Fathers' contributions to the management of their child's long-term medical condition: a narrative review of the literature

Therapeutic Parent-Child Communication and Health Outcomes in the Childhood Cancer Context: A Scoping Review

Family communication has been thought to be an important area to support children's adjustment to a cancer diagnosis. However, the characteristics of therapeutic parent-child communication that contribute to better patient outcomes and the specific patient health outcomes have been less explored. This current review explored the characteristics of therapeutic parent-child communication and its physical and psychological health outcomes. A total of 5034 articles were initially identified, and only 10 articles remained for inclusion in this review after application of the exclusion criteria. Most studies used a cross-sectional design and measured verbal communication characteristics and its psychological outcomes, but no physical outcomes. The characteristics of therapeutic verbal communication (openness, maternal validation, quality of information shared, etc.) and nonverbal communication (eye contact, close physical distance, and acknowledging behaviors) were identified. The psychological health outcomes included less distress, a lower level of PTSS, less internalizing and externalizing of symptoms, increased levels of social emotional competencies, better peer relationships, and more cooperation during the procedure at the individual level. Increased family cohesion and family adaptation were family-level outcomes. Longitudinal studies are needed to identify what qualities of communication predict better psychological outcomes so that interventions can be developed and tested. In addition, physical outcomes should be evaluated.

"We are not a typical family anymore": Exploring the experiences and support needs of fathers of children with Fragile X syndrome in Australia

A diagnosis of the X-linked condition Fragile X syndrome (FXS) in a child commonly reveals the mother's carrier status. Previous research focused on the genetic counseling process for the child and maternal family, despite calls for more research on the support needs of fathers. This study explored experiences and support needs of fathers at least 1 year after their child's FXS diagnosis to understand barriers and enablers and optimize health outcomes for the family. In-depth interviews were conducted with 11 fathers recruited through the Australian Genetics of Learning Disability Service and the Fragile X Association. Deidentified transcripts were analyzed using thematic analysis guided by an inductive approach. Four themes emerged: (1) making life easier through understanding-yesterday and today, (2) the path to a new normal-today and tomorrow, (3) seeking information and support, and (4) what men want. Fathers reported diagnostic odysseys, postdiagnostic grief, and challenges adjusting. They highlighted difficulties in understanding their child's unique behaviors and needs, responding to their partner's psychological support needs, planning for their child's future, and navigating complex health and disability systems. Participants suggested health professionals facilitate father-to-father support and psychological counseling. These findings highlight the unmet needs of fathers and suggest that a strengths-based approach is critically important given the recognized mental health impact.

Exploring fathers' experiences of caring for a child with complex care needs through ethnography and arts-based methodologies

BACKGROUND

Although the number of children living with complex care needs (CCN) is increasing worldwide, there is limited data on the experience of fathers caring for children with CCN. This paper reports on findings specific to fathers' experiences of caring for their child with CCN and highlights recommendations provided for parents of children with CCN, service providers, and policymakers. The findings emerged from a larger study designed to examine how Canadian families of children with CCN participate in society.

METHODS

We used the qualitative research approach of ethnography and arts-based methodologies (ecomaps and photovoice) as well as purposive and snowball sampling techniques. Four parents were engaged as advisors and twenty-nine fathers participated in interviews (all were married or in a relationship; age range of 28 to 55 years). In line with an ethnographic approach, data analysis involved several iterative steps including comparing data from the first, second, and third set of interviews and refining themes.

RESULTS

One overarching theme, striving to be there for the child with CCN, was identified. Five supporting themes further exemplified how fathers strived to be there for their child: 1) contributing to the parental team through various roles; 2) building accessibility through adaptation; 3) engaging in activities with the child; 4) expressing admiration and pride in their children; and 5) meaning making. Recommendations for parents included making and nurturing connections and asking for help while recommendations for healthcare and social service providers included communicating authentically with families and listening to parents. Fathers also indicated that leadership and funding for programs of families of children with CCN should be priorities for policymakers.

CONCLUSIONS

In addition to documenting fathers' active involvement in their child's care and development, our findings provide new insights into how fathers make participation in everyday life accessible and inclusive for their children. Study findings also point to 1) priority areas for policymakers (e.g., accessible physical environments); 2) factors that are critical for fostering collaborative care teams with fathers; and 3) the need for complex care teams in the adult health care system. Implications for those providing psychosocial support for these families are noted as well as knowledge gaps worthy of future exploration such as the role of diversity or intersectionality in fathering children with CCN.

The experience of fathers of children hospitalised with advanced heart disease

BACKGROUND

There are little reported data on the perspectives of fathers caring for children with chronic conditions. Although survival of children with advanced heart disease has improved, long-term morbidity remains high. This study describes the experience and prognostic awareness of fathers of hospitalised children with advanced heart disease.

METHODS

Cross-sectional survey study of parents caring for children hospitalised with advanced heart disease admitted for ≥ 7 days over a one-year period. One parent per patient completed surveys, resulting in 27 father surveys. Data were analysed using descriptive methods.

RESULTS

Nearly all (96%) of the fathers reported understanding their child's prognosis "extremely well" or "well," and 59% felt they were "very prepared" for their child's medical problems. However, 58% of fathers wanted to know more about prognosis, and 22% thought their child's team knew something about prognosis that they did not. Forty-one per cent of fathers did not think that their child would have lifelong limitations, and 32% anticipated normal life expectancies. All 13 fathers who had a clinical discussion of what would happen if their child got sicker found this conversation helpful. Nearly half (43%) of the fathers receiving new prognostic information or changes to treatment course found it "somewhat" or "a little" confusing.

CONCLUSIONS

Fathers report excellent understanding of their child's illness and a positive experience around expressing their hopes and fears. Despite this, there remain many opportunities to improve communication, prognostic awareness, and participation in informed decision-making of fathers of children hospitalised with advanced heart disease.

(Re)Establishment of fatherhood among fathers of children with mental disorders: A qualitative metasynthesis

This metasynthesis synthesized and interpreted qualitative research results on the experience of fathers who care for children with mental disorders. It followed the guidelines from the Enhancing Transparency in Reporting the Synthesis of Qualitative Research statement. A search was conducted in five databases. The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme qualitative research checklist was used to evaluate the quality of the studies, and the Confidence in the Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative Research (Grade-CERQual) approach was used to assess review findings. Thematic analysis of 12 articles included yielded the theme (re)establishment of fatherhood and four subthemes: redefinition of expectations, redefinition of the fatherhood role, benefits achieved with increased father involvement, and strengths and challenges in fatherhood, all of which demonstrated how repercussions from diagnosis and redefinition of expectations of masculinity and fatherhood affected the way fathers exercise fatherhood. Fathers were participative and attentive to their child's needs, even in a challenging context demanding integration of care with work obligations. This metasynthesis highlights challenges faced by fathers in acquiring new skills and competencies while caring for their children. The findings identify a need for interventions to facilitate fathers' involvement in caring for their children.

Fathers' Involvement in Rearing Children With Profound Intellectual and Multiple Disabilities

The aim of this study was to explore father's involvement in rearing a child with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities (PIMD). In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with seven fathers in Japan, and the data were analyzed using a qualitative inductive method. The relationship between the parents, in the context of childrearing, influenced father's involvement with their child with PIMD. Fathers improved their self-confidence in childrearing by discussing and sharing about their child's conditions and caregiving approaches with their spouse. Moreover, fathers' experience of being acknowledged and entrusted by their spouse with childrearing motivated and enhanced their involvement. On the contrary, fathers struggled with concerns regarding their family's future, the balance between childrearing and work, and their own health status. The current findings contribute to nurses' understanding of father's involvement in childrearing a child with PIMD and the development of support focusing on the parental dyadic relationship and coparenting behavior.

