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Leon-Apodaca AV, Kumar M, Del Castillo A, Conroy GC, Lamont RW, Ogbourne S, Cairns KM, Borburgh L, Behrendorff L, Subramanian S, Szpiech ZA. Genomic consequences of isolation and inbreeding in an island dingo population. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.09.15.557950. [PMID: 37745583 PMCID: PMC10516007 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.15.557950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Dingoes come from an ancient canid lineage that originated in East Asia around 8000-11,000 years BP. As Australia's largest terrestrial predator, dingoes play an important ecological role. A small, protected population exists on a world heritage listed offshore island, K'gari (formerly Fraser Island). Concern regarding the persistence of dingoes on K'gari has risen due to their low genetic diversity and elevated inbreeding levels. However, whole-genome sequencing data is lacking from this population. Here, we include five new whole-genome sequences of K'gari dingoes. We analyze a total of 18 whole genome sequences of dingoes sampled from mainland Australia and K'gari to assess the genomic consequences of their demographic histories. Long (>1 Mb) runs of homozygosity (ROH) - indicators of inbreeding - are elevated in all sampled dingoes. However, K'gari dingoes showed significantly higher levels of very long ROH (>5 Mb), providing genomic evidence for small population size, isolation, inbreeding, and a strong founder effect. Our results suggest that, despite current levels of inbreeding, the K'gari population is purging strongly deleterious mutations, which, in the absence of further reductions in population size, may facilitate the persistence of small populations despite low genetic diversity and isolation. However, there may be little to no purging of mildly deleterious alleles, which may have important long-term consequences, and should be considered by conservation and management programs. SIGNIFICANCE A long-standing question in conservation genetics is whether long-term isolation and elevated levels of inbreeding always leads to inevitable population extinction. Here we conduct the first-ever whole-genome analysis of a population of dingoes living in long-term isolation on an island off the coast of Australia (K'gari). We show that these animals are beset by very low genetic diversity, likely the result of extensive inbreeding, and an elevated number of deleterious homozygotes. However, our results suggest that these dingoes are likely purging highly deleterious alleles, which may have allowed them to persist long term despite their extremely small population (<200 individuals).
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de Almeida AB, Magioli M, Gheler-Costa C, Verdade LM, Marques TS, de Cássia Gilli de Lima L, Püttker T. Trophic niche overlap among Neotropical carnivores in a silvicultural landscape. MAMMALIA 2023. [DOI: 10.1515/mammalia-2022-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
To enable long-term coexistence, species need to differentiate at least one of the three main dimensions of the ecological niche (temporal, spatial, or trophic dimension). Here, we investigated whether mammalian predators (Chrysocyon brachyurus, Cerdocyon thous, Lycalopex vetulus, and Puma concolor) follow the prediction of trophic niche partitioning, which is expected when partitioning of food resources represents an important mechanism for coexistence. We predicted low niche overlap in general and low between P. concolor and the other species. We analyzed 207 fecal samples collected at a landscape composed of forest remnants immersed in Eucalyptus plantations. Food items (animals and plants) were identified using exoskeletons, feathers, scales, teeth, hair, and seeds. We calculated the frequency and percentage of occurrence of food items, niche breadth, and niche overlap between pairs of species. Prey size was similar among all predators, consuming mainly small-sized prey (<1 kg). However, niche breadth was larger for smaller carnivores compared to larger ones. No species pair showed significantly lower niche overlap than expected by chance. Our study provided detailed information on trophic resource use of sympatric carnivores, showing that trophic niche partitioning seems not to be crucial for the coexistence of carnivores in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Beatriz de Almeida
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Paulo , Diadema , SP 05508-900 , Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Ecologia Aplicada , Escola Superior de Agricultura , Luiz de Queiroz , Universidade de São Paulo , Piracicaba , SP , Brazil
| | - Marcelo Magioli
- Instituto Pró-Carnívoros , Atibaia , SP , Brazil
- Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Mamíferos Carnívoros (CENAP), Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio) , Atibaia , SP , Brazil
| | - Carla Gheler-Costa
- Ecologia Aplicada: Pesquisa, Ensino e Serviços Ambientais , Vale do Igapó , Bauru , SP , Brazil
| | | | - Thiago Simon Marques
- Laboratório de Ecologia Aplicada, Núcleo de Estudos Ambientais (NEAS), Universidade de Sorocaba , Sorocaba , SP , Brazil
| | | | - Thomas Püttker
- Departamento de Ciências Ambientais , Universidade Federal de São Paulo , Diadema , SP , Brazil
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Boronyak L, Jacobs B. Pathways to coexistence with dingoes across Australian farming landscapes. FRONTIERS IN CONSERVATION SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fcosc.2023.1126140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionAgriculture and biodiversity conservation are both vitally important human activities that overlap geographically and are often in conflict. Animal agriculture has been implicated in species loss and the degradation of ecosystems due to land clearing, overgrazing, and conflicts with large carnivores such as dingoes (Canis dingo). This paper explores the potential for transformation in Australian commercial livestock production from human-dingo conflict towards social-ecological coexistence.MethodA qualitative model that depicts transformative change was developed from field observations and twenty-one in-depth interviews with livestock producers, conservation researchers, grazing industry representatives and policy makers across Australia. The model articulates the current state of dingo management and the drivers of system change.ResultsSeven pathways are described to catalyse transformation from routine lethal management of dingoes towards a future vision that embeds mutually beneficial coexistence. Central to transformation is the adoption by livestock producers of preventive non-lethal innovations supported by a new farming movement, Predator Smart Farming, that balances livestock grazing and wildlife conservation values to unlock the resilience of landscapes, animals (domesticated and wild) and livelihoods. Other key pathways include targeted research, capacity building, outreach and knowledge sharing networks; institutional (policy, legislation, and economic incentives) and cultural change; public awareness raising and advocacy to reduce lethal control; and greater involvement of Indigenous Australians in decisions relating to wildlife management.DiscussionThe seven transition pathways are discussed in relation to how they can collectively foster coexistence with dingoes in extensive rangelands grazing systems. International examples of interventions are used to illustrate the types of successful actions associated with each pathway that could inform action in Australia. The findings have implications for coexistence with large carnivores in rangeland ecosystems globally.
