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Kadowaki T, Matsumoto N, Suzuki E, Mitsuhashi T, Takao S, Yorifuji T. Breastfeeding at 6 months of age had a positive impact on overweight and obesity in Japanese adolescents at 15 years of age. Acta Paediatr 2023; 112:106-114. [PMID: 36168735 DOI: 10.1111/apa.16551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM A number of studies have indicated the potential benefits that breastfeeding has on reducing childhood obesity, but few studies have evaluated the effect on adolescent obesity. We examined the association between breastfeeding and overweight or obesity at 15 years of age using data from a large nationwide longitudinal study launched by the Japanese Government in 2001. METHODS We analysed data for 26 164 participants with known infant feeding practices at 6 months of age, namely the duration of breastfeeding or formula feeding. Overweight or obesity at 15 years of age were calculated based on the subject's self-reported height and weight. Multinomial logistic regression analysis adjusted the data for child factors, namely sex, siblings, birth weight and physical activity clubs and the maternal factors of age, educational attainment and smoking status. RESULTS Formula feeding was associated with an increased risk of overweight or obesity at 15 years of age. The adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) were 0.99 (0.89-1.09) for partial breastfeeding and 1.23 (1.02-1.48) for formula feeding, when exclusive breastfeeding was the reference category. CONCLUSION Breastfeeding during infancy had potential benefits for overweight or obesity among 15-year-old adolescents. Our results provide further evidence of the importance of breastfeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoka Kadowaki
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Naomi Matsumoto
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Etsuji Suzuki
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Toshiharu Mitsuhashi
- Center for Innovative Clinical Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Soshi Takao
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takashi Yorifuji
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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Narciso J, Silva AJ, Rodrigues V, Monteiro MJ, Almeida A, Saavedra R, Costa AM. Behavioral, contextual and biological factors associated with obesity during adolescence: A systematic review. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214941. [PMID: 30958850 PMCID: PMC6453458 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVE Adolescence is a critical period for the development of obesity. Obesity arises from a complex interaction between several factors, which are not yet fully understood. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to identify and assess the peer-reviewed scientific literature on the behavioral, contextual and biological factors associated with obesity in adolescents. METHODS PubMed and Scopus were systematically searched to identify prospective cohort studies concerning the relation between behavioral, contextual and biological factors and obesity in adolescents aged 10 to 18 years. RESULTS 40 studies published between the year 2000 and 2018 were included. A positive consistent association between genetic factors and obesity during adolescence was found. Also, there is evidence to support the association between socioeconomic status and obesity. There was conflicting evidence for the contribution of dietary intake, physical activity, sedentary behavior, sleep, food store environment, school food environment. For the remaining factors no associations were found, or no conclusions could be drawn due to the limited number of studies identified. CONCLUSIONS Further prospective studies that assess multiple obesity determinants simultaneously and use state-of-art measures are warranted to aid in the development of effective strategies and interventions to prevent obesity during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Narciso
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - António José Silva
- Department of Sports, Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Vitor Rodrigues
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Vila Real, Portugal
- Superior School of Health, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Maria João Monteiro
- Superior School of Health, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Center for Health Technology and Services Research, CINTESIS, Porto, Portugal
| | - António Almeida
- Superior School of Health, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Raquel Saavedra
- Department of Sports, Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Aldo Matos Costa
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Vila Real, Portugal
- Health Sciences Research Center, CICS-UBI, Covilhã, Portugal
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Duration of Breastfeeding and Subsequent Adolescent Obesity: Effects of Maternal Behavior and Socioeconomic Status. J Adolesc Health 2018; 62:471-479. [PMID: 29426579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous research has shown that longer duration of breastfeeding is associated with less risk of obesity in childhood and adolescence. However, although putative physiological mechanisms have been proposed, less work has focused on psychosocial or environmental factors, including socioeconomic status (SES) and stressful family environments. METHODS The current study examined the role of observed maternal emotional behavior and SES (parental education) in the association between duration of breastfeeding and adolescent body mass index (BMI). One hundred fifteen mothers and adolescents participated in interaction tasks when adolescents were approximately 12 years of age. We measured adolescent BMI at approximately 15 years of age and, at one point over the course of the study, mothers retrospectively reported on duration of breastfeeding. RESULTS Controlling for adolescent gender, age, physical activity, number of perinatal complications, SES, birth weight, and mother's depressive symptoms, longer duration of breastfeeding was associated with lower adolescent BMI (p = .019), and this association was moderated by the mother's observed behavior during interactions with her adolescent, such that greater frequency of dysphoric behavior was associated with a stronger association between breastfeeding and adolescent BMI (p = .002). Longer duration of breastfeeding mediated the association between higher family SES and lower adolescent BMI. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to show that observed parental behavior during adolescence may be an important moderator of the association between breastfeeding and obesity. The findings provide justification for future intervention research examining family environment factors in improving adolescent health.
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Bell S, Yew SSY, Devenish G, Ha D, Do L, Scott J. Duration of Breastfeeding, but Not Timing of Solid Food, Reduces the Risk of Overweight and Obesity in Children Aged 24 to 36 Months: Findings from an Australian Cohort Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15040599. [PMID: 29587447 PMCID: PMC5923641 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15040599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine whether breastfeeding duration and the timing of solid food were independently associated with being overweight or obese in early childhood. Subjects were 953 children participating in the Study of Mothers and Infants Life Events Affecting Oral Health (SMILE) birth cohort study, based in Adelaide, Australia. Socio-demographic information and data on breastfeeding duration and age of introduction of solid food were collected at birth, 3, 4, 6, 12, and 24 months via mailed or online questionnaires completed by mothers. The weight and height of children were measured at a dental examination when children were aged between 24 and 36 months. Body mass index was calculated, and children were categorised into weight groups according to the World Health Organization growth standards. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted, adjusting for maternal age at birth, education, socio-economic status, pre-pregnancy weight, smoking in pregnancy, method of delivery, and child’s birthweight. Risk of overweight/obesity was independently associated with maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, smoking in pregnancy, and birthweight. Children that were breastfed for 12 months or more had a significantly lower risk of being overweight/obese than those breastfed for less than 17 weeks (AOR 0.49; 95%CI 0.27, 0.90; p for trend =0.009). Age of introduction of solid food, however, was not associated with the risk of being overweight/obese at 24 to 36 months. This study provides further evidence of an inverse relationship between breastfeeding and risk of overweight/obesity, however, no association with the timing of solid food was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bell
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia.
| | - Sarah Siau Yi Yew
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia.
| | - Gemma Devenish
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia.
| | - Diep Ha
- Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
| | - Loc Do
- Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
| | - Jane Scott
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia.