Understanding maternal resilience; Lesson learnt from rural mothers caring for a child with a chronic health condition

AIM

This study aimed to understand the lived experience of rural mothers caring for a child with a chronic health condition and to understand their perspectives on the support, services and resources they identify as necessary to effectively manage caregiving.

BACKGROUND

Maternal caregivers in rural areas experience difficulty accessing specialist health care for their child and can also experience geographical and social isolation. Understanding the factors that enable these maternal caregivers to overcome the challenges and adversities faced is crucial to help nurses identify and facilitate avenues for support and resources.

DESIGN

This study employed a phenomenological design. The study is reported in line with Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research guidelines (COREQ).

METHODS

Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 17 maternal caregivers in rural New South Wales, Australia, who had at least one child with a chronic health condition aged between 2-18 years. Data were collected from March to June 2018. Thematic analysis was used to develop a thematic framework. This paper reports on one of the major themes identified in this research, specifically maternal resilience.

RESULTS

Participants demonstrated maternal resilience by creating meaningful social connections, cultivating networks, developing problem-solving skills, enhancing their self-efficacy and finding a sense of purpose through hope and optimism. These strategies provide nurses insight into how some rural women overcome adversities associated with their maternal labour required in caring for a child with a chronic health condition.

CONCLUSION

This study found that participants overcame the challenges related to their caregiving work, emerging as resilient caregivers. Understanding maternal resilience assists nurses to provide the services rural mothers in Australia need to care for their child with a CHC.

RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE

Findings from this study provide insight into the experiences of rural maternal caregivers of children with a chronic health condition and identify the strategies they adopt to overcome caregiver challenges. Understanding these strategies allows nurses to improve care and support for rural mothers using a strength-based approach to build maternal resilience.

Parents' information needs, treatment concerns, and psychological well-being when their child is diagnosed with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: A systematic review

OBJECTIVE

We systematically reviewed the experiences of parents who have a child with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in order to understand their needs and concerns related to their child's healthcare, and assist health professionals in supporting parents of this paediatric patient group.

METHODS

A systematic search strategy identified eighteen relevant studies published between 2000 and 2020. Quality was assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool and the literature was narratively synthesised.

RESULTS

Three main themes were evident across the literature including information needs, treatment concerns, and psychological well-being. Studies predominantly focused on the surgical treatment of scoliosis.

CONCLUSION

Parents face challenges such as acquiring appropriate knowledge about scoliosis to participate in healthcare decisions and coping with their child undergoing invasive spinal surgery. Throughout this time, their psychological well-being can be negatively impacted. Considering parents' experiences and support needs throughout this anxiety-provoking time is an important step in delivering family-centered care and promoting better outcomes for paediatric patients.

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS

Providing parents with appropriate resources and addressing concerns around surgical complications, postoperative pain, and how they can best support their child before and after surgery, may alleviate some of the emotional burden that parents experience.

Fathers of children with a disability: health, work, and family life issues

PURPOSE

Fathers in families raising children with disabilities are under-researched. Fathers' perspectives can be better accommodated in childhood disability services that operate on a family-centred paradigm if their perspectives are understood. This study aimed to investigate the perspectives of fathers on caring and family life, work, and health.

METHODS

A mixed-methods design with an online questionnaire included open-ended questions and three instruments: Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS); Health Promoting Activities Scale (HPAS-M); Fathers of Children with Developmental Challenges (FCDC) Scale.

RESULTS

Fathers (n = 33) reported high depressive (58%), anxiety (37%), and stress symptoms (61%). Fathers reported low participation in health-promoting activity with less than weekly: planning health activities (58%); solo physical activity (26%); social activity (3%); time relaxing (16%). Sixty-four percent worked full-time, although work was reported to be challenged by family responsibilities. Fathers described directly caring for their children although service interactions were low and delegated to mothers.

CONCLUSIONS

Fathers in this study reported stress, mental health issues, and low participation in healthy activity. Fathers experienced challenges related to career progression and job choices due to family responsibilities. Providing individualised and responsive support to fathers of a child with a disability would better support the family unit.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONFathers of children with a disability in this study experienced high mental health symptoms.Fathers were involved with their child's care at home but had low service interactions suggesting that service providers need to discover new ways to better engage fathers.Fathers experienced challenges to participation in paid work secondary to care responsibilities for their child with a disability and resulting needs of their family.Services that better support fathers are important to promote better health and wellbeing and support families.

Exploring how mothers of a child with a genetic disorder experience their couple relationship in a low socio-economic setting

Having a child with a genetic disorder directly impacts a couple's relationship due to increased care demands. Most research on couple relationships in the context of having a child with a disability has been done in well-resourced, developed countries. In South Africa, the black South African population has been historically disadvantaged resulting in high rates of unemployment and poverty, and disruption of the family system. The purpose of this study was to explore the impact of having a child with a genetic disorder on the couple relationship in a low socio-economic setting. Thirteen black South African mothers of a child with a confirmed or suspected genetic disorder participated in the study. All participants were recruited while waiting to be seen for a follow-up appointment by a medical geneticist at a Genetic Clinic in Johannesburg, South Africa between 2016 and 2019. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews lasting between 25 and 60 min and analyzed using thematic content analysis. Findings showed that mothers of a child with a genetic disorder in this low socio-economic setting frequently felt unsupported and carried the responsibility of childcare alone. The majority of participants wanted more tangible and emotional support from their partners and without this support they felt isolated and alone. The participants used many different coping strategies to deal with the distress of having a child with a genetic disorder but most frequently they described using 'acceptance'. Participants' partners were more often reported to use escape-avoidance strategies such as abandonment, denying paternity, withdrawal, and partner-blame. We suggest that mothers of a child with a genetic disorder should consult with a genetic counselor in addition to a medical geneticist to enable the provision of emotional support.

A meta-ethnographic study of fathers' experiences of caring for a child with a life-limiting illness

BACKGROUND

There is a growing body of qualitative studies examining parents' experiences of caring for a child with a life-limiting condition, coinciding with recent evidence that indicates an increasing incidence of paediatric life-limiting conditions. However, research focusing on fathers' needs remains sparse and is often diluted among a predominant 'mother's voice', raising questions about whether practices in clinical settings meet fathers' needs.

AIM

To provide an in-depth assembly of the current state of knowledge around fathers' experiences of caring for their children diagnosed with life-limiting conditions and understand the implications for healthcare services and policies.

DESIGN

A meta-ethnography was conducted to synthesise findings from existing qualitative studies exploring fathers' experiences of caring.

DATA SOURCES

Four electronic databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL and Science Direct) were searched up until April 2020. Qualitative studies exploring fathers' care experience and published in English language were included. The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) checklist was employed for study quality appraisal. No temporal limits were used.

RESULTS

Sixty-three studies met the inclusion criteria. Thirty life-limiting conditions were included. Based on responses from 496 fathers, a conceptual model was developed which translates key experiences within the fathers' caregiving journeys. The overarching concepts identified were: the paradox of support, challenges in the caring process, 'nobody thinks of men', impact on family life and the fall of the curtain: an irrevocably altered world. These and associated sub-concepts are discussed, with recommendations for future research and practice provided.

