1
|
Terescenco D, Savary G, Picard C, Hucher N. Topical pickering emulsion versus classical excipients: A study of the residual film on the human skin. Int J Pharm 2024; 657:124130. [PMID: 38631484 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
The interest in Pickering emulsions is based on the possibility of replacing classical emulsifiers with solid particles. These emulsions are very attractive in the pharmaceutical field for their stability virtues and as a vehicle to deliver active ingredients. The study aimed to analyze the properties of the residual film of the Pickering emulsions on the human skin compared to conventional systems. For this project, three types of solid particles were used: titanium dioxide, zinc oxide and silicon dioxide. All of them are capable of stabilizing the oil/water interface and thus forming totally emulsified systems. To create an emulsion of reference, a classical surfactant was used as an excipient. Complementary systems containing both particles and the emulsifier were also analyzed. Then, a combined approach between physicochemical and biometrological in vivo analysis was employed. The study proved that Pickering emulsions stabilized by the metal oxides were distinct from the reference emulsion in terms of droplet sizes and organization, rheological and textural responses. Consequently, it impacted the properties of the residual film once the product was applied to the skin. The particle-stabilized emulsions formed a hydrophobic film counter to conventional excipients. Also, the Friction parameter (or the roughness of the film) was directly linked to the quantity of the particles used in the formulation and their perception on the skin surface. The use of the particles blurs the glossy effect of the oil phase. Finally, it was observed that the appearance of the residual film was impacted by the type of the particle, namely TiO2 and ZnO particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daria Terescenco
- Université Le Havre Normandie, Normandie Univ, URCOM UR 3221, F-76600 Le Havre, France.
| | - Geraldine Savary
- Université Le Havre Normandie, Normandie Univ, URCOM UR 3221, F-76600 Le Havre, France.
| | - Celine Picard
- Université Le Havre Normandie, Normandie Univ, URCOM UR 3221, F-76600 Le Havre, France.
| | - Nicolas Hucher
- Université Le Havre Normandie, Normandie Univ, URCOM UR 3221, F-76600 Le Havre, France.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Racovita AD. Titanium Dioxide: Structure, Impact, and Toxicity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095681. [PMID: 35565075 PMCID: PMC9104107 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide, first manufactured a century ago, is significant in industry due to its chemical inertness, low cost, and availability. The white mineral has a wide range of applications in photocatalysis, in the pharmaceutical industry, and in food processing sectors. Its practical uses stem from its dual feature to act as both a semiconductor and light scatterer. Optical performance is therefore of relevance in understanding how titanium dioxide impacts these industries. Recent breakthroughs are summarised herein, focusing on whether restructuring the surface properties of titanium dioxide either enhances or inhibits its reactivity, depending on the required application. Its recent exposure as a potential carcinogen to humans has been linked to controversies around titanium dioxide's toxicity; this is discussed by illustrating discrepancies between experimental protocols of toxicity assays and their results. In all, it is important to review the latest achievements in fast-growing industries where titanium dioxide prevails, while keeping in mind insights into its disputed toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anca Diana Racovita
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hofer S, Hofstätter N, Punz B, Hasenkopf I, Johnson L, Himly M. Immunotoxicity of nanomaterials in health and disease: Current challenges and emerging approaches for identifying immune modifiers in susceptible populations. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 14:e1804. [PMID: 36416020 PMCID: PMC9787548 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Nanosafety assessment has experienced an intense era of research during the past decades driven by a vivid interest of regulators, industry, and society. Toxicological assays based on in vitro cellular models have undergone an evolution from experimentation using nanoparticulate systems on singular epithelial cell models to employing advanced complex models more realistically mimicking the respective body barriers for analyzing their capacity to alter the immune state of exposed individuals. During this phase, a number of lessons were learned. We have thus arrived at a state where the next chapters have to be opened, pursuing the following objectives: (1) to elucidate underlying mechanisms, (2) to address effects on vulnerable groups, (3) to test material mixtures, and (4) to use realistic doses on (5) sophisticated models. Moreover, data reproducibility has become a significant demand. In this context, we studied the emerging concept of adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) from the perspective of immune activation and modulation resulting in pro-inflammatory versus tolerogenic responses. When considering the interaction of nanomaterials with biological systems, protein corona formation represents the relevant molecular initiating event (e.g., by potential alterations of nanomaterial-adsorbed proteins). Using this as an example, we illustrate how integrated experimental-computational workflows combining in vitro assays with in silico models aid in data enrichment and upon comprehensive ontology-annotated (meta)data upload to online repositories assure FAIRness (Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability, Reusability). Such digital twinning may, in future, assist in early-stage decision-making during therapeutic development, and hence, promote safe-by-design innovation in nanomedicine. Moreover, it may, in combination with in silico-based exposure-relevant dose-finding, serve for risk monitoring in particularly loaded areas, for example, workplaces, taking into account pre-existing health conditions. This article is categorized under: Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Toxicology of Nanomaterials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Hofer
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Biosciences & Medical BiologyParis Lodron University of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Norbert Hofstätter
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Biosciences & Medical BiologyParis Lodron University of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Benjamin Punz
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Biosciences & Medical BiologyParis Lodron University of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Ingrid Hasenkopf
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Biosciences & Medical BiologyParis Lodron University of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Litty Johnson
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Biosciences & Medical BiologyParis Lodron University of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Martin Himly
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Biosciences & Medical BiologyParis Lodron University of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Guerreiro BM, Freitas F, Lima JC, Silva JC, Reis MAM. Photoprotective effect of the fucose-containing polysaccharide FucoPol. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 259:117761. [PMID: 33674014 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the performance of FucoPol, a fucose-containing bacterial polysaccharide, as a photostable agent with high absorption yield at concentrations as low as 0.02 % (w/v). FucoPol is non-cytotoxic, efficiently protects from UVA and UVB at concentrations of 0.02-2 % (w/v) and 0.2-2 % (w/v), respectively, has over 94 % overall photostability up to 1.5 h of irradiation time. The lowest concentration studied (0.02 %, w/v) shows a sun protection factor (SPF) of 2.61 ± 0.08. The SPF-to-concentration unit ratio showed that FucoPol is about 60-fold more photoprotective than combinations of common organic and inorganic UV filters. In vitro radiation exposure experiments of adhered Vero epithelial and PM1 keratinocytic cells in the presence of 0.25 % (w/v) FucoPol further showed that cell viability was preserved, and delayed radiation-induced cell death was prevented. Overall, FucoPol outperforms common cosmetic biopolymers like xanthan and fucogel. These results are very promising for the development of bio-based sunscreen formulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno M Guerreiro
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Nova University of Lisbon, Portugal; LAQV-REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Nova University of Lisbon, Portugal; CENIMAT/I3N, Physics Department, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Nova University of Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Filomena Freitas
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Nova University of Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - João C Lima
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Nova University of Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jorge C Silva
- CENIMAT/I3N, Physics Department, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Nova University of Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria A M Reis