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Salahuddin M, Pérez A, Ranjit N, Kelder SH, Barlow SE, Pont SJ, Butte NF, Hoelscher DM. Predictors of Severe Obesity in Low-Income, Predominantly Hispanic/Latino Children: The Texas Childhood Obesity Research Demonstration Study. Prev Chronic Dis 2017; 14:E141. [PMID: 29283881 PMCID: PMC5757383 DOI: 10.5888/pcd14.170129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The objective of this study was to identify predictors of severe obesity in a low-income, predominantly Hispanic/Latino sample of children in Texas. METHODS This cross-sectional analysis examined baseline data on 517 children from the secondary prevention component of the Texas Childhood Obesity Research Demonstration (TX CORD) study; data were collected from September 2012 through February 2014. Self-administered surveys were used to collect data from parents of children who were aged 2 to 12 years, had a body mass index (BMI) in the 85th percentile or higher, and resided in Austin, Texas, or Houston, Texas. Multivariable logistic regression models adjusted for sociodemographic covariates were used to examine associations of children's early-life and maternal factors (large-for-gestational-age, exclusive breastfeeding for ≥4 months, maternal severe obesity [BMI ≥35.0 kg/m2]) and children's behavioral factors (fruit and vegetable consumption, physical activity, screen time) with severe obesity (BMI ≥120% of 95th percentile), by age group (2-5 y, 6-8 y, and 9-12 y). RESULTS Across all ages, 184 (35.6%) children had severe obesity. Among children aged 9 to 12 years, large-for-gestational-age at birth (odds ratio [OR] = 2.31; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13-4.73) was significantly associated with severe obesity. Maternal severe obesity was significantly associated with severe obesity among children aged 2 to 5 years (OR = 2.67; 95% CI, 1.10-6.47) and 9 to 12 years (OR = 4.12; 95% CI, 1.84-9.23). No significant association was observed between behavioral factors and severe obesity in any age group. CONCLUSION In this low-income, predominantly Hispanic/Latino sample of children, large-for-gestational-age and maternal severe obesity were risk factors for severe obesity among children in certain age groups. Promoting healthy lifestyle practices during preconception and prenatal periods could be an important intervention strategy for addressing childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meliha Salahuddin
- Michael & Susan Dell Center for Healthy Living, Austin, Texas
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health in Austin,1616 Guadalupe St, Suite 6.300, Austin, TX 78701. ;
- Population Health, Office of Health Affairs, University of Texas System, Austin, Texas
| | - Adriana Pérez
- Michael & Susan Dell Center for Healthy Living, Austin, Texas
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health in Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Nalini Ranjit
- Michael & Susan Dell Center for Healthy Living, Austin, Texas
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health in Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Steven H Kelder
- Michael & Susan Dell Center for Healthy Living, Austin, Texas
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health in Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Sarah E Barlow
- Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Stephen J Pont
- Texas Department of State Health Services, Office of Science and Population Health, Austin, Texas
- University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin, Texas
| | - Nancy F Butte
- US Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, Texas
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Deanna M Hoelscher
- Michael & Susan Dell Center for Healthy Living, Austin, Texas
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health in Austin, Austin, Texas
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Vehapoglu A, Goknar N, Turel O, Torun E, Ozgurhan G. Risk factors for childhood obesity: Do the birth weight, type of delivery, and mother's overweight have an implication on current weight status? World J Pediatr 2017; 13:457-464. [PMID: 28434072 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-017-0030-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to identify risk factors, including the type of delivery, breastfeeding and its duration, birth weight, the timing of solid food introduction, the mother's education level at birth, and smoking status during pregnancy, that are associated with obesity in children living in Istanbul. METHODS This study involving 4990 healthy children aged 2-14 years, at an outpatient clinic in a tertiary care hospital from June 2012 to July 2014. RESULTS The overall rates of overweight and obesity in children were 13.1% and 7.8%, respectively. Results demonstrated that 44.5% of children were delivered by caesarean section. In all age groups, 7.8% of children delivered by caesarean section were obese compared with 7.9% of children born vaginally. No significant association between caesarean section delivery and obesity in childhood was found in our study [odds ratio (OR)=0.98, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.64-2.87, P=0.454]. There was also no association between duration of breastfeeding and the introduction of solid foods before 4 months or after 6 months of age and childhood obesity (OR=0.95, 95% CI=0.69-1.3, P=0.771; OR=0.99, 95% CI=0.64-1.53, P=0.261). Regression analyses revealed that children with birth weights greater than 3801 g or those with maternal body mass index (BMI) equal to or greater than 30 had an increased risk of being obese or overweight (OR=1.78, 95% CI=1.19-2.65; OR=3.95, 95% CI=1.94-5.81). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that increased birth weight and maternal BMI are significant risk factors for obesity in children living in Istanbul, Turkey. No relation between caesarean section delivery and childhood obesity was found in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysel Vehapoglu
- Department of Pediatrics, Bezmialem Vakıf University, Faculty of Medicine, Vatan Street, Fatih, Istanbul, 34093, Turkey.
| | - Nilufer Goknar
- Department of Pediatrics, Bezmialem Vakıf University, Faculty of Medicine, Vatan Street, Fatih, Istanbul, 34093, Turkey
| | - Ozden Turel
- Department of Pediatrics, Bezmialem Vakıf University, Faculty of Medicine, Vatan Street, Fatih, Istanbul, 34093, Turkey
| | - Emel Torun
- Department of Pediatrics, Bezmialem Vakıf University, Faculty of Medicine, Vatan Street, Fatih, Istanbul, 34093, Turkey
| | - Gamze Ozgurhan
- Department of Pediatrics, Suleymaniye Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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Whaley SE, Koleilat M, Leonard S, Whaley M. Breastfeeding Is Associated With Reduced Obesity in Hispanic 2- to 5-Year-Olds Served by WIC. JOURNAL OF NUTRITION EDUCATION AND BEHAVIOR 2017; 49:S144-S150.e1. [PMID: 28689551 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between breastfeeding (BF) and odds of childhood obesity in a large, primarily Hispanic Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) population. SETTING A large urban WIC program in California. PARTICIPANTS Infants enrolled in WIC born between 2004 and 2007 and observed to age 5 years (N = 39,801; 88.6% Hispanic). INTERVENTION Level of BF: fully BF, fully formula feeding, or combination feeding. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Obesity at age 2-5 years, measured by body mass index (BMI) ≥ 95th percentile. ANALYSIS Logistic regression analyses to evaluate the association between initiation, duration, and exclusivity of BF and odds of obesity at age 2-5 years, controlling for ethnicity, preferred language, family size, poverty level, and maternal BMI. RESULTS Infants exclusively formula fed at birth were significantly more likely than fully breastfed infants to be obese at age 2-5 years (χ2 [2, N = 39,801] = 123.31; P < .001). For every additional month of any BF, obesity risk at age 2-5 years decreased by 1%. Every additional month of full BF conferred a 3% decrease in obesity risk. Ethnicity, preferred language, family size, poverty level, and maternal BMI were also significantly related to obesity risk. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Breastfeeding may have a role in the attenuation of obesity in early childhood among Hispanic children. The BF promotion and support offered at WIC may have a significant role in reducing rates of early childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon E Whaley
- Division of Research and Evaluation, Public Health Foundation Enterprises Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children, Irwindale, CA.
