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Dongariyal A, Dimri DC, Kumar P, Choudhary A, Jat PK, Basile B, Mataffo A, Corrado G, Singh A. Pollen-Pistil Interaction in Response to Pollination Variants in Subtropical Japanese Plum ( Prunus salicina Lindl.) Varieties. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3081. [PMID: 36432810 PMCID: PMC9692414 DOI: 10.3390/plants11223081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The Japanese plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.) is a fruit tree globally cultivated in temperate regions of the world. Its floral biology and yield are affected by several factors, with issues related to self- and cross- (in) compatibility among varieties being emblematic of the whole Rosaceae family. The aim of this work was to elucidate the fruit set, dynamics of pollen tube growth in pistil, and yield and other fruiting attributes, in 'Satluj Purple' and 'Kala Amritsari', probably the most popular subtropical Japanese plum varieties in northern regions of India. Specifically, we examined the response of six different pollination variants, namely to self-pollination, open-pollination with the two cultivars located in adjacent rows, open-pollination with the two cultivars located in distant rows, manual cross-pollination, supplementary pollination, and floral bouquet. During the two years of the investigation, both plum cultivars showed good in vitro pollen germination (on average, above 50%) at different sucrose concentrations, with the highest values for the 'Satluj Purple' and for the 15% concentration. In vivo, the analysis of the pollen growth in the various sections of the style indicated the best performance when pistils of 'Satluj Purple' were pollinated by pollen grains of cv. 'Kala Amritsari'. Cross-pollination also registered faster growth of pollen tube in pistil with the lowest number of incompatible pollen tubes compared to open- and self-pollination. From the productive point of view, cross-pollination showed the most pronounced results among the different pollination variants, with the highest initial fruit set (36.6%) and yield (28.0 kg/tree), and the shorter fruit development in 'Satluj Purple' (fruit set and yield in self-pollinated 'Satluj Purple' trees were 3.3% and 2.0 kg/tree, respectively). Conversely, the use of 'Satluj Purple' pollen for 'Kala Amritsari' showed poor results. Finally, in our study, 'Kala Amritsari' showed self-compatibility. We conclude that the main cause of poor fruit set in 'Satluj Purple' is self-incompatibility. The relevant genotypic-specific effects revealed by the analysis of the various pollination treatments also highlighted the importance of interplanting to increase fruit set and yield for subtropical Japanese plum varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Dongariyal
- Department of Horticulture, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology (GBPUAT), Pantnagar 263145, India
- Krishi Vigyan Kendra (GBPUAT, Pantnagar), via Guptkashi, Bansu, Rudraprayag 246439, India
| | - Dinesh Chandra Dimri
- Department of Horticulture, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology (GBPUAT), Pantnagar 263145, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Division of Integrated Farming System, ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur 342003, India
| | - Ashok Choudhary
- Department of Horticulture, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology (GBPUAT), Pantnagar 263145, India
- Division of Integrated Farming System, ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur 342003, India
| | - Priynka Kumari Jat
- Department of Horticulture, Maharishi Arvind University, Mudiaramser, Jaipur 302012, India
| | - Boris Basile
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mataffo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Giandomenico Corrado
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Akath Singh
- Division of Integrated Farming System, ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur 342003, India
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Beaudry FE, Rifkin JL, Barrett SC, Wright SI. Evolutionary Genomics of Plant Gametophytic Selection. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 1:100115. [PMID: 33367268 PMCID: PMC7748008 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
It has long been recognized that natural selection during the haploid gametophytic phase of the plant life cycle may have widespread importance for rates of evolution and the maintenance of genetic variation. Recent theoretical advances have further highlighted the significance of gametophytic selection for diverse evolutionary processes. Genomic approaches offer exciting opportunities to address key questions about the extent and effects of gametophytic selection on plant evolution and adaptation. Here, we review the progress and prospects for integrating functional and evolutionary genomics to test theoretical predictions, and to examine the importance of gametophytic selection on genetic diversity and rates of evolution. There is growing evidence that selection during the gametophyte phase of the plant life cycle has important effects on both gene and genome evolution and is likely to have important pleiotropic effects on the sporophyte. We discuss the opportunities to integrate comparative population genomics, genome-wide association studies, and experimental approaches to further distinguish how differential selection in the two phases of the plant life cycle contributes to genetic diversity and adaptive evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix E.G. Beaudry
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Joanna L. Rifkin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Spencer C.H. Barrett
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Stephen I. Wright
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
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Zanelli D, Candotto Carniel F, Garrido M, Fortuna L, Nepi M, Cai G, Del Casino C, Vázquez E, Prato M, Tretiach M. Effects of Few-Layer Graphene on the Sexual Reproduction of Seed Plants: An In Vivo Study with Cucurbita pepo L. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E1877. [PMID: 32961680 PMCID: PMC7560101 DOI: 10.3390/nano10091877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Products containing graphene-related materials (GRMs) are becoming quite common, raising concerns for environmental safety. GRMs have varying effects on plants, but their impact on the sexual reproduction process is largely unknown. In this study, the effects of few-layer graphene (FLG) and a similarly layered phyllosilicate, muscovite mica (MICA), were tested in vivo on the reproductive structures, i.e., pollen and stigma, of Cucurbita pepo L. ssp. pepo 'greyzini' (summer squash, zucchini). Pollen was exposed to FLG or MICA, after careful physical-chemical characterization, at concentrations of 0.5 and 2 mg of nanomaterial (NM) per g of pollen for up to six hours. Following this, pollen viability was tested. Stigmas were exposed to FLG or MICA for three hours and then analyzed by environmental scanning electron microscopy to verify possible alterations to their surface. Stigmas were then hand-pollinated to verify the effects of the two NMs on pollen adhesion and in vivo pollen germination. FLG and MICA altered neither pollen viability nor the stigmatic surface. However, both NMs equivalently decreased pollen adhesion and in vivo germination compared with untreated stigmas. These effects deserve further attention as they could impact on production of fruits and seeds. Importantly, it was shown that FLG is as safe as a naturally occurring nanomaterial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Zanelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, via L. Giorgieri 10, I-34127 Trieste, Italy; (D.Z.); (M.T.)