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Bobier CA, Allen BL. Compassionate Conservation is indistinguishable from traditional forms of conservation in practice. Front Psychol 2022; 13:750313. [PMID: 36262450 PMCID: PMC9574382 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.750313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal welfare and ethics are important factors influencing wildlife conservation practice, and critics are increasingly challenging the underlying ethics and motivations supporting common conservation practices. “Compassionate Conservationists” argue that all conservationists should respect the rights of individual sentient animals and approach conservation problems from a position of compassion, and that doing so requires implementing practices that avoid direct harm to individual animals. In this way Compassionate Conservationists seek to contrast themselves with “Traditional Conservationists” who often express consequentialist decision-making processes that ostensibly aim to dispassionately minimize net animal harms, resulting in the common use of practices that directly harm or kill some animals. Conservationists and other observers might therefore conclude that the two sides of this debate are distinct and/or that their policy proscriptions produce different welfare outcomes for animals. To explore the validity of this conclusion we review the ethical philosophies underpinning two types of Compassionate Conservation—deontology and virtue ethics. Deontology focusses on animal rights or the moral duties or obligations of conservationists, whereas virtue ethics focusses on acting in ways that are virtuous or compassionate. We demonstrate that both types permit the intentional harm and killing of animals when faced with common conservation problems where animals will be harmed no matter what the conservationist does or does not do. We then describe the applied decision-making processes exhibited by Compassionate Conservationists (of both types) and Traditional Conservationists to show that they may each lead to the implementation of similar conservation practices (including lethal control) and produce similar outcomes for animals, despite the perceived differences in their ethical motivations. The widespread presence of wildlife conservation problems that cannot be resolved without causing at least some harm to some animals means that conservationists of all persuasions must routinely make trade-offs between the welfare of some animals over others. Compassionate Conservationists do this from an explicit position of animal rights and/or compassion, whereas Traditional Conservationists respect animal rights and exhibit this same compassion implicitly. These observations lead to the conclusion that Compassionate Conservation is indistinguishable from traditional forms of conservation in practice, and that the apparent disagreement among conservationists primarily concerns the effectiveness of various wildlife management practices at minimizing animal harm, and not the underlying ethics, motivations or morality of those practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A. Bobier
- Department of Theology and Philosophy, Saint Mary's University of Minnesota, Winona, MN, United States
- *Correspondence: Christopher A. Bobier,
| | - Benjamin L. Allen
- Institute for Life Sciences and the Environment, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
- Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
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Twining JP, Lawton C, White A, Sheehy E, Hobson K, Montgomery WI, Lambin X. Restoring vertebrate predator populations can provide landscape-scale biological control of established invasive vertebrates: Insights from pine marten recovery in Europe. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:5368-5384. [PMID: 35706099 PMCID: PMC9542606 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Invasive species pose one of the greatest global threats to biodiversity. There has been a long history of importing coevolved natural enemies to act as biological control agents to try to suppress densities of invasive species, with historically limited success and frequent adverse impacts on native biodiversity. Our understanding of the processes and drivers of successful biological control has been focussed on invertebrates and is evidently limited and potentially ill-suited with respect to biological control of vertebrate populations. The restoration of native vertebrate predator populations provides a promising nature-based solution for slowing, halting, or even reversing the spread of some invasive vertebrates over spatial scales relevant to the management of wildlife populations. Here, we first review the growing literature and data from the pine marten-red and grey squirrel system in Europe. We synthesise a multi-decadal dataset to show that the recovery of a native predator has resulted in rapid, landscape-scale declines of an established invasive species. We then use the model system, predator-prey interaction theory, and examples from the literature to develop ecological theory relating to natural biological control in vertebrates and evolutionary processes in native-invasive predator-prey interactions. We find support for the hypotheses that evolutionary naivety of invasive species to native predators and lack of local refuges results in higher predation of naive compared to coevolved prey. We apply lessons learnt from the marten-squirrel model system to examine the plausibility of specific native predator solutions to some of the Earth's most devastating invasive vertebrates. Given the evidence, we conclude that depletion of vertebrate predator populations has increased ecosystem vulnerability to invasions and thus facilitated the spread of invasive species. Therefore, restoration of vertebrate predator populations is an underappreciated, fundamental, nature-based solution to the crisis of invasive species and should be a priority for vertebrate invasive species management globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P. Twining
- Department of Natural ResourcesCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
- School of Biological SciencesQueen's UniversityBelfastUK
| | - Colin Lawton
- School of Natural Sciences, Ryan InstituteNational University of Ireland GalwayGalwayIreland
| | - Andy White
- Maxwell Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Department of MathematicsHeriot‐Watt UniversityEdinburghUK
| | - Emma Sheehy
- School of Natural Sciences, Ryan InstituteNational University of Ireland GalwayGalwayIreland
| | - Keziah Hobson
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | | | - Xavier Lambin
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
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Wooster EIF, Ramp D, Lundgren EJ, O'Neill AJ, Yanco E, Bonsen GT, Wallach AD. Predator protection dampens the landscape of fear. OIKOS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.09059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eamonn I. F. Wooster
- Centre for Compassionate Conservation, Univ. of Technology Sydney Ultimo NSW Australia
| | - Daniel Ramp
- Centre for Compassionate Conservation, Univ. of Technology Sydney Ultimo NSW Australia
| | - Erick J. Lundgren
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Dept of Biology, Aarhus Univ. Aarhus Denmark
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Dept of Biology, Aarhus Univ. Aarhus C Denmark
| | | | - Esty Yanco
- Centre for Compassionate Conservation, Univ. of Technology Sydney Ultimo NSW Australia
