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Grebe S, Porcar-Castell A, Riikonen A, Paakkarinen V, Aro EM. Accounting for photosystem I photoinhibition sheds new light on seasonal acclimation strategies of boreal conifers. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:3973-3992. [PMID: 38572950 PMCID: PMC11233416 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The photosynthetic acclimation of boreal evergreen conifers is controlled by regulatory and photoprotective mechanisms that allow conifers to cope with extreme environmental changes. However, the underlying dynamics of photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI) remain unresolved. Here, we investigated the dynamics of PSII and PSI during the spring recovery of photosynthesis in Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies using a combination of chlorophyll a fluorescence, P700 difference absorbance measurements, and quantification of key thylakoid protein abundances. In particular, we derived a new set of PSI quantum yield equations, correcting for the effects of PSI photoinhibition. Using the corrected equations, we found that the seasonal dynamics of PSII and PSI photochemical yields remained largely in balance, despite substantial seasonal changes in the stoichiometry of PSII and PSI core complexes driven by PSI photoinhibition. Similarly, the previously reported seasonal up-regulation of cyclic electron flow was no longer evident, after accounting for PSI photoinhibition. Overall, our results emphasize the importance of considering the dynamics of PSII and PSI to elucidate the seasonal acclimation of photosynthesis in overwintering evergreens. Beyond the scope of conifers, our corrected PSI quantum yields expand the toolkit for future studies aimed at elucidating the dynamic regulation of PSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Grebe
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
- Optics of Photosynthesis Laboratory, Viikki Plant Science Center, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Albert Porcar-Castell
- Optics of Photosynthesis Laboratory, Viikki Plant Science Center, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Riikonen
- Optics of Photosynthesis Laboratory, Viikki Plant Science Center, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Virpi Paakkarinen
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Eva-Mari Aro
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
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2
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Liu M, Wang Y, Zhang H, Hao Y, Wu H, Shen H, Zhang P. Mechanisms of photoprotection in overwintering evergreen conifers: Sustained quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 210:108638. [PMID: 38653096 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Evergreen conifers growing in high-latitude regions must endure prolonged winters that are characterized by sub-zero temperatures combined with light, conditions that can cause significant photooxidative stress. Understanding overwintering mechanisms is crucial for addressing winter adversity in temperate forest ecosystems and enhancing the ability of conifers to adapt to climate change. This review synthesizes the current understanding of the photoprotective mechanisms that conifers employ to mitigate photooxidative stress, particularly non-photochemical "sustained quenching", the mechanism of which is hypothesized to be a recombination or deformation of the original mechanism employed by conifers in response to short-term low temperature and intense light stress in the past. Based on this hypothesis, scattered studies in this field are assembled and integrated into a complete mechanism of sustained quenching embedded in the adaptation process of plant physiology. It also reveals which parts of the whole system have been verified in conifers and which have only been verified in non-conifers, and proposes specific directions for future research. The functional implications of studies of non-coniferous plant species for the study of coniferous trees are also considered, as a wide range of plant responses lead to sustained quenching, even among different conifer species. In addition, the review highlights the challenges of measuring sustained quenching and discusses the application of ultrafast-time-resolved fluorescence and decay-associated spectra for the elucidation of photosynthetic principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Liu
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Huihui Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Yuanqin Hao
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Haibo Wu
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China; State Forestry and Grassland Administration Engineering Technology Research Center of Korean Pine, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Hailong Shen
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China; State Forestry and Grassland Administration Engineering Technology Research Center of Korean Pine, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Peng Zhang
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China; State Forestry and Grassland Administration Engineering Technology Research Center of Korean Pine, Harbin, 150040, China.
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3
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Wang H, Zhao Y, Tu J, Liang D, Li M, Wu F. Comparative analysis of differential gene expression reveals novel insights into the heteroblastic foliage functional traits of Pinus massoniana seedlings. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:130762. [PMID: 38471608 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Pinus massoniana needles, rich in medicinal polysaccharides and flavonoids, undergo heteroblastic foliage, transitioning from primary needles (PN) to secondary needles (SN) during growth, resulting in altered functional traits. Despite its significance, the molecular regulatory mechanisms governing these traits remain unclear. This study employs Iso-Seq and RNA-Seq analyses to explore differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with functional traits throughout the main growth season of heteroblastic foliage. Co-expression network analysis identified 34 hub genes and 17 key transcription factors (TFs) influencing light-harvesting antenna, photosystem I and II, crucial in photosynthesis regulation. Additionally, 14 genes involved in polysaccharide metabolism pathways, synthesizing sucrose, glucose, UDP sugars, and xylan, along with four genes in flavonoid biosynthesis pathways, regulating p-coumaroyl-CoA, quercetin, galangin, and myricetin production, exhibited differential expression between PN and SN. Further analysis unveils a highly interconnected network among these genes, forming a pivotal cascade of TFs and DEGs. Therefore, heteroblastic changes significantly impact needle functional traits, potentially affecting the pharmacological properties of PN and SN. Thus, these genomic insights into understanding the molecular-level differences of heteroblastic foliage, thereby establishing a foundation for advancements in the pharmaceutical industry related to needle-derived products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyun Wang
- Institute for Forest Resources and Environment of Guizhou, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yuanxiang Zhao
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jingjing Tu
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Daqu Liang
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Min Li
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Institute for Forest Resources and Environment of Guizhou, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
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4
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Gu L. Optimizing the electron transport chain to sustainably improve photosynthesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:2398-2412. [PMID: 37671674 PMCID: PMC10663115 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Genetically improving photosynthesis is a key strategy to boosting crop production to meet the rising demand for food and fuel by a rapidly growing global population in a warming climate. Many components of the photosynthetic apparatus have been targeted for genetic modification for improving photosynthesis. Successful translation of these modifications into increased plant productivity in fluctuating environments will depend on whether the electron transport chain (ETC) can support the increased electron transport rate without risking overreduction and photodamage. At present atmospheric conditions, the ETC appears suboptimal and will likely need to be modified to support proposed photosynthetic improvements and to maintain energy balance. Here, I derive photochemical equations to quantify the transport capacity and the corresponding reduction level based on the kinetics of redox reactions along the ETC. Using these theoretical equations and measurements from diverse C3/C4 species across environments, I identify several strategies that can simultaneously increase the transport capacity and decrease the reduction level of the ETC. These strategies include increasing the abundances of reaction centers, cytochrome b6f complexes, and mobile electron carriers, improving their redox kinetics, and decreasing the fraction of secondary quinone-nonreducing photosystem II reaction centers. I also shed light on several previously unexplained experimental findings regarding the physiological impacts of the abundances of the cytochrome b6f complex and plastoquinone. The model developed, and the insights generated from it facilitate the development of sustainable photosynthetic systems for greater crop yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianhong Gu
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
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5
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Shomali A, Aliniaeifard S, Mohammadian M, Lotfi M, Kalaji HM. Genotype-dependent Strategies to "Overcome" Excessive Light: Insights into Non-Photochemical Quenching under High Light Intensity. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e14077. [PMID: 38148223 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
High light (HL) intensities have a significant impact on energy flux and distribution within photosynthetic apparatus. To understand the effect of high light intensity (HL) on the HL tolerance mechanisms in tomatoes, we examined the response of the photosynthesis apparatus of 12 tomato genotypes to HL. A reduced electron transfer per reaction center (ET0 /RC), an increased energy dissipation (DI0 /RC) and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), along with a reduced maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (FV /FM ), and performance index per absorbed photon (PIABS ) were common HL-induced responses among genotypes; however, the magnitude of those responses was highly genotype-dependent. Tolerant and sensitive genotypes were distinguished based on chlorophyll fluorescence and energy-quenching responses to HL. Tolerant genotypes alleviated excess light through energy-dependent quenching (qE ), resulting in smaller photoinhibitory quenching (qI ) compared to sensitive genotypes. Quantum yield components also shifted under HL, favoring the quantum yield of NPQ (ՓNPQ ) and the quantum yield of basal energy loss (ՓN0 ), while reducing the efficient quantum yield of PSII (ՓPSII ). The impact of HL on tolerant genotypes was less pronounced. While the energy partitioning ratio did not differ significantly between sensitive and tolerant genotypes, the ratio of NPQ components, especially qI , affected plant resilience against HL. These findings provide insights into different patterns of HL-induced NPQ components in tolerant and sensitive genotypes, aiding the development of resilient crops for heterogeneous light conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Shomali
- Photosynthesis Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, Aburaihan Campus, University of Tehran, Pakdasht, Iran
| | - Sasan Aliniaeifard
- Photosynthesis Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, Aburaihan Campus, University of Tehran, Pakdasht, Iran
- Controlled Environment Agriculture Center, College of Agriculture and natural resources, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mohammadian
- Photosynthesis Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, Aburaihan Campus, University of Tehran, Pakdasht, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Lotfi
- Photosynthesis Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, Aburaihan Campus, University of Tehran, Pakdasht, Iran
| | - Hazem M Kalaji
- Institute of Technology and Life Sciences, National Research Institute, Raszyn, Poland
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
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6
