins have been encoded in rice, but their functions have not revealed in detail. In order to investigate the molecular mechanism of OsFtsH2 here, several osftsh2 knockout mutants were successfully generated by the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology. RESULTS All the mutants exhibited a phenotype of striking albino leaf and could not survive through the stage of three leaves. OsFtsH2 was located in the chloroplast and preferentially expressed in green tissues. In addition, osftsh2 mutants could not form normal chloroplasts and had lost photosynthetic autotrophic capacity. RNA sequencing analysis indicated that many biological processes such as photosynthesis-related pathways and plant hormone signal transduction were significantly affected in osftsh2 mutants. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the results suggested OsFtsH2 to be essential for chloroplast development in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfei Wu
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo, 315100, China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, 315100, China
| | - Tiantian Han
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Li Yang
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo, 315100, China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, 315100, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo, 315100, China.
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, 315100, China.
| | - Yingxian Zhao
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo, 315100, China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, 315100, China
| | - Dean Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiao Ruan
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo, 315100, China.
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, 315100, China.
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Mishra LS, Funk C. The FtsHi Enzymes of Arabidopsis thaliana: Pseudo-Proteases with an Important Function. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5917. [PMID: 34072887 PMCID: PMC8197885 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
FtsH metalloproteases found in eubacteria, animals, and plants are well-known for their vital role in the maintenance and proteolysis of membrane proteins. Their location is restricted to organelles of endosymbiotic origin, the chloroplasts, and mitochondria. In the model organism Arabidopsis thaliana, there are 17 membrane-bound FtsH proteases containing an AAA+ (ATPase associated with various cellular activities) and a Zn2+ metalloprotease domain. However, in five of those, the zinc-binding motif HEXXH is either mutated (FtsHi1, 2, 4, 5) or completely missing (FtsHi3), rendering these enzymes presumably inactive in proteolysis. Still, homozygous null mutants of the pseudo-proteases FtsHi1, 2, 4, 5 are embryo-lethal. Homozygous ftshi3 or a weak point mutant in FTSHi1 are affected in overall plant growth and development. This review will focus on the findings concerning the FtsHi pseudo-proteases and their involvement in protein import, leading to consequences in embryogenesis, seed growth, chloroplast, and leaf development and oxidative stress management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christiane Funk
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden;
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Han L, Zhou X, Zhao Y, Zhu S, Wu L, He Y, Ping X, Lu X, Huang W, Qian J, Zhang L, Jiang X, Zhu D, Luo C, Li S, Dong Q, Fu Q, Deng K, Wang X, Wang L, Peng S, Wu J, Li W, Friml J, Zhu Y, He X, Du Y. Colonization of endophyte Acremonium sp. D212 in Panax notoginseng and rice mediated by auxin and jasmonic acid. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 62:1433-1451. [PMID: 31912615 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Endophytic fungi can be beneficial to plant growth. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying colonization of Acremonium spp. remain unclear. In this study, a novel endophytic Acremonium strain was isolated from the buds of Panax notoginseng and named Acremonium sp. D212. The Acremonium sp. D212 could colonize the roots of P. notoginseng, enhance the resistance of P. notoginseng to root rot disease, and promote root growth and saponin biosynthesis in P. notoginseng. Acremonium sp. D212 could secrete indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and jasmonic acid (JA), and inoculation with the fungus increased the endogenous levels of IAA and JA in P. notoginseng. Colonization of the Acremonium sp. D212 in the roots of the rice line Nipponbare was dependent on the concentration of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) (2-15 μmol/L) and 1-naphthalenacetic acid (NAA) (10-20 μmol/L). Moreover, the roots of the JA signaling-defective coi1-18 mutant were colonized by Acremonium sp. D212 to a lesser degree than those of the wild-type Nipponbare and miR393b-overexpressing lines, and the colonization was rescued by MeJA but not by NAA. It suggests that the cross-talk between JA signaling and the auxin biosynthetic pathway plays a crucial role in the colonization of Acremonium sp. D212 in host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Han
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Education Ministry of China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Education Ministry of China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Yiting Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Education Ministry of China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- Industrial Crop Research Institute, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fenyang, 032200, China
| | - Shusheng Zhu
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Education Ministry of China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Lixia Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Education Ministry of China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Yunlu He
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Xiangrui Ping
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Xinqi Lu
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Wuying Huang
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Jie Qian
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Lina Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Xi Jiang
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Dan Zhu
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Chongyu Luo
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Education Ministry of China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Saijie Li
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Qian Dong
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Qijing Fu
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Education Ministry of China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Kaiyuan Deng
- Department of Steering Committee, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Sheng Peng
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Education Ministry of China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Jinsong Wu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Weimin Li
- Mengzi Seed Management Station, Mengzi, 661199, China
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Youyong Zhu
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Education Ministry of China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Xiahong He
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Education Ministry of China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Yunlong Du
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Education Ministry of China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
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11
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Structural and functional properties of plant mitochondrial F-ATP synthase. Mitochondrion 2020; 53:178-193. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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12
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Ciacka K, Tymiński M, Gniazdowska A, Krasuska U. Carbonylation of proteins-an element of plant ageing. PLANTA 2020; 252:12. [PMID: 32613330 PMCID: PMC7329788 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03414-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Carbonylation-ROS-dependent posttranslational modification of proteins-may be regarded as one of the important events in the process of ageing or senescence in plants. Ageing is the progressive process starting from seed development (plants) and birth (animals). The life-span of living organisms depends on many factors and stresses, which influence reactive oxygen species (ROS) level. The imbalance of their production and scavenging causes pathophysiological conditions that accelerate ageing. ROS modify nucleic acids, lipids, sugars and proteins. The level of carbonylated proteins can serve as an indicator of an oxidative cellular status. Several pathways of protein carbonylation, e.g. the conjugation with reactive carbonyl species, and/or a direct metal-catalysed oxidative attack on amino acids residues are known. Dysfunctional carbonylated proteins are more prone to degradation or form aggregates when the proteolytic machinery is inhibited, as observed in ageing. Protein carbonylation may contribute to formation of organelle-specific signal and to the control of protein quality. Carbonylated proteins are formed during the whole plant life; nevertheless, accelerated ageing stimulates the accumulation of carbonyl derivatives. In the medicine-related literature, concerned ageing and ROS-mediated protein modifications, this topic is extensively analysed, in comparison to the plant science. In plant science, ageing and senescence are considered to describe slightly different processes (physiological events). However, senescence (Latin: senēscere) means "to grow old". This review describes the correlation of protein carbonylation level to ageing or/and senescence in plants. Comparing data from the area of plant and animal research, it is assumed that some basic mechanism of time-dependent alterations in the cellular biochemical processes are common and the protein carbonylation is one of the important causes of ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Ciacka
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - M. Tymiński
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - A. Gniazdowska
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - U. Krasuska
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
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13
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Huber CV, Jakobs BD, Mishra LS, Niedermaier S, Stift M, Winter G, Adamska I, Funk C, Huesgen PF, Funck D. DEG10 contributes to mitochondrial proteostasis, root growth, and seed yield in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:5423-5436. [PMID: 31225599 PMCID: PMC6793672 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining mitochondrial proteome integrity is especially important under stress conditions to ensure a continued ATP supply for protection and adaptation responses in plants. Deg/HtrA proteases are important factors in the cellular protein quality control system, but little is known about their function in mitochondria. Here we analyzed the expression pattern and physiological function of Arabidopsis thaliana DEG10, which has homologs in all photosynthetic eukaryotes. Both expression of DEG10:GFP fusion proteins and immunoblotting after cell fractionation showed an unambiguous subcellular localization exclusively in mitochondria. DEG10 promoter:GUS fusion constructs showed that DEG10 is expressed in trichomes but also in the vascular tissue of roots and aboveground organs. DEG10 loss-of-function mutants were impaired in root elongation, especially at elevated temperature. Quantitative proteome analysis revealed concomitant changes in the abundance of mitochondrial respiratory chain components and assembly factors, which partially appeared to depend on altered mitochondrial retrograde signaling. Under field conditions, lack of DEG10 caused a decrease in seed production. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that DEG10 affects mitochondrial proteostasis, is required for optimal root development and seed set under challenging environmental conditions, and thus contributes to stress tolerance of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharina V Huber
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Barbara D Jakobs