| | - Maria Koleilat
- Department of Health Science, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA
| | - Stephanie Leonard
- Division of Epidemiology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Mike Whaley
- Division of Research and Evaluation, Public Health Foundation Enterprises Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children, Irwindale, CA
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Zamora-Kapoor A, Omidpanah A, Nelson LA, Kuo AA, Harris R, Buchwald DS. Breastfeeding in Infancy Is Associated with Body Mass Index in Adolescence: A Retrospective Cohort Study Comparing American Indians/Alaska Natives and Non-Hispanic Whites. J Acad Nutr Diet 2017; 117:1049-1056. [PMID: 28082060 PMCID: PMC5586593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND American Indians and Alaska Natives have the highest obesity prevalence in the United States, but the influence of early childhood variables on body mass index (BMI; calculated as kg/m2) is not well understood. Previous studies have investigated the association between breastfeeding in infancy and offspring BMI, but rarely included American Indians and Alaska Natives. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the association between breastfeeding in infancy and BMI in American Indians and Alaska Native and non-Hispanic white adolescents and young adults. DESIGN Longitudinal analysis based on data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (1994 to 2008). PARTICIPANTS Adolescent respondents who self-identified as American Indians and Alaska Native or non-Hispanic white, and whose parents completed the parental questionnaire, reported their height and weight. The final sample included 655 American Indians and Alaska Native and 10,305 non-Hispanic white respondents. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED Generalized estimating equations were used to measure the mean differences, 95% CIs, and P values of the association between breastfeeding in infancy and offspring BMI in adolescence, stratifying by race, and adjusting for demographic and socioeconomic variables. RESULTS The length of breastfeeding was inversely associated with BMI in both populations. American Indians and Alaska Natives that were breastfed for 6 to 12 months or for more than 12 months had a mean BMI of 2.69 (95% CI -3.46 to -1.92; P<0.01) and 1.54 (95% CI -2.75 to -0.33; P<0.05) units lower than those that were never breastfed. Non-Hispanic whites that were breastfed for 3 to 6 months, 6 to 12 months, or more than 12 months had a mean BMI of 0.71 (95% CI -0.93 to -0.50; P<0.01), 0.68 (95% CI -0.87 to -0.50; P<0.01), and 0.85 (95% CI -1.09 to -0.62; P<0.01) units lower than those that were never breastfed. The association between the length of breastfeeding and offspring BMI varied by race (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Breastfeeding in infancy is associated with lower mean BMI. Future research should investigate causal pathways and whether interventions promoting breastfeeding in American Indians and Alaska Natives can prevent increasing BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zamora-Kapoor
- Initiative for Research and Education to Advance Community Health (IREACH), Washington State University, Seattle, WA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Adam Omidpanah
- Initiative for Research and Education to Advance Community Health (IREACH), Washington State University, Seattle, WA
| | - Lonnie A. Nelson
- Initiative for Research and Education to Advance Community Health (IREACH), Washington State University, Seattle, WA
| | - Alice A. Kuo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Raymond Harris
- Initiative for Research and Education to Advance Community Health (IREACH), Washington State University, Seattle, WA
| | - Dedra S. Buchwald
- Initiative for Research and Education to Advance Community Health (IREACH), Washington State University, Seattle, WA
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Sandoval Jurado L, Jiménez Báez MV, Olivares Juárez S, de la Cruz Olvera T. [Breastfeeding, complementary feeding and risk of childhood obesity]. Aten Primaria 2016; 48:572-578. [PMID: 26880166 PMCID: PMC6876027 DOI: 10.1016/j.aprim.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objetivo Evaluar el patrón de lactancia materna y el inicio de alimentación complementaria como riesgo de obesidad en niños de edad preescolar de un centro de atención primaria. Diseño Transversal analítico. Emplazamiento Cancún, Quintana Roo (México). Participantes Niños de 2 a 4 años de edad, pertenecientes a una Unidad de atención primaria. Mediciones principales Tiempo de lactancia materna total y exclusiva, alimento de inicio de alimentación complementaria referido por la madre o persona encargada del cuidado del menor y evaluación del estado nutricional, mediante el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y percentil ≥ 95. Determinación de razón de prevalencia (RP), chi al cuadrado (χ2) y regresión logística binaria. Resultados Se analizó a 116 niños (55,2% niñas) con promedio de edad de 3,2 años, obesidad en 62,1%, lactancia exclusiva 72,4% con duración promedio de 2,3 meses y edad de inicio de alimentación complementaria de 5,0 meses. Existió diferencia en las medianas para tiempo de lactancia y edad de inicio de alimentación complementaria por sexo (p < 0,05). Se calculó una RP = 3,9 (intervalo de confianza del 95%, 1,49-6,34) para lactancia materna exclusiva y riesgo de obesidad. El modelo no mostró asociación de estas variables con la obesidad de los niños. Conclusiones La lactancia materna exclusiva menor a 3 meses de duración se presenta casi 4 veces más en los niños con obesidad, existiendo una diferencia para edad de inicio de alimentación complementaria, tiempo de lactancia materna y tiempo de consumo de leche de fórmula entre los niños con y sin obesidad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Sandoval Jurado
- Coordinación Auxiliar Médica de Investigación en Salud, Cancún, Quintana Roo, México.