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Gu L, Grodzinski B, Han J, Marie T, Zhang YJ, Song YC, Sun Y. An exploratory steady-state redox model of photosynthetic linear electron transport for use in complete modelling of photosynthesis for broad applications. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:1540-1561. [PMID: 36760139 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A photochemical model of photosynthetic electron transport (PET) is needed to integrate photophysics, photochemistry, and biochemistry to determine redox conditions of electron carriers and enzymes for plant stress assessment and mechanistically link sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence to carbon assimilation for remotely sensing photosynthesis. Towards this goal, we derived photochemical equations governing the states and redox reactions of complexes and electron carriers along the PET chain. These equations allow the redox conditions of the mobile plastoquinone pool and the cytochrome b6 f complex (Cyt) to be inferred with typical fluorometry. The equations agreed well with fluorometry measurements from diverse C3 /C4 species across environments in the relationship between the PET rate and fraction of open photosystem II reaction centres. We found the oxidation of plastoquinol by Cyt is the bottleneck of PET, and genetically improving the oxidation of plastoquinol by Cyt may enhance the efficiency of PET and photosynthesis across species. Redox reactions and photochemical and biochemical interactions are highly redundant in their complex controls of PET. Although individual reaction rate constants cannot be resolved, they appear in parameter groups which can be collectively inferred with fluorometry measurements for broad applications. The new photochemical model developed enables advances in different fronts of photosynthesis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianhong Gu
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Bernard Grodzinski
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jimei Han
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Telesphore Marie
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yong-Jiang Zhang
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
| | - Yang C Song
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Ying Sun
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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7
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Chen R, Liu X, Chen J, Du S, Liu L. Solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence imperfectly tracks the temperature response of photosynthesis in winter wheat. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:7596-7610. [PMID: 36173362 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Solar-induced fluorescence (SIF) is a promising proxy for photosynthesis, but it is unclear whether it performs well in tracking the gross primary productivity (GPP) under different environmental conditions. In this study, we investigated the dynamics of the two parameters from October 2020 to June 2021 in field-grown winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) and found that the ability of SIF to track GPP was weakened at low temperatures. Accounting for the coupling of light and temperature at a seasonal scale, we found that SIF yield showed a lower temperature sensitivity and had a lower but broader optimal temperature range compared with light-use efficiency (LUE), although both SIF yield and LUE decreased in low-temperature conditions. The discrepancy between the temperature responses of SIF yield and GPP caused an increase in the ratio of SIF/GPP in winter, which indicated the variation in the relationship between them during this period. The results of our study highlight the impact of low temperature on the relationship between SIF and GPP and show the necessity of reconsidering the dynamics of energy distribution inside plants under changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruonan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100094, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xinjie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Jidai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100094, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shanshan Du
- Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Liangyun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100094, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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8
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Martini D, Sakowska K, Wohlfahrt G, Pacheco-Labrador J, van der Tol C, Porcar-Castell A, Magney TS, Carrara A, Colombo R, El-Madany TS, Gonzalez-Cascon R, Martín MP, Julitta T, Moreno G, Rascher U, Reichstein M, Rossini M, Migliavacca M. Heatwave breaks down the linearity between sun-induced fluorescence and gross primary production. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:2415-2428. [PMID: 34921419 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sun-induced fluorescence in the far-red region (SIF) is increasingly used as a remote and proximal-sensing tool capable of tracking vegetation gross primary production (GPP). However, the use of SIF to probe changes in GPP is challenged during extreme climatic events, such as heatwaves. Here, we examined how the 2018 European heatwave (HW) affected the GPP-SIF relationship in evergreen broadleaved trees with a relatively invariant canopy structure. To do so, we combined canopy-scale SIF measurements, GPP estimated from an eddy covariance tower, and active pulse amplitude modulation fluorescence. The HW caused an inversion of the photosynthesis-fluorescence relationship at both the canopy and leaf scales. The highly nonlinear relationship was strongly shaped by nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ), that is, a dissipation mechanism to protect from the adverse effects of high light intensity. During the extreme heat stress, plants experienced a saturation of NPQ, causing a change in the allocation of energy dissipation pathways towards SIF. Our results show the complex modulation of the NPQ-SIF-GPP relationship at an extreme level of heat stress, which is not completely represented in state-of-the-art coupled radiative transfer and photosynthesis models.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Martini
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Karolina Sakowska
- Institute of BioEconomy, National Research Council (IBE-CNR), 38010, San Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy
| | - Georg Wohlfahrt
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Christiaan van der Tol
- Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, 7500 AE, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Albert Porcar-Castell
- Optics of Photosynthesis Laboratory, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR/Forest Sciences) and Viikki Plant Science Center, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Troy S Magney
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Arnaud Carrara
- Centro De Estudios Ambientales Del Mediterráneo, 46980, Valencia, Spain
| | - Roberto Colombo
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Rosario Gonzalez-Cascon
- Department of Environment, National Institute for Agriculture and Food Research and Technology (INIA), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Pilar Martín
- Environmental Remote Sensing and Spectroscopy Laboratory (SpecLab), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 28037, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Uwe Rascher
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | | | - Micol Rossini
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Mirco Migliavacca
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745, Jena, Germany
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra (VA), 21027, Italy
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9
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Li R, Lombardozzi D, Shi M, Frankenberg C, Parazoo NC, Köhler P, Yi K, Guan K, Yang X. Representation of Leaf-to-Canopy Radiative Transfer Processes Improves Simulation of Far-Red Solar-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence in the Community Land Model Version 5. JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN MODELING EARTH SYSTEMS 2022; 14:e2021MS002747. [PMID: 35865620 PMCID: PMC9285887 DOI: 10.1029/2021ms002747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in satellite observations of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) provide a new opportunity to constrain the simulation of terrestrial gross primary productivity (GPP). Accurate representation of the processes driving SIF emission and its radiative transfer to remote sensing sensors is an essential prerequisite for data assimilation. Recently, SIF simulations have been incorporated into several land surface models, but the scaling of SIF from leaf-level to canopy-level is usually not well-represented. Here, we incorporate the simulation of far-red SIF observed at nadir into the Community Land Model version 5 (CLM5). Leaf-level fluorescence yield was simulated by a parametric simplification of the Soil Canopy-Observation of Photosynthesis and Energy fluxes model (SCOPE). And an efficient and accurate method based on escape probability is developed to scale SIF from leaf-level to top-of-canopy while taking clumping and the radiative transfer processes into account. SIF simulated by CLM5 and SCOPE agreed well at sites except one in needleleaf forest (R 2 > 0.91, root-mean-square error <0.19 W⋅m-2⋅sr-1⋅μm-1), and captured the day-to-day variation of tower-measured SIF at temperate forest sites (R 2 > 0.68). At the global scale, simulated SIF generally captured the spatial and seasonal patterns of satellite-observed SIF. Factors including the fluorescence emission model, clumping, bidirectional effect, and leaf optical properties had considerable impacts on SIF simulation, and the discrepancies between simulate d and observed SIF varied with plant functional type. By improving the representation of radiative transfer for SIF simulation, our model allows better comparisons between simulated and observed SIF toward constraining GPP simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Li
- Department of Environmental SciencesUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUSA
| | - Danica Lombardozzi
- Climate and Global Dynamics LaboratoryNational Center for Atmospheric ResearchBoulderCOUSA
| | - Mingjie Shi
- Pacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichlandWAUSA
| | - Christian Frankenberg
- Division of Geological and Planetary SciencesCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | | | - Philipp Köhler
- Division of Geological and Planetary SciencesCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - Koong Yi
- Department of Environmental SciencesUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUSA
- Earth and Environmental Sciences AreaLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCAUSA
| | - Kaiyu Guan
- College of Agricultural, Consumers, and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaILUSA
- National Center of Supercomputing ApplicationsUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaILUSA
- Agroecosystem Sustainability Center, Institute for Sustainability, Energy, and Environment (iSEE)University of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaILUSA
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Environmental SciencesUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUSA
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10
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Canopy Solar-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Its Link to Transpiration in a Temperate Evergreen Needleleaf Forest during the Fall Transition. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Northern hemisphere evergreen needleleaf forest (ENF) contributes a significant fraction of global water exchange but regional transpiration (T) observation in ENF ecosystems is still challenging. Traditional remote sensing techniques and terrestrial biosphere models reproduce the transpiration seasonality with difficulty, and with large uncertainties. Solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) emission from vegetation correlates to photosynthesis at multiple spatial and temporal scales. However, how SIF links to transpiration of evergreen forest during seasonal transition is unclear. Here, we explored the relationship between canopy SIF and T retrieved from ground observation towers in ENF. We also examined the role of meteorological and soil factors on the relationship between SIF and T. A slow decrease of SIF and T with a fast reduction in photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), air temperature, vapor pressure deficit (VPD), soil temperature and soil water content (SWC) were found in the ENF during the fall transition. The correlation between SIF and T at hourly and daily scales varied significantly among different months (Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.29–0.68, p < 0.01). SIF and T were significantly linearly correlated at hourly (R2 = 0.53, p < 0.001) and daily (R2 = 0.67, p < 0.001) timescales in the October. Air temperature and PAR were the major moderating factors for the relationship between SIF and T in the fall transition. Soil water content (SWC) influenced the SIF-T relationship at an hourly scale. Soil temperature and VPD’s effect on the SIF-T relationship was evident at a daily scale. This study can help extend the possibility of constraining ecosystem T by SIF at an unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution during season transitions.