| | - Gavin T. Bonsen
- Centre for Compassionate Conservation, Univ. of Technology Sydney Ultimo NSW Australia
| | - Arian D. Wallach
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Queensland Univ. of Technology Brisbane QLD Australia
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McLennan EA, Wise P, Lee AV, Grueber CE, Belov K, Hogg CJ. DNA metabarcoding reveals a broad dietary range for Tasmanian devils introduced to a naive ecosystem. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8936. [PMID: 35600680 PMCID: PMC9120209 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Top carnivores are essential for maintaining ecosystem stability and biodiversity. Yet, carnivores are declining globally and current in situ threat mitigations cannot halt population declines. As such, translocations of carnivores to historic sites or those outside the species’ native range are becoming increasingly common. As carnivores are likely to impact herbivore and small predator populations, understanding how carnivores interact within an ecosystem following translocation is necessary to inform potential remedial management and future translocations. Dietary analyses provide a preliminary assessment of the direct influence of translocated carnivores on a recipient ecosystem. We used a metabarcoding approach to quantify the diet of Tasmanian devils introduced to Maria Island, Tasmania, a site outside the species’ native range. We extracted DNA from 96 scats and used a universal primer set targeting the vertebrate 12S rRNA gene to identify diet items. Tasmanian devils on Maria Island had an eclectic diet, with 63 consumed taxa identified. Cat DNA was detected in 14% of scats, providing the first instance of cats appearing as part of Tasmanian devil diets either via predation or scavenging. Short‐tail shearwaters and little penguins were commonly consumed, corresponding with previous surveys showing sharp population declines in these species since the introduction of Tasmanian devils. Our results indicate that the introduction of carnivores to novel ecosystems can be very successful for the focal species, but that commonly consumed species should be closely monitored to identify any vulnerable species in need of remedial management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elspeth A. McLennan
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Phil Wise
- Save the Tasmanian Devil Program NRE Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Andrew V. Lee
- Save the Tasmanian Devil Program NRE Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Catherine E. Grueber
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Katherine Belov
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Carolyn J. Hogg
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
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8
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The Relative Role of Knowledge and Empathy in Predicting Pro-Environmental Attitudes and Behavior. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14084622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Planet Earth is undergoing unprecedented levels of environmental degradation and destruction at a global scale. Incentivizing people to adopt behaviors that are compatible with a sustainable future will help address the current ecological crisis. However, it is first necessary to understand the psychological drivers of pro-environmental behavior. Here, we examined whether greater levels of environmental knowledge and empathy predicted higher levels of pro-environmental behavior in an Australian population sample. We aimed to advance our understanding of the psychological variables that motivate people to act in pro-environmental ways, while also advancing the ongoing debate amongst conservation scientists regarding the relative importance of fostering empathy. Correlational analyses revealed that objective, verifiable knowledge was a strong predictor of pro-environmental attitudes and behavior. Empathy also correlated positively with pro-environmental attitudes and behavior, but with a dissociation with respect to its cognitive and affective components. Multivariate analyses revealed that knowledge was a stronger predictor of both pro-environmental attitudes and behavior after controlling for individual variation in cognitive and affective empathy. This finding casts doubt on the claim by compassionate conservationists that fostering empathy is the key to solving the current environmental conservation crisis. Future research should aim to extend the present findings by testing whether a more exhaustive test of participants’ environmental knowledge and other measures of empathy, including empathic competencies and the recently developed Emotional and Cognitive Scale of the Human–Nature Relationship (ECS-HNR), yield the same dominance of knowledge over empathy.
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The Impacts of Drought on the Health and Demography of Eastern Grey Kangaroos. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12030256. [PMID: 35158580 PMCID: PMC8833700 DOI: 10.3390/ani12030256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Eastern grey kangaroos, like most wildlife, are facing an increasingly uncertain future under rapid climate change. How individuals and populations cope with extreme climatic events will influence their capacity to adapt and persist. Here, we analyzed how drought impacted eastern grey kangaroo populations by focusing on their body condition, demography, activity rates at water points, and the likelihood of parasitic infections. We found that body condition was lower as environmental conditions became more extreme and that fewer males in the population were observed. The proportion of juveniles within the population increased as more favorable conditions returned. Kangaroos with poor body conditions were more likely to become hosts to ticks, while higher parasite egg burdens in scats occurred in autumn. Our study has shown that the impacts eastern grey kangaroos face during climatic events such as drought can be severe and may have long-term consequences. Abstract Extreme climatic events such as droughts and floods are expected to become more intense and severe under climate change, especially in the southern and eastern parts of Australia. We aimed to quantify the relationship between body condition scores (BCS), demography, activity rate, and parasitic infections of eastern grey kangaroos on a large conservation property under different climate extremes by employing camera traps established at artificial water points (AWPs). The survey period included a severe drought, broken by a significant flooding event. Climatic and environmental conditions were documented using remotely sensed indices of moisture availability and vegetation productivity. These conditions were found to affect all health and population parameters measured. BCS, juvenile proportions, and sex ratios were most correlated with 6-month lags in climatic conditions, while the activity rate of kangaroos at AWPs was most correlated with vegetation productivity. Ticks were mostly found on individuals with a poorer BCS, while the concentration of parasitic eggs in feces was higher in autumn than in spring. Our study offers a glimpse into some of the environmental drivers of eastern grey kangaroo populations and their health, information that may become increasingly important in today’s climate. It further emphasizes the importance of this knowledge for wildlife conservation efforts appropriate to managing the impact of climate change alongside other threats.