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Toselli S, Zaccagni L, Celenza F, Albertini A, Gualdi-Russo E. Risk factors of overweight and obesity among preschool children with different ethnic background. Endocrine 2015; 49:717-25. [PMID: 25420642 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-014-0479-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the risk factors associated with overweight and obesity in 2,640 preschool children in Italy taking into account the ethnic background of the parents. Height and weight were measured and BMI was calculated. Personal and lifestyle data for the children (birth weight, type of breastfeeding, sleep duration, skipping breakfast, snacking, physical activity) and parents (ethnicity, educational level, occupation, weight, height) were collected by means of a questionnaire. Italian and Other European children generally showed the highest percentage of normal weight, while the other ethnic groups presented a greater imbalance. Overweight and obesity were high in African males, who also presented high birth weight. Breastfeeding was most common, although formula feeding was significantly higher in Italians than in immigrants. Immigrants, particularly males, tended to skip breakfast more than Italians. Physical activity was significantly higher in Italians than in immigrants. In the parents, underweight was particularly high in Italian and Other mothers. African parents had high rates of overweight and obesity and a low educational level. The most common profession was worker for the fathers and housewife for the mothers, with the exception of Italians in which clerical work prevailed. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the BMI of children was closely related to the BMI of the parents and the birth weight. Hence, these are the most informative parameters in preventing obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Toselli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Science, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 3, 40121, Bologna, Italy,
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Ricotti G, Apekey T, Gatenby L. Factors that influence commitment to breastfeeding: A pilot study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.12968/johv.2015.3.4.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grace Ricotti
- Nutritionist, research student, Leeds Trinity University
| | - Tanefa Apekey
- Registered nutritionist, senior lecturer, Leeds Beckett University
| | - Lisa Gatenby
- Registered nutritionist, senior lecturer, Leeds Trinity University
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to examine the trends and differentials in key breast-feeding indicators in Nigeria for the period 1999-2013. DESIGN Longitudinal study of trends (1999-2013) in optimal feeding practices using a series of population-based Nigerian Demographic and Health Surveys. Trends in socio-economic, health service and individual characteristics associated with key breast-feeding indicators were examined using multilevel regression analyses. SETTING Nigeria. SUBJECTS Children (n 88 152) aged under 24 months (n 8199 in 1999; n 7620 in 2003; n 33 385 in 2008; n 38 948 in 2013). RESULTS Among educated mothers, there was an increase in prevalence of exclusive breast-feeding (26% in 1999 to 30% in 2013) and predominant breast-feeding (27% in 1999 to 39% in 2013) compared with mothers with no schooling. A similar increasing trend was evident for mothers from wealthier households and mothers who had a higher frequency of health service access compared with mothers from poorer households and women who reported no health service access, respectively. Mothers with no schooling predominantly breast-fed, but the odds for bottle-feeding were higher among educated mothers and women from wealthier households. The odds for early initiation of breast-feeding were lower for mothers who reported no health service contacts and mothers of lower socio-economic status. CONCLUSIONS Significant increasing trends in key breast-feeding indicators were evident among mothers with higher socio-economic status and mothers who had more health service access in Nigeria. Broader national and sub-national policies that underpin nursing mothers in work environments and a comprehensive community-based approach are proposed to improve feeding practices in Nigeria.
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Figueiredo B, Canário C, Field T. Breastfeeding is negatively affected by prenatal depression and reduces postpartum depression. Psychol Med 2014; 44:927-936. [PMID: 23822932 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291713001530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This prospective cohort study explored the effects of prenatal and postpartum depression on breastfeeding and the effect of breastfeeding on postpartum depression. METHOD The Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) was administered to 145 women at the first, second and third trimester, and at the neonatal period and 3 months postpartum. Self-report exclusive breastfeeding since birth was collected at birth and at 3, 6 and 12 months postpartum. Data analyses were performed using repeated-measures ANOVAs and logistic and multiple linear regressions. RESULTS Depression scores at the third trimester, but not at 3 months postpartum, were the best predictors of exclusive breastfeeding duration (β = -0.30, t = -2.08, p < 0.05). A significant decrease in depression scores was seen from childbirth to 3 months postpartum in women who maintained exclusive breastfeeding for ⩾3 months (F 1,65 = 3.73, p < 0.10, η p 2 = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that screening for depression symptoms during pregnancy can help to identify women at risk for early cessation of exclusive breastfeeding, and that exclusive breastfeeding may help to reduce symptoms of depression from childbirth to 3 months postpartum.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Figueiredo
- School of Psychology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
| | - C Canário
- School of Psychology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
| | - T Field
- University of Miami Medical School, Miami, FL, USA
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Figueiredo B, Dias CC, Brandão S, Canário C, Nunes-Costa R. Breastfeeding and postpartum depression: state of the art review. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2013; 89:332-8. [PMID: 23791236 DOI: 10.1016/j.jped.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the literature on the association between breastfeeding and postpartum depression. SOURCES A review of literature found on MEDLINE/PubMed database. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS The literature consistently shows that breastfeeding provides a wide range of benefits for both the child and the mother. The psychological benefits for the mother are still in need of further research. Some studies point out that pregnancy depression is one of the factors that may contribute to breastfeeding failure. Others studies also suggest an association between breastfeeding and postpartum depression; the direction of this association is still unclear. Breastfeeding can promote hormonal processes that protect mothers against postpartum depression by attenuating cortisol response to stress. It can also reduce the risk of postpartum depression, by helping the regulation of sleep and wake patterns for mother and child, improving mother's self-efficacy and her emotional involvement with the child, reducing the child's temperamental difficulties, and promoting a better interaction between mother and child. CONCLUSIONS Studies demonstrate that breastfeeding can protect mothers from postpartum depression, and are starting to clarify which biological and psychological processes may explain this protection. However, there are still equivocal results in the literature that may be explained by the methodological limitations presented by some studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Figueiredo
- Aggregation Escola de Psicologia, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal.