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Laxmi S Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Linnaeus väg, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stefan Niedermaier
- Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics, ZEA-3 Analytics, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, Jülich, Germany
| | - Marc Stift
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Gudrun Winter
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Iwona Adamska
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Christiane Funk
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Linnaeus väg, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Pitter F Huesgen
- Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics, ZEA-3 Analytics, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, Jülich, Germany
- Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dietmar Funck
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße, Konstanz, Germany
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14
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Czarnocka W, Karpiński S. Friend or foe? Reactive oxygen species production, scavenging and signaling in plant response to environmental stresses. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 122:4-20. [PMID: 29331649 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In the natural environment, plants are exposed to a variety of biotic and abiotic stress conditions that trigger rapid changes in the production and scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The production and scavenging of ROS is compartmentalized, which means that, depending on stimuli type, they can be generated and eliminated in different cellular compartments such as the apoplast, plasma membrane, chloroplasts, mitochondria, peroxisomes, and endoplasmic reticulum. Although the accumulation of ROS is generally harmful to cells, ROS play an important role in signaling pathways that regulate acclimatory and defense responses in plants, such as systemic acquired acclimation (SAA) and systemic acquired resistance (SAR). However, high accumulations of ROS can also trigger redox homeostasis disturbance which can lead to cell death, and in consequence, to a limitation in biomass and yield production. Different ROS have various half-lifetimes and degrees of reactivity toward molecular components such as lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Thus, they play different roles in intra- and extra-cellular signaling. Despite their possible damaging effect, ROS should mainly be considered as signaling molecules that regulate local and systemic acclimatory and defense responses. Over the past two decades it has been proven that ROS together with non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), hormones, Ca2+ waves, and electrical signals are the main players in SAA and SAR, two physiological processes essential for plant survival and productivity in unfavorable conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Czarnocka
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Horticulture, Biotechnology and Landscape Architecture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska Street 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska Street 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Stanisław Karpiński
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Horticulture, Biotechnology and Landscape Architecture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska Street 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; The Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute (IHAR) - National Research Institute, Radzików, 05-870 Błonie, Poland.
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15
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Krasensky-Wrzaczek J, Kangasjärvi J. The role of reactive oxygen species in the integration of temperature and light signals. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:3347-3358. [PMID: 29514325 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The remarkable plasticity of the biochemical machinery in plants allows the integration of a multitude of stimuli, enabling acclimation to a wide range of growth conditions. The integration of information on light and temperature enables plants to sense seasonal changes and adjust growth, defense, and transition to flowering according to the prevailing conditions. By now, the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as important signaling molecules has been established. Here, we review recent data on ROS as important components in the integration of light and temperature signaling by crosstalk with the circadian clock and calcium signaling. Furthermore, we highlight that different environmental conditions critically affect the interpretation of stress stimuli, and consequently defense mechanisms and stress outcome. For example, day length plays an important role in whether enhanced ROS production under stress conditions is directed towards activation of redox poising mechanisms or triggering programmed cell death (PCD). Furthermore, a mild increase in temperature can cause down-regulation of immunity and render plants more sensitive to biotrophic pathogens. Taken together, the evidence presented here demonstrates the complexity of signaling pathways and outline the importance of their correct interpretation in context with the given environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Krasensky-Wrzaczek
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finl
| | - Jaakko Kangasjärvi
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finl
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16
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Heidorn-Czarna M, Domanski D, Kwasniak-Owczarek M, Janska H. Targeted Proteomics Approach Toward Understanding the Role of the Mitochondrial Protease FTSH4 in the Biogenesis of OXPHOS During Arabidopsis Seed Germination. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:821. [PMID: 29963070 PMCID: PMC6014109 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Seed germination provides an excellent model to study the process of mitochondrial biogenesis. It is a complex and strictly regulated process which requires a proper biogenesis of fully active organelles from existing promitochondrial structures. We have previously reported that the lack of the inner mitochondrial membrane protease FTSH4 delayed Arabidopsis seed germination. Here, we implemented a targeted mass spectrometry-based approach, Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM), with stable-isotope-labeled standard peptides for increased sensitivity, to quantify mitochondrial proteins in dry and germinating wild-type and ftsh4 mutant seeds, lacking the FTSH4 protease. Using total seed protein extracts we measured the abundance of the peptide targets belonging to the OXPHOS complexes, AOX1A, transport, and inner membrane scaffold as well as mitochondrial proteins that are highly specific to dry and germinating seeds. The MRM assay showed that the abundance of these proteins in ftsh4 did not differ substantially from that observed in wild-type at the level of dry seed and after stratification, but we observed a reduction in protein abundance in most of the examined OXPHOS subunits in the later stages of germination. These changes in OXPHOS protein levels in ftsh4 mutants were accompanied by a lower cytochrome pathway activity as well as an increased AOX1A amount at the transcript and protein level and alternative pathway activity. The analyses of the steady-state transcript levels of mitochondrial and nuclear genes encoding OXPHOS subunits did not show significant difference in their amount, indicating that the observed changes in the OXPHOS occurred at the post-transcriptional level. At the time when ftsh4 seeds were fully germinated, the abundance of the OXPHOS proteins in the mutant was either slightly lowered or comparable to these amounts in wild-type seeds at the similar developmental stage. By the implementation of an integrative approach combining targeted proteomics, quantitative transcriptomics, and physiological studies we have shown that the FTSH4 protease has an important role in the biogenesis of OXPHOS and thus biogenesis of mitochondria during germination of Arabidopsis seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Heidorn-Czarna
- Department of Cellular Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Dominik Domanski
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Hanna Janska
- Department of Cellular Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
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17
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Dolzblasz A, Gola EM, Sokołowska K, Smakowska-Luzan E, Twardawska A, Janska H. Impairment of Meristem Proliferation in Plants Lacking the Mitochondrial Protease AtFTSH4. Int J Mol Sci 2018. [PMID: 29538317 PMCID: PMC5877714 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Shoot and root apical meristems (SAM and RAM, respectively) are crucial to provide cells for growth and organogenesis and therefore need to be maintained throughout the life of a plant. However, plants lacking the mitochondrial protease AtFTSH4 exhibit an intriguing phenotype of precocious cessation of growth at both the shoot and root apices when grown at elevated temperatures. This is due to the accumulation of internal oxidative stress and progressive mitochondria dysfunction. To explore the impacts of the internal oxidative stress on SAM and RAM functioning, we study the expression of selected meristem-specific (STM, CLV3, WOX5) and cell cycle-related (e.g., CYCB1, CYCD3;1) genes at the level of the promoter activity and/or transcript abundance in wild-type and loss-of-function ftsh4-1 mutant plants grown at 30 °C. In addition, we monitor cell cycle progression directly in apical meristems and analyze the responsiveness of SAM and RAM to plant hormones. We show that growth arrest in the ftsh4-1 mutant is caused by cell cycle dysregulation in addition to the loss of stem cell identity. Both the SAM and RAM gradually lose their proliferative activity, but with different timing relative to CYCB1 transcriptional activity (a marker of G2-M transition), which cannot be compensated by exogenous hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Dolzblasz
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute of Experimental Biology, Kanonia 6/8, 50-328 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Edyta M Gola
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute of Experimental Biology, Kanonia 6/8, 50-328 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Sokołowska
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute of Experimental Biology, Kanonia 6/8, 50-328 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Elwira Smakowska-Luzan
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14A, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Adriana Twardawska
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute of Experimental Biology, Kanonia 6/8, 50-328 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Hanna Janska
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14A, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
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18
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Identification of Physiological Substrates and Binding Partners of the Plant Mitochondrial Protease FTSH4 by the Trapping Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112455. [PMID: 29156584 PMCID: PMC5713422 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of functional mitochondria is vital for optimal cell performance and survival. This is accomplished by distinct mechanisms, of which preservation of mitochondrial protein homeostasis fulfills a pivotal role. In plants, inner membrane-embedded i-AAA protease, FTSH4, contributes to the mitochondrial proteome surveillance. Owing to the limited knowledge of FTSH4’s in vivo substrates, very little is known about the pathways and mechanisms directly controlled by this protease. Here, we applied substrate trapping coupled with mass spectrometry-based peptide identification in order to extend the list of FTSH4’s physiological substrates and interaction partners. Our analyses revealed, among several putative targets of FTSH4, novel (mitochondrial pyruvate carrier 4 (MPC4) and Pam18-2) and known (Tim17-2) substrates of this protease. Furthermore, we demonstrate that FTSH4 degrades oxidatively damaged proteins in mitochondria. Our report provides new insights into the function of FTSH4 in the maintenance of plant mitochondrial proteome.