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Hunter DO, Letnic M. Dingoes have greater suppressive effect on fox populations than poisoning campaigns. AUSTRALIAN MAMMALOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1071/am21036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Castle G, Smith D, Allen LR, Allen BL. Terrestrial mesopredators did not increase after top-predator removal in a large-scale experimental test of mesopredator release theory. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18205. [PMID: 34521924 PMCID: PMC8440509 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97634-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Removal or loss of top-predators has been predicted to cause cascading negative effects for ecosystems, including mesopredator release. However, reliable evidence for these processes in terrestrial systems has been mixed and equivocal due, in large part, to the systemic and continued use of low-inference study designs to investigate this issue. Even previous large-scale manipulative experiments of strong inferential value have been limited by experimental design features (i.e. failure to prevent migration between treatments) that constrain possible inferences about the presence or absence of mesopredator release effects. Here, we build on these previous strong-inference experiments and report the outcomes of additional large-scale manipulative experiments to eradicate Australian dingoes from two fenced areas where dingo migration was restricted and where theory would predict an increase in extant European red foxes, feral cats and goannas. We demonstrate the removal and suppression of dingoes to undetectable levels over 4–5 years with no corresponding increases in mesopredator relative abundances, which remained low and stable throughout the experiment at both sites. We further demonstrate widespread absence of negative relationships between predators, indicating that the mechanism underpinning predicted mesopredator releases was not present. Our results are consistent with all previous large-scale manipulative experiments and long-term mensurative studies which collectively demonstrate that (1) dingoes do not suppress red foxes, feral cats or goannas at the population level, (2) repeated, temporary suppression of dingoes in open systems does not create mesopredator release effects, and (3) removal and sustained suppression of dingoes to undetectable levels in closed systems does not create mesopredator release effects either. Our experiments add to similar reports from North America, Asia, Europe and southern Africa which indicate that not only is there a widespread absence of reliable evidence for these processes, but there is also a large and continually growing body of experimental evidence of absence for these processes in many terrestrial systems. We conclude that although sympatric predators may interact negatively with each other on smaller spatiotemporal scales, that these negative interactions do not always scale-up to the population level, nor are they always strong enough to create mesopredator suppression or release effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoff Castle
- Institute for Life Sciences and the Environment, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia
| | - Deane Smith
- Institute for Life Sciences and the Environment, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia.,NSW Department of Primary Industries, Vertebrate Pest Research Unit, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Lee R Allen
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland Government, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia
| | - Benjamin L Allen
- Institute for Life Sciences and the Environment, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia. .,Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, 6034, South Africa.
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12
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Eisaguirre JM, Williams PJ, Lu X, Kissling ML, Beatty WS, Esslinger GG, Womble JN, Hooten MB. Diffusion modeling reveals effects of multiple release sites and human activity on a recolonizing apex predator. MOVEMENT ECOLOGY 2021; 9:34. [PMID: 34193294 PMCID: PMC8247183 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-021-00270-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reintroducing predators is a promising conservation tool to help remedy human-caused ecosystem changes. However, the growth and spread of a reintroduced population is a spatiotemporal process that is driven by a suite of factors, such as habitat change, human activity, and prey availability. Sea otters (Enhydra lutris) are apex predators of nearshore marine ecosystems that had declined nearly to extinction across much of their range by the early 20th century. In Southeast Alaska, which is comprised of a diverse matrix of nearshore habitat and managed areas, reintroduction of 413 individuals in the late 1960s initiated the growth and spread of a population that now exceeds 25,000. METHODS Periodic aerial surveys in the region provide a time series of spatially-explicit data to investigate factors influencing this successful and ongoing recovery. We integrated an ecological diffusion model that accounted for spatially-variable motility and density-dependent population growth, as well as multiple population epicenters, into a Bayesian hierarchical framework to help understand the factors influencing the success of this recovery. RESULTS Our results indicated that sea otters exhibited higher residence time as well as greater equilibrium abundance in Glacier Bay, a protected area, and in areas where there is limited or no commercial fishing. Asymptotic spread rates suggested sea otters colonized Southeast Alaska at rates of 1-8 km/yr with lower rates occurring in areas correlated with higher residence time, which primarily included areas near shore and closed to commercial fishing. Further, we found that the intrinsic growth rate of sea otters may be higher than previous estimates suggested. CONCLUSIONS This study shows how predator recolonization can occur from multiple population epicenters. Additionally, our results suggest spatial heterogeneity in the physical environment as well as human activity and management can influence recolonization processes, both in terms of movement (or motility) and density dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Eisaguirre
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV, USA.
- United States Fish & Wildlife Service, Marine Mammals Management, Anchorage, AK, USA.