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Figueiredo B, Dias CC, Brandão S, Canário C, Nunes-Costa R. Breastfeeding and postpartum depression: state of the art review. JORNAL DE PEDIATRIA (VERSÃO EM PORTUGUÊS) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedp.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Visram H, Finkelstein SA, Feig D, Walker M, Yasseen A, Tu X, Keely E. Breastfeeding intention and early post-partum practices among overweight and obese women in Ontario: a selective population-based cohort study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2013; 26:611-5. [DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2012.735995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Weng SF, Redsell SA, Swift JA, Yang M, Glazebrook CP. Systematic review and meta-analyses of risk factors for childhood overweight identifiable during infancy. Arch Dis Child 2012; 97:1019-26. [PMID: 23109090 PMCID: PMC3512440 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2012-302263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 412] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine risk factors for childhood overweight that can be identified during the first year of life to facilitate early identification and targeted intervention. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. SEARCH STRATEGY Electronic database search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed and CAB Abstracts. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Prospective observational studies following up children from birth for at least 2 years. RESULTS Thirty prospective studies were identified. Significant and strong independent associations with childhood overweight were identified for maternal pre-pregnancy overweight, high infant birth weight and rapid weight gain during the first year of life. Meta-analysis comparing breastfed with non-breastfed infants found a 15% decrease (95% CI 0.74 to 0.99; I(2)=73.3%; n=10) in the odds of childhood overweight. For children of mothers smoking during pregnancy there was a 47% increase (95% CI 1.26 to 1.73; I(2)=47.5%; n=7) in the odds of childhood overweight. There was some evidence associating early introduction of solid foods and childhood overweight. There was conflicting evidence for duration of breastfeeding, socioeconomic status at birth, parity and maternal marital status at birth. No association with childhood overweight was found for maternal age or education at birth, maternal depression or infant ethnicity. There was inconclusive evidence for delivery type, gestational weight gain, maternal postpartum weight loss and 'fussy' infant temperament due to the limited number of studies. CONCLUSIONS Several risk factors for both overweight and obesity in childhood are identifiable during infancy. Future research needs to focus on whether it is clinically feasible for healthcare professionals to identify infants at greatest risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Franklin Weng
- Division of Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham Innovation Park, Nottingham, UK
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RALSTON RA, WALKER KZ, TRUBY H. A review of the indices and references used to assess overweight and obesity in Australian children and adolescents. Nutr Diet 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0080.2012.01603.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Serum adiponectin (APN) is associated with lower childhood obesity, and APN concentration in human milk is associated with slower growth during active breast-feeding. We examined infant weight gain in the second year of life after exposure to high or low levels of mother's milk APN. METHODS Breast-feeding mother-infant pairs were recruited in Mexico City and studied for 2 years; 192 infants with at least 12 months' follow-up were analyzed. Monthly milk samples were assayed for APN; mothers were classified as producing high or low levels of milk APN. Infant and maternal serum APN were assessed during year 1. Infant anthropometry was measured monthly (year 1) or bimonthly (year 2), and World Health Organization z scores were calculated. Longitudinal adjusted models assessed weight-for-age and weight-for-length z score trajectories from 1 to 2 years. RESULTS Maternal serum APN modestly correlated with milk APN (r=0.37, P<0.0001) and infant serum APN (r=0.29, P=0.01). Infants exposed to high milk APN experienced increasing weight-for-age and weight-for-length z scores between age 1 and 2 years in contrast to low milk APN exposure (P for group × time=0.02 and 0.054, respectively), adjusting for growth in the first 6 months and other covariates. In contrast, infant serum APN in year 1 was not associated with the rate of weight gain in year 2. CONCLUSIONS High human milk APN exposure was associated with accelerated weight trajectory during the second year of life, suggesting its role in catch-up growth after slower weight gain during the first year of life.
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Scott JA, Ng SY, Cobiac L. The relationship between breastfeeding and weight status in a national sample of Australian children and adolescents. BMC Public Health 2012; 12:107. [PMID: 22314050 PMCID: PMC3311145 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breastfeeding has been shown consistently in observational studies to be protective of overweight and obesity in later life. This study aimed to investigate the association between breastfeeding duration and weight status in a national sample of Australian children and adolescents. Methods A secondary analysis of the 2007 Australian National Children's Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey data involving 2066, males and females aged 9 to 16 years from all Australian states and territories. The effect of breastfeeding duration on weight status was estimated using multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results Compared to those who were never breastfed, children breastfed for ≥6 months were significantly less likely to be overweight (adjusted odds ratio: 0.64, 95%CI: 0.45, 0.91) or obese (adjusted odds ratio: 0.51, 95%CI: 0.29, 0.90) in later childhood, after adjustment for maternal characteristics (age, education and ethnicity) and children's age, gender, mean energy intake, level of moderate and vigorous physical activity, screen time and sleep duration. Conclusions Breastfeeding for 6 or more months appears to be protective against later overweight and obesity in this population of Australian children. The beneficial short-term health outcomes of breastfeeding for the infant are well recognised and this study provides further observational evidence of a potential long-term health outcome and additional justification for the continued support and promotion of breastfeeding to six months and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane A Scott
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia.
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Abstract
Childhood obesity is a profoundly complex problem and serves as an example of a biospsychosocial issue. Scientific inquiry has provided incredible insight into the complex etiology of weight gain but must be viewed as an interaction between a human's propensity to conserve calories for survival in a world with an abundance of it. This article provides a brief overview divided between biological (nature) and psychosocial and behavioral (nurture) factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Skelton
- Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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Caleyachetty A, Krishnaveni GV, Veena SR, Hill J, Karat SC, Fall CHD, Wills AK. Breastfeeding duration, age of starting solids and high BMI risk and adiposity in Indian children. MATERNAL AND CHILD NUTRITION 2011; 9:199-216. [PMID: 21978208 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8709.2011.00341.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study utilized data from a prospective birth cohort study on 568 Indian children, to determine whether a longer duration of breastfeeding and later introduction of solid feeding were associated with a reduced higher body mass index (BMI) and less adiposity. Main outcomes were high BMI (>90th within-cohort sex-specific BMI percentile) and sum of skinfold thickness (triceps and subscapular) at age 5. Main exposures were breastfeeding (six categories from 1-4 to ≥21 months) and age of starting regular solid feeding (four categories from ≤3 to ≥6 months). Data on infant-feeding practices, socio-economic and maternal factors were collected by questionnaire. Birthweight, maternal and child anthropometry were measured. Multiple regression analysis that accounted for potential confounders demonstrated a small magnitude of effect for breastfeeding duration or introduction of solid feeds on the risk of high BMI but not for lower skinfold thickness. Breastfeeding duration was strongly negatively associated with weight gain (0-2 years) [adjusted β = -0.12 standard deviation, 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.19 to -0.05 per category change in breastfeeding duration, P = 0.001], and weight gain (0-2 years) was strongly associated with high BMI at 5 years (adjusted odds ratio = 3.8, 95% CI: 2.53-5.56, P < 0.001). In our sample, findings suggest that longer breastfeeding duration and later introduction of solids has a small reduction on later high BMI risk and a negligible effect on skinfold thickness. However, accounting for sampling variability, these findings cannot exclude the possibility of no effect at the population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrit Caleyachetty
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, UK.