CONCLUSION

The findings indicate the value of a family-oriented approach to develop psychosocial interventions and support channels for fathers, thus empowering them whilst reducing the care-giving burden on the family unit.

Quality of Life and Mental Health in Mothers and Fathers Caring for Children and Adolescents with Rare Diseases Requiring Long-Term Mechanical Ventilation

(1) Parents caring for children and adolescents with rare diseases fear the long-term progression of the child’s disease and the loss of their parental role. The aim of this study was to examine the quality of life, mental health and associated protective factors of mothers and fathers caring for children with rare diseases requiring mechanical long-term ventilation. (2) In a cross-sectional design, data on quality of life, mental health, coping mechanisms, social support and family functioning from n = 75 affected families were collected using standardized psychometric questionnaires. (3) Mothers compared to fathers were significantly more impaired in their quality of life and mental health. Protective factors significantly associated with the respective outcomes for mothers were coping mechanisms, social support and family functioning, whereas for fathers solely the latter was found to be significant. Multiple regression analyses showed that family functioning may be the most important predictor of quality of life and mental health. (4) The results support the need for family-oriented care in parents of children with rare diseases. To reach optimal efficiency, health care providers should not only screen parents for psychosocial impairment but also provide interventions that consider gender-specific differences in psychological health.

Mothers' and fathers' views of family management and health-related quality of life for young adult survivors of childhood brain tumors

PURPOSE

To examine associations between fathers' and mothers' appraisals of family management and physical and emotional health-related quality of life (QOL) for young adult survivors of childhood brain tumors.

DESIGN

Cross-sectional.

SAMPLE

47 mothers and 39 fathers (39-67 years old); 47 survivors (18-33 years old).

METHODS

Analyses evaluated relationships among family management (Survivor's Daily Life, Condition Management Ability, Condition Management Effort, Family Life Difficulty, View of Condition Impact, Parental Mutuality), quality of life, and parental role.

FINDINGS

Except for Parental Mutuality, family management ratings were not significantly different for mothers and fathers, and parental views of survivors' physical and emotional QOL improved with better family management. Parental role moderated associations between physical and emotional QOL and Survivors' Daily Life and between emotional QOL and Condition Management Ability, Condition Management Effort, and View of Condition Impact.

IMPLICATIONS FOR PSYCHOSOCIAL PROVIDERS

Assess and address survivor QOL through family management from multiple perspectives.

Fathers of Children With Congenital Heart Disease: Sources of Stress and Opportunities for Intervention

OBJECTIVES

To examine sources of stress for fathers of children with congenital heart disease and opportunities for intervention to prevent or reduce paternal mental health problems.

DESIGN

Qualitative study using online crowdsourcing, an innovative research methodology to create an online community to serve as a research sample.

SETTING

Yammer, an online social networking site.

SUBJECTS

Geographically diverse sample of 70 parents (25 fathers and 45 mothers) of young children with congenital heart disease.

INTERVENTIONS

Participants joined a private group on Yammer and responded to 37 open-ended study questions over a 6-month period. Qualitative data were coded and analyzed using an iterative process, and themes regarding sources of stress for fathers of children with congenital heart disease and opportunities for intervention were identified.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS

Four broad themes regarding sources of stress for fathers of children with congenital heart disease emerged from the qualitative data from both mothers and fathers: societal expectations for fatherhood and standards of masculinity, balancing work and family responsibilities, feeling overlooked as a partner in care, and lack of father supports. To begin to address these sources of stress, participants recommended that care teams acknowledge and normalize the impact of congenital heart disease on fathers, provide support for balancing work and family responsibilities, recognize and promote father knowledge and engagement, and provide formal and informal supports for fathers of children with congential heart disease.

CONCLUSIONS

Fathers of children with congenital heart disease experience unique sources of stress in the absence of targeted interventions to meet their needs. Care teams play an important role in acknowledging the experiences of fathers and including and engaging fathers in care.

What Do Polish Parents and Caregivers Think ofDietary Supplements for Children Aged 3-12?

Background: The aim of this study was to specify the amounts and the types of dietary supplements (DS) taken by children and define the attitudes of caregivers towards DS and towards administering them to children aged 3–12. An analysis of the reasons for using DSs, and of expected benefits and awareness of health risks associated with administering DSs, was conducted. Methods: The online questionnaire collected information on sociodemographic characteristics and use of dietary supplements. Multiple analyses were used to describe the relationship between demographic factors and dietary supplement intake. In particular cases, strength and correlation were also calculated. Results: In total, 54.89% of participants were administering dietary supplements to children at the time of completing the questionnaire—a weak linear relationship (Cramer’s V = 0.21) between child’s age and the child taking dietary supplements. Respondents for whom DSs are equivalents of medicines tend not to see that dietary supplements may cause side-effects and interact. Conclusions: Parents who administer dietary supplements to children show a tendency to have more trust in this type of product than the people who do not do so. It was also confirmed that the people who take dietary supplements transfer their behavioral patterns by also administering them to their children.

Experiences of Fathers of Young Children With Severe Congenital Heart Defects in Korea: A Qualitative Descriptive Study

PURPOSE

This qualitative descriptive study sought to explore the experiences of fathers of children with severe congenital heart defects (CHDs) in Korea.

METHODS

The participants were nine fathers of children under 5 years of age who had undergone open heart surgery within the last 5 years. Data were collected using in-depth individual interviews from February to March 2015. Qualitative data were analyzed using the thematic analysis method.

RESULTS

Three themes and nine sub-themes emerged from the data. The three themes were "heartbreaking suffering," "self-control during a great struggle," and "being a father of a child with CHD." This study described coping strategies that fathers used to balance their life, including self-control, redefinition of the situation, and seeking family support resources, which enabled them to practice normalization and live an ordinary life despite limitations.

CONCLUSION

The findings of this study indicate that considerable psychological distress of fathers was similar to that of mothers for weeks to months after the sudden diagnosis of CHD and heart operations. The results also depict the coping strategies, contemporary fathering experience and the parenting role of fathers in raising children with severe CHDs.

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS

Healthcare professionals should understand the experience of fathers of children with severe CHDs and their needs for social support. It is also necessary to develop nursing interventions that focus on fathers' needs.

Fathers' psychological responses to pediatric cancer-induced financial distress

BACKGROUND

To describe how pediatric cancer-induced financial distress and perceptions of their social role affected fathers' psychological responses to this distress, and quality of life (QOL) for them and their families.

PROCEDURE

We analyzed father-only responses from a larger cross-sectional survey study about the impact of pediatric cancer-induced financial distress on parents. Our analytic sample was n = 87 fathers who participated in the larger study. We analyzed their data using descriptive statistics and directed content analysis.

RESULTS

Conflicting role responsibilities (be there for child; work to maintain income and insurance coverage) seemed to generate responses resembling characteristic posttraumatic stress symptoms in reaction to acute declines in family finances and/or the chronic stress of insufficient finances to meet financial demands, that is, financial trauma. Fathers' personal sense of not being able to adequately provide for their child with cancer and also meet their family's basic needs produced embarrassment and humiliation, which led to discomfort talking about finances; fear, persistent thoughts and anxiety about money; reduced joy; beliefs that they did not deserve to express their needs; and feeling vulnerable to repeated financial stressors.

CONCLUSIONS

Pediatric cancer-induced financial burden contributed to fathers' symptom severity and burden, and QOL declines. Clinicians should develop sensitivity to the multiple ways that pediatric cancer affects individuals and families. Future research should examine the effects of pediatric cancer-induced financial burden on mothers, and develop ways to sensitively and systematically assess financial burden, associated psychological responses and declines in QOL, and intervene as indicated.