| | - Perry J Williams
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Xinyi Lu
- Department of Statistics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Michelle L Kissling
- United States Fish & Wildlife Service, Marine Mammals Management, Anchorage, AK, USA
- Present address: Wildlife Biology Program, Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, W.A. Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - William S Beatty
- United States Fish & Wildlife Service, Marine Mammals Management, Anchorage, AK, USA
- Present address: U.S. Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, La Crosse, WI, USA
| | | | - Jamie N Womble
- Southeast Alaska Inventory and Monitoring Network, National Park Service, Juneau, AK, USA
- Glacier Bay Field Station, National Park Service, Juneau, AK, USA
| | - Mevin B Hooten
- Department of Statistics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Colorado Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, U.S. Geological Survey, Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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13
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Conroy GC, Lamont RW, Bridges L, Stephens D, Wardell-Johnson A, Ogbourne SM. Conservation concerns associated with low genetic diversity for K'gari-Fraser Island dingoes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9503. [PMID: 33947920 PMCID: PMC8097078 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89056-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The dingo population on world heritage-listed K'gari-Fraser Island (K'gari) is amongst the most well-known in Australia. However, an absence of population genetic data limits capacity for informed conservation management. We used 9 microsatellite loci to compare the levels of genetic diversity and genetic structure of 175 K'gari dingo tissue samples with 264 samples from adjacent mainland regions. Our results demonstrated that the K'gari population has significantly lower genetic diversity than mainland dingoes (AR, HE, PAR; p < 0.05) with a fourfold reduction in effective population size (Ne = 25.7 vs 103.8). There is also strong evidence of genetic differentiation between the island and mainland populations. These results are in accordance with genetic theory for small, isolated, island populations, and most likely the result of low initial diversity and founder effects such as bottlenecks leading to decreased diversity and drift. As the first study to incorporate a large sample set of K'gari dingoes, this provides invaluable baseline data for future research, which should incorporate genetic and demographic monitoring to ensure long-term persistence. Given that human-associated activities will continue to result in dingo mortality, it is critical that genetic factors are considered in conservation management decisions to avoid deleterious consequences for this iconic dingo population.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Conroy
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, QLD, 4558, Australia. .,School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, QLD, 4558, Australia.
| | - R W Lamont
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, QLD, 4558, Australia.,School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, QLD, 4558, Australia
| | - L Bridges
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, QLD, 4558, Australia.,School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, QLD, 4558, Australia
| | - D Stephens
- Zoological Genetics, Inglewood, Adelaide, SA, 5133, Australia
| | - A Wardell-Johnson
- Senior Professional Fellow, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - S M Ogbourne
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, QLD, 4558, Australia.,School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, QLD, 4558, Australia
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14
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Boronyak L, Jacobs B, Wallach A. Transitioning towards human-large carnivore coexistence in extensive grazing systems. AMBIO 2020; 49:1982-1991. [PMID: 32385811 PMCID: PMC7568737 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-020-01340-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In light of escalating threats to biodiversity, conflicts between humans and large carnivores in production landscapes must be resolved. We explore how interactions between humans, large carnivores, and livestock can be modified to promote coexistence. We identify four rationales for building coexistence capacities in extensive rangeland livestock production systems: (1) livestock production is a dominant terrestrial land use; (2) large carnivores provide critical contributions to ecological functions; (3) the persecution of large carnivores has high ethical, welfare, reputational and social costs; and (4) a growing body of evidence shows that lethal control can be counterproductive to reducing predation risk. Two key leverage points to foster human-carnivore coexistence are the adoption of preventive non-lethal innovations, and the creation of an enabling environment. Leverage points must be appropriate at the local landscape scale and contribute towards global efforts to conserve large carnivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Boronyak
- Institute for Sustainable Futures, University of Technology Sydney, PO BOX 123, Ultimo, NSW 2007 Australia
| | - Brent Jacobs
- Institute for Sustainable Futures, University of Technology Sydney, PO BOX 123, Ultimo, NSW 2007 Australia
| | - Arian Wallach
- School of Life Sciences and the Centre for Compassionate Conservation, University of Technology Sydney, PO BOX 123, Ultimo, NSW 2007 Australia
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15
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Wallach AD, Batavia C, Bekoff M, Alexander S, Baker L, Ben‐Ami D, Boronyak L, Cardilin APA, Carmel Y, Celermajer D, Coghlan S, Dahdal Y, Gomez JJ, Kaplan G, Keynan O, Khalilieh A, Kopnina H, Lynn WS, Narayanan Y, Riley S, Santiago‐Ávila FJ, Yanco E, Zemanova MA, Ramp D. Recognizing animal personhood in compassionate conservation. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2020; 34:1097-1106. [PMID: 32144823 PMCID: PMC7540678 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Compassionate conservation is based on the ethical position that actions taken to protect biodiversity should be guided by compassion for all sentient beings. Critics argue that there are 3 core reasons harming animals is acceptable in conservation programs: the primary purpose of conservation is biodiversity protection; conservation is already compassionate to animals; and conservation should prioritize compassion to humans. We used argument analysis to clarify the values and logics underlying the debate around compassionate conservation. We found that objections to compassionate conservation are expressions of human exceptionalism, the view that humans are of a categorically separate and higher moral status than all other species. In contrast, compassionate conservationists believe that conservation should expand its moral community by recognizing all sentient beings as persons. Personhood, in an ethical sense, implies the individual is owed respect and should not be treated merely as a means to other ends. On scientific and ethical grounds, there are good reasons to extend personhood to sentient animals, particularly in conservation. The moral exclusion or subordination of members of other species legitimates the ongoing manipulation and exploitation of the living worlds, the very reason conservation was needed in the first place. Embracing compassion can help dismantle human exceptionalism, recognize nonhuman personhood, and navigate a more expansive moral space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arian D. Wallach
- Centre for Compassionate Conservation, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Technology SydneySydneyNSW2007Australia
| | - Chelsea Batavia
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and SocietyOregon State UniversityCorvallisOR97331U.S.A.
| | - Marc Bekoff
- Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ColoradoBoulderCO80309U.S.A.
| | | | - Liv Baker
- Animal Behavior and Conservation ProgramHunter College CUNYNew YorkNYU.S.A.
