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Vogel M, Engeroff P. A Comparison of Natural and Therapeutic Anti-IgE Antibodies. Antibodies (Basel) 2024; 13:58. [PMID: 39051334 PMCID: PMC11270207 DOI: 10.3390/antib13030058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) plays a critical role for the immune system, fighting against parasites, toxins, and cancer. However, when it reacts to allergens without proper regulation, it can cause allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, through a process initiated by effector cells such as basophils and mast cells. These cells display IgE on their surface, bound to the high-affinity IgE receptor FcεRI. A cross-linking antigen then triggers degranulation and the release of inflammatory mediators from the cells. Therapeutic monoclonal anti-IgE antibodies such as omalizumab, disrupt this process and are used to manage IgE-related conditions such as severe allergic asthma and chronic spontaneous urticaria. Interestingly, naturally occurring anti-IgE autoantibodies circulate at surprisingly high levels in healthy humans and mice and may thus be instrumental in regulating IgE activity. Although many open questions remain, recent studies have shed new light on their role as IgE regulators and their mechanism of action. Here, we summarize the latest insights on natural anti-IgE autoantibodies, and we compare their functional features to therapeutic monoclonal anti-IgE autoantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Vogel
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, University Hosptial of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland;
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Paul Engeroff
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, University Hosptial of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland;
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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Engeroff P, Plattner K, Storni F, Thoms F, Frias Boligan K, Muerner L, Eggel A, von Gunten S, Bachmann MF, Vogel M. Glycan-specific IgG anti-IgE autoantibodies are protective against allergic anaphylaxis in a murine model. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 147:1430-1441. [PMID: 33309740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IgE causes anaphylaxis in type I hypersensitivity diseases by activating degranulation of effector cells such as mast cells and basophils. The mechanisms that control IgE activity and prevent anaphylaxis under normal conditions are still enigmatic. OBJECTIVE We aimed to unravel how anti-IgE autoantibodies are induced and we aimed to understand their role in regulating serum IgE level and allergic anaphylaxis. METHODS We immunized mice with different forms of IgE and tested anti-IgE autoantibody responses and their specificities. We then analyzed the effect of those antibodies on serum kinetics and their in vitro and in vivo impact on anaphylaxis. Finally, we investigated anti-IgE autoantibodies in human sera. RESULTS Immunization of mice with IgE-immune complexes induced glycan-specific anti-IgE autoantibodies. The anti-IgE autoantibodies prevented effector cell sensitization, reduced total IgE serum levels, protected mice from passive and active IgE sensitization, and resulted in cross-protection against different allergens. Furthermore, glycan-specific anti-IgE autoantibodies were present in sera from subjects with allergy and subjects without allergy. CONCLUSION In conclusion, this study provided the first evidence that in the murine model, the serum level and anaphylactic activity of IgE may be downregulated by glycan-specific IgG anti-IgE autoantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Engeroff
- University Hospital for Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School of Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Plattner
- University Hospital for Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School of Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Federico Storni
- University Hospital for Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School of Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Franziska Thoms
- Department of Dermatology, Zurich University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Lukas Muerner
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Eggel
- University Hospital for Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Martin F Bachmann
- University Hospital for Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Monique Vogel
- University Hospital for Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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A Retrospective Study on the Clinical Safety of Bee Venom Pharmacopuncture at Craniofacial Acupuncture Points for the Treatment of Facial Disorders. JOURNAL OF ACUPUNCTURE RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.13045/jar.2019.00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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"Auto-anti-IgE": naturally occurring IgG anti-IgE antibodies may inhibit allergen-induced basophil activation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 134:1394-1401.e4. [PMID: 25112697 PMCID: PMC4258608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Naturally occurring IgE-specific IgG autoantibodies have been identified in patients with asthma and other diseases, but their spectrum of functions is poorly understood. Objective Address the hypothesis that: (i) IgG anti-IgE autoantibodies are detectable in the serum of all subjects but elevated in asthmatic patients regardless of atopic status as compared with controls; (ii) some activate IgE-sensitized basophils; and (iii) some inhibit allergen-induced basophil activation. Methods IgE-specific IgG autoantibodies were detected and quantified in sera using ELISA. Sera were examined for their ability to activate IgE-sensitized human blood basophils in the presence and absence of allergen using a basophil activation test, and to inhibit allergen binding to specific IgE on a rat basophilic cell line stably expressing human FcεRI. Results IgG autoantibodies binding to both free and FcεRI-bound IgE were detected in patients with atopic and non-atopic asthma, as well as controls. While some were able to activate IgE-sensitised basophils, others inhibited allergen-induced basophil activation, at least partly by inhibiting binding of IgE to specific allergen. Conclusion Naturally occurring IgG anti-IgE autoantibodies may inhibit, as well as induce, basophil activation. They act in a manner distinct from therapeutic IgG anti-IgE antibodies such as omalizumab. They may at least partly explain why atopic subjects who make allergen-specific IgE never develop clinical symptoms, and why omalizumab therapy is of variable clinical benefit in severe atopic asthma.