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11
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Guha A, Vharachumu T, Khalid MF, Keeley M, Avenson TJ, Vincent C. Short-term warming does not affect intrinsic thermotolerance but induces strong sustaining photoprotection in tropical evergreen citrus genotypes. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:105-120. [PMID: 34723384 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Consequences of warming and postwarming events on photosynthetic thermotolerance (PT ) and photoprotective responses in tropical evergreen species remain elusive. We chose Citrus to answer some of the emerging questions related to tropical evergreen species' PT behaviour including (i) how wide is the genotypic variation in PT ? (ii) how does PT respond to short-term warming and (iii) how do photosynthesis and photoprotective functions respond over short-term warming and postwarming events? A study on 21 genotypes revealed significant genotypic differences in PT , though these were not large. We selected five genotypes with divergent PT and simulated warming events: Tmax 26/20°C (day-time highest maximum/night-time lowest maximum) (Week 1) < Tmax 33/30°C (Week 2) < Tmax 36/32°C (Week 3) followed by Tmax 26/16°C (Week 4, recovery). The PT of all genotypes remained unaltered despite strong leaf megathermy (leaf temperature > air temperature) during warming events. Though moderate warming showed genotype-specific stimulation in photosynthesis, higher warming unequivocally led to severe loss in net photosynthesis and induced higher nonphotochemical quenching. Even after a week of postwarming, photoprotective mechanisms strongly persisted. Our study points towards a conservative PT in evergreen citrus genotypes and their need for sustaining higher photoprotection during warming as well as postwarming recovery conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Guha
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, USA
| | - Talent Vharachumu
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, USA
- Earth University, San José, Mercedes, Costa Rica
| | - Muhammad F Khalid
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, USA
- Department of Horticulture, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Mark Keeley
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, USA
- Agronomy and Regulatory (GLP) Services, Florida Ag Research, Thonotosassa, Florida, USA
| | - Thomas J Avenson
- Environmental Division, LI-COR Biosciences, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Christopher Vincent
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, USA
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12
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Porcar-Castell A, Malenovský Z, Magney T, Van Wittenberghe S, Fernández-Marín B, Maignan F, Zhang Y, Maseyk K, Atherton J, Albert LP, Robson TM, Zhao F, Garcia-Plazaola JI, Ensminger I, Rajewicz PA, Grebe S, Tikkanen M, Kellner JR, Ihalainen JA, Rascher U, Logan B. Chlorophyll a fluorescence illuminates a path connecting plant molecular biology to Earth-system science. NATURE PLANTS 2021; 7:998-1009. [PMID: 34373605 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-021-00980-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
For decades, the dynamic nature of chlorophyll a fluorescence (ChlaF) has provided insight into the biophysics and ecophysiology of the light reactions of photosynthesis from the subcellular to leaf scales. Recent advances in remote sensing methods enable detection of ChlaF induced by sunlight across a range of larger scales, from using instruments mounted on towers above plant canopies to Earth-orbiting satellites. This signal is referred to as solar-induced fluorescence (SIF) and its application promises to overcome spatial constraints on studies of photosynthesis, opening new research directions and opportunities in ecology, ecophysiology, biogeochemistry, agriculture and forestry. However, to unleash the full potential of SIF, intensive cross-disciplinary work is required to harmonize these new advances with the rich history of biophysical and ecophysiological studies of ChlaF, fostering the development of next-generation plant physiological and Earth-system models. Here, we introduce the scale-dependent link between SIF and photosynthesis, with an emphasis on seven remaining scientific challenges, and present a roadmap to facilitate future collaborative research towards new applications of SIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Porcar-Castell
- Optics of Photosynthesis Laboratory, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Forest Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Center (ViPS), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Zbyněk Malenovský
- School of Geography, Planning, and Spatial Sciences, College of Sciences Engineering and Technology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Troy Magney
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Shari Van Wittenberghe
- Optics of Photosynthesis Laboratory, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Forest Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Center (ViPS), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Laboratory of Earth Observation, University of Valencia, Paterna, Spain
| | - Beatriz Fernández-Marín
- Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology, University of La Laguna (ULL), Tenerife, Spain
| | - Fabienne Maignan
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Yongguang Zhang
- International Institute for Earth System Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kadmiel Maseyk
- School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Jon Atherton
- Optics of Photosynthesis Laboratory, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Forest Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Center (ViPS), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Loren P Albert
- Institute at Brown for Environment and Society, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Biology Department, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Thomas Matthew Robson
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), Faculty of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Feng Zhao
- School of Instrumentation Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Ingo Ensminger
- Department of Biology, Graduate Programs in Cell & Systems Biology and Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paulina A Rajewicz
- Optics of Photosynthesis Laboratory, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Forest Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Center (ViPS), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Steffen Grebe
- Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Mikko Tikkanen
- Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - James R Kellner
- Institute at Brown for Environment and Society, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Janne A Ihalainen
- Nanoscience Center, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Uwe Rascher
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Barry Logan
- Biology Department, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME, USA
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13
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Kimm H, Guan K, Burroughs CH, Peng B, Ainsworth EA, Bernacchi CJ, Moore CE, Kumagai E, Yang X, Berry JA, Wu G. Quantifying high-temperature stress on soybean canopy photosynthesis: The unique role of sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:2403-2415. [PMID: 33844873 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
High temperature and accompanying high vapor pressure deficit often stress plants without causing distinctive changes in plant canopy structure and consequential spectral signatures. Sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF), because of its mechanistic link with photosynthesis, may better detect such stress than remote sensing techniques relying on spectral reflectance signatures of canopy structural changes. However, our understanding about physiological mechanisms of SIF and its unique potential for physiological stress detection remains less clear. In this study, we measured SIF at a high-temperature experiment, Temperature Free-Air Controlled Enhancement, to explore the potential of SIF for physiological investigations. The experiment provided a gradient of soybean canopy temperature with 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, and 6.0°C above the ambient canopy temperature in the open field environments. SIF yield, which is normalized by incident radiation and the fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation, showed a high correlation with photosynthetic light use efficiency (r = 0.89) and captured dynamic plant responses to high-temperature conditions. SIF yield was affected by canopy structural and plant physiological changes associated with high-temperature stress (partial correlation r = 0.60 and -0.23). Near-infrared reflectance of vegetation, only affected by canopy structural changes, was used to minimize the canopy structural impact on SIF yield and to retrieve physiological SIF yield (ΦF ) signals. ΦF further excludes the canopy structural impact than SIF yield and indicates plant physiological variability, and we found that ΦF outperformed SIF yield in responding to physiological stress (r = -0.37). Our findings highlight that ΦF sensitively responded to the physiological downregulation of soybean gross primary productivity under high temperature. ΦF , if reliably derived from satellite SIF, can support monitoring regional crop growth and different ecosystems' vegetation productivity under environmental stress and climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungsuk Kimm
- Agroecosystem Sustainability Center, Institute for Sustainability, Energy, and Environment (iSEE), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- College of Agricultural, Consumers, and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Kaiyu Guan
- Agroecosystem Sustainability Center, Institute for Sustainability, Energy, and Environment (iSEE), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- College of Agricultural, Consumers, and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Charles H Burroughs
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Bin Peng
- Agroecosystem Sustainability Center, Institute for Sustainability, Energy, and Environment (iSEE), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- College of Agricultural, Consumers, and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Ainsworth
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- USDA-ARS, Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Carl J Bernacchi
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- USDA-ARS, Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Caitlin E Moore
- Institute for Sustainability Energy and Environment, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Etsushi Kumagai
- Tohoku Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Joseph A Berry
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Genghong Wu
- Agroecosystem Sustainability Center, Institute for Sustainability, Energy, and Environment (iSEE), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- College of Agricultural, Consumers, and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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14
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Tsujimoto K, Hikosaka K. Estimating leaf photosynthesis of C 3 plants grown under different environments from pigment index, photochemical reflectance index, and chlorophyll fluorescence. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2021; 148:33-46. [PMID: 33909221 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-021-00833-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic rates vary depending on growth conditions, even within species. Remote sensing techniques have a great potential to predict the photosynthetic rates of leaves with different characteristics. Here, we demonstrate that the photosynthetic rates of leaves acclimated to different light and nutrient conditions can be estimated based on the chlorophyll fluorescence (ChlF), the photochemical reflectance index (PRI), and a chlorophyll index. Chenopodium album plants were grown under different light and nutrient conditions. PRI, ChlF parameters, and CO2/H2O gas exchange rates of leaves were simultaneously determined under the various light and CO2 conditions. PRI was used to assess non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), but the relationship between NPQ and PRI was weakened when the data on leaves grown under different conditions were pooled, because PRI in darkness ([Formula: see text]) changed with the leaf pigment composition. Among 15 pigment indices, we found that [Formula: see text], a reflectance index related to the leaf chlorophyll content, had the best correlation with [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text]) across the studied leaves, and the correction of PRI by [Formula: see text] improved the predictability of NPQ ([Formula: see text]). Using the steady-state ChlF, the NPQ estimated from PRI and [Formula: see text], and the stomatal conductance coefficient, we calculated the CO2 assimilation rates, which were strongly correlated with the actual rates (RMSE = 4.85 [Formula: see text]mol m[Formula: see text] s[Formula: see text]), irrespective of growth conditions. Our approach has the potential to contribute to a more accurate estimation of photosynthetic rates in remote sensing. However, further studies on species variations and connecting with radiative transfer models are needed to demonstrate this at the canopy scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuto Tsujimoto
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Kouki Hikosaka
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
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15
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Meeker EW, Magney TS, Bambach N, Momayyezi M, McElrone AJ. Modification of a gas exchange system to measure active and passive chlorophyll fluorescence simultaneously under field conditions. AOB PLANTS 2021; 13:plaa066. [PMID: 33510890 PMCID: PMC7821389 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plaa066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Solar-induced fluorescence (SIF) is a promising tool to estimate photosynthesis across scales; however, there has been limited research done at the leaf level to investigate the relationship between SIF and photosynthesis. To help bridge this gap, a LI-COR LI-6800 gas exchange instrument was modified with a visible-near-infrared (VIS-NIR) spectrometer to measure active and passive fluorescence simultaneously. The system was adapted by drilling a hole into the bottom plate of the leaf chamber and inserting a fibre-optic to measure passive steady-state fluorescence (F t , λ , analogous to SIF) from the abaxial surface of a leaf. This new modification can concurrently measure gas exchange, passive fluorescence and active fluorescence over the same leaf area and will allow researchers to measure leaf-level F t , λ in the field to validate tower-based and satellite measurements. To test the modified instrument, measurements were performed on leaves of well-watered and water-stressed walnut plants at three light levels and a constant air temperature. Measurements on these same plants were also conducted using a similarly modified Walz GFS-3000 gas exchange instrument to compare results. We found a positive linear correlation between F t , λ measurements from the modified LI-6800 and GFS-3000 instruments. We also report a positive linear relationship between F t , λ and normalized steady-state chlorophyll fluorescence (F t /F o ) from the pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM) fluorometer of the LI-6800 system. Accordingly, this modification will inform the link between spectrally resolved F t , λ and gas exchange-leading to improved interpretation of how remotely sensed SIF tracks changes in the light reactions of photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliot W Meeker