| | - Fabio Candotto Carniel
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, via L. Giorgieri 10, I-34127 Trieste, Italy; (D.Z.); (M.T.)
| | - Marina Garrido
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Trieste, via L. Giorgieri 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy; (M.G.); (L.F.); (M.P.)
| | - Lorenzo Fortuna
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Trieste, via L. Giorgieri 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy; (M.G.); (L.F.); (M.P.)
| | - Massimo Nepi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, via P. A. Mattioli 4, I-53100 Siena, Italy; (M.N.); (G.C.); (C.D.C.)
| | - Giampiero Cai
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, via P. A. Mattioli 4, I-53100 Siena, Italy; (M.N.); (G.C.); (C.D.C.)
| | - Cecilia Del Casino
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, via P. A. Mattioli 4, I-53100 Siena, Italy; (M.N.); (G.C.); (C.D.C.)
| | - Ester Vázquez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Science and Technology, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Av. Camilo José Cela, s/n, E-13005 Ciudad Real, Spain;
- Instituto Regional de Investigación Científica Aplicada (IRICA), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, E-13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Trieste, via L. Giorgieri 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy; (M.G.); (L.F.); (M.P.)
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 182, 20014 Donostia San Sebastián, Spain
- Basque Foundation for Science, Ikerbasque, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Mauro Tretiach
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, via L. Giorgieri 10, I-34127 Trieste, Italy; (D.Z.); (M.T.)
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Liu CC, Gui MY, Sun YC, Wang XF, He H, Wang TX, Li JY. Doubly guaranteed mechanism for pollination and fertilization in Ipomoea purpurea. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2020; 22:910-916. [PMID: 32270571 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Flowers, the reproductive organs of angiosperms, show a high degree of diversity in morphological structure and flowering habit to ensure pollination and fertilization of the plants. Effect of flower movement on pollination and fertilization was investigated in Ipomoea purpurea (Convolvulaceae) in this study. Fluorescence microscopy was used to observe the germination of pollen grains at different temperatures. From 04:00 to 06:00 h, the stigma was taller than the filaments, so that self-pollination could not occur, and cross-pollination was carried out by insects. Pollen grains germinated rapidly after falling on the stigma; the pollen tube reached the ovule to complete fertilization after 2-3 h. From 07:00 to 09:00 h, filaments of two stamens grew rapidly and reached the same height as the stigma, thus allowing self-crossing. But at this time, the ambient temperature was already high and was not conducive to the germination of pollen grains. The corolla closed, forming an inverted bell shape, where the inner microenvironment ensured completion of pollen germination and fertilization. Preferential cross-pollination and delayed self-crossing of I. purpurea provided a doubly guaranteed mechanism for pollination and fertilization, facilitating its adaptation to a high temperature climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-C Liu
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Nursing and Utilization of Genuine Chinese Crude Drugs in Henan Province, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - M-Y Gui
- China State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Y-C Sun
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Nursing and Utilization of Genuine Chinese Crude Drugs in Henan Province, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - X-F Wang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Nursing and Utilization of Genuine Chinese Crude Drugs in Henan Province, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - H He
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Nursing and Utilization of Genuine Chinese Crude Drugs in Henan Province, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - T-X Wang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Nursing and Utilization of Genuine Chinese Crude Drugs in Henan Province, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - J-Y Li
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Nursing and Utilization of Genuine Chinese Crude Drugs in Henan Province, Xinxiang, Henan, China
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Distefano G, Gentile A, Hedhly A, La Malfa S. Temperatures during flower bud development affect pollen germination, self-incompatibility reaction and early fruit development of clementine (Citrus clementina Hort. ex Tan.). PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2018; 20:191-198. [PMID: 29106780 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
One of the key environmental factors affecting plant reproductive systems is temperature. Characterising such effects is especially relevant for some commercially important genera such as Citrus. In this genus, failure of fertilisation results in parthenocarpic fruit development and seedlessness, which is a much-prized character. Here, we characterise the effects of temperature on flower and ovary development, and on pollen-pistil interactions in 'Comune' clementine (Citrus clementina Hort. ex Tan.). We examine flower bud development, in vitro pollen germination and pollen-pistil interaction at different temperatures (15, 20, 25 or 30 °C). These temperatures span the range from 'cold' to 'hot' weather during the flowering season in many citrus-growing regions. Temperature had a strong effect on flower and ovary development, pollen germination, and pollen tube growth kinetics. In particular, parthenocarpic fruit development (indicated by juice vesicle growth) was initiated early if flowers were exposed to warmer temperatures during anthesis. Exposure to different temperatures during flower bud development also alters expression of the self-incompatibility reaction. This affects the point in the pistil at which pollen tube growth is arrested and confirms the role of sub- and supra-optimal temperatures in determining the numbers of pollen tubes reaching the ovary.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Distefano
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - A Gentile
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - A Hedhly
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - S La Malfa