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Nova University of Lisbon, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ximendes E, Benayas A, Jaque D, Marin R. Quo Vadis, Nanoparticle-Enabled In Vivo Fluorescence Imaging? ACS NANO 2021; 15:1917-1941. [PMID: 33465306 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c08349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The exciting advancements that we are currently witnessing in terms of novel materials and synthesis approaches are leading to the development of colloidal nanoparticles (NPs) with increasingly greater tunable properties. We have now reached a point where it is possible to synthesize colloidal NPs with functionalities tailored to specific societal demands. The impact of this new wave of colloidal NPs has been especially important in the field of biomedicine. In that vein, luminescent NPs with improved brightness and near-infrared working capabilities have turned out to be optimal optical probes that are capable of fast and high-resolution in vivo imaging. However, luminescent NPs have thus far only reached a limited portion of their potential. Although we believe that the best is yet to come, the future might not be as bright as some of us think (and have hoped!). In particular, translation of NP-based fluorescence imaging from preclinical studies to clinics is not straightforward. In this Perspective, we provide a critical assessment and highlight promising research avenues based on the latest advances in the fields of luminescent NPs and imaging technologies. The disillusioned outlook we proffer herein might sound pessimistic at first, but we consider it necessary to avoid pursuing "pipe dreams" and redirect the efforts toward achievable-yet ambitious-goals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erving Ximendes
- Fluorescence Imaging Group, Departamento de Fısica de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Madrid 28049, Spain
- Nanobiology Group, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Ctra. Colmenar km. 9.100, Madrid 28034, Spain
| | - Antonio Benayas
- Fluorescence Imaging Group, Departamento de Fısica de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Madrid 28049, Spain
- Nanobiology Group, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Ctra. Colmenar km. 9.100, Madrid 28034, Spain
| | - Daniel Jaque
- Fluorescence Imaging Group, Departamento de Fısica de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Madrid 28049, Spain
- Nanobiology Group, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Ctra. Colmenar km. 9.100, Madrid 28034, Spain
| | - Riccardo Marin
- Fluorescence Imaging Group, Departamento de Fısica de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Madrid 28049, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Solish N, Humphrey S, Waller B, Vanderveen S. Photoprotection With Mineral-Based Sunscreens. Dermatol Surg 2021; 46:1508-1513. [PMID: 32541340 DOI: 10.1097/dss.0000000000002478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although chemical sunscreens have traditionally been at the forefront of sun protection, safety concerns and increasing awareness of the environmental impact of personal-care products have led to greater interest in the use of mineral blockers as photoprotective agents. OBJECTIVE To examine the safety and efficacy of mineral-based sunscreens to allow patients to make informed choices about ultraviolet (UV) protection. MATERIALS AND METHODS A review of the literature was performed using the PubMed database. RESULTS This article provides an overview of physical blockers and focuses on the efficacy of mineral sunscreens in offering broad-spectrum UV protection and safety concerns, including the controversy surrounding the use of nanoparticles. Practical tips for application are also reviewed. CONCLUSION Mineral sunscreens are an attractive, efficacious option for consumers who prefer alternative choices in sun protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shannon Humphrey
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Carruthers & Humphrey Cosmetic Dermatology, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Sherri Vanderveen
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Carruthers & Humphrey Cosmetic Dermatology, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Dermatology on Bloor, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pelclová D, Navrátil T, Fenclová Z, Vlčková Š. Markers of oxidative stress after three days of nanoTiO 2 sunscreen use in humans: a pilot study. Cent Eur J Public Health 2020; 28 Suppl:S17-S21. [PMID: 33069176 DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a6158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent experimental studies point to a high reactivity of nanoparticles and the potential of sunscreens to penetrate the skin. We measured 20 markers of oxidative stress and inflammation to find out whether skin exposure to nanoTiO2 sunscreen may elevate the level of the markers in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) and urine of exposed subjects, as was suggested by our earlier study. METHODS Six volunteers (3 males and 3 females), with a mean age of 48.0 ± 6.7 years, used commercial sunscreen for three days continuously. The first samples were collected before the test. The second samples were collected on day 4, before the sunscreen was washed off, and the third samples on day 11. The following biomarkers were measured: malondialdehyde, 4-hydroxy-trans-hexenal, 4-hydroxy-trans-nonenal, aldehydes C6-C12, 8-isoProstaglandin F2α, o-tyrosine, 3-chlorotyrosine, 3-nitrotyrosine, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine, 8-hydroxyguanosine, 5-hydroxymethyl uracil, and leukotrienes B4, C4, D4, and E4, using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS In the urine, 4-hydroxy-trans-hexenal was significantly higher in post-exposure sample 2, and the same trend was seen in all urinary markers. In EBC, no difference was seen between the mean values of 20 post-test markers as compared with pre-test samples. CONCLUSION This study suggests potential side effects of the sunscreen - borderline elevation of markers of oxidative stress/inflammation - which may relate to the absorption of the nanoTiO2, and the non-significant difference may be explained by the small number of subjects. The effect was not seen in EBC, where nanoTiO2 was not found. A larger study is needed, as according to our previous study, the beneficial effect of the sunscreen to suppress oxidative stress caused by UV radiation may be questioned.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Pelclová
- Department of Occupational Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Navrátil
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenka Fenclová
- Department of Occupational Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Štěpánka Vlčková
- Department of Occupational Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sanches PL, Geaquinto LRDO, Cruz R, Schuck DC, Lorencini M, Granjeiro JM, Ribeiro ARL. Toxicity Evaluation of TiO 2 Nanoparticles on the 3D Skin Model: A Systematic Review. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:575. [PMID: 32587852 PMCID: PMC7298140 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) are regularly used in sunscreens because of their photoprotective capacity. The advantage of using TiO2 on the nanometer scale is due to its transparency and better UV blocking efficiency. Due to the greater surface area/volume ratio, NPs become more (bio)-reactive giving rise to concerns about their potential toxicity. To evaluate the irritation and corrosion of cosmetics, 3D skin models have been used as an alternative method to animal experimentation. However, it is not known if this model is appropriate to study skin irritation, corrosion and phototoxicity of nanomaterials such as TiO2 NPs. This systematic review (SR) proposed the following question: Can the toxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles be evaluated in a 3D skin model? This SR was conducted according to the Preliminary Report on Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). The protocol was registered in CAMARADES and the ToxRTool evaluation was performed in order to increase the quality and transparency of this search. In this SR, 7 articles were selected, and it was concluded that the 3D skin model has shown to be promising to evaluate the toxicity of TiO2 NPs. However, most studies have used biological assays that have already been described as interfering with these NPs, demonstrating that misinterpretations can be obtained. This review will focus in the possible efforts that should be done in order to avoid interference of NPs with biological assays applied in 3D in vitro culture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Laviola Sanches
- Postgraduate Program in Translational Biomedicine, University of Grande Rio, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
- Directory of Metrology Applied to Life Sciences, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
| | - Luths Raquel de Oliveira Geaquinto
- Directory of Metrology Applied to Life Sciences, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, National Institute of Metrology Quality and Technology, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
| | - Rebecca Cruz
- Fluminense Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - José Mauro Granjeiro
- Postgraduate Program in Translational Biomedicine, University of Grande Rio, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
- Directory of Metrology Applied to Life Sciences, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, National Institute of Metrology Quality and Technology, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
- Fluminense Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Rosa Lopes Ribeiro
- Postgraduate Program in Translational Biomedicine, University of Grande Rio, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, National Institute of Metrology Quality and Technology, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wu Z, Shi P, Lim HK, Ma Y, Setyawati MI, Bitounis D, Demokritou P, Ng KW, Tay CY. Inflammation Increases Susceptibility of Human Small Airway Epithelial Cells to Pneumonic Nanotoxicity. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2000963. [PMID: 32338442 PMCID: PMC8074924 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202000963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to inhaled anthropogenic nanomaterials (NM) with dimension <100 nm has been implicated in numerous adverse respiratory outcomes. Although studies have identified key NM physiochemical determinants of pneumonic nanotoxicity, the complex interactive and cumulative effects of NM exposure, especially in individuals with preexisting inflammatory respiratory diseases, remain unclear. Herein, the susceptibility of primary human small airway epithelial cells (SAEC) exposed to a panel of reference NM, namely, CuO, ZnO, mild steel welding fume (MSWF), and nanofractions of copier center particles (Nano-CCP), is examined in normal and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)-induced inflamed SAEC. Compared to normal SAEC, inflamed cells display an increased susceptibility to NM-induced cytotoxicity by 15-70% due to a higher basal level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Among the NM screened, ZnO, CuO, and Nano-CCP are observed to trigger an overcompensatory response in normal SAEC, resulting in an increased tolerance against subsequent oxidative insults. However, the inflamed SAEC fails to adapt to the NM exposure due to an impaired nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-mediated cytoprotective response. The findings reveal that susceptibility to pulmonary nanotoxicity is highly dependent on the interplay between NM properties and inflammation of the alveolar milieu.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoran Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Pujiang Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Hong Kit Lim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yiyuan Ma