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19
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Variable Cell Growth Yields Reproducible OrganDevelopment through Spatiotemporal Averaging. Dev Cell 2017; 38:15-32. [PMID: 27404356 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Organ sizes and shapes are strikingly reproducible, despite the variable growth and division of individual cells within them. To reveal which mechanisms enable this precision, we designed a screen for disrupted sepal size and shape uniformity in Arabidopsis and identified mutations in the mitochondrial i-AAA protease FtsH4. Counterintuitively, through live imaging we observed that variability of neighboring cell growth was reduced in ftsh4 sepals. We found that regular organ shape results from spatiotemporal averaging of the cellular variability in wild-type sepals, which is disrupted in the less-variable cells of ftsh4 mutants. We also found that abnormal, increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in ftsh4 mutants disrupts organ size consistency. In wild-type sepals, ROS accumulate in maturing cells and limit organ growth, suggesting that ROS are endogenous signals promoting termination of growth. Our results demonstrate that spatiotemporal averaging of cellular variability is required for precision in organ size.
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20
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Opalińska M, Parys K, Murcha MW, Jańska H. Plant i - AAA protease controls the turnover of the essential mitochondrial protein import component. J Cell Sci 2017; 131:jcs.200733. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.200733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are multifunctional organelles that play a central role in energy metabolism. Due to life-essential functions of these organelles, mitochondrial content, quality, and dynamics are tightly controlled. Across the species, highly conserved ATP - dependent proteases prevent malfunction of mitochondria through versatile activities. This study focuses on a molecular function of plant mitochondrial inner membrane-embedded i – AAA protease, FTSH4, providing its first bona fide substrate. Here, we report that the abundance of Tim17-2 protein, the essential component of the TIM17:23 translocase, is directly controlled by the proteolytic activity of FTSH4. Plants that are lacking functional FTSH4 protease are characterized by significantly enhanced capacity of preprotein import through the TIM17:23 - dependent pathway. Together with the observation that FTSH4 prevents accumulation of Tim17-2, our data points towards the role of this i - AAA protease in the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Opalińska
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14A, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Parys
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14A, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
- Present address: Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika W. Murcha
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, 6009, Western Australia
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, 6009, Western Australia
| | - Hanna Jańska
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14A, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
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22
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The mitochondrial protease AtFTSH4 safeguards Arabidopsis shoot apical meristem function. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28315. [PMID: 27321362 PMCID: PMC4913265 DOI: 10.1038/srep28315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The shoot apical meristem (SAM) ensures continuous plant growth and organogenesis. In LD 30 °C, plants lacking AtFTSH4, an ATP-dependent mitochondrial protease that counteracts accumulation of internal oxidative stress, exhibit a puzzling phenotype of premature SAM termination. We aimed to elucidate the underlying cellular and molecular processes that link AtFTSH4 with SAM arrest. We studied AtFTSH4 expression, internal oxidative stress accumulation, and SAM morphology. Directly in the SAM we analysed H2O2 accumulation, mitochondria behaviour, and identity of stem cells using WUS/CLV3 expression. AtFTSH4 was expressed in proliferating tissues, particularly during the reproductive phase. In the mutant, SAM, in which internal oxidative stress accumulates predominantly at 30 °C, lost its meristematic fate. This process was progressive and stage-specific. Premature meristem termination was associated with an expansion in SAM area, where mitochondria lost their functionality. All these effects destabilised the identity of the stem cells. SAM termination in ftsh4 mutants is caused both by internal oxidative stress accumulation with time/age and by the tissue-specific role of AtFTSH4 around the flowering transition. Maintaining mitochondria functionality within the SAM, dependent on AtFTSH4, is vital to preserving stem cell activity throughout development.
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23
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Zikhali M, Wingen LU, Griffiths S. Delimitation of the Earliness per se D1 (Eps-D1) flowering gene to a subtelomeric chromosomal deletion in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:287-99. [PMID: 26476691 PMCID: PMC4682435 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Earliness per se (Eps) genes account for the variation in flowering time when vernalization and photoperiod requirements are satisfied. Genomics and bioinformatics approaches were used to describe allelic variation for 40 Triticum aestivum genes predicted, by synteny with Brachypodium distachyon, to be in the 1DL Eps region. Re-sequencing 1DL genes revealed that varieties carrying early heading alleles at this locus, Spark and Cadenza, carry a subtelomeric deletion including several genes. The equivalent region in Rialto and Avalon is intact. A bimodal distribution in the segregating Spark X Rialto single seed descent (SSD) populations enabled the 1DL QTL to be defined as a discrete Mendelian factor, which we named Eps-D1. Near isogenic lines (NILs) and NIL derived key recombinants between markers flanking Eps-D1 suggest that the 1DL deletion contains the gene(s) underlying Eps-D1. The deletion spans the equivalent of the Triticum monoccocum Eps-A (m) 1 locus, and hence includes MODIFIER OF TRANSCRIPTION 1 (MOT1) and FTSH PROTEASE 4 (FTSH4), the candidates for Eps-A (m) 1. The deletion also contains T. aestivum EARLY FLOWERING 3-D1 (TaELF3-D1) a homologue of the Arabidopsis thaliana circadian clock gene EARLY FLOWERING 3. Eps-D1 is possibly a homologue of Eps-B1 on chromosome 1BL. NILs carrying the Eps-D1 deletion have significantly reduced total TaELF3 expression and altered TaGIGANTEA (TaGI) expression compared with wild type. Altered TaGI expression is consistent with an ELF3 mutant, hence we propose TaELF3-D1 as the more likely candidate for Eps-D1. This is the first direct fine mapping of Eps effect in bread wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luzie U Wingen
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
| | - Simon Griffiths
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, UK.