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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6
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Barrett SC, Harder LD. The Ecology of Mating and Its Evolutionary Consequences in Seed Plants. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2017. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110316-023021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Spencer C.H. Barrett
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Lawrence D. Harder
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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Liew LC, Singh MB, Bhalla PL. A novel role of the soybean clock gene LUX ARRHYTHMO in male reproductive development. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10605. [PMID: 28878247 PMCID: PMC5587693 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10823-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The evening complex of ELF4-ELF3-LUX proteins is an integral component of a plant circadian clock. LUX ARRHYTHMO (LUX) is one of the key components of the evening complex, and that play a key role in circadian rhythms and flowering. Here, we report that diverged soybean LUX has the additional role in male reproductive development. We studied diurnal and circadian rhythms of soybean LUX (GmLUXa, GmLUXb, and GmLUXc) using qRT-PCR, and show its nuclear localisation by particle bombardment. Yeast-two hybrid (Y2H) studies indicate that both GmLUXb and GmLUXc form an evening complex with GmELF4b and GmELF3a, respectively. Ectopic expression of GmLUXb in Arabidopsis lux mutants can complement functions of AtLUX, whereas GmLUXc generates novel phenotypes of serrated leaves, stunted plants, shortened anther filament, and low seed set. Overall, our results suggest that the LUX gene has diverged in soybean where GmLUXb and GmLUXc share the role to control flowering time, but GmLUXc has evolved to regulate anther filament growth and seed set by regulating the Gibberellin hormone biosynthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lim Chee Liew
- Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, School of Life Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Mohan B Singh
- Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Prem L Bhalla
- Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
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Losada JM, Herrero M. Pollen tube access to the ovule is mediated by glycoprotein secretion on the obturator of apple (Malus × domestica, Borkh). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 119:989-1000. [PMID: 28137704 PMCID: PMC5604596 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Within the ovary, the obturator bridges the pathway of the pollen tube from the style to the ovule. Despite its widespread presence among flowering plants, its function has only been studied in a handful of species, and the molecules involved in pollen tube-obturator cross-talk have not been explored hitherto. This work evaluates the involvement of glucans and glycoproteins on pollen tube growth in the obturator of apple flowers ( Malus × domestica) . METHODS Pollen tube kinetics were sequentially examined in the pistil and related to changes occurring on the obturator using histochemistry and inmunocytochemistry. To discriminate between changes in the obturator induced by pollen tubes from those developmentally regulated, both pollinated and unpollinated pistils were examined. KEY RESULTS Pollen tube growth rates were slow in the stigma, faster in the style and slow again in the ovary. The arrival of pollen tubes at the obturator was concomitant with the secretion of proteins, saccharides and glycoprotein epitopes belonging to extensins and arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs). While some of these secretions - extensins and AGPs labelled by JIM13 - were developmentally regulated, others - AGPs labelled by JIM8 - were elicited by the presence of pollen tubes. Following pollen tube passage, all these glycoproteins were depleted. CONCLUSIONS The results show a timely secretion of glycoproteins on the obturator surface concomitant with pollen tube arrival at this structure. The fact that their secretion is depleted following pollen tube passage strongly suggests their role in regulating pollen tube access to the ovule. Remarkably, both the regulation of the secretion of the different glycoproteins, as well as their association with the performance of pollen tubes exhibit similarities with those observed in the stigma, in line with their common developmental origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M. Losada
- Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, 1300 Centre St, Boston, MA 02131, USA
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, 80 Waterman Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Pomology Department, Aula Dei Experimental Station-CSIC, Avda Montañana 1005, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Maria Herrero
- Pomology Department, Aula Dei Experimental Station-CSIC, Avda Montañana 1005, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
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Mesihovic A, Iannacone R, Firon N, Fragkostefanakis S. Heat stress regimes for the investigation of pollen thermotolerance in crop plants. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2016; 29:93-105. [PMID: 27016360 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-016-0281-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Pollen thermotolerance. Global warming is predicted to increase the frequency and severity of extreme weather phenomena such as heat waves thereby posing a major threat for crop productivity and food security. The yield in case of most crop species is dependent on the success of reproductive development. Pollen development has been shown to be highly sensitive to elevated temperatures while the development of the female gametophyte as well as sporophytic tissues might also be disturbed under mild or severe heat stress conditions. Therefore, assessing pollen thermotolerance is currently of high interest for geneticists, plant biologists and breeders. A key aspect in pollen thermotolerance studies is the selection of the appropriate heat stress regime, the developmental stage that the stress is applied to, as well as the method of application. Literature search reveals a rather high variability in heat stress treatments mainly due to the lack of standardized protocols for different plant species. In this review, we summarize and discuss experimental approaches that have been used in various crops, with special focus on tomato, rice and wheat, as the best studied crops regarding pollen thermotolerance. The overview of stress treatments and the major outcomes of each study aim to provide guidelines for similar research in other crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anida Mesihovic