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GARCÍA-ROBAINA JC, DE LA TORRE-MORÍN F, VAZQUEZ-MONCHOLI C, FIERRO J, BONNET-MORENO C. The natural history of Apis-
specific IgG and IgG4 in beekeepers. Clin Exp Allergy 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1997.tb00727.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To analyze prevalence of allergic sting reactions, including the clinical and diagnostic features as well as management options in a population heavily exposed to honeybee stings such as beekeepers and their family members. RECENT FINDINGS The higher sting frequency is associated with an increased prevalence of allergic sting reactions. Major risk factors for allergic sting reactions in beekeepers are: fewer than 10 annual stings, an atopic constitution and symptoms of upper respiratory allergy during work in the beehive. Bee venom allergic beekeepers have higher levels of bee venom-specific IgG but lower skin sensitivity and bee venom-specific IgE than normally exposed bee venom allergic patients. Safety of bee venom immunotherapy is higher in beekeepers than in allergic controls, while efficacy of this treatment is similar in both groups. SUMMARY Beekeepers and their family members are at an increased risk of severe sting anaphylaxis and therefore need especially careful instruction with regard to avoidance of re-exposure, emergency treatment and specific immunotherapy with bee venom.
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Wachholz PA, Soni NK, Till SJ, Durham SR. Inhibition of allergen-IgE binding to B cells by IgG antibodies after grass pollen immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003; 112:915-22. [PMID: 14610480 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-6749(03)02022-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among atopic individuals, levels of allergen-specific IgG antibodies have been inversely associated with the degree of allergen sensitization. Additionally, allergen-specific IgG antibodies are markedly increased by allergen injection immunotherapy. These observations have led to proposals that allergen-specific IgG antibodies might have protective properties in atopic individuals. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that after grass pollen immunotherapy, these antibodies disrupt IgE-dependent allergen processing by antigen-presenting cells. METHODS We have developed a novel flow cytometric assay based on detection of allergen-IgE binding to the low-affinity IgE receptor on B cells to examine the blocking effects of sera collected from 18 patients who participated in a double-blind, controlled trial of grass pollen immunotherapy for 1 year. RESULTS In all 10 patients who received active therapy, there was induction of activity that inhibited allergen-IgE binding to B cells (P =.02, vs placebo subjects), as well as subsequent allergen presentation to T cells. This activity copurified with IgG and was allergen specific, because sera taken from patients treated with grass pollen immunotherapy but who were also birch pollen sensitive did not inhibit IgE-birch pollen allergen binding to B cells. CONCLUSION We conclude that allergen-specific IgG antibodies induced by immunotherapy can disrupt formation of allergen-IgE complexes that bind to antigen-presenting cells and facilitate allergen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra A Wachholz
- Upper Respiratory Medicine, Imperial College School of Medicine at the National Heart and Lung Institute, London, United Kingdom
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Sato MN, Oliveira CR, Futata EA, Victor JR, Maciel M, Fusaro AE, Carvalho AF, Duarte AJS. Oral tolerance induction to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Blomia tropicalis in sensitized mice: occurrence of natural autoantibodies to immunoglobulin E. Clin Exp Allergy 2002; 32:1667-74. [PMID: 12569990 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2002.01429.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dust mites Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dp) and Blomia tropicalis (Bt) are important sources of indoor allergens in tropical and subtropical countries. Murine models allow the analysis of the immune response and regulation of IgE production to Dp and Bt allergens. Oral tolerance induces unresponsiveness in naive animals, but its application in sensitized animals can provide useful information to improve allergy therapy. OBJECTIVE To study the profile of IgE and IgG subclasses antibody upon oral administration with Bt and Dp extract in previously sensitized mice. Further, the occurrence of autoantibodies IgG anti-IgE in the immunization and in the oral tolerance was investigated. METHODS A/Sn mice were immunized with Bt or Dp extract in alum, orally administrated with 0.25 mg of Bt or Dp extract or PBS at the 6th, 7th and 8th days after immunization and boosted twice with their respective allergens. To analyse the mice groups, specific IgE antibodies were measured by passive anaphylaxis reaction and specific IgG subclasses and anti-IgE IgG autoantibody by ELISA assay. RESULTS IgE levels were markedly increased in Bt-immunized mice compared with Dp-immunized mice. A distinct profile of the specific isotypes was verified in Bt-immunized mice with a preferential production of IgG3 and IgA antibodies, whereas Dp-immunized mice developed high titres of anti-Dp IgG1, IgG2a and IgG2b antibodies. The antigen feeding inhibited IgE response in both fed-mice groups but only Dp-fed mice presented decreased levels of IgG antibodies. Free anti-IgE IgG autoantibodies were detected mainly in the Dp-immunization and they correlated with the antibody isotypes found against the allergen. CONCLUSIONS This is the first time that the murine-type I hypersensitivity is employed to study Bt-immunization, showing a marked IgE production, associated with IgG response, which is at least in part driven by T-independent antigens. The oral tolerance protocol in previously sensitized animals was able to down-modulate IgE response and points out this route as a strategy for allergy therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Sato
- Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical and Experimental Immunology, School of Medicine of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Marone G, Spadaro G, Palumbo C, Condorelli G. The anti-IgE/anti-FcepsilonRIalpha autoantibody network in allergic and autoimmune diseases. Clin Exp Allergy 1999; 29:17-27. [PMID: 10051698 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.00441.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Basophil granulocytes and tissue mast cells and their mediators play a role in the pathogenesis of several immune and inflammatory disorders. Human basophils and mast cells (FcepsilonRI+ cells) can be activated through immunological interaction with the IgE-FcepsilonRI network. FcepsilonRI+ cells can be triggered by cross-linking between the Fab portions of IgE and multivalent antigens (direct anaphylaxis). 'Reverse type' anaphylaxis can occur through three distinct mechanisms: antibodies against the Fcepsilon portion of IgE (anti-IgE), antibodies against epitopes of the alpha chain of FcepsilonRI (anti-FcepsilonRIalpha) and anti-IgG acting on IgG-IgE complexes bound to FcepsilonRI. Anti-IgE autoantibodies are occasionally present even in normal donors and more frequently in a variety of allergic (chronic urticaria, atopic dermatitis and bronchial asthma) and autoimmune disorders (rheumatoid arthritis, lupus erythematosus and systemic sclerosis). IgG anti-IgE from a small percentage of patients induces the release of mediators from human FcepsilonRI+ cells. Some of the anti-IgE autoantibodies present in allergic patients are non-anaphylactogenic, thus representing a possible protective mechanism preventing the association of IgE with FcepsilonRI. Anti-FcepsilonRIalpha autoantibodies also occur in a significant percentage of patients of chronic urticaria and probably non-allergic asthma and some autoimmune diseases. Although anti-IgE and anti-FcepsilonRIalpha autoantibodies, present in a percentage of patients with immune disorders, are relevant to the pathogenesis of these conditions, much remains to be learnt about their immunochemistry, their prevalence and precise role in various inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Marone
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, University of Naples Federico II School of Medicine, Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Holgate
- University Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, UK
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Sato MN, Carvalho AF, Silva AO, MacIel M, Fusaro AE, Duarte AJ. Oral tolerance induced to house dust mite extract in naive and sensitized mice: evaluation of immunoglobulin G anti-immunoglobulin E autoantibodies and IgG-IgE complexes. Immunol Suppl 1998; 95:193-9. [PMID: 9824475 PMCID: PMC1364304 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1998.00594.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect on specific antibody response of naive and sensitized mice orally administrated with low (0.25 mg) or high (10.0 mg) doses of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dp) extract. We also examined the effect of oral administration of Dp on the production of autoantibodies to immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin E (IgE). Naive and sensitized mice both showed a marked down-regulation of IgE antibody production, regardless of the dose of Dp. We also detected an inhibitory effect of the total IgE levels and the allergen-specific IgG1, IgG2a and IgG2b antibody response in sensitized mice given the low dose of Dp. In contrast, high doses of Dp stimulated IgG1 antibody production in both naive and sensitized animals. In addition, the oral tolerance induction protocol stimulated anti-F(ab')2gamma and anti-Fcgamma autoantibody production. Evaluation of IgG anti-IgE autoantibodies by a direct enzyme immunoassay (EIA) revealed the presence of these autoantibodies, predominantly of the IgG1 isotype, specifically in those animals fed with the high dose. In contrast, IgG-IgE complexes, determined by EIA using immobilized anti-IgE antibodies, were detected mainly in sera of control animals. The autoantibody anti-IgE specificity was tested against IgE-TNP and IgE-DANSYL murine proteins and revealed different inhibition profiles, suggesting the action of heterogeneous subpopulations of autoantibodies. Taken together, our results show that the oral tolerance protocol with Dp was able to modulate the production of allergen-specific IgE antibodies in both naive and sensitized animals. In addition, we suggest that anti-IgE autoantibodies participate in the modulation of allergic response triggered by oral tolerance protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Sato
- Laboratório de Imunogenética e Transplante Experimental LIM-56, Faculdade de Medicina da USP (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brasil
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