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24
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Luesse DR, Wilson ME, Haswell ES. RNA Sequencing Analysis of the msl2msl3, crl, and ggps1 Mutants Indicates that Diverse Sources of Plastid Dysfunction Do Not Alter Leaf Morphology Through a Common Signaling Pathway. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1148. [PMID: 26734046 PMCID: PMC4686620 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Determining whether individual genes function in the same or in different pathways is an important aspect of genetic analysis. As an alternative to the construction of higher-order mutants, we used contemporary expression profiling methods to perform pathway analysis on several Arabidopsis thaliana mutants, including the mscS-like (msl)2msl3 double mutant. MSL2 and MSL3 are implicated in plastid ion homeostasis, and msl2msl3 double mutants exhibit leaves with a lobed periphery, a rumpled surface, and disturbed mesophyll cell organization. Similar developmental phenotypes are also observed in other mutants with defects in a range of other chloroplast or mitochondrial functions, including biogenesis, gene expression, and metabolism. We wished to test the hypothesis that the common leaf morphology phenotypes of these mutants are the result of a characteristic nuclear expression pattern that is generated in response to organelle dysfunction. RNA-Sequencing was performed on aerial tissue of msl2msl3 geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase 1 (ggps1), and crumpled leaf (crl) mutants. While large groups of co-expressed genes were identified in pairwise comparisons between genotypes, we were only able to identify a small set of genes that showed similar expression profiles in all three genotypes. Subsequent comparison to the previously published gene expression profiles of two other mutants, yellow variegated 2 (var2) and scabra3 (sca3), failed to reveal a common pattern of gene expression associated with superficially similar leaf morphology defects. Nor did we observe overlap between genes differentially expressed in msl2msl3, crl, and ggps1 and a previously identified retrograde core response module. These data suggest that a common retrograde signaling pathway initiated by organelle dysfunction either does not exist in these mutants or cannot be identified through transcriptomic methods. Instead, the leaf developmental defects observed in these mutants may be achieved through a number of independent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darron R. Luesse
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University EdwardsvilleEdwardsville, IL, USA
| | - Margaret E. Wilson
- Department of Biology, Washington University in Saint LouisSaint Louis, MO, USA
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Radin I, Mansilla N, Rödel G, Steinebrunner I. The Arabidopsis COX11 Homolog is Essential for Cytochrome c Oxidase Activity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1091. [PMID: 26734017 PMCID: PMC4683207 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Members of the ubiquitous COX11 (cytochrome c oxidase 11) protein family are involved in copper delivery to the COX complex. In this work, we characterize the Arabidopsis thaliana COX11 homolog (encoded by locus At1g02410). Western blot analyses and confocal microscopy identified Arabidopsis COX11 as an integral mitochondrial protein. Despite sharing high sequence and structural similarities, the Arabidopsis COX11 is not able to functionally replace the Saccharomyces cerevisiae COX11 homolog. Nevertheless, further analysis confirmed the hypothesis that Arabidopsis COX11 is essential for COX activity. Disturbance of COX11 expression through knockdown (KD) or overexpression (OE) affected COX activity. In KD lines, the activity was reduced by ~50%, resulting in root growth inhibition, smaller rosettes and leaf curling. In OE lines, the reduction was less pronounced (~80% of the wild type), still resulting in root growth inhibition. Additionally, pollen germination was impaired in COX11 KD and OE plants. This effect on pollen germination can only partially be attributed to COX deficiency and may indicate a possible auxiliary role of COX11 in ROS metabolism. In agreement with its role in energy production, the COX11 promoter is highly active in cells and tissues with high-energy demand for example shoot and root meristems, or vascular tissues of source and sink organs. In COX11 KD lines, the expression of the plasma-membrane copper transporter COPT2 and of several copper chaperones was altered, indicative of a retrograde signaling pathway pertinent to copper homeostasis. Based on our data, we postulate that COX11 is a mitochondrial chaperone, which plays an important role for plant growth and pollen germination as an essential COX complex assembly factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Radin
- Institute for Genetics, Department of Biology, Technische Universität DresdenDresden, Germany
| | - Natanael Mansilla
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional del LitoralSanta Fe, Argentina
| | - Gerhard Rödel
- Institute for Genetics, Department of Biology, Technische Universität DresdenDresden, Germany
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Zhang B, Van Aken O, Thatcher L, De Clercq I, Duncan O, Law SR, Murcha MW, van der Merwe M, Seifi HS, Carrie C, Cazzonelli C, Radomiljac J, Höfte M, Singh KB, Van Breusegem F, Whelan J. The mitochondrial outer membrane AAA ATPase AtOM66 affects cell death and pathogen resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 80:709-727. [PMID: 25227923 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
One of the most stress-responsive genes encoding a mitochondrial protein in Arabidopsis (At3g50930) has been annotated as AtBCS1 (cytochrome bc1 synthase 1), but was previously functionally uncharacterised. Here, we show that the protein encoded by At3g50930 is present as a homo-multimeric protein complex on the outer mitochondrial membrane and lacks the BCS1 domain present in yeast and mammalian BCS1 proteins, with the sequence similarity restricted to the AAA ATPase domain. Thus we propose to re-annotate this protein as AtOM66 (Outer Mitochondrial membrane protein of 66 kDa). While transgenic plants with reduced AtOM66 expression appear to be phenotypically normal, AtOM66 over-expression lines have a distinct phenotype, showing strong leaf curling and reduced starch content. Analysis of mitochondrial protein content demonstrated no detectable changes in mitochondrial respiratory complex protein abundance. Consistent with the stress inducible expression pattern, over-expression lines of AtOM66 are more tolerant to drought stress but undergo stress-induced senescence earlier than wild type. Genome-wide expression analysis revealed a constitutive induction of salicylic acid-related (SA) pathogen defence and cell death genes in over-expression lines. Conversely, expression of SA marker gene PR-1 was reduced in atom66 plants, while jasmonic acid response genes PDF1.2 and VSP2 have increased transcript abundance. In agreement with the expression profile, AtOM66 over-expression plants show increased SA content, accelerated cell death rates and are more tolerant to the biotrophic pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, but more susceptible to the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea. In conclusion, our results demonstrate a role for AtOM66 in cell death and amplifying SA signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Botao Zhang
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Bayliss Building M316, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia; Department of Botany, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Life Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Vic., 3086, Australia
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Zhang S, Wu J, Yuan D, Zhang D, Huang Z, Xiao L, Yang C. Perturbation of auxin homeostasis caused by mitochondrial FtSH4 gene-mediated peroxidase accumulation regulates arabidopsis architecture. MOLECULAR PLANT 2014; 7:856-73. [PMID: 24482432 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssu006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species and auxin play important roles in the networks that regulate plant development and morphogenetic changes. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the interactions between them are poorly understood. This study isolated a mas (More Axillary Shoots) mutant, which was identified as an allele of the mitochondrial AAA-protease AtFtSH4, and characterized the function of the FtSH4 gene in regulating plant development by mediating the peroxidase-dependent interplay between hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and auxin homeostasis. The phenotypes of dwarfism and increased axillary branches observed in the mas (renamed as ftsh4-4) mutant result from a decrease in the IAA concentration. The expression levels of several auxin signaling genes, including IAA1, IAA2, and IAA3, as well as several auxin binding and transport genes, decreased significantly in ftsh4-4 plants. However, the H2O2 and peroxidases levels, which also have IAA oxidase activity, were significantly elevated in ftsh4-4 plants. The ftsh4-4 phenotypes could be reversed by expressing the iaaM gene or by knocking down the peroxidase genes PRX34 and PRX33. Both approaches can increase auxin levels in the ftsh4-4 mutant. Taken together, these results provided direct molecular and genetic evidence for the interaction between mitochondrial ATP-dependent protease, H2O2, and auxin homeostasis to regulate plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengchun Zhang
- Guangdong Key Lab of Biotechnology for Plant Development, College of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