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Goethe University, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Rina Iannacone
- ALSIA Research Center Metapontum Agrobios Metaponto (MT), 75010, Metaponto, Italy
| | - Nurit Firon
- Department of Vegetable Research, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 50250, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Sotirios Fragkostefanakis
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Goethe University, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Harder LD, Aizen MA, Richards SA. The population ecology of male gametophytes: the link between pollination and seed production. Ecol Lett 2016; 19:497-509. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence D. Harder
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Marcelo A. Aizen
- Laboratorio Ecotono; INIBIOMA-CONICET and Centro Regional Bariloche; Universidad Nacional del Comahue; Quintral 1250 8400 Bariloche Río Negro Argentina
| | - Shane A. Richards
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences; Durham University; South Road Durham DH1 3LE UK
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Marshall DL, Evans AS. Can selection on a male mating character result in evolutionary change? A selection experiment on California wild radish, Raphanus sativus. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2016; 103:553-567. [PMID: 26872491 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1500171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Whenever more pollen grains arrive on stigmas than necessary to fertilize ovules, sexual selection is possible. However, the role of sexual selection remains controversial, in part because of lack of evidence on genetic bases of traits and the response of relevant characters to selection. METHODS In an experiment with Raphanus sativus, we selected on tendency to sire seeds in the stylar or basal regions of fruits. This character is likely related to pollen tube growth rate, and seed position affects rates of abortion and seed predation. We measured differences among families in seed siring and related characters and evaluated responses to selection. KEY RESULTS All replicates showed strong effects of pollen donor family on proportion of seeds sired per fruit in mixed pollinations. Most also showed effects of pollen donor family on number of pollen grains per flower and pollen diameter. Two of four replicates showed a response to selection on position of seeds sired. In responding replicates, we found trade-offs in pollen grain size and number; plants with larger pollen grains sired more seeds in the basal region. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest a genetic basis for pollen donor ability to sire seeds in competition. The significant response to selection in two replicates shows that position of seeds sired can respond to selection. Thus, all components for sexual selection to occur and affect traits are present. Variation in results among replicates might be due to changes in greenhouse conditions. Environmental effects may contribute to the maintenance of variation in these fitness-related characters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane L Marshall
- Department of Biology, MSC03-2020, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131 USA
| | - Ann S Evans
- Department of Biology, 99 Thomas Nelson Drive, Thomas Nelson Community College, Hampton, Virginia 23666 USA
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Lora J, Hormaza JI, Herrero M. The Diversity of the Pollen Tube Pathway in Plants: Toward an Increasing Control by the Sporophyte. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:107. [PMID: 26904071 PMCID: PMC4746263 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plants, unlike animals, alternate multicellular diploid, and haploid generations in their life cycle. While this is widespread all along the plant kingdom, the size and autonomy of the diploid sporophyte and the haploid gametophyte generations vary along evolution. Vascular plants show an evolutionary trend toward a reduction of the gametophyte, reflected both in size and lifespan, together with an increasing dependence from the sporophyte. This has resulted in an overlooking of the importance of the gametophytic phase in the evolution of higher plants. This reliance on the sporophyte is most notorious along the pollen tube journey, where the male gametophytes have to travel a long way inside the sporophyte to reach the female gametophyte. Along evolution, there is a change in the scenery of the pollen tube pathway that favors pollen competition and selection. This trend, toward apparently making complicated what could be simple, appears to be related to an increasing control of the sporophyte over the gametophyte with implications for understanding plant evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Lora
- Department of Subtropical Fruit Crops, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora – University of Málaga – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMálaga, Spain
| | - José I. Hormaza
- Department of Subtropical Fruit Crops, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora – University of Málaga – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMálaga, Spain
| | - María Herrero
- Department of Pomology, Estación Experimental Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasZaragoza, Spain