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Troy S Magney
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Nicolas Bambach
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Mina Momayyezi
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Andrew J McElrone
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- USDA-ARS, Davis, CA, USA
- Corresponding author’s e-mail address:
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16
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Chang CYY, Bräutigam K, Hüner NPA, Ensminger I. Champions of winter survival: cold acclimation and molecular regulation of cold hardiness in evergreen conifers. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:675-691. [PMID: 32869329 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Evergreen conifers are champions of winter survival, based on their remarkable ability to acclimate to cold and develop cold hardiness. Counterintuitively, autumn cold acclimation is triggered not only by exposure to low temperature, but also by a combination of decreasing temperature, decreasing photoperiod and changes in light quality. These environmental cues control a network of signaling pathways that coordinate cold acclimation and cold hardiness in overwintering conifers, leading to cessation of growth, bud dormancy, freezing tolerance and changes in energy metabolism. Advances in genomic, transcriptomic and metabolomic tools for conifers have improved our understanding of how trees sense and respond to changes in temperature and light during cold acclimation and the development of cold hardiness, but there remain considerable gaps deserving further research in conifers. In the first section of this review, we focus on the physiological mechanisms used by evergreen conifers to adjust metabolism seasonally and to protect overwintering tissues against winter stresses. In the second section, we review how perception of low temperature and photoperiod regulate the induction of cold acclimation. Finally, we explore the evolutionary context of cold acclimation in conifers and evaluate challenges imposed on them by changing climate and discuss emerging areas of research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Yao-Yun Chang
- Soil and Crop Sciences Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Katharina Bräutigam
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto, Mississauga, ON, L5L1C6, Canada
- Graduate Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Norman P A Hüner
- Department of Biology and The Biotron Experimental Climate Change Research Centre, Western University, London, ON, N6A5B7, Canada
| | - Ingo Ensminger
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto, Mississauga, ON, L5L1C6, Canada
- Graduate Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada
- Graduate Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
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17
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Specific thylakoid protein phosphorylations are prerequisites for overwintering of Norway spruce ( Picea abies) photosynthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:17499-17509. [PMID: 32690715 PMCID: PMC7395503 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2004165117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Coping of evergreen conifers in boreal forests with freezing temperatures on bright winter days puts the photosynthetic machinery in great risk of oxidative damage. To survive harsh winter conditions, conifers have evolved a unique but poorly characterized photoprotection mechanism, a sustained form of nonphotochemical quenching (sustained NPQ). Here we focused on functional properties and underlying molecular mechanisms related to the development of sustained NPQ in Norway spruce (Picea abies). Data were collected during 4 consecutive years (2016 to 2019) from trees growing in sun and shade habitats. When day temperatures dropped below -4 °C, the specific N-terminally triply phosphorylated LHCB1 isoform (3p-LHCII) and phosphorylated PSBS (p-PSBS) could be detected in the thylakoid membrane. Development of sustained NPQ coincided with the highest level of 3p-LHCII and p-PSBS, occurring after prolonged coincidence of bright winter days and temperatures close to -10 °C. Artificial induction of both the sustained NPQ and recovery from naturally induced sustained NPQ provided information on differential dynamics and light-dependence of 3p-LHCII and p-PSBS accumulation as prerequisites for sustained NPQ. Data obtained collectively suggest three components related to sustained NPQ in spruce: 1) Freezing temperatures induce 3p-LHCII accumulation independently of light, which is suggested to initiate destacking of appressed thylakoid membranes due to increased electrostatic repulsion of adjacent membranes; 2) p-PSBS accumulation is both light- and temperature-dependent and closely linked to the initiation of sustained NPQ, which 3) in concert with PSII photoinhibition, is suggested to trigger sustained NPQ in spruce.
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18
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Surface Canopy Position Determines the Photosystem II Photochemistry in Invasive and Native Prosopis Congeners at Sharjah Desert, UAE. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11070740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved photoprotective mechanisms in order to counteract the damaging effects of excess light in hyper-arid desert environments. We evaluated the impact of surface canopy positions on the photosynthetic adjustments and chlorophyll fluorescence attributes (photosystem II photochemistry, quantum yield, fluorescence quenching, and photon energy dissipation), leaf biomass and nutrient content of sun-exposed leaves at the south east (SE canopy position) and shaded-leaves at the north west (NW canopy position) in the invasive Prosopis juliflora and native Prosopis cineraria in the extreme environment (hyper-arid desert area, United Arab Emirates (UAE)). The main aim of this research was to study the photoprotection mechanism in invasive and native Prosopis congeners via the safe removal—as thermal energy—of excess solar energy absorbed by the light collecting system, which counteracts the formation of reactive oxygen species. Maximum photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) from dark-adapted leaves in P. juliflora and P. cineraria was higher on NW than SE canopy position while insignificant difference was observed within the two Prosopis congeners. Greater quantum yield was observed in P. juliflora than P. cineraria on the NW canopy position than SE. With the change of canopy positions from NW to SE, the reduction of the PSII reaction center activity in the leaves of both Prosopis congeners was accelerated. On the SE canopy position, a significant decline in the electron transport rate (ETR) of in the leaves of both Prosopis congeners occurred, which might be due to the blockage of electron transfer from QA to QB on the PSII acceptor side. On the SE canopy position; Prosopis leaves dissipated excess light energy by increasing non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). However, in P. cineraria, the protective ability of NPQ decreased, which led to the accumulation of excess excitation energy (1 − qP)/NPQ and the aggravation of photoinhibition. The results also explain the role of different physiological attributes contributing to invasiveness of P. juliflora and to evaluate its liaison between plasticity of these characters and invasiveness.
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19
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Zhang JJ, Zhu L, Zhang X, Zhou J. Photosynthetic performance and growth responses of Liriope muscari (Decne.) L.H. Bailey (Asparagaceae) planted within poplar forests having different canopy densities. BMC Ecol 2020; 20:25. [PMID: 32354363 PMCID: PMC7191787 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-020-00294-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Liriope muscari (Decne.) L.H. Bailey is a valuable horticultural and medicinal plant that grows under a range of light intensities, from high to low, in the understories of shrubs. To understand how this species adapts to these various environments, we selected two groups of lilyturf growing under poplar trees at two different spacings. Each group was divided into three types, open field, forest edge and shaded forest with high, medium and low irradiance levels, respectively, and then we examined their photosynthetic characteristics, physiology and biomasses. Results Light saturation point, light compensation point and in situ net photosynthetic rate (PN) were highest in lilyturf growing under high light. In contrast, lilyturf growing under low light had a higher apparent quantum yield and Chl a and b contents, indicating that they adapted to low light. Although the leaves of lilyturf growing under low light were small, their root tubers were heavier. Conclusions The research demonstrates the eco-physiological basis of lilyturf’s shade adaptation mechanism as indicated by photosynthetic activity, chlorophyll fluorescence, Chl a, Chl b and Car contents when grown under different irradiances. We believe that lilyturf is a shade-tolerant plant suitable for planting in undergrowth, but attention should be paid to the canopy density of the forest when interplanting. The findings presented here advance our understanding of the photosynthetic characteristics of understory plants and may assist in the optimization of irradiances in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Zhang
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.,Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - L Zhu
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.,Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - X Zhang
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.,Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - J Zhou
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China. .,Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
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20
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Zhang C, Atherton J, Peñuelas J, Filella I, Kolari P, Aalto J, Ruhanen H, Bäck J, Porcar-Castell A. Do all chlorophyll fluorescence emission wavelengths capture the spring recovery of photosynthesis in boreal evergreen foliage? PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:3264-3279. [PMID: 31325364 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll a fluorescence (ChlF) is closely related to photosynthesis and can be measured remotely using multiple spectral features as solar-induced fluorescence (SIF). In boreal regions, SIF shows particular promise as an indicator of photosynthesis, in part because of the limited variation of seasonal light absorption in these ecosystems. Seasonal spectral changes in ChlF could yield new information on processes such as sustained nonphotochemical quenching (NPQS ) but also disrupt the relationship between SIF and photosynthesis. We followed ChlF and functional and biochemical properties of Pinus sylvestris needles during the photosynthetic spring recovery period to answer the following: (a) How ChlF spectra change over seasonal timescales? (b) How pigments, NPQS , and total photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) absorption drive changes of ChlF spectra? (c) Do all ChlF wavelengths track photosynthetic seasonality? We found seasonal ChlF variation in the red and far-red wavelengths, which was strongly correlated with NPQS , carotenoid content, and photosynthesis (enhanced in the red), but not with PAR absorption. Furthermore, a rapid decrease in red/far-red ChlF ratio occurred in response to a cold spell, potentially relating to the structural reorganization of the photosystems. We conclude that all current SIF retrieval features can track seasonal photosynthetic dynamics in boreal evergreens, but the full SIF spectra provides additional insight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Optics of Photosynthesis Laboratory, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Forest Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
- CREAF, Center for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain
| | - Jon Atherton
- Optics of Photosynthesis Laboratory, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Forest Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CREAF, Center for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain
| | - Iolanda Filella
- CREAF, Center for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain
| | - Pasi Kolari
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Juho Aalto
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
- Station for Measuring Forest Ecosystem-Atmosphere Relations II (SMEAR II), Hyytiälä Forestry Field Station, University of Helsinki, Korkeakoski, 35500, Finland
| | - Hanna Ruhanen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Natural Resources and Bioproduction, Suonenjoki, 77600, Finland
| | - Jaana Bäck
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Albert Porcar-Castell
- Optics of Photosynthesis Laboratory, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Forest Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
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21
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Gu L, Han J, Wood JD, Chang CYY, Sun Y. Sun-induced Chl fluorescence and its importance for biophysical modeling of photosynthesis based on light reactions. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:1179-1191. [PMID: 30883811 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in observing sun-induced Chl fluorescence (SIF) provides an unprecedented opportunity to advance photosynthesis research in natural environments. However, we still lack an analytical framework to guide SIF studies and integration with the well-developed active fluorescence approaches. Here, we derive a set of coupled fundamental equations to describe the dynamics of SIF and its relationship with C3 and C4 photosynthesis. These equations show that, although SIF is dynamically as complex as photosynthesis, the measured SIF simplifies photosynthetic modeling from the perspective of light reactions by integrating over the dynamic complexities of photosynthesis. Specifically, the measured SIF contains direct information about the actual electron transport from photosystem II to photosystem I, giving a quantifiable link between light and dark reactions. With much-reduced requirements on inputs and parameters, the light-reactions-centric, SIF-based biophysical model complements the traditional, dark-reactions-centric biochemical model of photosynthesis. The SIF-photosynthesis relationship, however, is nonlinear. This is because photosynthesis saturates at high light whereas SIF has a stronger tendency to keep increasing, as fluorescence quantum yield has a relatively muted sensitivity to light levels. Successful applications of the SIF-based model of photosynthesis will depend on a predictive understanding of several previously underexplored physiological and biophysical processes. Advances can be facilitated by coordinated efforts in plant physiology, remote sensing, and eddy covariance flux observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianhong Gu
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Jimei Han
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
| | - Jeffrey D Wood
- School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Christine Y-Y Chang
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Ying Sun