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Magdiel Inggrid Setyawati
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Dimitrios Bitounis
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Harvard University, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Harvard University, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kee Woei Ng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Harvard University, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Environmental Chemistry and Materials Centre, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore, 637141, Singapore
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Chor Yong Tay
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Environmental Chemistry and Materials Centre, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore, 637141, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Himly M, Geppert M, Hofer S, Hofstätter N, Horejs-Höck J, Duschl A. When Would Immunologists Consider a Nanomaterial to be Safe? Recommendations for Planning Studies on Nanosafety. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1907483. [PMID: 32239645 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201907483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The immune system is professional in recognizing and responding to non-self, including nanomaterials. Immune responses by professional and nonprofessional immune cells are thus nearly inevitable upon exposure of cells and organisms to such materials. The state of research into taking the immune system into account in nanosafety studies is reviewed and three aspects in which further improvements are desirable are identified: 1) Due to technical limitations, more stringent testing for endotoxin contamination should be made. 2) Since under overdose conditions immunity shows unphysiological responses, all doses used should be justified by being equivalent to tissue-delivered doses. 3) When markers of acute inflammation or cell stress are observed, functional assays are necessary to distinguish between homeostatic fluctuation and genuine defensive or tolerogenic responses. Since immune activation can also indicate that the immune system considers a stimulus to be harmless and induces tolerance, activation markers by themselves do not necessarily imply a danger to the body. Guidelines such as these are necessary to approach the point where specific nanomaterials are classified as safe based on reliable testing strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Himly
- Department for Biosciences & Allergy Cancer BioNano Research Centre, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
| | - Mark Geppert
- Department for Biosciences & Allergy Cancer BioNano Research Centre, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
| | - Sabine Hofer
- Department for Biosciences & Allergy Cancer BioNano Research Centre, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
| | - Norbert Hofstätter
- Department for Biosciences & Allergy Cancer BioNano Research Centre, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
| | - Jutta Horejs-Höck
- Department for Biosciences & Allergy Cancer BioNano Research Centre, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
| | - Albert Duschl
- Department for Biosciences & Allergy Cancer BioNano Research Centre, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Roach KA, Stefaniak AB, Roberts JR. Metal nanomaterials: Immune effects and implications of physicochemical properties on sensitization, elicitation, and exacerbation of allergic disease. J Immunotoxicol 2019; 16:87-124. [PMID: 31195861 PMCID: PMC6649684 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2019.1605553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent surge in incorporation of metallic and metal oxide nanomaterials into consumer products and their corresponding use in occupational settings have raised concerns over the potential for metals to induce size-specific adverse toxicological effects. Although nano-metals have been shown to induce greater lung injury and inflammation than their larger metal counterparts, their size-related effects on the immune system and allergic disease remain largely unknown. This knowledge gap is particularly concerning since metals are historically recognized as common inducers of allergic contact dermatitis, occupational asthma, and allergic adjuvancy. The investigation into the potential for adverse immune effects following exposure to metal nanomaterials is becoming an area of scientific interest since these characteristically lightweight materials are easily aerosolized and inhaled, and their small size may allow for penetration of the skin, which may promote unique size-specific immune effects with implications for allergic disease. Additionally, alterations in physicochemical properties of metals in the nano-scale greatly influence their interactions with components of biological systems, potentially leading to implications for inducing or exacerbating allergic disease. Although some research has been directed toward addressing these concerns, many aspects of metal nanomaterial-induced immune effects remain unclear. Overall, more scientific knowledge exists in regards to the potential for metal nanomaterials to exacerbate allergic disease than to their potential to induce allergic disease. Furthermore, effects of metal nanomaterial exposure on respiratory allergy have been more thoroughly-characterized than their potential influence on dermal allergy. Current knowledge regarding metal nanomaterials and their potential to induce/exacerbate dermal and respiratory allergy are summarized in this review. In addition, an examination of several remaining knowledge gaps and considerations for future studies is provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Roach
- a Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch (ACIB) , National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) , Morgantown , WV , USA
- b School of Pharmacy , West Virginia University , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Aleksandr B Stefaniak
- c Respiratory Health Division (RHD) , National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Jenny R Roberts
- a Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch (ACIB) , National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) , Morgantown , WV , USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abo‐zeid Y, Williams GR. The potential anti‐infective applications of metal oxide nanoparticles: A systematic review. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 12:e1592. [DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Abo‐zeid
- School of Pharmacy Helwan University Cairo Egypt
- UCL School of Pharmacy University College London London UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pelclova D, Navratil T, Kacerova T, Zamostna B, Fenclova Z, Vlckova S, Kacer P. NanoTiO 2 Sunscreen Does Not Prevent Systemic Oxidative Stress Caused by UV Radiation and a Minor Amount of NanoTiO 2 is Absorbed in Humans. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9060888. [PMID: 31212919 PMCID: PMC6631994 DOI: 10.3390/nano9060888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The present pilot study tested the efficiency of nanoTiO2 sunscreen to prevent the oxidative stress/inflammation caused by ultraviolet (UV) radiation using biomarkers in subjects’ blood, urine, and exhaled breath condensate (EBC). In addition, the skin absorption of nanoTiO2 was studied. Six identical subjects participated in three tests: (A) nanoTiO2 sunscreen, (B) UV radiation, and (C) sunscreen + UV. The first samples were collected before the test and the second after sunscreen application and/or UV exposure. On day 4, the third samples were collected, and the sunscreen was washed off, and the fourth samples were collected on day 11. The following biomarkers were measured: malondialdehyde, 4-hydroxy-trans-hexenal, 4-hydroxy-trans-nonenal, aldehydes C6-C12, 8-iso-Prostaglandin F2α, o-tyrosine, 3-chlorotyrosine, 3-nitrotyrosine, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine, 8-hydroxyguanosine, 5-hydroxymethyl uracil, and leukotrienes, using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation-tandem mass spectrometry. Titania was measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and TiO2 nanoparticles by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Sunscreen alone did not elevate the markers, but UV increased the biomarkers in the plasma, urine, and EBC. The sunscreen prevented skin redness, however it did not inhibit the elevation of oxidative stress/inflammatory markers. Titania and nanoTiO2 particles were found in the plasma and urine (but not in the EBC) in all sunscreen users, suggesting their skin absorption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Pelclova
- Department of Occupational Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Na Bojišti 1, 128 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Tomas Navratil
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejskova 3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic.
| | - Tereza Kacerova
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK.