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Bridger T. Childhood obesity and cardiovascular disease. Paediatr Child Health 2011; 14:177-82. [PMID: 20190900 DOI: 10.1093/pch/14.3.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood obesity has reached epidemic proportions. Many of these children have risk factors for later disease, including cardiovascular disease. For optimal cardiovascular health, health care professionals must be able to identify children and youth at risk and provide appropriate support as needed. The present article reviews the current medical literature on obesity and cardiovascular disease risk factors in the paediatric population, the long-term cardiovascular consequences of childhood obesity and the importance of early life. Recommendations promoting optimal cardiovascular health in all children and youth are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey Bridger
- Janeway Children's Health and Rehabilitation Centre, St John's, Newfoundland and Labrador
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Moraes JFVN, Giugliano R. Aleitamento materno exclusivo e adiposidade. REVISTA PAULISTA DE PEDIATRIA 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s0103-05822011000200004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJETIVO: Associar o tempo de amamentação exclusiva da criança à adiposidade central e periférica, por meio do índice de massa corporal, dos perímetros da cintura e do braço, e das dobras cutâneas triciptal, subescapular e a somatória destas em pré-escolares. MÉTODOS: Pesquisa de delineamento transversal, em que 134 pré-escolares entre três e cinco anos de idade de uma escola par-ticular de Brasília, DF, foram avaliados quanto a: massa corporal, estatura, perímetros do braço e da cintura, dobras cutâneas triciptal e subescapular. Os pais das crianças responderam a um questionário sobre tempo de amamentação. O diagnóstico de sobrepeso e obe-sidade foi realizado de acordo com a classificação da Organização Mundial da Saúde para o índice de massa corporal por idade. RESULTADOS: As meninas tiveram maior concentração adiposa na dobra cutânea triciptal (p=0,001), subescapular (p=0,044) e na somatória destas (p=0,003) em relação aos meninos. A prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade foi similar nos dois sexos (25,4% nos meninos e 22,6% nas meninas), assim como o tempo médio de amamentação exclusiva (4,3 meses para meninos e 4,6 meses para meninas). Notou-se correlação inversa significativa entre tempo de amamentação exclusiva e perímetro da cintura (r=-0,166; p=0,05). As demais variáveis também mostraram tendência de correlação inversa com o tempo de aleitamento materno exclusivo, porém sem valores significativos. CONCLUSÕES: A associação inversa entre o tempo de ama-mentação e o perímetro da cintura mostra um possível efeito do aleitamento materno sobre a distribuição de gordura corporal no pré-escolar.
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Thulier D. A call for clarity in infant breast and bottle-feeding definitions for research. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2011; 39:627-34. [PMID: 21044147 DOI: 10.1111/j.1552-6909.2010.01197.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Unclear and inconsistent infant-feeding definitions have plagued much of breastfeeding research. To determine accurate health outcomes associated with infant feeding, it is imperative that different types of feedings be explicitly described. Definitions must be based on content, not mode of milk delivery. Five new definitions for infant feeding are provided. These definitions are operationally useful for breastfeeding researchers, allowing for the inclusion of almost every infant into an appropriate sample group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Thulier
- College of Nursing, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA.
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26
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Tran UN, O'Callaghan MJ, Mamun AA, Najman JM, Williams GM, Bor W. Relationship between childhood short stature and academic achievement in adolescents and young adults--a longitudinal study. J Paediatr Child Health 2010; 46:660-7. [PMID: 21077977 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1754.2010.01816.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine if short stature at 14 or 21 years and patterns of 'catch-up' growth from 5 to 14 or 21 years are related to academic achievement in adolescents. METHODS The Mater University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy is a longitudinal study of 7223 singleton infants born between 1981 and 1984. Data were available for cross-sectional analyses of 3785 adolescents of whom 2149 were seen as young adults. Longitudinal patterns of growth were examined for 2936 subjects from 5 to 14 years and 1753 subjects from 5 to 21 years. RESULTS Adolescents or young adults with height <10th centile had a lower mean Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT) score in adolescence and at 21 years than those of normal height (2.7 and 3.0 points, respectively) and increased odds of a WRAT score <85 (1.57 and 1.87, respectively) and learning difficulties (1.61 and 1.78, respectively). For growth patterns from 5 to 14 years, adolescents short at 5 years, irrespective of height at 14 years, had a lower mean WRAT score and increased odds of WRAT score <85 and learning difficulties. However, for growth patterns from 5 to 21 years, only the group short at both ages had increased learning difficulties. CONCLUSIONS Youth short at 14 years or at 21 years and those persistently short have an increased prevalence of academic difficulties. Catch-up growth by 21, although not 14 years, was associated with improved outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uyen N Tran
- Queensland Health, Paediatrics and Child Health University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia.
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Shields L, Mamun AA, O'Callaghan M, Williams GM, Najman JM. Breastfeeding and obesity at 21 years: a cohort study. J Clin Nurs 2010; 19:1612-7. [PMID: 20579201 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2009.03015.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the influence of breastfeeding on overweight and obesity, as determined by body mass index in early adulthood. BACKGROUND Obesity is a contemporary epidemic and linked to increased risk of later cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. The success of long-term treatment is modest. Protective factors, such as potentially, and breastfeeding, are few and very important. There are uncertainties as to whether breastfeeding has a protective effect, especially in adults, or whether it is a reflection of other markers of obesity that are more linked to cardiovascular disease and diabetes risk. Some studies suggest that breastfeeding is protective in later life for cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis. DESIGN Epidemiological analysis of longitudinal data set. METHODS We collected data about breastfeeding duration, body mass index of children at 21 years and confounding variables from an ongoing longitudinal study of a singleton birth cohort of 7223 children in Brisbane. We assessed the duration of breastfeeding at six months and prevalence of overweight and obesity at 21 years by body mass index. Adjustment for potential confounders was by multivariable multinomial logistic regression. RESULTS Data were available for 2553 young adults. In neither the unadjusted or adjusted analysis was longer duration of breastfeeding associated with reduction in obesity at 21 years. CONCLUSIONS Findings of this investigation are consistent with breastfeeding not independently affecting body mass index in young adults. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE Breastfeeding has a range of important benefits for infants, mothers and families, although duration of breastfeeding may not play a substantial role in preventing adult onset obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Shields
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University and Princess Margaret Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia.
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Rogero MM, Borges MC, Pires ISDO, Tirapegui J. O desmame precoce afeta o ganho de peso e a composição corporal em camundongos adultos? REV NUTR 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-52732010000100010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito do desmame precoce sobre o ganho de peso e a composição corporal de camundongos adultos jovens. MÉTODOS: Camundongos Swiss Webster, machos, foram desmamados precocemente (14º dia de vida) ou amamentados até o 21º dia de vida (grupo controle). Após o desmame, os animais foram alimentados com ração elaborada para roedores em crescimento até o 63º dia de vida, quando então foram sacrificados. RESULTADOS: O peso corporal dos animais do grupo desmamado de forma precoce foi significantemente maior no 28º, 35º e no 63º dias de vida em relação ao grupo controle (p<0,05). Porém, o consumo de ração não diferiu entre os grupos. A concentração sérica de proteínas totais, albumina e ferro, bem como a concentração hepática, muscular e cerebral de proteínas, ácido desoxirribonucléico e a relação proteína/ácido ribonucléico, não diferiram significantemente entre os grupos. O grupo desmamado precocemente apresentou maior quantidade absoluta de massa magra, lipídeos, proteínas e cinzas, em comparação ao grupo controle (p<0,05). A quantidade relativa de umidade, lipídeos, massa magra, proteínas e cinzas não diferiu entre os grupos. CONCLUSÃO: O desmame precoce, associado à ingestão de ração elaborada para roedores em crescimento, resultou em aumento do ganho de peso, porém não afetou a composição corporal de camundongos adultos.