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Smakowska E, Czarna M, Janska H. Mitochondrial ATP-dependent proteases in protection against accumulation of carbonylated proteins. Mitochondrion 2014; 19 Pt B:245-51. [PMID: 24662487 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Carbonylation is an irreversible oxidative modification of proteins induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) or by-products of oxidative stress. Carbonylation leads to the loss of protein function and is used as a marker of oxidative stress. Recent data indicate that carbonylation is not only an unfavorable chance process but may also play a significant role in the control of diverse physiological processes. In plants, carbonylated proteins have been found in all cellular compartments; however, mitochondria, one of the major sources of reactive species, show the highest levels of oxidatively modified proteins under normal or stress conditions. Carbonylated proteins tend to misfold and have to be removed to prevent the formation of harmful insoluble aggregates. Mitochondria have developed several pathways that continuously monitor and remove oxidatively damaged polypeptides, and the mitochondrial protein quality control (mtPQC) system, comprising chaperones and ATP-dependent proteases, is the first line of defense. The Lon protease has been recognized as a key protease involved in the removal of oxidized proteins in yeast and mammalian mitochondria, but not in plants. Recently, it has been reported that the inner-membrane human i-AAA and m-AAA and Arabidopsis i-AAA proteases are crucial components of the defense against accumulation of carbonylated proteins, but the molecular basis of their action is not yet clear. Altogether, the mitochondrial AAA proteases secure the mitochondrial proteome against accumulation of carbonylated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elwira Smakowska
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14A, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Czarna
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14A, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Hanna Janska
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14A, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
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Welchen E, García L, Mansilla N, Gonzalez DH. Coordination of plant mitochondrial biogenesis: keeping pace with cellular requirements. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 4:551. [PMID: 24409193 PMCID: PMC3884152 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant mitochondria are complex organelles that carry out numerous metabolic processes related with the generation of energy for cellular functions and the synthesis and degradation of several compounds. Mitochondria are semiautonomous and dynamic organelles changing in shape, number, and composition depending on tissue or developmental stage. The biogenesis of functional mitochondria requires the coordination of genes present both in the nucleus and the organelle. In addition, due to their central role, all processes held inside mitochondria must be finely coordinated with those in other organelles according to cellular demands. Coordination is achieved by transcriptional control of nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial proteins by specific transcription factors that recognize conserved elements in their promoter regions. In turn, the expression of most of these transcription factors is linked to developmental and environmental cues, according to the availability of nutrients, light-dark cycles, and warning signals generated in response to stress conditions. Among the signals impacting in the expression of nuclear genes, retrograde signals that originate inside mitochondria help to adjust mitochondrial biogenesis to organelle demands. Adding more complexity, several nuclear encoded proteins are dual localized to mitochondria and either chloroplasts or the nucleus. Dual targeting might establish a crosstalk between the nucleus and cell organelles to ensure a fine coordination of cellular activities. In this article, we discuss how the different levels of coordination of mitochondrial biogenesis interconnect to optimize the function of the organelle according to both internal and external demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Welchen
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral–Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad Nacional del LitoralSanta Fe, Argentina
- Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del LitoralSanta Fe, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Elina Welchen and Daniel H. Gonzalez, Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, CC 242 Paraje El Pozo, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina e-mail: ;
| | - Lucila García
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral–Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad Nacional del LitoralSanta Fe, Argentina
- Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del LitoralSanta Fe, Argentina
| | - Natanael Mansilla
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral–Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad Nacional del LitoralSanta Fe, Argentina
- Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del LitoralSanta Fe, Argentina
| | - Daniel H. Gonzalez
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral–Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad Nacional del LitoralSanta Fe, Argentina
- Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del LitoralSanta Fe, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Elina Welchen and Daniel H. Gonzalez, Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, CC 242 Paraje El Pozo, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina e-mail: ;
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Zhang S, ZHang D, Yang C. AtFtsH4 perturbs the mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes and auxin homeostasis in Arabidopsis. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2014; 9:e29709. [PMID: 25763704 PMCID: PMC4205143 DOI: 10.4161/psb.29709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial AtFtsH4 protease is one of four inner membrane-bound FtsH proteases in Arabidopsis. We found that the loss of AtFtsH4 regulates Arabidopsis development and architecture by mediating the peroxidase-dependent interplay between hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and auxin homeostasis. These morphological changes were correlated with elevated levels of both hydrogen peroxide and peroxidases, which suggested that ftsh4-4 plant was related to the oxidative stress, and that the architecture was caused by the auxin homeostasis perturbation. This view was supported by the expression levels of several auxin signaling genes and auxin binding and transport genes were decreased significantly in ftsh4-4 plants. Taken together, our data published in the May issue of Molecular Plant suggests a link between the lack of AtFtsH4 protease, oxidative stress,s and auxin homeostasis to regulate plant growth and development. However, the detail molecular mechanisms of AtFtSH4 regulating oxidation stress and auxin homeostasis is unclear. Here, we present evidence that the high level accumulated of H2O2 in ftsh4-4 may correlates with the decreased mitochondrial respiration genes. We also showed that the decreased auxin level and auxin transport may caused by the inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes.
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31
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Kocsy G, Tari I, Vanková R, Zechmann B, Gulyás Z, Poór P, Galiba G. Redox control of plant growth and development. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 211:77-91. [PMID: 23987814 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Redox changes determined by genetic and environmental factors display well-organized interactions in the control of plant growth and development. Diurnal and seasonal changes in the environmental conditions are important for the normal course of these physiological processes and, similarly to their mild irregular alterations, for stress adaptation. However, fast or large-scale environmental changes may lead to damage or death of sensitive plants. The spatial and temporal redox changes influence growth and development due to the reprogramming of metabolism. In this process reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and antioxidants are involved as components of signalling networks. The control of growth, development and flowering by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and antioxidants in interaction with hormones at organ, tissue, cellular and subcellular level will be discussed in the present review. Unsolved problems of the field, among others the need for identification of new components and interactions in the redox regulatory network at various organization levels using systems biology approaches will be also indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Kocsy
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Brunszvik u. 2., Martonvásár, Hungary.
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Abstract
This review focuses on organellar AAA/FtsH proteases, whose proteolytic and chaperone-like activity is a crucial component of the protein quality control systems of mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes. We compare the AAA/FtsH proteases from yeast, mammals and plants. The nature of the complexes formed by AAA/FtsH proteases and the current view on their involvement in degradation of non-native organellar proteins or assembly of membrane complexes are discussed. Additional functions of AAA proteases not directly connected with protein quality control found in yeast and mammals but not yet in plants are also described shortly. Following an overview of the molecular functions of the AAA/FtsH proteases we discuss physiological consequences of their inactivation in yeast, mammals and plants. The molecular basis of phenotypes associated with inactivation of the AAA/FtsH proteases is not fully understood yet, with the notable exception of those observed in m-AAA protease-deficient yeast cells, which are caused by impaired maturation of mitochondrial ribosomal protein. Finally, examples of cytosolic events affecting protein quality control in mitochondria and chloroplasts are given. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Protein Import and Quality Control in Mitochondria and Plastids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Janska
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland.