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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Magney TS, Bowling DR, Logan BA, Grossmann K, Stutz J, Blanken PD, Burns SP, Cheng R, Garcia MA, Kӧhler P, Lopez S, Parazoo NC, Raczka B, Schimel D, Frankenberg C. Mechanistic evidence for tracking the seasonality of photosynthesis with solar-induced fluorescence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:11640-11645. [PMID: 31138693 PMCID: PMC6575630 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1900278116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Northern hemisphere evergreen forests assimilate a significant fraction of global atmospheric CO2 but monitoring large-scale changes in gross primary production (GPP) in these systems is challenging. Recent advances in remote sensing allow the detection of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) emission from vegetation, which has been empirically linked to GPP at large spatial scales. This is particularly important in evergreen forests, where traditional remote-sensing techniques and terrestrial biosphere models fail to reproduce the seasonality of GPP. Here, we examined the mechanistic relationship between SIF retrieved from a canopy spectrometer system and GPP at a winter-dormant conifer forest, which has little seasonal variation in canopy structure, needle chlorophyll content, and absorbed light. Both SIF and GPP track each other in a consistent, dynamic fashion in response to environmental conditions. SIF and GPP are well correlated (R2 = 0.62-0.92) with an invariant slope over hourly to weekly timescales. Large seasonal variations in SIF yield capture changes in photoprotective pigments and photosystem II operating efficiency associated with winter acclimation, highlighting its unique ability to precisely track the seasonality of photosynthesis. Our results underscore the potential of new satellite-based SIF products (TROPOMI, OCO-2) as proxies for the timing and magnitude of GPP in evergreen forests at an unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy S Magney
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125;
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109
| | - David R Bowling
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Barry A Logan
- Department of Biology, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME 04287
| | - Katja Grossmann
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Jochen Stutz
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Peter D Blanken
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Sean P Burns
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
- Mesoscale and Microscale Meteorology Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80301
| | - Rui Cheng
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Maria A Garcia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Philipp Kӧhler
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Sophia Lopez
- Department of Biology, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME 04287
| | - Nicholas C Parazoo
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109
| | - Brett Raczka
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - David Schimel
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109
| | - Christian Frankenberg
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125;
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109
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23
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Diurnal and Seasonal Solar Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Photosynthesis in a Boreal Scots Pine Canopy. REMOTE SENSING 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/rs11030273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Solar induced chlorophyll fluorescence has been shown to be increasingly an useful proxy for the estimation of gross primary productivity (GPP), at a range of spatial scales. Here, we explore the seasonality in a continuous time series of canopy solar induced fluorescence (hereafter SiF) and its relation to canopy gross primary production (GPP), canopy light use efficiency (LUE), and direct estimates of leaf level photochemical efficiency in an evergreen canopy. SiF was calculated using infilling in two bands from the incoming and reflected radiance using a pair of Ocean Optics USB2000+ spectrometers operated in a dual field of view mode, sampling at a 30 min time step using custom written automated software, from early spring through until autumn in 2011. The optical system was mounted on a tower of 18 m height adjacent to an eddy covariance system, to observe a boreal forest ecosystem dominated by Scots pine. (Pinus sylvestris) A Walz MONITORING-PAM, multi fluorimeter system, was simultaneously mounted within the canopy adjacent to the footprint sampled by the optical system. Following correction of the SiF data for O2 and structural effects, SiF, SiF yield, LUE, the photochemicsl reflectance index (PRI), and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) exhibited a seasonal pattern that followed GPP sampled by the eddy covariance system. Due to the complexities of solar azimuth and zenith angle (SZA) over the season on the SiF signal, correlations between SiF, SiF yield, GPP, and LUE were assessed on SZA <50° and under strictly clear sky conditions. Correlations found, even under these screened scenarios, resulted around ~r2 = 0.3. The diurnal responses of SiF, SiF yield, PAM estimates of effective quantum yield (ΔF/Fm′), and meteorological parameters demonstrated some agreement over the diurnal cycle. The challenges inherent in SiF retrievals in boreal evergreen ecosystems are discussed.
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Solanki T, Aphalo PJ, Neimane S, Hartikainen SM, Pieristè M, Shapiguzov A, Porcar-Castell A, Atherton J, Heikkilä A, Robson TM. UV-screening and springtime recovery of photosynthetic capacity in leaves of Vaccinium vitis-idaea above and below the snow pack. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 134:40-52. [PMID: 30219502 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Evergreen plants in boreal biomes undergo seasonal hardening and dehardening adjusting their photosynthetic capacity and photoprotection; acclimating to seasonal changes in temperature and irradiance. Leaf epidermal ultraviolet (UV)-screening by flavonols responds to solar radiation, perceived in part through increased ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation, and is a candidate trait to provide cross-photoprotection. At Hyytiälä Forestry Station, central Finland, we examined whether the accumulation of flavonols was higher in leaves of Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. growing above the snowpack compared with those below the snowpack. We found that leaves exposed to colder temperatures and higher solar radiation towards the top of hummocks suffered greater photoinhibition than those at the base of hummocks. Epidermal UV-screening was highest in upper-hummock leaves, particularly during winter when lower leaves were beneath the snowpack. There was also a negative relationship between indices of flavonols and anthocyanins across all leaves suggesting fine-tuning of flavonoid composition for screening vs. antioxidant activity in response to temperature and irradiance. However, the positive correlation between the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II photochemistry (Fv/Fm) and flavonol accumulation in upper hummock leaves during dehardening did not confer on them any greater cross-protection than would be expected from the general relationship of Fv/Fm with temperature and irradiance (throughout the hummocks). Irrespective of timing of snow-melt, photosynthesis fully recovered in all leaves, suggesting that V. vitis-idaea has the potential to exploit the continuing trend for longer growing seasons in central Finland without incurring significant impairment from reduced duration of snow cover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Twinkle Solanki
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), Faculty of Biological and Environmental Science, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pedro J Aphalo
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), Faculty of Biological and Environmental Science, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Santa Neimane
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), Faculty of Biological and Environmental Science, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland; Dept. Plant Physiology, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Street 1, LV, 1004, Riga, Latvia
| | - Saara M Hartikainen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), Faculty of Biological and Environmental Science, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marta Pieristè
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), Faculty of Biological and Environmental Science, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland; Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Ecodiv URA/EA1293, IRSTEA, FR Scale CNRS, 3730, Rouen, France
| | - Alexey Shapiguzov
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), Faculty of Biological and Environmental Science, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland; Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street, 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Albert Porcar-Castell
- Optics of Photosynthesis Laboratory, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Department of Forest Sciences, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jon Atherton
- Optics of Photosynthesis Laboratory, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Department of Forest Sciences, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Heikkilä
- Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), POB 503, 00101, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Thomas Matthew Robson
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), Faculty of Biological and Environmental Science, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Parazoo NC, Arneth A, Pugh TAM, Smith B, Steiner N, Luus K, Commane R, Benmergui J, Stofferahn E, Liu J, Rödenbeck C, Kawa R, Euskirchen E, Zona D, Arndt K, Oechel W, Miller C. Spring photosynthetic onset and net CO 2 uptake in Alaska triggered by landscape thawing. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:3416-3435. [PMID: 29688596 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The springtime transition to regional-scale onset of photosynthesis and net ecosystem carbon uptake in boreal and tundra ecosystems are linked to the soil freeze-thaw state. We present evidence from diagnostic and inversion models constrained by satellite fluorescence and airborne CO2 from 2012 to 2014 indicating the timing and magnitude of spring carbon uptake in Alaska correlates with landscape thaw and ecoregion. Landscape thaw in boreal forests typically occurs in late April (DOY 111 ± 7) with a 29 ± 6 day lag until photosynthetic onset. North Slope tundra thaws 3 weeks later (DOY 133 ± 5) but experiences only a 20 ± 5 day lag until photosynthetic onset. These time lag differences reflect efficient cold season adaptation in tundra shrub and the longer dehardening period for boreal evergreens. Despite the short transition from thaw to photosynthetic onset in tundra, synchrony of tundra respiration with snow melt and landscape thaw delays the transition from net carbon loss (at photosynthetic onset) to net uptake by 13 ± 7 days, thus reducing the tundra net carbon uptake period. Two global CO2 inversions using a CASA-GFED model prior estimate earlier northern high latitude net carbon uptake compared to our regional inversion, which we attribute to (i) early photosynthetic-onset model prior bias, (ii) inverse method (scaling factor + optimization window), and (iii) sparsity of available Alaskan CO2 observations. Another global inversion with zero prior estimates the same timing for net carbon uptake as the regional model but smaller seasonal amplitude. The analysis of Alaskan eddy covariance observations confirms regional scale findings for tundra, but indicates that photosynthesis and net carbon uptake occur up to 1 month earlier in evergreens than captured by models or CO2 inversions, with better correlation to above-freezing air temperature than date of primary thaw. Further collection and analysis of boreal evergreen species over multiple years and at additional subarctic flux towers are critically needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C Parazoo
- California Institute of Technology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California
| | - Almut Arneth
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Pertenkirchen, Germany
| | - Thomas A M Pugh
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ben Smith
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Nicholas Steiner
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, The City College of New York, New York, New York
| | | | - Roisin Commane
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Josh Benmergui
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Junjie Liu
- California Institute of Technology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California
| | | | - Randy Kawa
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland
| | - Eugenie Euskirchen
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska
| | - Donatella Zona
- Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
| | - Kyle Arndt
- Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
| | - Walt Oechel
- Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
| | - Charles Miller
- California Institute of Technology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California
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26
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Chl Fluorescence Parameters and Leaf Reflectance Indices Allow Monitoring Changes in the Physiological Status of Quercus ilex L. under Progressive Water Deficit. FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9070400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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27
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Light Energy Partitioning and Photoprotection in an Exotic Species (Salix Psammophila) Grown in a Semi-Arid Area of Northwestern China. FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9060341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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28
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Seasonal Changes in Photosynthetic Energy Utilization in a Desert Shrub (Artemisia ordosica Krasch.) during Its Different Phenophases. FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9040176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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29
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Evaluating the Performance of the SCOPE Model in Simulating Canopy Solar-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence. REMOTE SENSING 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/rs10020250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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30
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Assessment of the Response of Photosynthetic Activity of Mediterranean Evergreen Oaks to Enhanced Drought Stress and Recovery by Using PRI and R690/R630. FORESTS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/f8100386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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31
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Canopy-Level Photochemical Reflectance Index from Hyperspectral Remote Sensing and Leaf-Level Non-Photochemical Quenching as Early Indicators of Water Stress in Maize. REMOTE SENSING 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/rs9080794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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32