Family caregivers' lived experiences of caring for epidermolysis bullosa patients: A phenomenological study

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

To explore the lived experiences of family caregivers of epidermolysis bullosa (EB) patients.

BACKGROUND

Patients with EB need long-term care. Their family experiences physical and mental stress while proving that care. However, very little research has explored the family caregivers' actual lived experiences when caring for EB patients.

DESIGN

This is a qualitative research using the phenomenological approach.

METHODS

Data were collected with the assistance of the Taiwan Foundation for Rare Disorders (TFRD). Interviews were conducted between 2015 and 2017 with primary family caregivers (n = 10) who had cared for EB patients for at least five years. Data were analysed using Colaizzi's (1978) seven-step phenomenological method. COREQ reporting guidelines were utilised.

RESULTS

Four themes and eleven subthemes emerged after data analysis: (a) transformation and helplessness: changing expectations and helplessness associated with the rare, unknown disease; (b) mother's responsibility: mothers loving and protecting their children, surviving through adversity and challenges and self-experiencing a child's pain; (c) physical and mental fatigue experienced by the whole family: physical and mental exhaustion, and unbalanced lives; and (d) adjustment and social support: providing mutual assistance to mitigate adversity, hopeful search for treatments, the importance of patient associations and rare disease foundations, and social assistance requirements.

CONCLUSION

Family caregivers experience many challenges when caring for EB patients and experience substantial stress and overwhelming burdens. Consequently, they would benefit greatly from various support systems to reduce the burden of caring for EB patients.

RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE

Healthcare professionals can use the findings from this study to understand the circumstances faced by family caregivers and tailor care and education specifically to support each family's financial, social and household needs, thereby helping them reduce the stress of caring for EB patients.

Differences Between Mothers' and Fathers' Perception of Their Adolescents' Pain Before and After Parent Training Through The Comfort Ability Pain Management Program

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate differences in how mothers and fathers perceive and respond to their adolescents' chronic pain before and after The Comfort Ability Program (CAP), a 1-day cognitive-behavioral intervention, and to compare outcomes between mother-father dyads and mothers who attended the intervention alone.

METHODS

Parents completed the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) and Helping for Health Inventory (HHI) at baseline (preintervention) and at 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months after intervention. Confirmatory factor analyses evaluated construct validity and invariances of the scales. Paired t tests compared scores between mothers and fathers. Unpaired t tests compared mother-father dyads (n = 33) and mothers who attended the intervention alone (n = 73).

RESULTS

PCS baseline showed significant construct instability between maternal and paternal interpretations. However, 1 week after intervention, construct stability improved between parents. On the PCS and HHI, in which lower scores represent more adaptive parenting behaviors, fathers scored significantly lower than mothers at baseline (PCS: 22.6 [7.7] vs 28.0 [11.4], p value = 0.033; HHI: 16.0 [8.1] vs 20.6 [9.6], p value = 0.029). At 3 months after intervention, PCS scores for both mothers and fathers significantly decreased from baseline (mothers: p value = 0.009; fathers: p value = 0.052) and converged (mothers: 18.6 [11.2] vs fathers: 18.3 [13.2]; p value = 0.786). Mother and father HHI scores were significantly lower at 3 months than baseline (mothers: 13.2 [9.5], p value = 0.005; fathers: 15.0 [12.7], p value = 0.017), although improvement of construct stability between parents was less evident.

CONCLUSION

Findings suggest that mothers and fathers may differentially perceive and respond to their adolescents' pain and that CAP parent-training intervention may help align their thinking. The results further demonstrate that both parents make adaptive changes after intervention, reinforcing the value of including both parents in pediatric treatment for chronic pain.

Well-being, familial risk, and transfusion interval in thalassemia-affected families: A two-step cluster analysis

BACKGROUND

Thalassemia is an inherited blood disorder which is one of the common genetic disorders among children that is increasing worldwide.

AIM AND OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to identify clustering patterns among thalassemia-affected families based on their well-being, transfusion interval, and risk factors using two-step cluster analysis (TCA).

METHODS

The study design is a descriptive, analytical cross-sectional study. The study sample consisted of 125 thalassemia children along with either one of the parents who referred to a thalassemia treatment center of a pediatric hospital in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. The parents and children were evaluated using the Ryff Psychological Well-being Scale and Kidscreen Questionnaire respectively. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16.0 software.

RESULTS

Out of 125 parents, 86 were father (68.8%) and 39 were mother (31.2%). The mean age of parents was 38 years. Similarly, out of 125 thalassemia-affected children, the mean age of children was 13 years. Six clusters were deducted from the TCA. Parents' well-being variable does not have discriminating power to form cluster division. Three cluster formations were meaningful.

CONCLUSION

TCA, in this study, helps in finding the clusters of families with thalassemia-affected children associated with poor well-being and familial risks, which require attention for medical counseling.

Supporting fathers who want to be involved in providing healthcare for their child

An increasing number of fathers want to be involved in providing healthcare for their child. Nurses endeavouring to include fathers in care are hindered by a lack of evidence-based guidelines outlining how best to engage with, educate and upskill this parent. Fathers remain a relatively understudied parent and there are insufficient data to validate guidelines. A scoping review sought to locate, describe and summarise evidence of fathers performing healthcare for their child experiencing an acute, chronic or long-term condition; identify the type of support fathers received when acquiring healthcare skills; and determine gaps in research knowledge relevant to nursing practice in the context of family-centred care. A search was undertaken of five electronic databases, relevant journals and grey literature reported in the English language for works produced between 2002 and 2017. Twelve works met the inclusion criteria and were suitable for analysis. Descriptions of paternal health practices remain scant and therefore limit our knowledge of fathers' repertoire of skills, potential abilities and support needs. An evidence-based approach is needed to guide nurses in their support of fathers who actively seek to be involved in their child's healthcare. A mixed-methods approach with longitudinal data collection is required to fill this research gap.

Fathers' experiences of their child's life-limiting condition: An attachment narrative perspective

When a child has a life-limiting illness, parental involvement is amplified, having to respond to the increased needs of the child. Both parents are affected by the illness, yet research has largely under-represented fathers' experiences of their child's illness. Seven fathers were interviewed about their experiences with their child's life-limiting illness. In addition, fathers' attachment strategies were assessed using the Adult Attachment Interview. Narrative analysis was implemented to explore the interviews, and indicators of attachment markers employed in the Adult Attachment Interview were also identified. The dominant themes were found to be 'experience of the diagnosis', 'living with the illness', 'struggling with emotions' and 'relationship with staff'. Within each theme, there were differences which related to the father's attachment strategies. This was particularly evident in parts of their narratives recounting critical moments of threat and anxiety in the course of discovering and adjusting to their child's illness. Importantly, the findings also suggested that the experience for the fathers stressed, and in some cases disrupted, their attachment coping strategies. All fathers told stories of trying to get it right for their children and family. Their experiences of, and adjustment to, the illness were related to their attachment strategies. The clinical implications for health professionals are discussed.

Primary and Secondary Caregiver Reports of Quality of Life in Pediatric Asthma: Are They Comparable?

PURPOSE

This study aimed to compare primary and secondary caregiver QOL within families of children with asthma and determine the potential importance of including secondary caregiver QOL in clinical and research settings.