| | - Dror Ben‐Ami
- Centre for Compassionate Conservation, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Technology SydneySydneyNSW2007Australia
- Compassionate Conservation Middle East, Steinhardt Museum of Natural HistoryTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Louise Boronyak
- Centre for Compassionate Conservation, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Technology SydneySydneyNSW2007Australia
- Institute for Sustainable FuturesUniversity of Technology SydneySydneyNSW2007Australia
| | - Adam P. A. Cardilin
- Faculty of Science Engineering and Built EnvironmentDeakin UniversityWaurn PondsVIC3216Australia
| | - Yohay Carmel
- Division of Environmental, Water and Agricultural EngineeringTechnion Israel Institute of TechnologyHaifa32000Israel
| | - Danielle Celermajer
- Department of Sociology and Social Policy, Faculty of Arts and Social SciencesThe University of SydneySydneyNSW2006Australia
| | - Simon Coghlan
- School of Computing and Information Systems, Melbourne School of EngineeringThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVIC3010Australia
| | | | - Jonatan J. Gomez
- Departamento de Ciencias BásicasUniversidad Nacional de LujánRutas 5 y 7Luján6700Argentina
| | - Gisela Kaplan
- School of Science & TechnologyUniversity of New EnglandArmidaleNSW2351Australia
| | - Oded Keynan
- Compassionate Conservation Middle East, Steinhardt Museum of Natural HistoryTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
- Dead Sea & Arava Science CentreCentral Arava BranchHatzevaIsrael
| | | | - Helen Kopnina
- The Hague University of Applied Sciences, International BusinessJohanna Westerdijkplein 75EN Den Haag2521the Netherlands
| | - William S. Lynn
- George Perkins Marsh InstituteClark UniversityWorcesterMA01710U.S.A.
| | - Yamini Narayanan
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts and EducationDeakin UniversityMelbourneVIC3125Australia
| | - Sophie Riley
- Centre for Compassionate Conservation, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Technology SydneySydneyNSW2007Australia
- Faculty of LawUniversity of Technology SydneySydneyNSW2007Australia
| | - Francisco J. Santiago‐Ávila
- Carnivore Coexistence Lab, Nelson Institute for Environmental StudiesUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWI53706U.S.A.
| | - Esty Yanco
- Centre for Compassionate Conservation, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Technology SydneySydneyNSW2007Australia
| | - Miriam A. Zemanova
- Centre for Compassionate Conservation, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Technology SydneySydneyNSW2007Australia
| | - Daniel Ramp
- Centre for Compassionate Conservation, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Technology SydneySydneyNSW2007Australia
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16
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Cox CL, Alexander S, Casement B, Chung AK, Curlis JD, Degon Z, Dubois M, Falvey C, Graham ZA, Folfas E, Gallegos Koyner MA, Neel LK, Nicholson DJ, Perez DJP, Ortiz-Ross X, Rosso AA, Taylor Q, Thurman TJ, Williams CE, McMillan WO, Logan ML. Ectoparasite extinction in simplified lizard assemblages during experimental island invasion. Biol Lett 2020; 16:20200474. [PMID: 32750271 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2020.0474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduced species can become invasive, damaging ecosystems and disrupting economies through explosive population growth. One mechanism underlying population expansion in invasive populations is 'enemy release', whereby the invader experiences relaxation of agonistic interactions with other species, including parasites. However, direct observational evidence of release from parasitism during invasion is rare. We mimicked the early stages of invasion by experimentally translocating populations of mite-parasitized slender anole lizards (Anolis apletophallus) to islands that varied in the number of native anoles. Two islands were anole-free prior to the introduction, whereas a third island had a resident population of Gaige's anole (Anolis gaigei). We then characterized changes in trombiculid mite parasitism over multiple generations post-introduction. We found that mites rapidly went extinct on one-species islands, but that lizards introduced to the two-species island retained mites. After three generations, the two-species island had the highest total density and biomass of lizards, but the lowest density of the introduced species, implying that the 'invasion' had been less successful. This field-transplant study suggests that native species can be 'enemy reservoirs' that facilitate co-colonization of ectoparasites with the invasive host. Broadly, these results indicate that the presence of intact and diverse native communities may help to curb invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian L Cox
- Institute for the Environment, Florida International University Miami, FL 33199, USA.,Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30458, USA
| | - Sean Alexander
- Department of Biology, Rutgers University-Camden, Camden, NJ 08102, USA
| | - Brianna Casement
- Department of Biology, Heidelberg University, Tiffin, OH 44883, USA
| | - Albert K Chung
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30458, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - John David Curlis
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30458, USA.,Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Zachariah Degon
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30458, USA
| | - Madeline Dubois
- College of Science, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Cleo Falvey
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zackary A Graham
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Edita Folfas
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 3B2
| | | | - Lauren K Neel
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | | | | | - Xochitl Ortiz-Ross
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Biology, College of the Atlantic, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Adam A Rosso
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30458, USA
| | - Quinn Taylor
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30458, USA
| | - Timothy J Thurman
- Department of Wildlife Biology, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institution, Balboa Ancón, 0843-03092 Panama, Republic of Panama.,Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 0G4
| | | | - W Owen McMillan
- Institute for the Environment, Florida International University Miami, FL 33199, USA.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institution, Balboa Ancón, 0843-03092 Panama, Republic of Panama
| | - Michael L Logan
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institution, Balboa Ancón, 0843-03092 Panama, Republic of Panama.,Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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17
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Crespin SJ, Moreira-Arce D, Simonetti JA. Killing with compassion for the sake of conservation: response to Lynn et al. 2019. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2020; 34:1035-1037. [PMID: 32372489 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvio J Crespin
- Laboratorio de Conservación Biológica, Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago, 7800003, Chile
- Laboratorio de Estudios del Antropoceno, Departamento de Manejo de Bosques y Medio Ambiente, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Correo 3, Concepción, Victoria, 631, Chile
- Instituto de Investigaciones Tropicales de El Salvador, Colonia y Pasaje Layco #1247, San Salvador, El Salvador
| | - Dario Moreira-Arce
- Laboratorio de Estudios del Antropoceno, Departamento de Manejo de Bosques y Medio Ambiente, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Correo 3, Concepción, Victoria, 631, Chile
| | - Javier A Simonetti
- Laboratorio de Conservación Biológica, Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago, 7800003, Chile