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Parallel Seasonal Patterns of Photosynthesis, Fluorescence, and Reflectance Indices in Boreal Trees. REMOTE SENSING 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/rs9070691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Mõttus M, Hernández-Clemente R, Perheentupa V, Markiet V. In situ measurement of Scots pine needle PRI. PLANT METHODS 2017; 13:35. [PMID: 28491122 PMCID: PMC5424303 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-017-0184-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI) calculated from narrow-band spectral reflectance data is a vegetation index which is increasingly used as an indicator of photosynthetic activity. The leaf-level link between the status of photosynthetic apparatus and PRI has been robustly established under controlled light conditions. However, when a whole canopy is measured instantaneously, the PRI signal is heavily modified by vegetation structure and local variations in incident light conditions. To apply PRI for monitoring the photosynthesis of whole canopies under natural conditions, these large-scale measurements need to be validated against simultaneous leaf PRI. Unfortunately, PRI changes dynamically with incident light and has a large natural variation. No generally accepted procedure exists today for determining the PRI of canopy elements in situ. RESULTS We present a successful procedure for in situ measurements of needle PRI. We describe, characterize and test an optical measurement protocol and demonstrate its applicability in field conditions. The measurement apparatus consisted of a light source, needle clip, spectroradiometer and a controlling computer. The light level inside the clip was approximately two-thirds of that on sunlit needle surfaces at midday. During each measurement the needle was inserted into the clip for approximately 5 s. We found no near-instantaneous changes (sub-second scale jumps) in PRI during the measurements. The time constants for PRI variation in light to full shade acclimations were approximately 10 s. The procedure was successfully applied to monitor the greening-up of Scots pine trees. We detected both facultative (diurnal) PRI changes of 0.02 (unitless) and constitutive (seasonal) variations of 0.1. In order to reliably detect the facultative PRI change of 0.02, 20 needles need to be sampled from both sunlit and shaded locations. CONCLUSIONS We established a robust procedure for irradiance-dependent leaf (needle) PRI measurements, facilitating empirical scaling of PRI from leaf (needle) to full canopy level and the application of PRI to monitoring the changes in highly structured vegetation. The measured time constants, and facultative and constitutive PRI variations support the use of an artificial light for in situ PRI measurements at leaf (needle) level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Mõttus
- Tekniikantie 1, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT Espoo, Finland
| | | | - Viljami Perheentupa
- Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, PL 68, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vincent Markiet
- Tekniikantie 1, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT Espoo, Finland
- Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, PL 68, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Baek H, Cho U. Developmental Changes of the Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI), Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Leaf Pigments Show the Adaptability of Trees to Local Environments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2017.81001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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35
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Walther S, Voigt M, Thum T, Gonsamo A, Zhang Y, Köhler P, Jung M, Varlagin A, Guanter L. Satellite chlorophyll fluorescence measurements reveal large-scale decoupling of photosynthesis and greenness dynamics in boreal evergreen forests. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2016; 22:2979-96. [PMID: 26683113 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Mid-to-high latitude forests play an important role in the terrestrial carbon cycle, but the representation of photosynthesis in boreal forests by current modelling and observational methods is still challenging. In particular, the applicability of existing satellite-based proxies of greenness to indicate photosynthetic activity is hindered by small annual changes in green biomass of the often evergreen tree population and by the confounding effects of background materials such as snow. As an alternative, satellite measurements of sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) can be used as a direct proxy of photosynthetic activity. In this study, the start and end of the photosynthetically active season of the main boreal forests are analysed using spaceborne SIF measurements retrieved from the GOME-2 instrument and compared to that of green biomass, proxied by vegetation indices including the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) derived from MODIS data. We find that photosynthesis and greenness show a similar seasonality in deciduous forests. In high-latitude evergreen needleleaf forests, however, the length of the photosynthetically active period indicated by SIF is up to 6 weeks longer than the green biomass changing period proxied by EVI, with SIF showing a start-of-season of approximately 1 month earlier than EVI. On average, the photosynthetic spring recovery as signalled by SIF occurs as soon as air temperatures exceed the freezing point (2-3 °C) and when the snow on the ground has not yet completely melted. These findings are supported by model data of gross primary production and a number of other studies which evaluated in situ observations of CO2 fluxes, meteorology and the physiological state of the needles. Our results demonstrate the sensitivity of space-based SIF measurements to light-use efficiency of boreal forests and their potential for an unbiased detection of photosynthetic activity even under the challenging conditions interposed by evergreen boreal ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Walther
- Section 1.4 Remote Sensing, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Helmholtz-Centre Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Maximilian Voigt
- Section 1.4 Remote Sensing, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Helmholtz-Centre Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Tea Thum
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alemu Gonsamo
- Department of Geography, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yongguang Zhang
- Section 1.4 Remote Sensing, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Helmholtz-Centre Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- International Institute for Earth System Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Philipp Köhler
- Section 1.4 Remote Sensing, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Helmholtz-Centre Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Martin Jung
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Andrej Varlagin
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Luis Guanter
- Section 1.4 Remote Sensing, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Helmholtz-Centre Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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Fréchette E, Chang CYY, Ensminger I. Photoperiod and temperature constraints on the relationship between the photochemical reflectance index and the light use efficiency of photosynthesis in Pinus strobus. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 36:311-24. [PMID: 26846980 PMCID: PMC4885948 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpv143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The photochemical reflectance index (PRI) is a proxy for the activity of the photoprotective xanthophyll cycle and photosynthetic light use efficiency (LUE) in plants. Evergreen conifers downregulate photosynthesis in autumn in response to low temperature and shorter photoperiod, and the dynamic xanthophyll cycle-mediated non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) is replaced by sustained NPQ. We hypothesized that this shift in xanthophyll cycle-dependent energy partitioning during the autumn is the cause for variations in the PRI-LUE relationship. In order to test our hypothesis, we characterized energy partitioning and pigment composition during a simulated summer-autumn transition in a conifer and assessed the effects of temperature and photoperiod on the PRI-LUE relationship. We measured gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence and leaf reflectance during the photosynthetic downregulation in Pinus strobus L. seedlings exposed to low temperature/short photoperiod or elevated temperature/short photoperiod conditions. Shifts in energy partitioning during simulated autumn were observed when the pools of chlorophylls decreased and pools of photoprotective carotenoids increased. On a seasonal timescale, PRI was controlled by carotenoid pool sizes rather than xanthophyll cycle dynamics. Photochemical reflectance index variation under cold autumn conditions mainly reflected long-term pigment pool adjustments associated with sustained NPQ, which impaired the PRI-LUE relationship. Exposure to warm autumn conditions prevented the induction of sustained NPQ but still impaired the PRI-LUE relationship. We therefore conclude that alternative zeaxanthin-independent NPQ mechanisms, which remain undetected by the PRI, are present under both cold and warm autumn conditions, contributing to the discrepancy in the PRI-LUE relationship during autumn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Fréchette
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada L5L 1C6 Graduate Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A1
| | - Christine Yao-Yun Chang
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada L5L 1C6 Graduate Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A1
| | - Ingo Ensminger
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada L5L 1C6 Graduate Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A1 Graduate Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3B2
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Murchie EH, Ali A, Herman T. Photoprotection as a Trait for Rice Yield Improvement: Status and Prospects. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 8:31. [PMID: 26424004 PMCID: PMC4589542 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-015-0065-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Solar radiation is essential for photosynthesis and global crop productivity but it is also variable in space and time, frequently being limiting or in excess of plant requirements depending on season, environment and microclimate. Photoprotective mechanisms at the chloroplast level help to avoid oxidative stress and photoinhibition, which is a light-induced reduction in photosynthetic quantum efficiency often caused by damage to photosystem II. There is convincing evidence that photoinhibition has a large impact on biomass production in crops and this may be especially high in rice, which is typically exposed to high tropical light levels. Thus far there has been little attention to photoinhibition as a target for improvement of crop yield. However, we now have sufficient evidence to examine avenues for alleviation of this particular stress and the physiological and genetic basis for improvement in rice and other crops. Here we examine this evidence and identify new areas for attention. In particular we discuss how photoprotective mechanisms must be optimised at both the molecular and the canopy level in order to coordinate with efficient photosynthetic regulation and realise an increased biomass and yield in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik H Murchie
- Division of Plant and Crop Science, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - Asgar Ali
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Semenyih, 43500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Tiara Herman
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Semenyih, 43500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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Nath K, Najafpour MM, Voloshin RA, Balaghi SE, Tyystjärvi E, Timilsina R, Eaton-Rye JJ, Tomo T, Nam HG, Nishihara H, Ramakrishna S, Shen JR, Allakhverdiev SI. Photobiological hydrogen production and artificial photosynthesis for clean energy: from bio to nanotechnologies. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2015; 126:237-247. [PMID: 25899392 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-015-0139-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Global energy demand is increasing rapidly and due to intensive consumption of different forms of fuels, there are increasing concerns over the reduction in readily available conventional energy resources. Because of the deleterious atmospheric effects of fossil fuels and the uncertainties of future energy supplies, there is a surge of interest to find environmentally friendly alternative energy sources. Hydrogen (H2) has attracted worldwide attention as a secondary energy carrier, since it is the lightest carbon-neutral fuel rich in energy per unit mass and easy to store. Several methods and technologies have been developed for H2 production, but none of them are able to replace the traditional combustion fuel used in automobiles so far. Extensively modified and renovated methods and technologies are required to introduce H2 as an alternative efficient, clean, and cost-effective future fuel. Among several emerging renewable energy technologies, photobiological H2 production by oxygenic photosynthetic microbes such as green algae and cyanobacteria or by artificial photosynthesis has attracted significant interest. In this short review, we summarize the recent progress and challenges in H2-based energy production by means of biological and artificial photosynthesis routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nath
- Research Institute for Next Generation (RING), Kalanki, Kathmandu-14, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, 49006, USA
| | - M M Najafpour
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), 45137-66731, Zanjan, Iran
- Center of Climate Change and Global Warming, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), 45137-66731, Zanjan, Iran
| | - R A Voloshin
- Controlled Photobiosynthesis Laboratory, Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street 35, Moscow, 127276, Russia
| | - S E Balaghi
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - E Tyystjärvi
- Department of Biochemistry / Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland
| | - R Timilsina
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, and Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, 711-873, Republic of Korea
| | - J J Eaton-Rye
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - T Tomo
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka 1-3, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - H G Nam
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, and Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, 711-873, Republic of Korea
| | - H Nishihara
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - S Ramakrishna
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Nanofibers and Nanotechnology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
| | - J-R Shen
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - S I Allakhverdiev
- Controlled Photobiosynthesis Laboratory, Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street 35, Moscow, 127276, Russia.