| | - Blanka Zamostna
- Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Vinicna 5, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Zdenka Fenclova
- Department of Occupational Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Na Bojišti 1, 128 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Stepanka Vlckova
- Department of Occupational Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Na Bojišti 1, 128 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Kacer
- Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamycka 129, 165 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Solaiman SM, Algie J, Bakand S, Sluyter R, Sencadas V, Lerch M, Huang XF, Konstantinov K, Barker PJ. Nano-sunscreens – a double-edged sword in protecting consumers from harm: viewing Australian regulatory policies through the lenses of the European Union. Crit Rev Toxicol 2019; 49:122-139. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2019.1579780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. M. Solaiman
- School of Law, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Jennifer Algie
- School of Management, Operations and Marketing, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Shahnaz Bakand
- School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Ronald Sluyter
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Vitor Sencadas
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Michael Lerch
- Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, School of Physics, Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Xu-Feng Huang
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Konstantin Konstantinov
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Philip J. Barker
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zeman T, Loh EW, Čierný D, Šerý O. Penetration, distribution and brain toxicity of titanium nanoparticles in rodents' body: a review. IET Nanobiotechnol 2018; 12:695-700. [PMID: 30104440 PMCID: PMC8676074 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2017.0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been vastly used commercially, especially as white pigment in paints, colorants, plastics, coatings, cosmetics. Certain industrial uses TiO2 in diameter <100 nm. There are three common exposure routes for TiO2: (i) inhalation exposure, (ii) exposure via gastrointestinal tract, (iii) dermal exposure. Inhalation and gastrointestinal exposure appear to be the most probable ways of exposure, although nanoparticle (NP) penetration is limited. However, the penetration rate may increase substantially when the tissue is impaired. When TiO2 NPs migrate into the circulatory system, they can be distributed into all tissues including brain. In brain, TiO2 lead to oxidative stress mediated by the microglia phagocytic cells which respond to TiO2 NPs by the production and release of superoxide radicals that convert to multiple reactive oxygen species (ROS). The ROS production may also cause the damage of blood-brain barrier which then becomes more permeable for NPs. Moreover, several studies have showed neuron degradation and the impairment of spatial recognition memory and learning abilities in laboratory rodent exposed to TiO2 NPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Zeman
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - El-Wui Loh
- Center for Evidence - based Health Care, Taipei Medical University - Shuang Ho Hospital, No. 291, Zhongzheng Road, Zhonghe District, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan
| | - Daniel Čierný
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Kollárova 2, 03659 Martin, Slovak Republic
| | - Omar Šerý
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Pathological Physiology, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Veveří 97, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Roosta A. Effect of lateral diffusion on the percutaneous absorption of micro-particles. PARTICULATE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/02726351.2016.1244871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aliakbar Roosta
- Chemical Engineering, Oil and Gas Department, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Han H, Roan F, Ziegler SF. The atopic march: current insights into skin barrier dysfunction and epithelial cell-derived cytokines. Immunol Rev 2018; 278:116-130. [PMID: 28658558 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis often precedes the development of other atopic diseases. The atopic march describes this temporal relationship in the natural history of atopic diseases. Although the pathophysiological mechanisms that underlie this relationship are poorly understood, epidemiological and genetic data have suggested that the skin might be an important route of sensitization to allergens. Animal models have begun to elucidate how skin barrier defects can lead to systemic allergen sensitization. Emerging data now suggest that epithelial cell-derived cytokines such as thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), IL-33, and IL-25 may drive the progression from atopic dermatitis to asthma and food allergy. This review focuses on current concepts of the role of skin barrier defects and epithelial cell-derived cytokines in the initiation and maintenance of allergic inflammation and the atopic march.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Han
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Florence Roan
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Steven F Ziegler
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
De Matteis V, Rinaldi R. Toxicity Assessment in the Nanoparticle Era. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1048:1-19. [PMID: 29453529 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72041-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The wide use of engineered nanomaterials in many fields, ranging from biomedical, agriculture, environment, cosmetic, urged the scientific community to understand the processes behind their potential toxicity, in order to develop new strategies for human safety. As a matter of fact, there is a big discrepancy between the increased classes of nanoparticles and the consequent applications versus their toxicity assessment. Nanotoxicology is defined as the science that studies the effects of engineered nanodevices and nanostructures in living organisms. This chapter analyzes the physico-chemical properties of the most used nanoparticles, the way they enter the living organism and their cytoxicity mechanisms at cellular exposure level. Moreover, the current state of nanoparticles risk assessment is reported and analyzed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria De Matteis
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "Ennio De Giorgi", Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy.
| | - Rosaria Rinaldi
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "Ennio De Giorgi", Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Darr JA, Zhang J, Makwana NM, Weng X. Continuous Hydrothermal Synthesis of Inorganic Nanoparticles: Applications and Future Directions. Chem Rev 2017; 117:11125-11238. [PMID: 28771006 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterials are at the leading edge of the emerging field of nanotechnology. Their unique and tunable size-dependent properties (in the range 1-100 nm) make these materials indispensable in many modern technological applications. In this Review, we summarize the state-of-art in the manufacture and applications of inorganic nanoparticles made using continuous hydrothermal flow synthesis (CHFS) processes. First, we introduce ideal requirements of any flow process for nanoceramics production, outline different approaches to CHFS, and introduce the pertinent properties of supercritical water and issues around mixing in flow, to generate nanoparticles. This Review then gives comprehensive coverage of the current application space for CHFS-made nanomaterials including optical, healthcare, electronics (including sensors, information, and communication technologies), catalysis, devices (including energy harvesting/conversion/fuels), and energy storage applications. Thereafter, topics of precursor chemistry and products, as well as materials or structures, are discussed (surface-functionalized hybrids, nanocomposites, nanograined coatings and monoliths, and metal-organic frameworks). Later, this Review focuses on some of the key apparatus innovations in the field, such as in situ flow/rapid heating systems (to investigate kinetics and mechanisms), approaches to high throughput flow syntheses (for nanomaterials discovery), as well as recent developments in scale-up of hydrothermal flow processes. Finally, this Review covers environmental considerations, future directions and capabilities, along with the conclusions and outlook.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jawwad A Darr
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Laboratories , 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- Department of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University , 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Neel M Makwana
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Laboratories , 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaole Weng
- Department of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University , 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Xu Y, Hadjiargyrou M, Rafailovich M, Mironava T. Cell-based cytotoxicity assays for engineered nanomaterials safety screening: exposure of adipose derived stromal cells to titanium dioxide nanoparticles. J Nanobiotechnology 2017; 15:50. [PMID: 28693576 PMCID: PMC5504822 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-017-0285-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing production of nanomaterials requires fast and proper assessment of its potential toxicity. Therefore, there is a need to develop new assays that can be performed in vitro, be cost effective, and allow faster screening of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs). RESULTS Herein, we report that titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) can induce damage to adipose derived stromal cells (ADSCs) at concentrations which are rated as safe by standard assays such as measuring proliferation, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels. Specifically, we demonstrated that low concentrations of TiO2 NPs, at which cellular LDH, ROS, or proliferation profiles were not affected, induced changes in the ADSCs secretory function and differentiation capability. These two functions are essential for ADSCs in wound healing, energy expenditure, and metabolism with serious health implications in vivo. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that cytotoxicity assays based on specialized cell functions exhibit greater sensitivity and reveal damage induced by ENMs that was not otherwise detected by traditional ROS, LDH, and proliferation assays. For proper toxicological assessment of ENMs standard ROS, LDH, and proliferation assays should be combined with assays that investigate cellular functions relevant to the specific cell type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY USA
| | - M. Hadjiargyrou
- Department of Life Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY USA
| | - Miriam Rafailovich
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY USA
| | - Tatsiana Mironava