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Hedhly A, Wünsch A, Kartal Ö, Herrero M, Hormaza JI. Paternal-specific S-allele transmission in sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.): the potential for sexual selection. J Evol Biol 2016; 29:490-501. [PMID: 26559165 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Homomorphic self-incompatibility is a well-studied example of a physiological process that is thought to increase population diversity and reduce the expression of inbreeding depression. Whereas theoretical models predict the presence of a large number of S-haplotypes with equal frequencies at equilibrium, unequal allele frequencies have been repeatedly reported and attributed to sampling effects, population structure, demographic perturbation, sheltered deleterious mutations or selection pressure on linked genes. However, it is unclear to what extent unequal segregations are the results of gametophytic or sexual selection. Although these two forces are difficult to disentangle, testing S-alleles in the offspring of controlled crosses provides an opportunity to separate these two phenomena. In this work, segregation and transmission of S-alleles have been characterized in progenies of mixed donors and fully compatible pollinations under field conditions in Prunus avium. Seed set patterns and pollen performance have also been characterized. The results reveal paternal-specific distorted transmission of S-alleles in most of the crosses. Interestingly, S-allele segregation within any given paternal or maternal S-locus was random. Observations on pollen germination, pollen tube growth rate, pollen tube cohort size, seed set dynamics and transmission patterns strongly suggest post-pollination, prezygotic sexual selection, with male-male competition as the most likely mechanism. According to these results, post-pollination sexual selection takes precedence over frequency-dependent selection in explaining unequal S-haplotype frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hedhly
- Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A Wünsch
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria (CITA), Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ö Kartal
- Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Herrero
- Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, CSIC, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - J I Hormaza
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora (IHSM La Mayora - CSIC - UMA), Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
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Gillespie C, Stabler D, Tallentire E, Goumenaki E, Barnes J. Exposure to environmentally-relevant levels of ozone negatively influence pollen and fruit development. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 206:494-501. [PMID: 26284345 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A combination of in vitro and in vivo studies on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Triton) revealed that environmentally-relevant levels of ozone (O3) pollution adversely affected pollen germination, germ tube growth and pollen-stigma interactions - pollen originating from plants raised in charcoal-Purafil(®) filtered air (CFA) exhibited reduced germ tube development on the stigma of plants exposed to environmentally-relevant levels of O3. The O3-induced decline in in vivo pollen viability was reflected in increased numbers of non-fertilized and fertilized non-viable ovules in immature fruit. Negative effects of O3 on fertilization occurred regardless of the timing of exposure, with reductions in ovule viability evident in O3 × CFA and CFA × O3 crossed plants. This suggests O3-induced reductions in fertilization were associated with reduced pollen viability and/or ovule development. Fruit born on trusses independently exposed to 100 nmol mol(-1) O3 (10 h d(-1)) from flowering exhibited a decline in seed number and this was reflected in a marked decline in the weight and size of individual fruit - a clear demonstration of the direct consequence of the effects of the pollutant on reproductive processes. Ozone exposure also resulted in shifts in the starch and ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) content of fruit that were consistent with accelerated ripening. The findings of this study draw attention to the need for greater consideration of, and possibly the adoption of weightings for the direct impacts of O3, and potentially other gaseous pollutants, on reproductive biology during 'risk assessment' exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Gillespie
- Environmental and Molecular Plant Physiology Research Group, School of Biology, Devonshire Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Daniel Stabler
- Environmental and Molecular Plant Physiology Research Group, School of Biology, Devonshire Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Eva Tallentire
- Environmental and Molecular Plant Physiology Research Group, School of Biology, Devonshire Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Eleni Goumenaki
- Environmental and Molecular Plant Physiology Research Group, School of Biology, Devonshire Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Jeremy Barnes
- Environmental and Molecular Plant Physiology Research Group, School of Biology, Devonshire Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK.
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15
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Hove AA, Mazer SJ. Pollen Performance in Clarkia Taxa with Contrasting Mating Systems: Implications for Male Gametophytic Evolution in Selfers and Outcrossers. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2013; 2:248-78. [PMID: 27137375 PMCID: PMC4844357 DOI: 10.3390/plants2020248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
We tested three predictions regarding the joint evolution of pollen performance and mating system. First, due to the potential for intense intrasexual competition in outcrossing populations, we predicted that outcrossers would produce faster-growing pollen than their selfing relatives. Second, if elevated competition promotes stronger selection on traits that improve pollen performance, then, among-plant variation in pollen performance would be lower in outcrossers than in selfers. Third, given successive generations of adaptation to the same maternal genotype in selfers, we predicted that, in selfing populations (but not in outcrossing ones), pollen would perform better following self- than cross-pollinations. We tested these predictions in field populations of two pairs of Clarkia (Onagraceae) sister taxa. Consistent with our predictions, one outcrosser (C. unguiculata) exhibited faster pollen germination and less variation in pollen tube growth rate (PTGR) among pollen donors than its selfing sister species, C. exilis. Contrary to our predictions, the selfing C. xantiana ssp. parviflora exhibited faster PTGR than the outcrossing ssp. xantiana, and these taxa showed similar levels of variation in this trait. Pollen performance following self- vs. cross-pollinations did not differ within either selfing or outcrossing taxa. While these findings suggest that mating system and pollen performance may jointly evolve in Clarkia, other factors clearly contribute to pollen performance in natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa A Hove
- Biology Department, Warren Wilson College, P.O. Box 9000, Asheville, NC 28815, USA.