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia.
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-12, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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Aalto J, Porcar-Castell A, Atherton J, Kolari P, Pohja T, Hari P, Nikinmaa E, Petäjä T, Bäck J. Onset of photosynthesis in spring speeds up monoterpene synthesis and leads to emission bursts. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:2299-2312. [PMID: 25850935 PMCID: PMC5324583 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) by boreal evergreen trees have strong seasonality, with low emission rates during photosynthetically inactive winter and increasing rates towards summer. Yet, the regulation of this seasonality remains unclear. We measured in situ monoterpene emissions from Scots pine shoots during several spring periods and analysed their dynamics in connection with the spring recovery of photosynthesis. We found high emission peaks caused by enhanced monoterpene synthesis consistently during every spring period (monoterpene emission bursts, MEB). The timing of the MEBs varied relatively little between the spring periods. The timing of the MEBs showed good agreement with the photosynthetic spring recovery, which was studied with simultaneous measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence, CO2 exchange and a simple, temperature history-based proxy for state of photosynthetic acclimation, S. We conclude that the MEBs were related to the early stages of photosynthetic recovery, when the efficiency of photosynthetic carbon reactions is still low whereas the light harvesting machinery actively absorbs light energy. This suggests that the MEBs may serve a protective functional role for the foliage during this critical transitory state and that these high emission peaks may contribute to atmospheric chemistry in the boreal forest in springtime.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Aalto
- SMEAR II Station, University of Helsinki, Korkeakoski, 35500, Finland
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - A Porcar-Castell
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - J Atherton
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - P Kolari
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - T Pohja
- SMEAR II Station, University of Helsinki, Korkeakoski, 35500, Finland
| | - P Hari
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - E Nikinmaa
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - T Petäjä
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - J Bäck
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
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Moyes AB, Germino MJ, Kueppers LM. Moisture rivals temperature in limiting photosynthesis by trees establishing beyond their cold-edge range limit under ambient and warmed conditions. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 207:1005-1014. [PMID: 25902893 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is altering plant species distributions globally, and warming is expected to promote uphill shifts in mountain trees. However, at many cold-edge range limits, such as alpine treelines in the western United States, tree establishment may be colimited by low temperature and low moisture, making recruitment patterns with warming difficult to predict. We measured response functions linking carbon (C) assimilation and temperature- and moisture-related microclimatic factors for limber pine (Pinus flexilis) seedlings growing in a heating × watering experiment within and above the alpine treeline. We then extrapolated these response functions using observed microclimate conditions to estimate the net effects of warming and associated soil drying on C assimilation across an entire growing season. Moisture and temperature limitations were each estimated to reduce potential growing season C gain from a theoretical upper limit by 15-30% (c. 50% combined). Warming above current treeline conditions provided relatively little benefit to modeled net assimilation, whereas assimilation was sensitive to either wetter or drier conditions. Summer precipitation may be at least as important as temperature in constraining C gain by establishing subalpine trees at and above current alpine treelines as seasonally dry subalpine and alpine ecosystems continue to warm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Moyes
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA, 95340, USA
| | - Matthew J Germino
- Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, US Geological Survey, 970 Lusk Street, Boise, ID, 83706, USA
| | - Lara M Kueppers
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA, 95340, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Earth Sciences Division, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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41
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Cendrero-Mateo MP, Carmo-Silva AE, Porcar-Castell A, Hamerlynck EP, Papuga SA, Moran MS. Dynamic response of plant chlorophyll fluorescence to light, water and nutrient availability. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2015; 42:746-757. [PMID: 32480718 DOI: 10.1071/fp15002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll molecules absorb photosynthetic active radiation (PAR). The resulting excitation energy is dissipated by three competing pathways at the level of photosystem: (i) photochemistry (and, by extension, photosynthesis); (ii) regulated and constitutive thermal energy dissipation; and (iii) chlorophyll-a fluorescence (ChlF). Because the dynamics of photosynthesis modulate the regulated component of thermal energy dissipation (widely addressed as non-photochemical quenching (NPQ)), the relationship between photosynthesis, NPQ and ChlF changes with water, nutrient and light availability. In this study we characterised the relationship between photosynthesis, NPQ and ChlF when conducting light-response curves of photosynthesis in plants growing under different water, nutrient and ambient light conditions. Our goals were to test whether ChlF and photosynthesis correlate in response to water and nutrient deficiency, and determine the optimum PAR level at which the correlation is maximal. Concurrent gas exchange and ChlF light-response curves were measured for Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz and Triticum durum (L.) Desf plants grown under (i) intermediate light growth chamber conditions, and (ii) high light environment field conditions respectively. Plant stress was induced by withdrawing water in the chamber experiment, and applying different nitrogen levels in the field experiment. Our study demonstrated that ChlF was able to track the variations in photosynthetic capacity in both experiments, and that the light level at which plants were grown was optimum for detecting both water and nutrient deficiency with ChlF. The decrease in photosynthesis was found to modulate ChlF via different mechanisms depending on the treatment: through the action of NPQ in response to water stress, or through the action of changes in leaf chlorophyll concentration in response to nitrogen deficiency. This study provides support for the use of remotely sensed ChlF as a proxy to monitor plant stress dynamics from space.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pilar Cendrero-Mateo
- Soil Water and Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, 1177 East Fourth Street, Tucson 85721, USA
| | - A Elizabete Carmo-Silva
- USDA Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, 21881 North Cardon Lane, Maricopa, AZ 85138, USA
| | - Albert Porcar-Castell
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erik P Hamerlynck
- USDA Southwest Watershed Research Centre, 2000 East Allen Road, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - Shirley A Papuga
- Soil Water and Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, 1177 East Fourth Street, Tucson 85721, USA
| | - M Susan Moran
- USDA Southwest Watershed Research Centre, 2000 East Allen Road, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
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Wong CYS, Gamon JA. The photochemical reflectance index provides an optical indicator of spring photosynthetic activation in evergreen conifers. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 206:196-208. [PMID: 25641209 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In evergreens, the seasonal down-regulation and reactivation of photosynthesis is largely invisible and difficult to assess with remote sensing. This invisible phenology may be changing as a result of climate change. To better understand the mechanism and timing of these hidden physiological transitions, we explored several assays and optical indicators of spring photosynthetic activation in conifers exposed to a boreal climate. The photochemical reflectance index (PRI), chlorophyll fluorescence, and leaf pigments for evergreen conifer seedlings were monitored over 1 yr of a boreal climate with the addition of gas exchange during the spring. PRI, electron transport rate, pigment levels, light-use efficiency and photosynthesis all exhibited striking seasonal changes, with varying kinetics and strengths of correlation, which were used to evaluate the mechanisms and timing of spring activation. PRI and pigment pools were closely timed with photosynthetic reactivation measured by gas exchange. The PRI provided a clear optical indicator of spring photosynthetic activation that was detectable at leaf and stand scales in conifers. We propose that PRI might provide a useful metric of effective growing season length amenable to remote sensing and could improve remote-sensing-driven models of carbon uptake in evergreen ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Y S Wong
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - John A Gamon
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada
- Department Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
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Chang CY, Unda F, Zubilewich A, Mansfield SD, Ensminger I. Sensitivity of cold acclimation to elevated autumn temperature in field-grown Pinus strobus seedlings. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:165. [PMID: 25852717 PMCID: PMC4371696 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Climate change will increase autumn air temperature, while photoperiod decrease will remain unaffected. We assessed the effect of increased autumn air temperature on timing and development of cold acclimation and freezing resistance in Eastern white pine (EWP, Pinus strobus) under field conditions. For this purpose we simulated projected warmer temperatures for southern Ontario in a Temperature Free-Air-Controlled Enhancement (T-FACE) experiment and exposed EWP seedlings to ambient (Control) or elevated temperature (ET, +1.5°C/+3°C during day/night). Photosynthetic gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, photoprotective pigments, leaf non-structural carbohydrates (NSC), and cold hardiness were assessed over two consecutive autumns. Nighttime temperature below 10°C and photoperiod below 12 h initiated downregulation of assimilation in both treatments. When temperature further decreased to 0°C and photoperiod became shorter than 10 h, downregulation of the light reactions and upregulation of photoprotective mechanisms occurred in both treatments. While ET seedlings did not delay the timing of the downregulation of assimilation, stomatal conductance in ET seedlings was decreased by 20-30% between August and early October. In both treatments leaf NSC composition changed considerably during autumn but differences between Control and ET seedlings were not significant. Similarly, development of freezing resistance was induced by exposure to low temperature during autumn, but the timing was not delayed in ET seedlings compared to Control seedlings. Our results indicate that EWP is most sensitive to temperature changes during October and November when downregulation of photosynthesis, enhancement of photoprotection, synthesis of cold-associated NSCs and development of freezing resistance occur. However, we also conclude that the timing of the development of freezing resistance in EWP seedlings is not affected by moderate temperature increases used in our field experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Y. Chang
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto MississaugaMississauga, ON, Canada
- Graduate Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada
| | - Faride Unda
- Department of Wood Science, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Shawn D. Mansfield
- Department of Wood Science, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ingo Ensminger
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto MississaugaMississauga, ON, Canada