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18
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Diquelou MC, Griffin AS. Behavioral Responses of Invasive and Nuisance Vertebrates to Harvesting: A Mechanistic Framework. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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19
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Middleton OS, Scharlemann JPW, Sandom CJ. Homogenization of carnivorous mammal ensembles caused by global range reductions of large-bodied hypercarnivores during the late Quaternary. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20200804. [PMID: 32576106 PMCID: PMC7329025 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.0804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Carnivorous mammals play crucial roles in ecosystems by influencing prey densities and behaviour, and recycling carrion. Yet, the influence of carnivores on global ecosystems has been affected by extinctions and range contractions throughout the Late Pleistocene and Holocene (approx. 130 000 years ago to the current). Large-bodied mammals were particularly affected, but how dietary strategies influenced species' susceptibility to geographical range reductions remains unknown. We investigated (i) the importance of dietary strategies in explaining range reductions of carnivorous mammals (greater than or equal to 5% vertebrate meat consumption) and (ii) differences in functional diversity of continental carnivore ensembles by comparing current, known ranges to current, expected ranges under a present-natural counterfactual scenario. The present-natural counterfactual estimates current mammal ranges had modern humans not expanded out of Africa during the Late Pleistocene and were not a main driver of extinctions and range contractions, alongside changing climates. Ranges of large-bodied hypercarnivorous mammals are currently smaller than expected, compared to smaller-bodied carnivorous mammals that consume less vertebrate meat. This resulted in consistent differences in continental functional diversity, whereby current ensembles of carnivorous mammals have undergone homogenization through structural shifts towards smaller-bodied insectivorous and herbivorous species. The magnitude of ensemble structural shifts varied among continents, with Australia experiencing the greatest difference. Weighting functional diversity by species' geographical range sizes caused a threefold greater shift in ensemble centroids than when using presence-absence alone. Conservation efforts should acknowledge current reductions in the potential geographical ranges of large-bodied hypercarnivores and aim to restore functional roles in carnivore ensembles, where possible, across continents.
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20
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Allen BL, Hampton JO. Minimizing animal welfare harms associated with predation management in agro-ecosystems. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:1097-1108. [PMID: 32302055 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The impacts of wild predators on livestock are a common source of human-wildlife conflict globally, and predators are subject to population control for this reason in many situations. Animal welfare is one of many important considerations affecting decisions about predation management. Recent studies discussing animal welfare in this context have presented arguments emphasizing the importance of avoiding intentional harm to predators, but they have not usually considered harms imposed by predators on livestock and other animals. Efforts to mitigate predation impacts (including 'no control' approaches) cause a variety of harms to predators, livestock and other wildlife. Successfully minimizing the overall frequency and magnitude of harms requires consideration of the direct, indirect, intentional and unintentional harms imposed on all animals inhabiting agricultural landscapes. We review the harms resulting from the management of dingoes and other wild dogs in the extensive beef cattle grazing systems of Australia to illustrate how these negative impacts can be minimized across both wild and domestic species present on a farm or in a free-ranging livestock grazing context. Similar to many other predator-livestock conflicts, wild dogs impose intermittent harms on beef cattle (especially calves) including fatal predation, non-fatal attack (mauling and biting), pathogen transmission, and fear- or stress-related effects. Wild dog control tools and strategies impose harms on dingoes and other wildlife including stress, pain and death as a consequence of both lethal and non-lethal control approaches. To balance these various sources of harm, we argue that the tactical use of lethal predator control approaches can result in harming the least number of individual animals, given certain conditions. This conclusion conflicts with both traditional (e.g. continuous or ongoing lethal control) and contemporary (e.g. predator-friendly or no-control) predation management approaches. The general and transferable issues, approaches and principles we describe have broad applicability to many other human-wildlife conflicts around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L Allen
- Institute for Life Sciences and the Environment, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, 4350, Australia.,Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, 6034, South Africa
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21
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Somaweera R, Nifong J, Rosenblatt A, Brien ML, Combrink X, Elsey RM, Grigg G, Magnusson WE, Mazzotti FJ, Pearcy A, Platt SG, Shirley MH, Tellez M, Ploeg J, Webb G, Whitaker R, Webber BL. The ecological importance of crocodylians: towards evidence‐based justification for their conservation. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:936-959. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruchira Somaweera
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity Floreat WA 6014 Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia Crawley WA 6009 Australia
| | - James Nifong
- IFAS‐Fort Lauderdale Research & Education Center, University of Florida Fort Lauderdale FL 33314 USA
| | - Adam Rosenblatt
- University of North Florida 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville FL 32224 USA
| | - Mathew L. Brien
- Queensland Parks and WildlifeDepartment of Environment and Science Cairns QLD 4870 Australia
| | - Xander Combrink
- Department of Nature ConservationTshwane University of Technology Pretoria South Africa
| | - Ruth M. Elsey
- Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge Grand Chenier LA 70643 USA
| | - Gordon Grigg
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of Queensland St Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
| | - William E. Magnusson
- Coordenação da Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional da Pesquisas da Amazônia Manaus 69067 Brazil
| | - Frank J. Mazzotti
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and ConservationEverglades Research and Education Center, University of Florida Gainesville FL 32603 USA
| | - Ashley Pearcy
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of BioScienceAarhus University Aarhus Denmark
| | - Steven G. Platt
- Wildlife Conservation Society ‐ Myanmar Program Yangon Myanmar
| | - Matthew H. Shirley
- Tropical Conservation InstituteFlorida International University Miami FL 33181 USA
| | | | - Jan Ploeg
- Australian National Centre for Ocean Resources and Security, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong Wollongong NSW 2522 Australia
| | - Grahame Webb
- Wildlife Management International Karama NT 0812 Australia
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University Casuarina NT 0810 Australia
| | - Rom Whitaker
- The Madras Crocodile Bank Trust & Centre for Herpetology Mahabalipuram 603104 India
| | - Bruce L. Webber