| | - Susan J Mazer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
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16
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Aleza P, Juárez J, Cuenca J, Ollitrault P, Navarro L. Extensive citrus triploid hybrid production by 2x×4x sexual hybridizations and parent-effect on the length of the juvenile phase. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2012; 31:1723-35. [PMID: 22614256 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-012-1286-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The citrus fresh market demands the production of seedless citrus fruits, as seedy fruits are not accepted by consumers. The recovery of triploid plants has proven to be the most promising approach to achieve this goal, since triploids have very low fertility, are generally seedless and do not induce seeds in other cultivars by cross pollination. Triploid plants can be recovered by 2x×4x sexual hybridization. In this work, we present an effective methodology to recover triploid plants from 2x×4x hybridizations based on in vitro embryo rescue, ploidy level analysis by flow cytometry and genetic origin of triploid plants. The pollen viability of diploid and tetraploid citrus genotypes was analyzed by comparing the pollen germination rate in vitro. The pollen viability of tetraploid (doubled-diploid) genotypes is generally reduced but sufficient for successful pollination. Triploid embryos were identified in normal and undeveloped seeds that did not germinate under greenhouse conditions. The influence of parents and environmental conditions on obtaining triploid plants was analyzed and a strong interaction was noted between the parents and environmental conditions. The parental effect on the length of the juvenile phase was also demonstrated through observations of a large number of progeny over the last 15 years. The juvenile phase length of the triploid hybrids obtained with 'Fortune' mandarin as female parent and tetraploid 'Orlando' tangelo as male parent was shorter than the juvenile phase obtained with a clementine as female parent and tetraploids of 'Nova', 'W. Leaf' and 'Pineapple' male parents. KEY MESSAGE Effective methodology to recover citrus triploid plants from 2x×4x sexual hybridizations and the parental effect on the length of the juvenile phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Aleza
- Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Ctra. Moncada-Náquera km 4.5, 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
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17
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Lora J, Herrero M, Hormaza JI. Pollen performance, cell number, and physiological state in the early-divergent angiosperm Annona cherimola Mill. (Annonaceae) are related to environmental conditions during the final stages of pollen development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 25:157-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s00497-012-0187-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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18
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Steinacher G, Wagner J. Effect of temperature on the progamic phase in high-mountain plants. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2012; 14:295-305. [PMID: 21973184 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2011.00498.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Progamic processes are particularly temperature-sensitive and, in lowland plants, are usually drastically reduced below 10 °C and above 30 °C. Little is known about how effectively sexual processes of mountain plants function under the large temperature fluctuations at higher altitudes. The present study examines duration and thermal thresholds for progamic processes in six common plant species (Cerastium uniflorum, Gentianella germanica, Ranunculus alpestris, R. glacialis, Saxifraga bryoides, S. caesia) from different altitudinal zones in the European Alps. Whole plants were collected from natural sites shortly before anthesis and kept in a climate chamber until further processing. Flowers with receptive stigmas were hand-pollinated with allopollen and exposed to controlled temperatures between -2 and 40 °C. Pollen performance (adhesion to the stigma, germination, tube growth, fertilisation) was quantitatively analysed, using the aniline blue fluorescence method. Pollen adhesion was possible from -2 to 40 °C. Pollen germination and tube growth occurred from around 0 to 35 °C in most species. Fertilisation was observed from 5 to 30-32 °C (0-35 °C in G. germanica). The progamic phase was shortest in G. germanica (2 h at 30 °C, 12 h at 5 °C, 24 h at 0 °C), followed by R. glacialis (first fertilisation after 2 h at 30 °C, 18 h at 5 °C). In the remaining species, first fertilisation usually occurred after 4-6 h at 30 °C and after 24-30 h at 5 °C. Thus, mountain plants show remarkably flexible pollen performance over a wide temperature range and a short progamic phase, which may be essential for successful reproduction in the stochastic high-mountain climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Steinacher
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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19
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Hedhly A. Sensitivity of flowering plant gametophytes to temperature fluctuations. ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 74:9-16. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2011.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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20
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Abadie P, Roussel G, Dencausse B, Bonnet C, Bertocchi E, Louvet JM, Kremer A, Garnier-Géré P. Strength, diversity and plasticity of postmating reproductive barriers between two hybridizing oak species (Quercus robur L. and Quercus petraea (Matt) Liebl.). J Evol Biol 2011; 25:157-73. [PMID: 22092648 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02414.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Very little is known about the nature and strength of reproductive isolation (RI) in Quercus species, despite extensive research on the estimation and evolutionary significance of hybridization rates. We characterized postmating pre- and postzygotic RI between two hybridizing oak species, Quercus robur and Quercus petraea, using a large set of controlled crosses between different genotypes. Various traits potentially associated with reproductive barriers were quantified at several life history stages, from pollen-pistil interactions to seed set and progeny fitness-related traits. Results indicate strong intrinsic postmating prezygotic barriers, with significant barriers also at the postzygotic level, but relatively weaker extrinsic barriers on early hybrid fitness measures assessed in controlled conditions. Using general linear modelling of common garden data with clonal replicates, we showed that most traits exhibited important genotypic differences, as well as different levels of sensitivity to micro-environmental heterogeneity. These new findings suggest a large potential genetic diversity and plasticity of reproductive barriers and are confronted with hybridization evidence in these oak species.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Abadie
- INRA, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, 69 route d'Arcachon, F-33612 Cestas, France
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21
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Snider JL, Oosterhuis DM. How does timing, duration and severity of heat stress influence pollen-pistil interactions in angiosperms? PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2011; 6:930-3. [PMID: 21628998 PMCID: PMC3257764 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.7.15315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Reproductive development in sexual plants is substantially more sensitive to high temperature stress than vegetative development, resulting in negative implications for food and fiber production under the moderate temperature increases projected to result from global climate change. High temperature exposure either during early pollen development or during the progamic phase of pollen development will negatively impact pollen performance and reproductive output; both phases of pollen development are considered exceptionally sensitive to moderate heat stress. However, moderately elevated temperatures either before or during the progamic phase can limit fertilization by negatively impacting important pollen pistil interactions required for successful pollen tube growth toward the ovules. This minireview identifies the impacts of heat stress on pollen-pistil interactions and sexual reproduction in angiosperms. A special emphasis is placed on the biochemical response of the pistil to moderately high temperature and the resultant influence on in vivo pollen performance and fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Snider
- USDA-ARS, Dale Bumpers Small Farms Research Center, Booneville, AR, USA.