METHODS

Participants included 118 families of children with asthma that had primary and secondary caregivers. Families completed measures in a single research session. Caregivers reported on QOL, psychological functioning, and family burden; children completed a measure of QOL. Child lung function was determined from objective spirometry. Adherence to prescribed controller medication was measured for 6 weeks following the research visit.

RESULTS

Primary caregiver QOL was significantly lower than secondary caregiver QOL (Mean overall QOL of 5.85 versus 6.17, p < .05). Better medication adherence was associated with higher primary caregiver QOL (ρ = .22, p = .02); secondary caregiver QOL, not primary caregiver QOL, was positively associated with child QOL (ρ = .20, p = .03). Families with discrepant QOL scores between caregivers (difference in scores of at least .50) were characterized by more family burden and primary caregiver psychological symptoms.

CONCLUSIONS

Differences in QOL scores between caregivers may be a reflection of primary caregivers' greater investment in daily asthma management. In families reporting low burden and few psychological difficulties in the primary caregiver, QOL assessments from either caregiver may may be informative and representative of how parents are adapting to child asthma. In families experiencing high levels of burden or more primary caregiver psychological difficulties, QOL reports from secondary caregivers may not be as clinically meaningful.

A systematic scoping review of the recent literature (∼2011-2017) about the costs of illness to parents of children diagnosed with cancer

PURPOSE

The study purpose was to map and identify gaps in the recent (∼2011-2017) literature on the costs of illness to parents of children diagnosed with cancer. The costs of illness include direct costs, indirect costs and psychosocial costs.

METHODS

A systematic scoping review was conducted. Data sources included PubMed, CINAHL, PsychInfo and EconLit. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they were conducted in high-income countries, published in the English language, and reported parent perspectives on direct costs, indirect costs and/or psychosocial costs due to financial costs.

RESULTS

25 studies were eligible. Most were conducted in Canada, the USA, or Sweden. The studies used a variety of designs, target populations, time frames and sample sizes. Intervention studies were lacking. Across studies fathers were underrepresented. While no study comprehensively measured costs of illness, more studies used rigorous methods and considered psychosocial costs. Financial costs were measured using a micro-costing or general estimates approach. Psychosocial costs were measured using a variety of PRO measures, some of which were investigator developed. The studies provide evidence that financial toxicity occurs in pediatric oncology.

CONCLUSIONS

Future studies should comprehensively measure costs using a consistent set of established measures and make efforts to recruit fathers to cost of illness research. Interventions to mitigate financial toxicity are needed.

Mothers' experience of caring for a child with early onset scoliosis: A qualitative descriptive study

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to identify and describe the experience of parents of children diagnosed with early onset scoliosis living in Australia.

BACKGROUND

Chronic childhood disease has a major impact on health-related quality of life. Caring for a child with a chronic illness is well documented but the specific experiences of parents who care for children with early onset scoliosis, a rare but devastating illness, has not been explored. Numerous studies have described the interrelated psychological, financial, social, physical and logistical factors that impact the experience of the caregiver role with various diseases, but in the case of early onset scoliosis, limited studies have been conducted about the parental experience.

METHODS

A qualitative descriptive design was used. A snowball sampling technique assisted in the recruitment. Parents invited to the study included mothers, fathers and guardians. Data were collected through semistructured interviews and transcribed verbatim. Transcripts were analysed thematically. Data collection complied with the Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research guidelines.

FINDINGS

Twelve mothers of children with early onset scoliosis were interviewed, as only mothers consented to participate. Four major themes emerged: emotional rollercoaster ride, a lack of resources, money talks and pervasive burden. Factors that impacted on the participants' ability to confront, manage and endure caring for a child with early onset scoliosis emerged from the data.

CONCLUSION

The findings suggest there are multiple factors that influence the experience of mothers' caring for a child with early onset scoliosis. The recognition and appropriate management of these factors by healthcare professionals have the potential to improve the quality of life of parents who care for a child with early onset scoliosis.

RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE

Healthcare professionals have first-line contact with parents of children with early onset scoliosis and are well placed to provide parents with evidence-based education and increased support.

Care provided by the father to the child with cancer under the influence of masculinities: qualitative meta-synthesis

ABSTRACT Objective: To synthesize and interpret findings and conclusions of qualitative research addressing the experience of the father in the care of the child with cancer. Method: Meta-synthesis of 16 qualitative studies from six databases, analyzed through taxonomic analysis. Results: Child and adolescent cancer have several repercussions on the daily life of the father, especially related to the stigma around the disease, the fear of the unknown and the social and family role. Faced with the illness and the need to care for the child, the father seeks to recover normality in the family and transitions between hegemonic masculine behaviors and practices culturally recognized as female. Final Considerations: The complex experience of the father, influenced by masculinities, was evidenced. The limitations regard the restricted understanding of the contextual specificities of the experiences, due to the limited characteristics of the parents and children described in the studies. The knowledge produced is useful to promote involvement of fathers in the care of the child, as well as to strengthen and assist him in this task.

Parent-Infant Closeness, Parents' Participation, and Nursing Support in Single-Family Room and Open Bay NICUs

This was a prospective survey study, comparing parent-infant closeness, parents' perceptions of nursing support, and participation in medical rounds in single-family room (SFR) and an open bay (OB) neonatal intensive care units. Nurses' assessments of provided support were also measured. In total, 115 parents of 64 preterm infants less than 35 weeks' gestational age and 129 nurses participated. Parents recorded the presence and skin-to-skin care. Parents were sent 9 text message questions in random order. Nurses answered corresponding Internet-based questions. SFR mothers were more present, 20 hours daily (median) versus 7 hours (P < .001), initiated skin-to-skin contact (SSC) at 4 versus 12 hours (P = .03), and preformed SSC 180 min/24 h versus 120 min/24 h for mothers in the OB unit (P = .02). SFR fathers were also more present, 8 versus 4 hours (P < .001), initiated SSC at 3 versus 40 hours (P = .004), and performed SSC 67 min/24 h versus 31 min/24 h (P = .05). SFR parents rated participation in medical rounds and emotional support higher than OB parents. Parental trust was rated higher by nurses in the OB unit (P = .02). SFR facilitated parent-infant closeness, parents' participation in medical rounds, and increased support from nurses.

The support needs of parents having a child with a chronic kidney disease: a focus group study

BACKGROUND

Parents of children with a chronic kidney disease (CKD) have a crucial role in the management of their child's disease. The burden on parents is high: they are often exhausted, depressed and experience high levels of stress and a low quality of life, which could have a negative impact on their child's health outcomes. Support aiming at preventing and reducing parental stress is essential. Therefore, it is necessary to have insight in the problems and support needs among these parents.

OBJECTIVE

Our aim is to describe parents' support needs regarding the problems they experience in having a child with CKD.

METHODS

Five focus group interviews were conducted with parents of children: (i) with hereditary kidney disease, (ii) with nephrotic syndrome, (iii) with chronic kidney failure, (iv) using dialysis and (v) after renal transplantation. The children were treated at a paediatric nephrology unit in one university hospital in the Netherlands. The data were thematically analysed.

RESULTS

Twenty-one parents participated in the focus groups. Parents need more information about their child's CKD and treatment options, and managing their own hobbies and work. Furthermore, parents need emotional support from their partner, family, friends, peers and healthcare professionals to help them cope with the disease of their child. Additionally, parents need practical support to hand over their care and support in transport, financial management and regarding their child at school.