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Schön P, Ctistis G, Bakker W, Luthe G. Nanoparticular surface-bound PCBs, PCDDs, and PCDFs-a novel class of potentially higher toxic POPs. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:12758-12766. [PMID: 26939687 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6211-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In a previous study, Env Sci Poll Res:1-7, 2015 showed that polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzo furanes (PCDFs) are found in commercially available (nano) particular titanium dioxide as a result of the fabrication. Here, we give a brief perspective and reason the toxicity of these new classes of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) by reviewing also their nanoparticular properties, such as surface-to-volume ratio, photocatalytic activity, polarity shifts, and stealth effect. These insights point towards a new class of POPs and toxicologic effects, which are related to the size but not a result of nanotechnology itself. We pave the way to the understanding of until now unresolved very complex phenomena, such as the indoor exposure, formation, and transformation of POP and sick-building syndrome. This is a fundamental message for nanotoxicology and kinetics and should be taken into account when determining the toxicity of nanomaterials and POPs separately and as a combination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schön
- NanoBioInterface Research Group, School of Life Science, Engineering, and Design, Saxion University of Applied Sciences, M.H. Tromplaan 28, P.O. Box 70.000, 7500 KB, Enschede, The Netherlands
- Materials Science and Technology of Polymers, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Georgios Ctistis
- NanoBioInterface Research Group, School of Life Science, Engineering, and Design, Saxion University of Applied Sciences, M.H. Tromplaan 28, P.O. Box 70.000, 7500 KB, Enschede, The Netherlands
- Complex Photonic Systems (COPS), MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Bakker
- NanoBioInterface Research Group, School of Life Science, Engineering, and Design, Saxion University of Applied Sciences, M.H. Tromplaan 28, P.O. Box 70.000, 7500 KB, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Gregor Luthe
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, 100 Oakdale Campus, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The University of Iowa, 100 Oakdale Campus, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
- Luthe Pharma, Fabrikstrasse 2, 48599, Gronau, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Chhabra G, Ndiaye MA, Garcia-Peterson LM, Ahmad N. Melanoma Chemoprevention: Current Status and Future Prospects. Photochem Photobiol 2017; 93:975-989. [PMID: 28295364 DOI: 10.1111/php.12749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of skin cancers, both nonmelanoma and melanoma, is increasing in the United States. The ultraviolet radiation, mainly from sun, is considered the major cause for these neoplasms. While nonmelanoma skin cancers are far more numerous, melanoma remains the most challenging. This is because melanoma can become extremely aggressive and its incidence is increasing worldwide due to lack of effective early detection, as well as disease recurrence, following both surgery and chemotherapy. Therefore, in addition to better treatment options, newer means are required to prevent melanomas from developing. Chemoprevention is a reasonable cost-effective approach to prevent carcinogenesis by inhibiting the processes of tumor initiation, promotion and progression. Melanoma is a progressive disease, which makes it very suitable for chemopreventive interventions, by targeting the processes and molecular pathways involved in the progression of melanoma. This review discusses the roles of various chemopreventive agents such as NSAIDs, statins, vitamins and dietary agents in melanoma and highlights current advancements and our perspective on future of melanoma chemoprevention. Although considerable preclinical data suggest that melanoma may be prevented or delayed by a numerous chemopreventive agents, we realize there are insufficient clinical studies evaluating their efficacy and long-term safety for human use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gagan Chhabra
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Mary Ann Ndiaye
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | | | - Nihal Ahmad
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI.,William S. Middleton VA Medical Center, Madison, WI
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wright C, Iyer AKV, Wang L, Wu N, Yakisich JS, Rojanasakul Y, Azad N. Effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on human keratinocytes. Drug Chem Toxicol 2017; 40:90-100. [PMID: 27310834 PMCID: PMC5161738 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2016.1185111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a ubiquitous whitening compound widely used in topical products such as sunscreens, lotions and facial creams. The damaging health effects of TiO2 inhalation has been widely studied in rats, mice and humans showing oxidative stress increase, DNA damage, cell death and inflammatory gene upregulation in lung and throat cells; however, the effects on skin cells from long-term topical use of various products remain largely unknown. In this study, we assessed the effect of specific TiO2 nanoparticles (H2TiO7) on a human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT). We performed a comparative analysis using three TiO2 particles varying in size (Fine, Ultrafine and H2TiO7) and analyzed their effects on HaCaTs. There is a clear dose-dependent increase in superoxide production, caspase 8 and 9 activity, and apoptosis in HaCaTs after treatment with all three forms of TiO2; however, there is no consistent effect on cell viability and proliferation with either of these TiO2 particles. While there is data suggesting UV exposure can enhance the carcinogenic effects of TiO2, we did not observe any significant effect of UV-C exposure combined with TiO2 treatment on HaCaTs. Furthermore, TiO2-treated cells showed minimal effects on VEGF upregulation and Wnt signaling pathway thereby showing no potential effect on angiogenesis and malignant transformation. Overall, we report here an increase in apoptosis, which may be caspase 8/Fas-dependent, and that the H2TiO7 nanoparticles, despite their smaller particle size, had no significant enhanced effect on HaCaT cells as compared to Fine and Ultrafine forms of TiO2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clayton Wright
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hampton University, Hampton, VA, USA
| | | | - Liying Wang
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Nianqiang Wu
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Juan S. Yakisich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hampton University, Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Yon Rojanasakul
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Neelam Azad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hampton University, Hampton, VA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Friehs E, AlSalka Y, Jonczyk R, Lavrentieva A, Jochums A, Walter JG, Stahl F, Scheper T, Bahnemann D. Toxicity, phototoxicity and biocidal activity of nanoparticles employed in photocatalysis. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
25
|
Retraction notice to Size-specific imprinted polymer embedded carbon nanodots modified magnetic nanoparticle for specific recognition of titanium nanoparticle: The round versus round. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 86:818-826. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.07.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
26
|
Fage SW, Muris J, Jakobsen SS, Thyssen JP. Titanium: a review on exposure, release, penetration, allergy, epidemiology, and clinical reactivity. Contact Dermatitis 2016; 74:323-45. [PMID: 27027398 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to titanium (Ti) from implants and from personal care products as nanoparticles (NPs) is common. This article reviews exposure sources, ion release, skin penetration, allergenic effects, and diagnostic possibilities. We conclude that human exposure to Ti mainly derives from dental and medical implants, personal care products, and foods. Despite being considered to be highly biocompatible relative to other metals, Ti is released in the presence of biological fluids and tissue, especially under certain circumstances, which seem to be more likely with regard to dental implants. Although most of the studies reviewed have important limitations, Ti seems not to penetrate a competent skin barrier, either as pure Ti, alloy, or as Ti oxide NPs. However, there are some indications of Ti penetration through the oral mucosa. We conclude that patch testing with the available Ti preparations for detection of type IV hypersensitivity is currently inadequate for Ti. Although several other methods for contact allergy detection have been suggested, including lymphocyte stimulation tests, none has yet been generally accepted, and the diagnosis of Ti allergy is therefore still based primarily on clinical evaluation. Reports on clinical allergy and adverse events have rarely been published. Whether this is because of unawareness of possible adverse reactions to this specific metal, difficulties in detection methods, or the metal actually being relatively safe to use, is still unresolved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon W Fage
- Department of Dermato-Venereology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Joris Muris
- Department of Dental Materials Science, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stig S Jakobsen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jacob P Thyssen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermato-Allergology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Naess EM, Hofgaard A, Skaug V, Gulbrandsen M, Danielsen TE, Grahnstedt S, Skogstad A, Holm JØ. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles in sunscreen penetrate the skin into viable layers of the epidermis: a clinical approach. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2015; 32:48-51. [DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elise M. Naess
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine; Oslo University Hospital; Norway
| | | | - Vidar Skaug
- National Institute of Occupational Health; Oslo Norway
| | - Marit Gulbrandsen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine; University Hospital of North Norway; Tromsø Norway
| | - Tor E. Danielsen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine; Oslo University Hospital; Norway
| | - Svein Grahnstedt
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine; Oslo University Hospital; Norway
| | | | - Jan-Øivind Holm
- Department of Dermatology; Oslo University Hospital; Norway and University of Oslo Norway
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Assessment of Immunotoxicity of Dextran Coated Ferrite Nanoparticles in Albino Mice. Mol Biol Int 2015; 2015:518527. [PMID: 26576301 PMCID: PMC4630405 DOI: 10.1155/2015/518527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, dextran coated ferrite nanoparticles (DFNPs) of size <25 nm were synthesized, characterized, and evaluated for cytotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and oxidative stress by in vitro and in vivo methods. Cytotoxicity was performed in vitro using splenocytes with different concentrations of DFNPs. Gene expression of selected cytokines (IL-1, IL-10, and TNF β) secretion by splenocytes was evaluated. Also, 100 mg of DFNPs was injected intraperitoneally to 18 albino mice for immunological stimulations. Six animals each were sacrificed at the end of 7, 14, and 21 days. Spleen was subjected to immunotoxic response and liver was analyzed for antioxidant parameters (lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione reductase). The results indicated that DFNPs failed to induce any immunological reactions and no significant alternation in antioxidant defense mechanism. Also, mRNA expression of the cytokines revealed an increase in IL-10 expression and subsequent decreased expression of IL-1 and TNF β. Eventually, DNA sequencing of liver actin gene revealed base alteration in nonconserved regions (10-20 bases) of all the treated groups when compared to control samples. Hence, it can be concluded that the DFNPs were nontoxic at the cellular level and nonimmunotoxic when exposed intraperitoneally to mice.