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Lee CP, Taylor NL, Millar AH. Recent advances in the composition and heterogeneity of the Arabidopsis mitochondrial proteome. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:4. [PMID: 23355843 PMCID: PMC3554846 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are important organelles for providing the ATP and carbon skeletons required to sustain cell growth. While these organelles also participate in other key metabolic functions across species, they have a specialized role in plants of optimizing photosynthesis through participating in photorespiration. It is therefore critical to map the protein composition of mitochondria in plants to gain a better understanding of their regulation and define the uniqueness of their metabolic networks. To date, <30% of the predicted number of mitochondrial proteins has been verified experimentally by proteomics and/or GFP localization studies. In this mini-review, we will provide an overview of the advances in mitochondrial proteomics in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana over the past 5 years. The ultimate goal of mapping the mitochondrial proteome in Arabidopsis is to discover novel mitochondrial components that are critical during development in plants as well as genes involved in developmental abnormalities, such as those implicated in mitochondrial-linked cytoplasmic male sterility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Pong Lee
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of OxfordOxford, UK
- *Correspondence: Chun Pong Lee, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK. e-mail:
| | - Nicolas L. Taylor
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western AustraliaCrawley, WA, Australia
- Centre for Comparative Analysis of Biomolecular Networks, The University of Western AustraliaCrawley, WA, Australia
| | - A. Harvey Millar
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western AustraliaCrawley, WA, Australia
- Centre for Comparative Analysis of Biomolecular Networks, The University of Western AustraliaCrawley, WA, Australia
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Koffler BE, Bloem E, Zellnig G, Zechmann B. High resolution imaging of subcellular glutathione concentrations by quantitative immunoelectron microscopy in different leaf areas of Arabidopsis. Micron 2012; 45:119-28. [PMID: 23265941 PMCID: PMC3553553 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2012.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione is an important antioxidant and redox buffer in plants. It fulfills many important roles during plant development, defense and is essential for plant metabolism. Even though the compartment specific roles of glutathione during abiotic and biotic stress situations have been studied in detail there is still great lack of knowledge about subcellular glutathione concentrations within the different leaf areas at different stages of development. In this study a method is described that allows the calculation of compartment specific glutathione concentrations in all cell compartments simultaneously in one experiment by using quantitative immunogold electron microscopy combined with biochemical methods in different leaf areas of Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 (center of the leaf, leaf apex, leaf base and leaf edge). The volume of subcellular compartments in the mesophyll of Arabidopsis was found to be similar to other plants. Vacuoles covered the largest volume within a mesophyll cell and increased with leaf age (up to 80% in the leaf apex of older leaves). Behind vacuoles, chloroplasts covered the second largest volume (up to 20% in the leaf edge of the younger leaves) followed by nuclei (up to 2.3% in the leaf edge of the younger leaves), mitochondria (up to 1.6% in the leaf apex of the younger leaves), and peroxisomes (up to 0.3% in the leaf apex of the younger leaves). These values together with volumes of the mesophyll determined by stereological methods from light and electron micrographs and global glutathione contents measured with biochemical methods enabled the determination of subcellular glutathione contents in mM. Even though biochemical investigations did not reveal differences in global glutathione contents, compartment specific differences could be observed in some cell compartments within the different leaf areas. Highest concentrations of glutathione were always found in mitochondria, where values in a range between 8.7 mM (in the apex of younger leaves) and 15.1 mM (in the apex of older leaves) were found. The second highest amount of glutathione was found in nuclei (between 5.5 mM and 9.7 mM in the base and the center of younger leaves, respectively) followed by peroxisomes (between 2.6 mM in the edge of younger leaves and 4.8 mM in the base of older leaves, respectively) and the cytosol (2.8 mM in the edge of younger and 4.5 mM in the center of older leaves, respectively). Chloroplasts contained rather low amounts of glutathione (between 1 mM and 1.4 mM). Vacuoles had the lowest concentrations of glutathione (0.01 mM and 0.14 mM) but showed large differences between the different leaf areas. Clear differences in glutathione contents between the different leaf areas could only be found in vacuoles and mitochondria revealing that glutathione in the later cell organelle accumulated with leaf age to concentrations of up to 15 mM and that concentrations of glutathione in vacuoles are quite low in comparison to the other cell compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara E Koffler
- University of Graz, Institute of Plant Sciences, Schubertstrasse 51, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
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Lounifi I, Arc E, Molassiotis A, Job D, Rajjou L, Tanou G. Interplay between protein carbonylation and nitrosylation in plants. Proteomics 2012; 13:568-78. [PMID: 23034931 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
ROS and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are key regulators of redox homeostasis in living organisms including plants. As control of redox homeostasis plays a central function in plant biology, redox proteomics could help in characterizing the potential roles played by ROS/RNS-induced posttranslational modification in plant cells. In this review, we focus on two posttranslational modifications: protein carbonylation (a marker of protein oxidation) and protein S-nitrosylation, both of which having recently emerged as important regulatory mechanisms during numerous fundamental biological processes. Here, we describe the recent progress in proteomic analysis of carbonylated and nitrosylated proteins and highlight the achievements made in understanding the physiological basis of these oxy/nitro modifications in plants. In addition, we document the existence of a relationship between ROS-based carbonylation and RNS-based nitrosylation thus supporting the finding that crosstalk between cellular signaling stress pathways induced by ROS and RNS could be mediated by specific protein modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Lounifi
- Laboratory of Excellence Saclay Plant Sciences (LabEx SPS), Jean-Pierre Bourgin Institute, INRA, Versailles, France
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Solheim C, Li L, Hatzopoulos P, Millar AH. Loss of Lon1 in Arabidopsis changes the mitochondrial proteome leading to altered metabolite profiles and growth retardation without an accumulation of oxidative damage. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 160:1187-203. [PMID: 22968828 PMCID: PMC3490588 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.203711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Lon1 is an ATP-dependent protease and chaperone located in the mitochondrial matrix in plants. Knockout in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leads to a significant growth rate deficit in both roots and shoots and lowered activity of specific mitochondrial enzymes associated with respiratory metabolism. Analysis of the mitochondrial proteomes of two lon1 mutant alleles (lon1-1 and lon1-2) with different severities of phenotypes shows a common accumulation of several stress marker chaperones and lowered abundance of Complexes I, IV, and V of OXPHOS. Certain enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle are modified or accumulated, and TCA cycle bypasses were repressed rather than induced. While whole tissue respiratory rates were unaltered in roots and shoots, TCA cycle intermediate organic acids were depleted in leaf extracts in the day in lon1-1 and in both lon mutants at night. No significant evidence of broad steady-state oxidative damage to isolated mitochondrial samples could be found, but peptides from several specific proteins were more oxidized and selected functions were more debilitated in lon1-1. Collectively, the evidence suggests that loss of Lon1 significantly modifies respiratory function and plant performance by small but broad alterations in the mitochondrial proteome gained by subtly changing steady-state protein assembly, stability, and damage of a range of components that debilitate an anaplerotic role for mitochondria in cellular carbon metabolism.