CONCLUSION

Needs regarding balancing their personal life are seldom prioritized by parents as the child's needs are considered more important. Therefore, it is important that healthcare professionals should not only attend to the abilities of parents concerning their child's disease management, but also focus on the parents' abilities in balancing their responsibilities as a caregiver with their own personal life.

Meta-synthesis about man as a father and caregiver for a hospitalized child

ABSTRACT Objective: to identify, analyze and synthesize the father’s experience in care for a hospitalized child from results of primary qualitative studies. Method: this is a qualitative meta-synthesis through which 12 articles were analyzed, selected in the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature databases, Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences, Public Medline, Scopus, PsycINFO and Web of Science, published between 1995 and 2015. The methodological steps proposed by Sandelowski and Barroso were used to systematize the review, as well as concepts from the anthropology of masculinities to analyze and discuss the synthesis. Results: the synthesis was presented by means of two themes: 1) paternal dilemmas - what man feels and faces during the hospitalization of the child, highlighting the emotional involvement and change in the family and work relationship, and 2) paternal identities - masculinities readjusted in view of the child’s illness, which reveals identity marks and repressed fatherhood in the hospital environment. Both themes illustrate the challenges and readjustment of parental identity. Final considerations: to get to know the experiences of the father during the hospitalization of the child and the way in which the challenges for the readjustment of roles related to masculinity could broaden the range of nursing and other health professionals, alerting to the importance of including the father as a protagonist or coadjuvant in the care for hospitalized children.

Desirable Components for a Customized, Home-Based, Digital Care-Management App for Children and Young People With Long-Term, Chronic Conditions: A Qualitative Exploration

BACKGROUND

Mobile apps for mobile phones and tablet devices are widely used by children and young people aged 0-18 years with long-term health conditions, such as chronic kidney disease (CKD), and their healthy peers for social networking or gaming. They are also poised to become a major source of health guidance. However, app development processes that are coproduced, rigorously developed, and evaluated to provide tailored, condition-specific, practical advice on day-to-day care management are seldom systematic or sufficiently described to enable replication. Furthermore, attempts to extrapolate to the real world are hampered by a poor understanding of the effects of key elements of app components. Therefore, effective and cost-effective novel, digital apps that will effectively and safely support care management are critical and timely. To inform development of such an app for children with CKD, a user requirements-gathering exercise was first needed.

OBJECTIVE

To explore the views of children with CKD, their parents, and health care professionals to inform future development of a child-focused, care-management app.

METHODS

Using age- and developmentally appropriate methods, we interviewed 36 participants: 5-10-year-olds (n=6), 11-14-year-olds (n=6), 15-18-year-olds (n=5), mothers (n=10), fathers (n=2), and health care professionals (n=7). Data were analyzed using Framework Analysis and behavior change theories.

RESULTS

Of the 27 interviews, 19 (70%) interviews were individual and 8 (30%) were joint-5 out of 8 (63%) joint interviews were with a child or young person and their parent, 1 out of 8 (13%) were with a child and both parents, and 2 out of 8 (25%) were with 2 professionals. Three key themes emerged to inform development of a software requirement specification for a future home-based, digital care-management app intervention: (1) Gaps in current online information and support, (2) Difficulties experienced by children with a long-term condition, and (3) Suggestions for a digital care-management app. Reported gaps included the fact that current online information is not usually appropriate for children as it is "dry" and "boring," could be "scary," and was either hard to understand or not relevant to individuals' circumstances. For children, searching online was much less accessible than using a professional-endorsed mobile app. Children also reported difficulty explaining their condition to others, maintaining treatment adherence, coping with feeling isolated, and with trying to live a "normal" life. There was recognition that a developmentally appropriate, CKD-specific app could support the process of explaining the condition to healthy peers, reducing isolation, adhering to care-management plans, and living a "normal" life. Participants recommended a range of media and content to include in a tailored, interactive, age- and developmentally appropriate app. For example, the user would be able to enter their age and diagnosis so that only age-appropriate and condition-specific content is displayed.

CONCLUSIONS

Future development of a digital app that meets the identified information and support needs and preferences of children with CKD will maximize its utility, thereby augmenting CKD caregiving and optimizing outcomes.

Collaborating With Parents of Children With Chronic Conditions and Professionals to Design, Develop and Pre-pilot PLAnT (the Parent Learning Needs and Preferences Assessment Tool)

PURPOSE

This study aimed to design, develop and pre-pilot an assessment tool (PLAnT) to identify parents' learning needs and preferences when carrying out home-based clinical care for their child with a chronic condition.

DESIGN AND METHODS

A mixed methods, two-phased design was used. Phase 1: a total of 10 parents/carers and 13 professionals from six UK's children's kidney units participated in qualitative interviews. Interview data were used to develop the PLAnT. Eight of these participants subsequently took part in an online survey to refine the PLAnT. Phase 2: thirteen parents were paired with one of nine professionals to undertake a pre-pilot evaluation of PLAnT. Data were analyzed using the Framework approach.

RESULTS

A key emergent theme identifying parents' learning needs and preferences was identified. The importance of professionals being aware of parents' learning needs and preferences was recognised. Participants discussed how parents' learning needs and preferences should be identified, including: the purpose for doing this, the process for doing this, and what would the outcome be of identifying parents' needs.

CONCLUSIONS

The evidence suggests that asking parents directly about their learning needs and preferences may be the most reliable way for professionals to ascertain how to support individual parents' learning when sharing management of their child's chronic condition.

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS

With the increasing emphasis on parent-professional shared management of childhood chronic conditions, professionals can be guided by PLAnT in their assessment of parents' learning needs and preferences, based on identified barriers and facilitators to parental learning.

Examining the Roles and Experiences of Fathers of Children With Chronic Kidney Disease

This study examined roles and experiences of fathers of children with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Based on interpretive description, semistructured interviews were conducted with 22 fathers of children receiving a range of treatments (transplant, peritoneal dialysis, hemodialysis, and CKD not requiring renal replacement therapy). Fathers described various experiences and means of adjusting to shifts associated with pediatric CKD. These included loss of personal control, a sense of personal isolation, and a stance of remaining strong amidst personal suffering. Nuanced differences according to modality of CKD care were identified. Fathers engaged in strategies that fostered coping, such as remaining positive and taking charge. They conveyed deep love for their child, and demonstrated ingenuity and persistence in care. Few resources of support were accessed by fathers. Study recommendations invite holistic approaches to health care, with improved resources for families-including fathers-in addressing the needs of this population.

Effects of a Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Intervention Trial to Improve Disease Outcomes in Children with Inflammatory Bowel Disease

BACKGROUND

Studies testing the efficacy of behavioral interventions to modify psychosocial sequelae of inflammatory bowel disease in children are limited. This report presents outcomes through a 6-month follow-up from a large randomized controlled trial testing the efficacy of a cognitive behavioral intervention for children with inflammatory bowel disease and their parents.

METHODS

One hundred eighty-five children aged 8 to 17 years with a diagnosis of Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis and their parents were randomized to one of two 3-session conditions: (1) a social learning and cognitive behavioral therapy condition or (2) an education support condition designed to control for time and attention.

RESULTS

There was a significant overall treatment effect for school absences due to Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis (P < 0.05) at 6 months after treatment. There was also a significant overall effect after treatment for child-reported quality of life (P < 0.05), parent-reported increases in adaptive child coping (P < 0.001), and reductions in parents' maladaptive responses to children's symptoms (P < 0.05). Finally, exploratory analyses indicated that for children with a higher level of flares (2 or more) prebaseline, those in social learning and cognitive behavioral therapy condition experienced a greater reduction in flares after treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

This trial suggests that a brief cognitive behavioral intervention for children with inflammatory bowel disease and their parents can result in improved child functioning and quality of life, and for some children may decrease disease activity.