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22
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Edwards CE, Weinig C. The quantitative-genetic and QTL architecture of trait integration and modularity in Brassica rapa across simulated seasonal settings. Heredity (Edinb) 2010; 106:661-77. [PMID: 20736971 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2010.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Within organisms, groups of traits with different functions are frequently modular, such that variation among modules is independent and variation within modules is tightly integrated, or correlated. Here, we investigated patterns of trait integration and modularity in Brassica rapa in response to three simulated seasonal temperature/photoperiod conditions. The goals of this research were to use trait correlations to understand patterns of trait integration and modularity within and among floral, vegetative and phenological traits of B. rapa in each of three treatments, to examine the QTL architecture underlying patterns of trait integration and modularity, and to quantify how variation in temperature and photoperiod affects the correlation structure and QTL architecture of traits. All floral organs of B. rapa were strongly correlated, and contrary to expectations, floral and vegetative traits were also correlated. Extensive QTL co-localization suggests that covariation of these traits is likely due to pleiotropy, although physically linked loci that independently affect individual traits cannot be ruled out. Across treatments, the structure of genotypic and QTL correlations was generally conserved. Any observed variation in genetic architecture arose from genotype × environment interactions (GEIs) and attendant QTL × E in response to temperature but not photoperiod.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Edwards
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA.
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23
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Marshall DL, Tyler AP, Abrahamson NJ, Avritt JJ, Barnes MG, Larkin LL, Medeiros JS, Reynolds J, Shaner MGM, Simpson HL, Maliakal-Witt S. Pollen performance of Raphanus sativus (Brassicaceae) declines in response to elevated [CO(2)]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 23:325-36. [PMID: 20563606 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-010-0146-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Although increases in atmospheric [CO(2)] are known to affect plant physiology, growth and reproduction, understanding of these effects is limited because most studies of reproductive consequences focus solely on female function. Therefore, we examined the effects of CO(2) enrichment on male function in the annual Raphanus sativus. Pollen donors grown under elevated [CO(2)] initially sired a higher proportion of seeds per fruit than ambient [CO(2)]-grown plants when each was tested against two different standard competitors; however, by the end of the 5-month experiment, these pollen donors sired fewer seeds than ambient [CO(2)]-grown plants and produced a lower proportion of viable pollen grains. The results of this experiment confirm that elevated [CO(2)] can alter reproductive success. Additionally, the change in response to elevated [CO(2)] over time varied among pollen donor families; thus, changes in [CO(2)] could act as a selective force on this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane L Marshall
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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Whittle CA, Malik MR, Li R, Krochko JE. Comparative transcript analyses of the ovule, microspore, and mature pollen in Brassica napus. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 72:279-99. [PMID: 19949835 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-009-9567-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptome data for plant reproductive organs/cells currently is very limited as compared to sporophytic tissues. Here, we constructed cDNA libraries and obtained ESTs for Brassica napus pollen (4,864 ESTs), microspores (i.e., early stage pollen development; 6,539 ESTs) and ovules (10,468 ESTs). Clustering and assembly of the 21,871 ESTs yielded a total of 10,782 unigenes, with 3,362 contigs and 7,420 singletons. The pollen transcriptome contained high levels of polygalacturonases and pectinesterases, which are involved in cell wall synthesis and expansion, and very few transcription factors or transcripts related to protein synthesis. The set of genes expressed in mature pollen showed little overlap with genes expressed in ovules or in microspores, suggesting in the latter case that a marked differentiation had occurred from the early microspore stages through to pollen development. Remarkably, the microspores and ovules exhibited a high number of co-expressed genes (N = 1,283) and very similar EST functional profiles, including high transcript numbers for transcriptional and translational processing genes, protein modification genes and unannotated genes. In addition, examination of expression values for genes co-expressed among microspores and ovules revealed a highly statistically significant correlation among these two tissues (R = 0.360, P = 1.2 x 10(-40)) as well as a lack of differentially expressed genes. Overall, the results provide new insights into the transcriptional profile of rarely studied ovules, the transcript changes during pollen development, transcriptional regulation of pollen tube growth and germination, and describe the parallels in the transcript populations of microspore and ovules which could have implications for understanding the molecular foundation of microspore totipotency in B. napus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie A Whittle
- Plant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council of Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W9, Canada
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25
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Snider JL, Oosterhuis DM, Skulman BW, Kawakami EM. Heat stress-induced limitations to reproductive success in Gossypium hirsutum. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2009; 137:125-38. [PMID: 19656331 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2009.01266.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Using in vitro systems, numerous authors have cited the sensitivity of pollen tube growth to high temperature as a major cause of low yields for crops with valuable reproductive structures. We investigated the hypothesis that in vivo fertilization efficiency would be negatively affected by heat stress-induced changes in energy reserves and calcium-mediated oxidative status in the pistil. Gossypium hirsutum plants exposed to optimal (30/20 degrees C) or high day temperature (38/20 degrees C) conditions during flowering were analyzed for fertilization efficiency via UV microscopic observation of pollen tube-containing ovules and for soluble carbohydrates, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), calcium, antioxidant enzyme activity and NADPH oxidase (NOX; EC 1.6.3.1) activity in the pistil. Leaf measurements included gas exchange, chlorophyll content, quantum efficiency and ATP content of the subtending leaf on the day of anthesis. In the pistil fertilization efficiency, soluble carbohydrates, ATP content and NOX activity declined significantly, whereas water soluble calcium and glutathione reductase (EC 1.8.1.7) activity increased, and superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) activity remained unchanged. In leaves, heat stress decreased photosynthesis, quantum efficiency and chlorophyll content, but increased stomatal conductance. We conclude that decreased source leaf activity either inhibits pollen development, tube growth through the style or guidance to the ovules as a result of an insufficient energy supply to the developing pistil. We further conclude that a calcium-augmented antioxidant response in heat-stressed pistils interferes with enzymatic superoxide production needed for normal pollen tube growth and fertilization of the ovule.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Snider
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA.