- Graduate Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada
- Graduate Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada
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44
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Lazár D. Parameters of photosynthetic energy partitioning. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 175:131-47. [PMID: 25569797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Almost every laboratory dealing with plant physiology, photosynthesis research, remote sensing, and plant phenotyping possesses a fluorometer to measure a kind of chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence induction (FLI). When the slow Chl FLI is measured with addition of saturating pulses and far-red illumination, the so-called quenching analysis followed by the so-called relaxation analysis in darkness can be realized. These measurements then serve for evaluation of the so-called energy partitioning, that is, calculation of quantum yields of photochemical and of different types of non-photochemical processes. Several theories have been suggested for photosynthetic energy partitioning. The current work aims to summarize all the existing theories, namely their equations for the quantum yields, their meaning and their assumptions. In the framework of these theories it is also found here that the well-known NPQ parameter ( [Formula: see text] ; Bilger and Björkman, 1990) equals the ratio of the quantum yield of regulatory light-induced non-photochemical quenching to the quantum yield of constitutive non-regulatory non-photochemical quenching (ΦNPQ/Φf,D). A similar relationship is also found here for the PQ parameter (ΦP/Φf,D).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dušan Lazár
- Department of Biophysics, Center of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Kasajima I, Suetsugu N, Wada M, Takahara K. Collective Calculation of Actual Values of Non-Photochemical Quenching from Their Apparent Values after Chloroplast Movement and Photoinhibition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2015.611180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kolari P, Chan T, Porcar-Castell A, Bäck J, Nikinmaa E, Juurola E. Field and controlled environment measurements show strong seasonal acclimation in photosynthesis and respiration potential in boreal Scots pine. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:717. [PMID: 25566291 PMCID: PMC4264410 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the seasonality of photosynthesis in boreal evergreen trees and its control by the environment requires separation of the instantaneous and slow responses, as well as the dynamics of light reactions, carbon reactions, and respiration. We determined the seasonality of photosynthetic light response and respiration parameters of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in the field in southern Finland and in controlled laboratory conditions. CO2 exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence were measured in the field using a continuously operated automated chamber setup and fluorescence monitoring systems. We also carried out monthly measurements of photosynthetic light, CO2 and temperature responses in standard conditions with a portable IRGA and fluorometer instrument. The field and response measurements indicated strong seasonal variability in the state of the photosynthetic machinery with a deep downregulation during winter. Despite the downregulation, the photosynthetic machinery retained a significant capacity during winter, which was not visible in the field measurements. Light-saturated photosynthesis (P sat) and the initial slope of the photosynthetic light response (α) obtained in standard conditions were up to 20% of their respective summertime values. Respiration also showed seasonal acclimation with peak values of respiration in standard temperature in spring and decline in autumn. Spring recovery of all photosynthetic parameters could be predicted with temperature history. On the other hand, the operating quantum yield of photosystem II and the initial slope of photosynthetic light response stayed almost at the summertime level until late autumn while at the same time P sat decreased following the prevailing temperature. Comparison of photosynthetic parameters with the environmental drivers suggests that light and minimum temperature are also decisive factors in the seasonal acclimation of photosynthesis in boreal evergreen trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasi Kolari
- Department of Physics, University of HelsinkiHelsinki, Finland
| | - Tommy Chan
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of HelsinkiHelsinki, Finland
| | | | - Jaana Bäck
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of HelsinkiHelsinki, Finland
| | - Eero Nikinmaa
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of HelsinkiHelsinki, Finland
| | - Eija Juurola
- Department of Physics, University of HelsinkiHelsinki, Finland
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of HelsinkiHelsinki, Finland
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47
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Porcar-Castell A, Tyystjärvi E, Atherton J, van der Tol C, Flexas J, Pfündel EE, Moreno J, Frankenberg C, Berry JA. Linking chlorophyll a fluorescence to photosynthesis for remote sensing applications: mechanisms and challenges. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:4065-95. [PMID: 24868038 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll a fluorescence (ChlF) has been used for decades to study the organization, functioning, and physiology of photosynthesis at the leaf and subcellular levels. ChlF is now measurable from remote sensing platforms. This provides a new optical means to track photosynthesis and gross primary productivity of terrestrial ecosystems. Importantly, the spatiotemporal and methodological context of the new applications is dramatically different compared with most of the available ChlF literature, which raises a number of important considerations. Although we have a good mechanistic understanding of the processes that control the ChlF signal over the short term, the seasonal link between ChlF and photosynthesis remains obscure. Additionally, while the current understanding of in vivo ChlF is based on pulse amplitude-modulated (PAM) measurements, remote sensing applications are based on the measurement of the passive solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF), which entails important differences and new challenges that remain to be solved. In this review we introduce and revisit the physical, physiological, and methodological factors that control the leaf-level ChlF signal in the context of the new remote sensing applications. Specifically, we present the basis of photosynthetic acclimation and its optical signals, we introduce the physical and physiological basis of ChlF from the molecular to the leaf level and beyond, and we introduce and compare PAM and SIF methodology. Finally, we evaluate and identify the challenges that still remain to be answered in order to consolidate our mechanistic understanding of the remotely sensed SIF signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Porcar-Castell
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Esa Tyystjärvi
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Jon Atherton
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Jaume Flexas
- Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. de Valldemossa Km. 7.5, 07122 Palma, Spain
| | | | - Jose Moreno
- Department of Earth Physics and Thermodynamics, Faculty of Physics, University of Valencia, C/ Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Christian Frankenberg
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - Joseph A Berry
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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48
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Pieruschka R, Albrecht H, Muller O, Berry JA, Klimov D, Kolber ZS, Malenovský Z, Rascher U. Daily and seasonal dynamics of remotely sensed photosynthetic efficiency in tree canopies. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 34:674-685. [PMID: 24924438 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpu035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The photosynthesis of various species or even a single plant varies dramatically in time and space, creating great spatial heterogeneity within a plant canopy. Continuous and spatially explicit monitoring is, therefore, required to assess the dynamic response of plant photosynthesis to the changing environment. This is a very challenging task when using the existing portable field instrumentation. This paper reports on the application of a technique, laser-induced fluorescence transient (LIFT), developed for ground remote measurement of photosynthetic efficiency at a distance of up to 50 m. The LIFT technique was used to monitor the seasonal dynamics of selected leaf groups within inaccessible canopies of deciduous and evergreen tree species. Electron transport rates computed from LIFT measurements varied over the growth period between the different species studied. The LIFT canopy data and light-use efficiency measured under field conditions correlated reasonably well with the single-leaf pulse amplitude-modulated measurements of broadleaf species, but differed significantly in the case of conifer tree species. The LIFT method has proven to be applicable for a remote sensing assessment of photosynthetic parameters on a diurnal and seasonal scale; further investigation is, however, needed to evaluate the influence of complex heterogeneous canopy structures on LIFT-measured chlorophyll fluorescence parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Pieruschka
- 1Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hendrik Albrecht
- 1Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Onno Muller
- 1Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Joseph A Berry
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Denis Klimov
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA
| | - Zbigniew S Kolber
- Department of Ocean Sciences, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Zbyněk Malenovský
- Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 76, Hobart 7001, Australia
| | - Uwe Rascher
- 1Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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Murchie EH, Harbinson J. Non-Photochemical Fluorescence Quenching Across Scales: From Chloroplasts to Plants to Communities. ADVANCES IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9032-1_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Murchie EH, Lawson T. Chlorophyll fluorescence analysis: a guide to good practice and understanding some new applications. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:3983-98. [PMID: 23913954 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 775] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll fluorescence is a non-invasive measurement of photosystem II (PSII) activity and is a commonly used technique in plant physiology. The sensitivity of PSII activity to abiotic and biotic factors has made this a key technique not only for understanding the photosynthetic mechanisms but also as a broader indicator of how plants respond to environmental change. This, along with low cost and ease of collecting data, has resulted in the appearance of a large array of instrument types for measurement and calculated parameters which can be bewildering for the new user. Moreover, its accessibility can lead to misuse and misinterpretation when the underlying photosynthetic processes are not fully appreciated. This review is timely because it sits at a point of renewed interest in chlorophyll fluorescence where fast measurements of photosynthetic performance are now required for crop improvement purposes. Here we help the researcher make choices in terms of protocols using the equipment and expertise available, especially for field measurements. We start with a basic overview of the principles of fluorescence analysis and provide advice on best practice for taking pulse amplitude-modulated measurements. We also discuss a number of emerging techniques for contemporary crop and ecology research, where we see continual development and application of analytical techniques to meet the new challenges that have arisen in recent years. We end the review by briefly discussing the emerging area of monitoring fluorescence, chlorophyll fluorescence imaging, field phenotyping, and remote sensing of crops for yield and biomass enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- E H Murchie
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
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