Collapse
|
29
|
Rodriguez J, Maibach HI. Percutaneous penetration and pharmacodynamics: Wash-in and wash-off of sunscreen and insect repellent. J DERMATOL TREAT 2015; 27:11-8. [DOI: 10.3109/09546634.2015.1050350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
|
30
|
Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle Penetration into the Skin and Effects on HaCaT Cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:9282-97. [PMID: 26262634 PMCID: PMC4555280 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120809282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) suspensions (concentration 1.0 g/L) in synthetic sweat solution were applied on Franz cells for 24 h using intact and needle-abraded human skin. Titanium content into skin and receiving phases was determined. Cytotoxicity (MTT, AlamarBlue® and propidium iodide, PI, uptake assays) was evaluated on HaCat keratinocytes after 24 h, 48 h, and seven days of exposure. After 24 h of exposure, no titanium was detectable in receiving solutions for both intact and damaged skin. Titanium was found in the epidermal layer after 24 h of exposure (0.47 ± 0.33 μg/cm2) while in the dermal layer, the concentration was below the limit of detection. Damaged skin, in its whole, has shown a similar concentration (0.53 ± 0.26 μg/cm2). Cytotoxicity studies on HaCaT cells demonstrated that TiO2NPs induced cytotoxic effects only at very high concentrations, reducing cell viability after seven days of exposure with EC50s of 8.8 × 10−4 M (MTT assay), 3.8 × 10−5 M (AlamarBlue® assay), and 7.6 × 10−4 M (PI uptake, index of a necrotic cell death). Our study demonstrated that TiO2NPs cannot permeate intact and damaged skin and can be found only in the stratum corneum and epidermis. Moreover, the low cytotoxic effect observed on human HaCaT keratinocytes suggests that these nano-compounds have a potential toxic effect at the skin level only after long-term exposure.
Collapse
|
31
|
A review of critical factors for assessing the dermal absorption of metal oxide nanoparticles from sunscreens applied to humans, and a research strategy to address current deficiencies. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:1909-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1564-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
32
|
Nanoparticles skin absorption: New aspects for a safety profile evaluation. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 72:310-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
33
|
Determination of oxidative stress related toxicity on repeated dermal exposure of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles in rats. Int J Biomater 2014; 2014:476942. [PMID: 25587279 PMCID: PMC4283387 DOI: 10.1155/2014/476942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HANPs) have numerous applications, such as substitute for bone grafting, bone fillers, bioceramic coating, and dental fillings. The toxicity of these nanomaterials is of growing concern despite their significant scientific interest and promising potential in many applications. In this study, an in-house synthesized, characterized HANP of size <50 nm was investigated for the dermal toxicity. A paste of HANPs was prepared in water and applied on the dorsal side of the rats for 28 days. At the end of 28 days, blood was subjected to haematological and biochemical analysis. Gross necropsy was conducted and major organs were collected for histopathological observations. Liver from the animals was evaluated for lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione, and antioxidant enzymes activity. It was observed that none of the animals showed any abnormality during the experimental period. Gross examination of carcasses did not reveal any abnormality in the organs examined. The results also demonstrated that there was no significant fluctuation in the level of antioxidant defense mechanisms, lipid peroxidation, and haematological and biochemical parameters. There was no histopathological lesion observed in any of the organs. Hence, it can be concluded that the synthesized HANPs were nontoxic at cellular level, when exposed dermally to rats.
Collapse
|
34
|
|
35
|
Antonio JR, Antônio CR, Cardeal ILS, Ballavenuto JMA, Oliveira JR. Nanotechnology in dermatology. An Bras Dermatol 2014; 89:126-36. [PMID: 24626657 PMCID: PMC3938363 DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20142228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The scientific community and general public have been exposed to a series of achievements attributed to a new area of knowledge: Nanotechnology. Both abroad and in Brazil, funding agencies have launched programs aimed at encouraging this type of research. Indeed, for many who come into contact with this subject it will be clear the key role that chemical knowledge will play in the evolution of this subject. And even more, will see that it is a science in which the basic structure is formed by distilling different areas of inter-and multidisciplinary knowledge along the lines of new paradigms. In this article, we attempt to clarify the foundations of nanotechnology, and demonstrate their contribution to new advances in dermatology as well as medicine in general. Nanotechnology is clearly the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João Roberto Antonio
- São José do Rio Preto State School of Medicine, Hospital de Base, Dermatology Service, São José do Rio PretoSP, Brazil, Emeritus Professor, State School of Medicine, São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP) - Head of Dermatology and the Dermatology Service, Hospital de Base, São José do Rio Preto State School of Medicine (FAMERP) - São José do Rio Preto (SP), Brazil
| | - Carlos Roberto Antônio
- São José do Rio Preto State School of Medicine, Hospital de Base, Dermatology Service, São José do Rio PretoSP, Brazil, Doctor Dermatologist - Professor responsible for Dermatological and Laser Surgery, Dermatology Service, Hospital de Base, São José do Rio Preto State School of Medicine (FAMERP) - São José do Rio Preto (SP), Brazil
| | - Izabela Lídia Soares Cardeal
- São José do Rio Preto State School of Medicine, Hospital de Base, São José do Rio PretoSP, Brazil, Doctor, State School of Medicine, São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP). Resident of the Dermatology Service, Hospital de Base, São José do Rio Preto State School of Medicine (FAMERP) - São José do Rio Preto (SP), Brazil
| | - Julia Maria Avelino Ballavenuto
- São José do Rio Preto State School of Medicine, São José do Rio PretoSP, Brazil, Medical Academic, São José do Rio Preto State School of Medicine (FAMERP) - São José do Rio Preto (SP), Brazil
| | - João Rodrigo Oliveira
- São José do Rio Preto State School of Medicine, São José do Rio PretoSP, Brazil, Medical Academic, São José do Rio Preto State School of Medicine (FAMERP) - São José do Rio Preto (SP), Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
He X, Aker WG, Hwang HM. An in vivo study on the photo-enhanced toxicities of S-doped TiO2 nanoparticles to zebrafish embryos (Danio rerio) in terms of malformation, mortality, rheotaxis dysfunction, and DNA damage. Nanotoxicology 2014; 8 Suppl 1:185-95. [PMID: 24766231 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2013.874050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The role of light on the acute toxicities of S-doped and Sigma TiO2 nanoparticles in zebrafish was studied. Metrics included mortality for both, and rheotaxis dysfunction and DNA damage for S-doped only. It was found that the acute toxicity of S-TiO2 nanoparticles was enhanced by simulated sunlight (SSL) irradiation (96-h LC50 of 116.56 ppm) and exceeded that of Sigma TiO2, which was essentially non-toxic. Behavioral disorder, in terms of rheotaxis, was significantly increased by treatment with S-TiO2 nanoparticles under SSL irradiation. In order to further understand its toxicity mechanism, we investigated hair cells in neuromasts of the posterior lateral line (PLL) using DASPEI staining. Significant hair cell damage was observed in the treated larvae. The Comet assay was employed to investigate the DNA damage, which might be responsible for the loss of hair cells. Production of the superoxide anion ([Formula: see text]), a major ROS generated by TiO2 nanoparticles, was assayed and used to postulate causative factors to account for these damages. Oxidative effects were most severe in the liver, heart, intestine, pancreatic duct, and pancreatic islet - results consistent with our earlier findings in the investigation of embryonic malformation. TEM micrographs, used to further investigate the fate of S-TiO2 nanoparticles at the cellular level, suggested receptor-mediated autophagy and vacuolization. Our findings validate the benefit of using the transparent zebrafish embryo as an in vivo model for evaluating photo-induced nanotoxicity. These results highlight the importance of conducting a systematic risk assessment in connection with the use of doped TiO2 nanoparticles in aquatic ecosystems.