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26
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Lora J, Herrero M, Hormaza JI. The coexistence of bicellular and tricellular pollen in Annona cherimola (Annonaceae): Implications for pollen evolution. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2009; 96:802-808. [PMID: 21628235 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.0800167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Most angiosperms release bicellular pollen. However, in about one-third of extant angiosperms, the second pollen mitosis occurs before anthesis such that pollen is tricellular upon release. The shift from bicellular to tricellular development has occurred several times independently, but its causes are largely unknown. In this work, we observed the coexistence of both kinds of pollen at anther dehiscence in Annona cherimola, a species that belongs to the basal angiosperm family Annonaceae. Examination of pollen cell number during anther development showed that this coexistence was due to a late mitosis starting shortly before pollen shedding. Both types of pollen germinated equally well over the course of development. Because variable proportions of bicellular and tricellular pollen were observed at different sampling times, we tested the role of temperature by performing field and growth chamber experiments, which showed that higher temperatures near anthesis advanced the time of pollen mitosis II. The results show that selection could favor the production of tricellular pollen under certain environmental circumstances that prime rapid pollen germination and provide evidence of a system in which developmental variation persists, but that can be modified by external factors such as temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Lora
- Estación Experimental "La Mayora", CSIC 29760 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
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27
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Hedhly A, Hormaza JI, Herrero M. Global warming and sexual plant reproduction. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2009; 14:30-6. [PMID: 19062328 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2008.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2007] [Revised: 10/30/2008] [Accepted: 11/06/2008] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The sexual reproductive phase in plants might be particularly vulnerable to the effects of global warming. The direct effect of temperature changes on the reproductive process has been documented previously, and recent data from other physiological processes that are affected by rising temperatures seem to reinforce the susceptibility of the reproductive process to a changing climate. But the reproductive phase also provides the plant with an opportunity to adapt to environmental changes. Understanding phenotypic plasticity and gametophyte selection for prevailing temperatures, along with possible epigenetic changes during this process, could provide new insights into plant evolution under a global-warming scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afif Hedhly
- Departamento de Pomología, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, CSIC, Zaragoza, 50059, Spain; Estación Experimental la Mayora, CSIC, Málaga, 29760, Spain.
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28
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Jolivet C, Bernasconi G. Within/between population crosses reveal genetic basis for siring success in Silene latifolia (Caryophyllaceae). J Evol Biol 2007; 20:1361-74. [PMID: 17584231 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01344.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Divergence at reproductive traits can generate barriers among populations, and may result from several mechanisms, including drift, local selection and co-adaptation between the sexes. Intersexual co-adaptation can arise through sexually antagonistic co-evolution, a timely hypothesis addressed in animals but, to our knowledge, not yet in flowering plants. We investigated whether male and female population of origin affected pollen competition success, offspring fitness and sex ratio in crosses within/between six genetically differentiated populations of the white campion, Silene latifolia. Each female was crossed with pollen from one focus male from the same population, and pollen from two focus males from two distinct populations, both as single-donor and two-donor crosses against a fixed tester male with a 2-h interpollination interval (n = 288 crosses). We analysed paternity with microsatellite DNA. Male populations of origin significantly differed for siring success and in vitro pollen germination rates. In vitro pollen germination rate was heritable. Siring success also depended on sex ratio in the female family of origin, but only in between-population crosses. In some female populations, two-donor crosses produced less female-biased sex ratios compared with single-donor crosses, yet in other female populations the reverse was true. Offspring sex ratio varied with donor number, depending on the female population. Within/between population crosses did not differ significantly in seed set or offspring fitness, nor were siring success and offspring fitness significantly correlated. Altogether this suggests reproductive divergence for traits affecting pollen competition in S. latifolia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Jolivet
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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