'You have to be a jack of all trades': Fathers parenting their adolescent with chronic pain

Adolescent chronic pain has an extensive impact on parents, with research typically focused on exploring maternal experiences. This exploratory study sought to identify the specific experiences of six UK fathers who parent an adolescent with chronic pain. Data from semi-structured interviews were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Paternal experiences were characterised by four themes: 'helplessness', 'containment', 'balance' and 're-evaluation'. Findings highlighted paternal efforts to manage the impact of adolescent chronic pain by focusing inwardly on the family and adopting multiple roles. Fathers identified ways in which they could renegotiate their relationship with their adolescent to manage pain-related disruption.

Fathers' Perception, Practice, and Challenges in Young Child Care and Feeding in Ethiopia

BACKGROUND

The role of fathers in proper nutrition of young children has not been a frequent topic of studies. Mothers are usually the primary caregivers for young children. However, the father is often responsible for the financial choices of the household, especially in developing countries; we wondered to what extent fathers were involved in child feeding.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to investigate the extent of perceptions, practices, and challenges of fathers from low-income settings in routine child care, particularly in relation to child-feeding practices.

METHODS

A qualitative study was conducted in northern Ethiopia. Ten fathers, who had children between 6 and 23 months, were participated in the study. To validate fathers' comments, 10 mothers (from different households) also participated. In-depth interviews and focus group discussions were carried out. A thematic analysis was completed to identify emergent themes within the data.

RESULTS

In general, traditional fathers, fathers in transition, and modern fathers are the 3 types of fathers identified based on their perception, practice, and challenges of routine child care and feeding.

CONCLUSION

Our findings provide new insight to the literature in describing fathers' roles and challenges in routine child-care and feeding practices. We have developed a model that could help researchers, programmers, policy makers, and health workers to approach fathers in different child intervention research and plans. Our findings suggest that targeting fathers may be a worthwhile approach and that it seems justifiable to plan interventions involving fathers.

Fear of hypoglycemia, anxiety, and subjective well-being in parents of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes

This study explored the association between parental fear of hypoglycemia, anxiety, and subjective well-being in parents of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. A total of 120 mothers and 79 fathers participated. Mothers' and fathers' fear of hypoglycemia was significantly associated with anxiety and negative affect as well as with worse glycemic control in child. Paired-samples t-test showed that mothers were more involved in diabetes management and reported more fear and anxiety compared to fathers, but they did not differ in worries about hypoglycemia. The findings suggest screening for fear of hypoglycemia and subjective well-being in all parents regardless of whether their child experienced severe hypoglycemia.

The Supportive Care Needs of Parents With a Child With a Rare Disease: A Qualitative Descriptive Study

There are few studies that exist which focus specifically on parents with a child with a rare disease. The purpose of this study was to better understand the lived experiences and supportive care needs (SCN) of parents caring for a child across a spectrum of rare diseases. A qualitative descriptive approach was used to guide the research, and four semi-structured focus group interviews were conducted with 23 parents (17 mothers and 6 fathers). Participants described 'feeling boxed-in outside the box' due to a number of limitations unique to their child's disease, daily practical challenges in providing care and the various relational impacts of caring for a child with a rare disease were discussed. The results from this study help to give clearer direction for health professionals on where to focus future efforts in better meeting the supportive care needs of parents and their child with a rare disease.

Short-Term Natural Course of Depressive Symptoms and Family-Related Stress in Adolescents After Separation From Father

OBJECTIVE

To determine if separation from a father is associated with short-term changes in mental health or substance use in adolescents.

METHODS

Every 3 months, during a 5-year period, we followed 1160 Grade 7 students participating in the Nicotine Dependence in Teens Study who were living with both parents. Participants who reported not living with their father for 6 or more consecutive months during follow-up were categorized as separated from father. Pooled regressions within the framework of generalized estimating equations were used to model the associations between separation from father and indicators of mental health (depressive symptoms, and worry and [or] stress about family relationships or the family situation) and substance use (alcohol use and cigarette smoking) 4 to 6 and 7 to 9 months postseparation, controlling for age, sex, and baseline level of the outcome variable.

RESULTS

Compared with adolescents living with both parents, adolescent offspring separated from their fathers were more likely to report depressive symptoms (β = 0.17, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.33) 4 to 6 months postseparation, as well as worry and (or) stress about their parents separating or divorcing (OR 2.39, 95% CI 1.29 to 4.43), a new family (OR 4.25, 95% CI 2.33 to 7.76), and the family financial situation (OR 2.35, 95% CI 1.53 to 3.60). Separation from father was also marginally significantly related to worry and (or) stress about their relationship with their father (OR 1.53; 95% CI 0.98 to 2.39). At 7 to 9 months postseparation, separation from father continued to be associated with worry and (or) stress about their parents separating or divorcing, a new family, and the family financial situation. Separation from father was no longer associated with worry and (or) stress about their relationship with their father, but it was associated with worry and (or) stress about their relationship with their mother. Separation from father was not related to use of alcohol or cigarettes.

CONCLUSION

Adolescent offspring experienced family-related stress and transient depression symptoms in the 4- to 9-month period following separation from their fathers.

Exploring the beliefs of Japanese mothers caring for a child with disabilities

The purpose of this study was to describe the beliefs of Japanese mothers caring for a child with disabilities to advance knowledge about beliefs of Japanese families experiencing illness. A semistructured interview was conducted with eight mothers who had a child with disabilities (physical, intellectual, and/or developmental). The interview invited their reflections about "mutual thoughts of family members" and family relationships in the context of daily life of caring for a child with disabilities. Data were qualitatively analyzed inductively and deductively and compared with the Common Tentative Framework of Japanese Family Beliefs developed from previous research. The analyses highlighted new understandings of the influence of Japanese cultural and societal beliefs on the family's experience of having a child with disabilities. Clinical implications are discussed and directions for future research suggested.

Delimiting family in syntheses of research on childhood chronic conditions and family life

Synthesis of family research presents unique challenges to investigators who must delimit what will be included as a family study in the proposed review. In this paper, the authors discuss the conceptual and pragmatic challenges of conducting systematic reviews of the literature on the intersection between family life and childhood chronic conditions. A proposed framework for delimiting the family domain of interest is presented. The framework addresses both topical salience and level of relevance and provides direction to future researchers, with the goal of supporting the overall quality of family research synthesis efforts. For users of synthesis studies, knowledge of how investigators conceptualize the boundaries of family research is important contextual information for understanding the limits and applicability of the results.

Information following a diagnosis of congenital heart defect: experiences among parents to prenatally diagnosed children

Background

Prenatal screening of pregnant women in Sweden has improved the detection of major congenital heart defects (CHD). The aim was to explore parental experiences and need for information following a prenatal diagnosis of CHD.

Methods

Semi-structured interviews conducted with six fathers and five mothers to seven prenatally diagnosed children. Data were analyzed through content analysis.

Results

Three themes and 9 categories emerged. Theme 1, Grasping the facts today while reflecting on the future, containing five categories: Difficulties sorting out information when in emotional chaos; Respectful information regarding termination of pregnancy; Early information is crucial; Understanding the facts regarding the anomaly; Preparing for the future. Theme 2, Personal contact with medical specialists who give honest and trustworthy information is valued, containing two categories: Trust in information received from medical specialists and Truth and honesty is valued. Theme 3, An overwhelming amount of information on the Internet, containing two categories: Difficulties in finding relevant information and Easy to focus on cases with a poor outcome when searching the Internet.