Collapse
|
37
|
Mohanan P, Geetha C, Syama S, Varma H. Interfacing of dextran coated ferrite nanomaterials with cellular system and delayed hypersensitivity on Guinea pigs. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 116:633-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
38
|
|
39
|
Becker K, Schroecksnadel S, Geisler S, Carriere M, Gostner JM, Schennach H, Herlin N, Fuchs D. TiO(2) nanoparticles and bulk material stimulate human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 65:63-9. [PMID: 24361406 PMCID: PMC3969306 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Effects on immunobiochemical pathways of TiO2 materials were investigated in vitro. TiO2 bulk and nanomaterial stimulated neopterin production in human PBMC. There was no stimulatory influence of particles on tryptophan breakdown. At high particles concentrations, tryptophan breakdown was suppressed. Results suggest that the total effect of particles is even stronger pro-inflammatory.
Nanomaterials are increasingly produced and used throughout recent years. Consequently the probability of exposure to nanoparticles has risen. Because of their small 1–100 nm size, the physicochemical properties of nanomaterials may differ from standard bulk materials and may pose a threat to human health. Only little is known about the effects of nanoparticles on the human immune system. In this study, we investigated the effects of TiO2 nanoparticles and bulk material in the in vitro model of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and cytokine-induced neopterin formation and tryptophan breakdown was monitored. Both biochemical processes are closely related to the course of diseases like infections, atherogenesis and neurodegeneration. OCTi60 (25 nm diameter) TiO2 nanoparticles and bulk material increased neopterin production in unstimulated PBMC and stimulated cells significantly, the effects were stronger for OCTi60 compared to bulk material, while P25 TiO2 (25 nm diameter) nanoparticles had only little influence. No effect of TiO2 nanoparticles on tryptophan breakdown was detected in unstimulated cells, whereas in stimulated cells, IDO activity and IFN-γ production were suppressed but only at the highest concentrations tested. Because neopterin was stimulated and tryptophan breakdown was suppressed in parallel, data suggests that the total effect of particles would be strongly pro-inflammatory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Becker
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Simon Geisler
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Marie Carriere
- Laboratoire Lesion des Acides Nucleiques, CEA Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Johanna M Gostner
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Harald Schennach
- Central Institute of Blood Transfusion and Immunology, University Hospital, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nathalie Herlin
- Service des Photons, Atomes et Molécules, Laboratoire Francis Perrin (CEA CNRS URA 2453), Saclay, Gif-sur Yvette, France
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Mortensen LJ, Jatana S, Gelein R, De Benedetto A, De Mesy Bentley KL, Beck L, Elder A, DeLouise LA. Quantification of quantum dot murine skin penetration with UVR barrier impairment. Nanotoxicology 2013; 7:1386-98. [PMID: 23078247 PMCID: PMC3816392 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2012.741726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) skin exposure is a common exogenous insult that can alter skin barrier and immune functions. With the growing presence of nanoparticles (NPs) in consumer goods and technological applications the potential for NPs to contact UVR-exposed skin is increasing. Therefore it is important to understand the effect of UVR on NP skin penetration and the potential for systemic translocation. Previous studies qualitatively showed that UVR skin exposure can increase the penetration of NPs below the stratum corneum. In this work, an in vivo mouse model was used to quantitatively examine the skin penetration of carboxylated (CdSe/ZnS, core/shell) quantum dots (QDs) through intact and UVR barrier-disrupted murine skin by organ Cd mass analysis. Transepidermal water loss was used to measure the magnitude of the skin barrier defect as a function of UVR dose and time post-UVR exposure. QDs were applied to mice 3-4 days post-UVR exposure at the peak of the skin barrier disruption. Our results reveal unexpected trends that suggest these negative-charged QDs can penetrate barrier intact skin and that penetration and systemic transport depends on the QD application time post-UVR exposure. The effect of UVR on skin-resident dendritic cells and their role in the systemic translocation of these QDs are described. Our results suggest that NP skin penetration and translocation may depend on the specific barrier insult and the inflammatory status of the skin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Samreen Jatana
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester, NY, 14642
| | - Robert Gelein
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Rochester, NY, 14642
| | - Anna De Benedetto
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14642
| | | | - Lisa Beck
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14642
| | - Alison Elder
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Rochester, NY, 14642
| | - Lisa A. DeLouise
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester, NY, 14642
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14642
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Bachler G, von Goetz N, Hungerbühler K. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for ionic silver and silver nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 8:3365-82. [PMID: 24039420 PMCID: PMC3771750 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s46624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Silver is a strong antibiotic that is increasingly incorporated into consumer products as a bulk, salt, or nanosilver, thus potentially causing side-effects related to human exposure. However, the fate and behavior of (nano)silver in the human body is presently not well understood. In order to aggregate the existing experimental information, a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model (PBPK) was developed in this study for ionic silver and nanosilver. The structure of the model was established on the basis of toxicokinetic data from intravenous studies. The number of calibrated parameters was minimized in order to enhance the predictive capability of the model. We validated the model structure for both silver forms by reproducing exposure conditions (dermal, oral, and inhalation) of in vivo experiments and comparing simulated and experimentally assessed organ concentrations. Therefore, the percutaneous, intestinal, or pulmonary absorption fraction was estimated based on the blood silver concentration of the respective experimental data set. In all of the cases examined, the model could successfully predict the biodistribution of ionic silver and 15-150 nm silver nanoparticles, which were not coated with substances designed to prolong the circulatory time (eg, polyethylene glycol). Furthermore, the results of our model indicate that: (1) within the application domain of our model, the particle size and coating had a minor influence on the biodistribution; (2) in vivo, it is more likely that silver nanoparticles are directly stored as insoluble salt particles than dissolve into Ag⁺; and (3) compartments of the mononuclear phagocytic system play a minor role in exposure levels that are relevant for human consumers. We also give an example of how the model can be used in exposure and risk assessments based on five different exposure scenarios, namely dietary intake, use of three separate consumer products, and occupational exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Bachler
- ETH Zurich, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Shi H, Magaye R, Castranova V, Zhao J. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles: a review of current toxicological data. Part Fibre Toxicol 2013. [PMID: 23587290 DOI: 10.1186/17438977-10-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) are manufactured worldwide in large quantities for use in a wide range of applications. TiO2 NPs possess different physicochemical properties compared to their fine particle (FP) analogs, which might alter their bioactivity. Most of the literature cited here has focused on the respiratory system, showing the importance of inhalation as the primary route for TiO2 NP exposure in the workplace. TiO2 NPs may translocate to systemic organs from the lung and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) although the rate of translocation appears low. There have also been studies focusing on other potential routes of human exposure. Oral exposure mainly occurs through food products containing TiO2 NP-additives. Most dermal exposure studies, whether in vivo or in vitro, report that TiO2 NPs do not penetrate the stratum corneum (SC). In the field of nanomedicine, intravenous injection can deliver TiO2 nanoparticulate carriers directly into the human body. Upon intravenous exposure, TiO2 NPs can induce pathological lesions of the liver, spleen, kidneys, and brain. We have also shown here that most of these effects may be due to the use of very high doses of TiO2 NPs. There is also an enormous lack of epidemiological data regarding TiO2 NPs in spite of its increased production and use. However, long-term inhalation studies in rats have reported lung tumors. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the toxicology of TiO2 NPs and points out areas where further information is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Shi