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Kmiec B, Urantowka A, Lech M, Janska H. Two-step processing of AtFtsH4 precursor by mitochondrial processing peptidase in Arabidopsis thaliana. MOLECULAR PLANT 2012; 5:1417-9. [PMID: 22986791 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sss099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
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38
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Moschopoulos A, Derbyshire P, Byrne ME. The Arabidopsis organelle-localized glycyl-tRNA synthetase encoded by EMBRYO DEFECTIVE DEVELOPMENT1 is required for organ patterning. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:5233-43. [PMID: 22791832 PMCID: PMC3430996 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Leaves develop as planar organs, with a morphology that is specialized for photosynthesis. Development of a planar leaf requires genetic networks that set up opposing adaxial and abaxial sides of the leaf, which leads to establishment of dorsoventral polarity. While many genes have been identified that regulate adaxial and abaxial fate there is little information on how this is integrated with cellular function. EMBRYO DEFECTIVE DEVELOPMENT1 (EDD1) is a nuclear gene that encodes a plastid and mitochondrial localized glycyl-tRNA synthetase. Plants with partial loss of EDD1 function have changes in patterning of margin and distal regions of the leaf. In combination with mutations in the MYB domain transcription factor gene ASYMMETRIC LEAVES1 (AS1), partial loss of EDD1 function results in leaves with reduced adaxial fate. EDD1 may influence leaf dorsoventral polarity through regulating the abaxial fate genes KANADI1 (KAN1) and ETTIN (ETT)/AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR3 (ARF3) since these genes are upregulated in the edd1 as1 double mutant. SCABRA3 (SCA3), a nuclear gene that encodes the plastid RNA polymerase is also required for leaf adaxial fate in the absence of AS1. These results add a novel component to networks of genetic regulation of leaf development and suggest that organelles, particularly plastids, are required in leaf patterning. Potentially, signalling from organelles is essential for coordination of different cell fates within the developing leaf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Moschopoulos
- John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UHUK
- Present address: Limagrain UK, Doubled Haploid Laboratory, Docking, PE31 8LSUK
| | | | - Mary E. Byrne
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006Australia
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Kwasniak M, Pogorzelec L, Migdal I, Smakowska E, Janska H. Proteolytic system of plant mitochondria. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2012; 145:187-95. [PMID: 22085399 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2011.01542.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The existence of a proteolytic system which can specifically recognize and cleave proteins in mitochondria is now well established. The components of this system comprise processing peptidases, ATP-dependent peptidases and oligopeptidases. A short overview of experimentally confirmed proteases mainly from Arabidopsis thaliana is provided. The role of the mitochondrial peptidases in plant growth and development is emphasized. We also discuss the possibility of existence of as yet unidentified plant homologs of yeast mitochondrial ATP-independent proteases.
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Protein quality control in organelles - AAA/FtsH story. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2012; 1833:381-7. [PMID: 22498346 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on organellar AAA/FtsH proteases, whose proteolytic and chaperone-like activity is a crucial component of the protein quality control systems of mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes. We compare the AAA/FtsH proteases from yeast, mammals and plants. The nature of the complexes formed by AAA/FtsH proteases and the current view on their involvement in degradation of non-native organellar proteins or assembly of membrane complexes are discussed. Additional functions of AAA proteases not directly connected with protein quality control found in yeast and mammals but not yet in plants are also described shortly. Following an overview of the molecular functions of the AAA/FtsH proteases we discuss physiological consequences of their inactivation in yeast, mammals and plants. The molecular basis of phenotypes associated with inactivation of the AAA/FtsH proteases is not fully understood yet, with the notable exception of those observed in m-AAA protease-deficient yeast cells, which are caused by impaired maturation of mitochondrial ribosomal protein. Finally, examples of cytosolic events affecting protein quality control in mitochondria and chloroplasts are given. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Protein Import and Quality Control in Mitochondria and Plastids.
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Weil A, Luce K, Dröse S, Wittig I, Brandt U, Osiewacz HD. Unmasking a temperature-dependent effect of the P. anserina i-AAA protease on aging and development. Cell Cycle 2011; 10:4280-90. [PMID: 22134244 PMCID: PMC3272260 DOI: 10.4161/cc.10.24.18560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Different molecular pathways involved in maintaining mitochondrial function are of fundamental importance to control cellular homeostasis. Mitochondrial i-AAA protease is part of such a surveillance system and PaIAP is the putative ortholog in the fungal aging model Podospora anserina. Here we investigated the role of PaIAP in aging and development. Deletion of the gene encoding PaIAP resulted in a specific phenotype. When incubated at 27°C, spore germination and fruiting body formation are not different from that of the corresponding wild-type strain. Unexpectedly, the lifespan of the deletion strain is strongly increased. In contrast, cultivation at an elevated temperature of 37°C leads to impairments in spore germination and fruiting body formation, and to a reduced lifespan. The higher PaIAP abundance in wild-type strains of the fungus grown at elevated temperature and the phenotype of the deletion strain unmasks a temperature-related role of the protein. The protease appears to be part of a molecular system that has evolved to allow survival under changing temperatures as they characteristically occur in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Weil
- Goethe University, Faculty for Biosciences & Cluster of Excellence Macromolecular Complexes Frankfurt, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Frankfurt, Germany
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Michelet L, Krieger-Liszkay A. Reactive oxygen intermediates produced by photosynthetic electron transport are enhanced in short-day grown plants. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2011; 1817:1306-13. [PMID: 22172734 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2011.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Leaves of tobacco plants grown in short days (8h light) generate more reactive oxygen species in the light than leaves of plants grown in long days (16h light). A two fold higher level of superoxide production was observed even in isolated thylakoids from short day plants. By using specific inhibitors of photosystem II and of the cytochrome b(6)f complex, the site of O(2) reduction could be assigned to photosystem I. The higher rate of O(2) reduction led to the formation of a higher proton gradient in thylakoids from short day plants. In the presence of an uncoupler, the differences in O(2) reduction between thylakoids from short day and long day plants were abolished. The pigment content and the protein content of the major protein complexes of the photosynthetic electron transport chain were unaffected by the growth condition. Addition of NADPH, but not of NADH, to coupled thylakoids from long day plants raised the level of superoxide production to the same level as observed in thylakoids from short day plants. The hypothesis is put forward that the binding of an unknown protein permits the higher rate of pseudocyclic electron flow in thylakoids from short-day grown plants and that this putative protein plays an important role in changing the proportions of linear, cyclic and pseudocyclic electron transport in favour of pseudocyclic electron transport. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Photosynthesis Research for Sustainability: from Natural to Artificial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Michelet
- Service de Bioenergetique, Biologie Structurale et Mecanisme, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Wagner R, Aigner H, Pružinská A, Jänkänpää HJ, Jansson S, Funk C. Fitness analyses of Arabidopsis thaliana mutants depleted of FtsH metalloproteases and characterization of three FtsH6 deletion mutants exposed to high light stress, senescence and chilling. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2011; 191:449-458. [PMID: 21438879 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03684.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Darwinian fitness analyses were performed, comparing single ftsh mutants with wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana plants grown under controlled laboratory conditions and in the field, by measuring plant size, survival rate, and silique and seed production. Additionally, three genotypes of ΔFtsH6 were analysed, under controlled growth conditions, with respect to both their ability to degrade the light-harvesting complex of photosystem II during senescence and light acclimation. In the field, substantial increases in variegation and reductions in growth were observed in the ΔFtsH2, ΔFtsH5 and ΔFtsH10 mutants; FtsH2 seemed particularly important for plant survival. Despite being grown in relatively cold weather, the ΔFtsH11 mutant displayed strong phenotypic deviations from wild type. Both ΔFtsH10 and ΔFtsH3 mutants exhibited less severe phenotypic changes, but were different from wild-type plants when placed in the field as young plants. When older ΔFtsH3 or ΔFtsH10 mutants were placed outdoors, no phenotypic differences from wild type were observed. Three genotypes of ΔFtsH6 displayed no phenotypic deviations from wild-type plants. Under controlled growth conditions, during senescence and light acclimation, no differences in the amount of chlorophyll or Photosystem II light-harvesting complex b3 (Lhcb3) were detected in ΔFtsH6 mutants compared with the wild type. Therefore, FtsH6 seems to be unimportant for LHCII degradation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raik Wagner
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Harald Aigner
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Adriana Pružinská