Conclusion

Early and honest information in line with individual preferences is crucial to support the decisional process regarding whether to continue or terminate the pregnancy. The use of illustrations is recommended, as a complement to oral information, as it increases comprehension and satisfaction with obtained information. Furthermore, the overwhelming amount of information on the Internet calls for compilation of easily accessible and reliable information sources via the Internet.

Involving parents in managing their child's long-term condition-a concept synthesis of family-centered care and partnership-in-care

BACKGROUNG: Fostering effective engagement, collaboration and empowerment are central to supporting parents caring for children with long-term conditions.

METHODS

A concept synthesis was undertaken to identify the shared antecedents and attributes underpinning models of family-centered care and partnership-in-care.

RESULTS

Thirty studies were reviewed; antecedents of models related to unclear roles, entrenched professional practices, and lack of guidelines supporting their implementation; with central attributes being building trust, listening to parent concerns and valuing parents' knowledge of their child.

CONCLUSION

The key attributes are outlined in a practical framework of involvement which may promote parent-professional collaboration for families of children with long-term conditions.

An interactive health communication application for supporting parents managing childhood long-term conditions: outcomes of a randomized controlled feasibility trial

BACKGROUND

Families living with chronic or long-term conditions such as chronic kidney disease (CKD), stages 3-5, face multiple challenges and respond to these challenges in various ways. Some families adapt well while others struggle, and family response to a condition is closely related to outcome. With families and professionals, we developed a novel condition-specific interactive health communication app to improve parents' management ability-the online parent information and support (OPIS) program. OPIS consists of a comprehensive mix of clinical caregiving and psychosocial information and support.

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to (1) assess feasibility of a future full-scale randomized controlled trial (RCT) of OPIS in terms of recruitment and retention, data collection procedures, and psychometric performance of the study measures in the target population, and (2) investigate trends in change in outcome measures in a small-scale RCT in parents of children with CKD stages 3-5.

METHODS

Parents were recruited from a pediatric nephrology clinic and randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups: usual support for home-based clinical caregiving (control) or usual support plus password-protected access to OPIS for 20 weeks (intervention). Both groups completed study measures at study entry and exit. We assessed feasibility descriptively in terms of recruitment and retention rates overall; assessed recruitment, retention, and uptake of the intervention between groups; and compared family condition management, empowerment to deliver care, and fathers' involvement between groups.

RESULTS

We recruited 55 parents of 39 children (42% of eligible families). Of those, about three-quarters of intervention group parents (19/26, 73%) and control group parents (22/29, 76%) were retained through completion of 20-week data collection. The overall retention rate was 41/55 (75%). The 41 parents completing the trial were asked to respond to the same 10 questionnaire scales at both baseline and 20 weeks later; 10 scores were missing at baseline and nine were missing at 20 weeks. Site user statistics provided evidence that all intervention group parents accessed OPIS. Analysis found that intervention group parents showed a greater improvement in perceived competence to manage their child's condition compared to control group parents: adjusted mean Family Management Measure (FaMM) Condition Management Ability Scale intervention group 44.5 versus control group 41.9, difference 2.6, 95% CI -1.6 to 6.7. Differences between the groups in the FaMM Family Life Difficulty Scale (39.9 vs 36.3, difference 3.7, 95% CI -4.9 to 12.2) appeared to agree with a qualitative observation that OPIS helped parents achieve understanding and maintain awareness of the impact of their child's condition.

CONCLUSIONS

A full-scale RCT of the effectiveness of OPIS is feasible. OPIS has the potential to beneficially affect self-reported outcomes, including parents' perceived competence to manage home-based clinical care for children with CKD stage 3-5. Our design and methodology can be transferred to the management of other childhood conditions.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN): 84283190; http://www.controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN84283190 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6TuPdrXTF).

Using focused ethnography in paediatric settings to explore professionals' and parents' attitudes towards expertise in managing chronic kidney disease stage 3-5

Background

Interactions between parents and healthcare professionals are essential when parents of children with chronic conditions are learning to share expertise about clinical care, but limited evidence exists on how they actually interact. This paper discusses the use of focused ethnography in paediatric settings as an effective means of exploring attitudes towards expertise.

Methods

The paper draws on repeated observations, interviews and field-notes involving the parents of six children with chronic kidney disease, and 28 healthcare professionals at two, tertiary, children’s hospital-based units. Data were analysed using the Framework approach and the concepts of expertise and self-management.

Results

Our study highlighted rewards and challenges associated with focused ethnography in this context. Rewards included the ability to gain a richer understanding of the complex phenomena of mutual acknowledgement of expertise that occurs during parent/ healthcare professional interactions. Challenges related to gaining informed consent and ensuring potential participants had an adequate understanding of the purpose of the study. Two dimensions of parental expertise around their child (personal and clinical) were evident in our data. Parents’ and professionals’ expertise about the child and their condition was acknowledged and exchanged as parents learnt to share clinical-care with the multi-disciplinary team. Healthcare professionals acknowledged parents’ need to understand aspects of each of the eight disciplinary knowledge bases relating to their child’s management and recognised parents’ expert knowledge of their child, found ways to mobilise this knowledge, and wove parents’ expertise into the management plan. Parents spoke of the degree to which their own expert knowledge of their child complemented healthcare professionals’ clinical knowledge. However, ambivalence around expertise was evident as both parents and healthcare professionals questioned what the expertise was, and who the expert was. Our discussion focuses on the ways healthcare professionals and parents share expertise around the child’s condition as parents take on responsibility for home-based clinical care.

Conclusions

Our findings point to focused ethnography being an effective way of capturing new insights into parent and professional interactions in a paediatric setting and mutual acknowledgement of expertise; these insights may help redress the reported limitations of previous, retrospective studies.

Fathers of Children With Type 1 Diabetes: Perceptions of a Father's Involvement From a Health Promotion Perspective

This study describes how fathers of children diagnosed with type 1 diabetes understand their involvement in their child's daily life from a health promotion perspective. Sixteen Swedish fathers of children living with type 1 diabetes were interviewed. Manifest and latent content analysis was used to identify two themes: the inner core of the father's general parental involvement and the additional involvement based on the child's diabetes. The former was underpinned by the fathers' prioritization of family life and the fathers being consciously involved in raising the child, and the latter by the fathers promoting and controlling the child's health and promoting and enabling the child's autonomy. The results highlight that the quality of the fathers' involvement is essential in the management of a child's chronic illness. It is important for pediatric diabetes health care professionals to assess the quality of fathers' involvement to promote the child's health.

Risk and resistance factors associated with paternal adjustment to obstetrical brachial plexus injuries

This study aimed to identify risk and resistance factors associated with the psychological adjustment of fathers of children with obstetrical brachial plexus injuries (OBPI). Participants were 34 fathers of children with OBPI recruited from an Australian OBPI clinic. Measures completed were OBPI severity, disability related stress, family functioning and social support. Together the risk and resistance factors of severity and family functioning accounted for 28% of the total variance in paternal psychological adjustment. Family functioning explained 12% of the variance in psychological adjustment in addition to that explained by severity. These findings highlight the importance of considering paternal perceptions of OBPI severity and family functioning when providing health care to families of children with OBPI.