- Public Health Department of Medical School, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315211, PR China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Shi H, Magaye R, Castranova V, Zhao J. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles: a review of current toxicological data. Part Fibre Toxicol 2013; 10:15. [PMID: 23587290 PMCID: PMC3637140 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-10-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 789] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) are manufactured worldwide in large quantities for use in a wide range of applications. TiO2 NPs possess different physicochemical properties compared to their fine particle (FP) analogs, which might alter their bioactivity. Most of the literature cited here has focused on the respiratory system, showing the importance of inhalation as the primary route for TiO2 NP exposure in the workplace. TiO2 NPs may translocate to systemic organs from the lung and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) although the rate of translocation appears low. There have also been studies focusing on other potential routes of human exposure. Oral exposure mainly occurs through food products containing TiO2 NP-additives. Most dermal exposure studies, whether in vivo or in vitro, report that TiO2 NPs do not penetrate the stratum corneum (SC). In the field of nanomedicine, intravenous injection can deliver TiO2 nanoparticulate carriers directly into the human body. Upon intravenous exposure, TiO2 NPs can induce pathological lesions of the liver, spleen, kidneys, and brain. We have also shown here that most of these effects may be due to the use of very high doses of TiO2 NPs. There is also an enormous lack of epidemiological data regarding TiO2 NPs in spite of its increased production and use. However, long-term inhalation studies in rats have reported lung tumors. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the toxicology of TiO2 NPs and points out areas where further information is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Shi
- Public Health Department of Medical School, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315211, P. R. China
| | - Ruth Magaye
- Public Health Department of Medical School, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315211, P. R. China
| | - Vincent Castranova
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Jinshun Zhao
- Public Health Department of Medical School, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315211, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Liu S, Yang Z. Evaluation of the effect of acute and subacute exposure to TiO₂ nanoparticles on oxidative stress. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1028:135-145. [PMID: 23740117 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-475-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The nanosized titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2) is produced abundantly and used widely in the chemical, electrical/electronic, and energy industries because of its special photovoltaic and photocatalytic activities. Past reports have shown that the nano-TiO2 can enter into the human body through different routes such as inhalation, ingestion, dermal penetration, and injection. The effects of nano-TiO2 on different organs are currently being investigated. Oxidative stress is considered to play an important role in the oxidative potential of nanoparticles. Here we discuss the association between oxidative stress and the toxicity caused by exposure to nano-TiO2 in different organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shichang Liu
- Nankai University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Kaur J, Tikoo K. Evaluating cell specific cytotoxicity of differentially charged silver nanoparticles. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 51:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2012] [Revised: 08/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
46
|
Labouta HI, Schneider M. Interaction of inorganic nanoparticles with the skin barrier: current status and critical review. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2012; 9:39-54. [PMID: 22542824 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2011] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Integration of nanotechnology with biology leads to various advantages in applied pharmaceutical and medical sciences. In that regard, the behavior of nanoparticles (NPs) in relation to the skin, an important biological barrier, has been the target of several recent studies. Yet the potential ability of NPs to penetrate into the underlying viable tissue lies at the center of debate. This review briefly highlights the current applications of inorganic NPs, then discusses the current status of their skin penetration in view of the vast variation among the experimental setups in use. Determinants of particle penetration, adopted approaches for enhanced penetration, the underlying mechanism, as well as qualitative and quantitative analysis of NPs present in the skin are also within the scope of this review article. We emphasize analyzing the data generated from experiments on human skin, the "gold standard" for assessment of in vitro skin penetration. Based on this, we include some recommendations for future research. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR Transdermal application of inorganic nanoparticle-based medications is of growing interest in nanomedicine research. This critical review discusses the knowns and the unknowns of this field, providing insightful recommendations for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hagar I Labouta
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Nohynek GJ, Dufour EK. Nano-sized cosmetic formulations or solid nanoparticles in sunscreens: A risk to human health? Arch Toxicol 2012; 86:1063-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-012-0831-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
48
|
Darvin M, König K, Kellner-Hoefer M, Breunig H, Werncke W, Meinke M, Patzelt A, Sterry W, Lademann J. Safety Assessment by Multiphoton Fluorescence/Second Harmonic Generation/Hyper-Rayleigh Scattering Tomography of ZnO Nanoparticles Used in Cosmetic Products. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2012; 25:219-26. [DOI: 10.1159/000338976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
49
|
Skocaj M, Filipic M, Petkovic J, Novak S. Titanium dioxide in our everyday life; is it safe? Radiol Oncol 2011; 45:227-47. [PMID: 22933961 PMCID: PMC3423755 DOI: 10.2478/v10019-011-0037-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) is considered as an inert and safe material and has been used in many applications for decades. However, with the development of nanotechnologies TiO(2) nanoparticles, with numerous novel and useful properties, are increasingly manufactured and used. Therefore increased human and environmental exposure can be expected, which has put TiO(2) nanoparticles under toxicological scrutiny. Mechanistic toxicological studies show that TiO(2) nanoparticles predominantly cause adverse effects via induction of oxidative stress resulting in cell damage, genotoxicity, inflammation, immune response etc. The extent and type of damage strongly depends on physical and chemical characteristics of TiO(2) nanoparticles, which govern their bioavailability and reactivity. Based on the experimental evidence from animal inhalation studies TiO(2) nanoparticles are classified as "possible carcinogenic to humans" by the International Agency for Research on Cancer and as occupational carcinogen by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. The studies on dermal exposure to TiO(2) nanoparticles, which is in humans substantial through the use of sunscreens, generally indicate negligible transdermal penetration; however data are needed on long-term exposure and potential adverse effects of photo-oxidation products. Although TiO(2) is permitted as an additive (E171) in food and pharmaceutical products we do not have reliable data on its absorption, distribution, excretion and toxicity on oral exposure. TiO(2) may also enter environment, and while it exerts low acute toxicity to aquatic organisms, upon long-term exposure it induces a range of sub-lethal effects. CONCLUSIONS Until relevant toxicological and human exposure data that would enable reliable risk assessment are obtained, TiO(2) nanoparticles should be used with great care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matej Skocaj
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department for Nanostructured Materials, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Metka Filipic
- National Institute of Biology, Department for Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jana Petkovic
- National Institute of Biology, Department for Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sasa Novak
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department for Nanostructured Materials, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Photoprotection in the Era of Nanotechnology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 30:210-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sder.2011.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|