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Stefan Jansson
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Christiane Funk
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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Millar AH, Whelan J, Soole KL, Day DA. Organization and regulation of mitochondrial respiration in plants. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 62:79-104. [PMID: 21332361 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042110-103857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 375] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial respiration in plants provides energy for biosynthesis, and its balance with photosynthesis determines the rate of plant biomass accumulation. We describe recent advances in our understanding of the mitochondrial respiratory machinery of cells, including the presence of a classical oxidative phosphorylation system linked to the cytosol by transporters, discussed alongside nonphosphorylating (and, therefore, non-energy conserving) bypasses that alter the efficiency of ATP synthesis and play a role in oxidative stress responses in plants. We consider respiratory regulation in the context of the contrasting roles mitochondria play in different tissues, from photosynthetic leaves to nutrient-acquiring roots. We focus on the molecular nature of this regulation at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels that allow the respiratory apparatus of plants to help shape organ development and the response of plants to environmental stress. We highlight the challenges for future research considering spatial and temporal changes of respiration in response to changing climatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Harvey Millar
- Australian Research Council Center of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, M316 Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
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Liu X, Yu F, Rodermel S. Arabidopsis chloroplast FtsH, var2 and suppressors of var2 leaf variegation: a review. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 52:750-61. [PMID: 20666930 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2010.00980.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Variegation mutants are ideal model systems to study chloroplast biogenesis. We are interested in variegations whose green and white-sectored leaves arise as a consequence of the action of nuclear recessive genes. In this review, we focus on the Arabidopsis var2 variegation mutant, and discuss recent progress toward understanding the function of VAR2 and the mechanism of var2-mediated variegation. VAR2 is a subunit of the chloroplast FtsH complex, which is involved in turnover of the Photosystem II reaction center D1 protein, as well as in other processes required for the development and maintenance of the photosynthetic apparatus. The cells in green sectors of var2 have normal-appearing chloroplasts whereas cells in the white sectors have abnormal plastids that lack pigments and organized lamellae. To explain the mechanism of var2 variegation, we have proposed a threshold model in which the formation of chloroplasts is due to the presence of activities/processes that are able to compensate for a lack of VAR2. To gain insight into these activities, second-site suppressor screens have been carried out to obtain mutants with non-variegation phenotypes. Cloning and characterization of several var2 suppressor lines have uncovered several mechanisms of variegation suppression, including an unexpected link between var2 variegation and chloroplast translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiayan Liu
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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Cost of Having the Largest Mitochondrial Genome: Evolutionary Mechanism of Plant Mitochondrial Genome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1155/2010/620137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The angiosperm mitochondrial genome is the largest and least gene-dense among the eukaryotes, because its intergenic regions are expanded. There seems to be no functional constraint on the size of the intergenic regions; angiosperms maintain the large mitochondrial genome size by a currently unknown mechanism. After a brief description of the angiosperm mitochondrial genome, this review focuses on our current knowledge of the mechanisms that control the maintenance and alteration of the genome. In both processes, the control of homologous recombination is crucial in terms of site and frequency. The copy numbers of various types of mitochondrial DNA molecules may also be controlled, especially during transmission of the mitochondrial genome from one generation to the next. An important characteristic of angiosperm mitochondria is that they contain polypeptides that are translated from open reading frames created as byproducts of genome alteration and that are generally nonfunctional. Such polypeptides have potential to evolve into functional ones responsible for mitochondrially encoded traits such as cytoplasmic male sterility or may be remnants of the former functional polypeptides.
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Janska H, Piechota J, Kwasniak M. ATP-dependent proteases in biogenesis and maintenance of plant mitochondria. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2010; 1797:1071-5. [PMID: 20193658 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Revised: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
ATP-dependent proteases from three families have been identified experimentally in Arabidopsis mitochondria: four FtsH proteases (AtFtsH3, AtFtsH4, AtFtsH10, and AtFtsH11), two Lon proteases (AtLon1 and AtLon4), and one Clp protease (AtClpP2 with regulatory subunit AtClpX). In this review we discuss their submitochondrial localization, expression profiles and proposed functions, with special emphasis on their impact on plant growth and development. The best characterized plant mitochondrial ATP-dependent proteases are AtLon1 and AtFtsH4. It has been proposed that AtLon1 is necessary for proper mitochondrial biogenesis during seedling establishment, whereas AtFtsH4 is involved in maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis late in rosette development under short-day photoperiod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Janska
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland.
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Kicia M, Gola EM, Janska H. Mitochondrial protease AtFtsH4 protects ageing Arabidopsis rosettes against oxidative damage under short-day photoperiod. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2010; 5:126-8. [PMID: 20009533 PMCID: PMC2884112 DOI: 10.4161/psb.5.2.10303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2009] [Accepted: 10/11/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial atftsh4 protease, whose catalytic site is exposed to the intermembrane space, is one of four inner membrane-bound ftsh proteases in arabidopsis. we found that the loss of atftsh4 altered arabidopsis leaf morphology at the late stage of rosette growth under short-day photoperiod, while such changes were not observed in ftsh4 mutants grown under long days. these morphological changes were correlated with elevated levels of both reactive oxygen species (ros) and carbonylated proteins, which strongly suggested that ageing ftsh4 plants experienced oxidative stress. this view was supported by the accumulation of electron-dense material, presumably containing aggregated oxidized proteins, in mitochondria of ftsh4 plants with the most strongly malformed leaf blades. taken together, our data published in the may issue of plant journal suggest a link between the lack of AtFtsH4 protease, oxidative stress and altered leaf morphology at the late rosette stage under short days. Here, we present evidence that the onset of altered leaf morphology in ftsh4 correlates with an increase in the abundance of AtFtsH4 transcript observed in wildtype Arabidopsis growing under the same conditions. We also discuss how the lack of AtFtsH4 may cause oxidative stress towards the end of the vegetative growth in short days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Kicia
- Department of Biotechnology; University of Wroclaw; Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Edyta M Gola
- Institute of Plant Biology; University of Wroclaw; Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Hanna Janska
- Department of Biotechnology; University of Wroclaw; Wroclaw, Poland
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Faricelli ME, Valárik M, Dubcovsky J. Control of flowering time and spike development in cereals: the earliness per se Eps-1 region in wheat, rice, and Brachypodium. Funct Integr Genomics 2009; 10:293-306. [PMID: 19851796 PMCID: PMC2862174 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-009-0146-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Revised: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 09/26/2009] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The earliness per se gene Eps-Am1 from diploid wheat Triticum monococcum affects heading time, spike development, and spikelet number. In this study, the Eps1 orthologous regions from rice, Aegilops tauschii, and Brachypodium distachyon were compared as part of current efforts to clone this gene. A single Brachypodium BAC clone spanned the Eps-Am1 region, but a gap was detected in the A. tauschii physical map. Sequencing of the Brachypodium and A. tauschii BAC clones revealed three genes shared by the three species, which showed higher identity between wheat and Brachypodium than between them and rice. However, most of the structural changes were detected in the wheat lineage. These included an inversion encompassing the wg241-VatpC region and the presence of six unique genes. In contrast, only one unique gene (and one pseudogene) was found in Brachypodium and none in rice. Three genes were present in both Brachypodium and wheat but were absent in rice. Two of these genes, Mot1 and FtsH4, were completely linked to the earliness per se phenotype in the T. monococcum high-density genetic map and are candidates for Eps-Am1. Both genes were expressed in apices and developing spikes, as expected for Eps-Am1 candidates. The predicted MOT1 protein showed amino acid differences between the parental T. monococcum lines, but its effect is difficult to predict. Future steps to clone the Eps-Am1 gene include the generation of mot1 and ftsh4 mutants and the completion of the T. monococcum physical map to test for the presence of additional candidate genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Faricelli
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Mail Stop 1, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-8780, USA
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