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Sabanayagam C, Shankar A, Chong YS, Wong TY, Saw SM. Breast-feeding and overweight in Singapore school children. Pediatr Int 2009; 51:650-6. [PMID: 19627550 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-200x.2009.02919.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies from developed Western countries have shown inconsistent associations between breast-feeding and overweight/obesity in children and adolescents. Few data are available from Asian populations. The purpose of the present study was therefore to evaluate the association between breast-feeding and overweight/obesity in a study of 10-12-year-old children in Singapore. METHODS A total of 797 school children (49% girls, 76% Chinese) who participated in the Singapore Cohort Study of the Risk Factors for Myopia (SCORM) were examined. Overweight/obesity (n = 179) was defined as age-sex-specific body mass index (BMI) cut-offs corresponding to BMI of 25 kg/m(2) for overweight and 30 kg/m(2) for obesity at age 18 based on the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) reference. RESULTS The prevalence of overweight/obesity was 22.5%. Overall, breast-feeding was not found to be associated with overweight/obesity. After adjusting for potential confounders, the multivariable odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of overweight/obesity was 1.14 (0.80-1.63) for ever breast-fed compared with never breast-fed, 1.00 (0.57-1.72) for breast-fed for >3 months compared to < or =3 months and 0.79 (0.47-1.34) for exclusive/mostly breast-fed compared to partly breast-fed. CONCLUSIONS No significant associations were detected among breast-feeding, its type, and duration with overweight/obesity in this Asian cohort of 10-12-year-old children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charumathi Sabanayagam
- Department of Community, Occupational, and Family Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Breast-feeding history and overweight in 11 to 13-year-old children in Iran. World J Pediatr 2009; 5:36-41. [PMID: 19172330 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-009-0006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2008] [Accepted: 09/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between breast-feeding history and risk of overweight in pre-adolescent children was investigated. METHODS Children's breast-feeding history and demographics were obtained in interviewer-administered questionnaires of a multistage cluster sample survey of 800 parents of children aged 11-13 years living in Yazd, Iran. Height and weight were measured in the children. Overweight was defined as body mass index >/=90th age- and sex-specific percentile of the 2000 Centers for Disease Control reference values. RESULTS One hundred and four (13.0%) of 800 children were overweight. A total of 783 (97.9%) of the children had been breast fed. There was a markedly lower overweight prevalence among breast-fed than non breast-fed children. Controlling for age and sex, children breast fed for at least 24 months were substantially less likely to be overweight than children breast fed for less than 12 months (OR 0.56, 95% CI 0.31-0.9). A longer overall duration and duration of exclusive breast-feeding were associated significantly with the decreasing prevalence of overweight. CONCLUSION This sample of Iranian children shows high rates of overweight at young ages but also high rates of breast-feeding. The duration of breast-feeding is inversely related with the prevalence of overweight in pre-adolescent children.
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van Dijk CE, Innis SM. Growth-curve standards and the assessment of early excess weight gain in infancy. Pediatrics 2009; 123:102-8. [PMID: 19117867 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2007-3382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Increasing overweight and obesity are growing problems among children worldwide. Prevention requires an understanding of when excess weight gain begins and the determinants that place children at risk. The aim of our study was to illustrate how the growth curve used to assess growth influences the interpretation of weight gain and the age of onset of higher weight gains in infancy. METHODS This was a longitudinal study of Canadian infants from birth to 18 months of age. Infant feeding pattern was recorded monthly, and weight and length of 73 infants were measured at 8 different ages. Weight, length, weight for length, and BMI z scores were compared with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2000 growth curves and World Health Organization growth standard. RESULTS Comparison with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention growth curves showed that Canadian infants grew similarly or slightly slower than their US counterparts. Using the World Health Organization growth standard, an increase in body weight occurred between 6 and 9 months of age, associated with a change from breastfeeding to formula feeding and introduction of solid foods. When compared with the World Health Organization standards, breastfed infants followed the standards, but formula-fed infants deviated with higher weight for age. When compared with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention charts, breastfed infants showed an apparent decline in weight for age beginning at approximately 6 months. CONCLUSIONS The choice of growth curve is important to interpreting infant growth and identifying the onset of excess weight gain. Identification of the prevalence and age of onset of early excess weight gains among Canadian infants will be best achieved by using the World Health Organization growth standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christel Evellen van Dijk
- Department of Pediatrics, Nutrition Research Program, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Grjibovski AM, Ehrenblad B, Yngve A. Infant feeding in Sweden: socio-demographic determinants and associations with adiposity in childhood and adolescence. Int Breastfeed J 2008; 3:23. [PMID: 18793452 PMCID: PMC2553767 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4358-3-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2007] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent reviews and meta-analyses conclude that breastfeeding constitutes a small but consistent protective effect against obesity or higher values of body mass index (BMI) in children, though in some studies this effect was weakened after adjustment for potential confounders. The aim of this study was to explore the socio-demographic determinants of the duration of breastfeeding in Sweden and the associations between breastfeeding duration and adiposity in childhood and adolescence. Methods This was a cross-sectional study of Swedish children. Height, weight and waist circumference were measured and the sum of five skin fold measurements were obtained in 1137 9- and 15-year old children. Breastfeeding data were retrospectively obtained from the medical records for 812 (71.4%) children. Multiple ordinal logistic regression was applied to study individual effects of the maternal characteristics on the duration of breastfeeding. The relationship between children's anthropometric characteristics and duration of breastfeeding was studied by multiple linear regression. Associations between the odds of being overweight or obese and the duration of breastfeeding were studied by multiple logistic regression. Both linear and logistic models were adjusted for children's age, gender, birth weight, maternal education and parental BMI in 1998 as well as maternal age and smoking status at childbirth. Results Maternal education was positively associated with the duration of breastfeeding in both 1983 and 1989. Non-smoking mothers were more likely to breastfeed longer than smokers in 1989 (OR = 1.9, 95%CI: 1.3, 3.0). Fifteen-year old children breastfed for shorter than 2 months had 1.2 kg/m2 (95%CI: 0.1, 2.4) higher BMI, 3.2 cm (95%CI: 0.2, 6.2) higher waist circumference and 10.6 mm (95%CI: 1.7, 19.6) higher sum of five skin fold measurements compared to those breastfed for 6 months or longer when adjusted for children's characteristics and maternal characteristics in 1998. Adjustment for maternal age and smoking status at childbirth weakened these associations to non-significant levels (0.9 kg/m2, 95%CI: -0.4, 2.1; 1.4 cm, 95%CI: -1.5, 4.4 and 5.1 mm, 95%CI: -4.0, 14.2, respectively). In the 9-year olds, the associations were less pronounced, but in the same direction. No trends between duration of breastfeeding and children's anthropometric characteristics were observed in any of the age groups. Conclusion Maternal education and smoking were significant predictors of breastfeeding duration in Sweden in the 1980s. Associations with measures of adiposity were observed only in 15-year old children between the children with shortest and longest breastfeeding duration, which were weakened after adjustment for maternal characteristics at childbirth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej M Grjibovski
- Unit for Public Health Nutrition, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 57, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
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The Need for a Concerted Effort to Address Global Obesity. TOP CLIN NUTR 2008. [DOI: 10.1097/01.tin.0000333554.38627.1f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Woo JG, Dolan LM, Morrow AL, Geraghty SR, Goodman E. Breastfeeding helps explain racial and socioeconomic status disparities in adolescent adiposity. Pediatrics 2008; 121:e458-65. [PMID: 18310167 PMCID: PMC2759095 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2007-1446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Studies suggest that breastfeeding is protective for later obesity; however, this association has not held among all racial and socioeconomic status groups. Racial and socioeconomic status differences in breastfeeding behavior have also been noted. In this study, we formally test whether breastfeeding mediates the relationship between race and socioeconomic status with adolescent adiposity. METHODS Data were analyzed from 739 black and white 10- to 19-year-old adolescents who participated in a large, school-based study. Parents provided information on parental education, used to measure socioeconomic status, and whether the child was breastfed as an infant. BMI was used to measure adolescent adiposity and was analyzed as a continuous measure (BMI z score) using linear regression and categorically (BMI > or = 85th and > or = 95th percentile) using logistic regression. RESULTS Black adolescents and those without a college-educated parent were less likely to have been breastfed for > 4 months. Race and parental education were each independent predictors of BMI z score and of having BMI > or = 85th percentile or BMI > or = 95th percentile. When added to the model, being breastfed for > 4 months was also independently associated with lower BMI z score and lower odds of having BMI > or = 85th percentile or BMI > or = 95th percentile. Inclusion of being breastfed for > 4 months resulted in a 25% decrease in racial and parental education differences in adolescent BMI z score, supporting partial mediation. CONCLUSIONS; Having been breastfed for > 4 months was associated with lower adolescent BMI z score and lower odds of having a BMI > or = 85th percentile or BMI > or = 95th percentile, independent of race or parental education. Furthermore, these analyses suggest that being breastfed for > 4 months partially explains the relationship between social disadvantage and increased adiposity. Increasing breastfeeding duration could result in lower adolescent adiposity for all racial and socioeconomic status groups and potentially minimize socioeconomic disparities in adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica G Woo
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, MLC 5041, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA.
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Field T. Breastfeeding and antidepressants. Infant Behav Dev 2008; 31:481-7. [PMID: 18272227 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2007.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2006] [Revised: 06/13/2007] [Accepted: 12/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although a large literature supports the benefits of breastfeeding, this review suggests that breastfeeding is less common among postpartum depressed women, even though their infants benefit from the breastfeeding. Depressed mothers, in part, do not breastfeed because of their concern about potentially negative effects of antidepressants on their infants. Although sertraline (Zoloft) and paroxetine (Paxol) concentrations are not detectable in infants' sera, fluoxetine (Prozac) and citalopram (Celexa) do have detectable levels. Unfortunately these findings are not definitive because they are based on very small sample, uncontrolled studies. As in the literature on prenatal antidepressant effects, the question still remains whether the antidepressants or the untreated depression itself has more negative effects on the infant. It is possible that the positive effects of breastfeeding may outweigh the positive effects of the antidepressants for both the mother and the infant. In addition, some alternative therapies may substitute or attenuate the effects of antidepressants, such as vagal stimulation or massage therapy, both therapies being noted to reduce depression. Further studies of this kind are needed to determine the optimal course of therapy for the benefit of the depressed, breastfeeding mother and the breastfed infant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Field
- Touch Research Institutes, University of Miami School of Medicine, P.O. Box 016820, Miami, FL 33101, United
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Novotny R, Coleman P, Tenorio L, Davison N, Camacho T, Ramirez V, Vijayadeva V, Untalan P, Tudela MD. Breastfeeding is associated with lower body mass index among children of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 107:1743-6. [PMID: 17904934 DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2007.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the prevalence of breastfeeding and overweight in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI), and the relationship between the two. DESIGN AND METHODS A random cluster survey of 420 children (aged 6 months to 10 years), was conducted in the CNMI in June and July of 2005. Children were measured for weight and height and caregivers were asked about past feeding habits by trained investigators. RESULTS Seventy-three percent of children were ever breastfed; 53% were still breastfed at 6 months, and 22% at 1 year of age. Five percent of children were found to be underweight (<5th percentile), while 15% were at risk for overweight (85th to <95th percentile) and 19% were overweight (>95th percentile), according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention body mass index for age reference data. Children who had been breastfed had a substantially lower body mass index than children who had not breastfed, after adjusting for age, sex, birthweight, and years of mother's education. DISCUSSION These findings will be used to guide program development in the CNMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Novotny
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu 96822, USA.
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Stettler N. Nature and strength of epidemiological evidence for origins of childhood and adulthood obesity in the first year of life. Int J Obes (Lond) 2007; 31:1035-43. [PMID: 17589539 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Increased interest in early life origins of chronic disease, a concept often referred to as programming, has resulted in several studies investigating the origins of childhood or adulthood obesity during infancy. Rapid infancy weight gain as a risk factor and breastfeeding as a protective factor for later obesity have been most thoroughly studied. The association between rapid infancy weight gain and later obesity is supported by several observational studies, but not by the two, relatively small, randomized trials. This association is strong, suggests a dose-response effect and has biological plausibility, but is not consistent between study designs. Rapid infancy weight gain as a risk factor for later obesity has been experimentally reproduced in animal models, but not in humans. The protective effect of breastfeeding on obesity is also supported by several observational studies, but randomized trials are not available. Considering the potential for residual confounding factors, current evidence is insufficient to demonstrate origins of obesity during infancy or to change public health recommendations, but the potential for obesity prevention during infancy is promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Stettler
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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