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity Floreat WA 6014 Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia Crawley WA 6009 Australia
- Western Australian Biodiversity Science Institute Perth WA 6000 Australia
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22
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Cunningham CX, Johnson CN, Jones ME. A native apex predator limits an invasive mesopredator and protects native prey: Tasmanian devils protecting bandicoots from cats. Ecol Lett 2020; 23:711-721. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.13473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Calum X. Cunningham
- School of Natural Sciences University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania 7001 Australia
| | - Christopher N. Johnson
- School of Natural Sciences University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania 7001 Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania 7001 Australia
| | - Menna E. Jones
- School of Natural Sciences University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania 7001 Australia
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23
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Tobajas J, Gómez-Ramírez P, Ferreras P, García-Fernández AJ, Mateo R. Conditioned food aversion in domestic dogs induced by thiram. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:568-574. [PMID: 31287232 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The conflict between predators and humans for resources such as game species or livestock is an ancient issue, and it is especially sharp in the case of medium-large wild canids. In order to manage this conflict, lethal control methods are often used, which can sometimes be illegal, such as poisoning. As an alternative, conditioned food aversion (CFA) is a non-lethal method to reduce predation in which animals learn to avoid a given food due to the adverse effects caused by the ingestion of an undetectable chemical compound added to this food. The present study aimed to test thiram as a CFA agent in penned dogs as a first approach to use this substance for reducing the predation conflict associated with wild canids. RESULTS Thiram, with or without an additional odor cue, produced CFA in penned dogs for more than 2 months. Moreover, thiram seemed to be undetectable and safe after the third ingestion of a 40-60 mg kg-1 dose. Desirable adverse effects, such as vomits, appeared around 1 h after exposure. These characteristics make thiram optimal for its use in predation reduction through CFA. However, individual variability could prevent CFA acquisition by some animals. CONCLUSIONS Thiram has the potential to be used as a CFA agent in wildlife management and conservation to reduce predation by wild canids. Since thiram produced CFA without the problems of detectability and toxicity caused by other substances, it may be an alternative to lethal control methods used to reduce predation on game, livestock and endangered species. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Tobajas
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Pilar Gómez-Ramírez
- Toxicology Area, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
- Toxicology and Risk Assessment Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pablo Ferreras
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Antonio Juan García-Fernández
- Toxicology Area, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
- Toxicology and Risk Assessment Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Rafael Mateo
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
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24
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Old dogs, new tricks: 3D geometric analysis of cranial morphology supports ancient population substructure in the Australian dingo. ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00435-019-00475-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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25
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Austin CM, Ramp D. Flight responses of eastern gray kangaroos to benign or harmful human behavior. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:13824-13834. [PMID: 31938484 PMCID: PMC6953569 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, wilderness is being converted for rural and agricultural land use. In countryside landscapes, many habitat structures remain intact, providing suitable habitat for wildlife species that can accurately assess novel risks and develop tolerance to benign disturbances. Associative learning that promotes avoidance and also facilitates desensitization to benign disturbance is key to persisting in these landscapes. Conversely, learning to distinguish and avoid negative interactions with humans, like hunting, is vital. To determine if eastern gray kangaroos are capable of learning from previous interactions with humans, we tested the flight responses of wild kangaroos which have previously experienced either low or high frequencies of harmful and benign encounters with humans. We found that eastern gray kangaroos rapidly habituated to benign disturbance as there was no significant difference in assessment distance between groups that previously experienced low or high frequencies of disturbance. The threat of harmful disturbances was not as quickly learnt, as groups that experienced low frequencies of harmful disturbance delayed flight longer than those experiencing frequent harm. We found that the influence of environmental and group parameters on a kangaroo's decision to flee depended on the intent and frequency of previous interactions with humans. Our study indicates that kangaroos are learning from previous encounters with humans, correctly assessing novel risks which may be contributing to their persistence in countryside landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin M. Austin
- Centre for Compassionate ConservationFaculty of ScienceUniversity of Technology SydneyUltimoNSWAustralia
| | - Daniel Ramp
- Centre for Compassionate ConservationFaculty of ScienceUniversity of Technology SydneyUltimoNSWAustralia
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26
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The Wily and Courageous Red Fox: Behavioural Analysis of a Mesopredator at Resource Points Shared by an Apex Predator. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9110907. [PMID: 31683979 PMCID: PMC6912404 DOI: 10.3390/ani9110907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is a widespread and ecologically significant terrestrial mesopredator, that has expanded its range with human globalisation. Despite this, we know relatively little about their behaviour under the wide range of ecological conditions they experience, particularly how they navigate the risk of encounters with apex predators. We conducted the first ethological study of foxes outside their historic native range, in Australia, where both the foxes and their main predator were protected from human hunting. Using remote camera traps, we recorded foxes visiting key resource points regularly utilised by territorial dingoes (Canis dingo), their local apex predator, in the Painted Desert, South Australia. We constructed an ethogram sensitive to a range of behaviours and attitudes. Since foxes are suppressed by dingoes, we expected that the foxes would primarily be in a cautious state. In contrast, we found that foxes were in a confident state most of the time. Where human hunting is absent, social stability of predators may increase predictability and therefore decrease fear.
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27
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Dorning J, Harris S. Understanding the intricacy of canid social systems: Structure and temporal stability of red fox (Vulpes vulpes) groups. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220792. [PMID: 31509536 PMCID: PMC6738593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Red foxes have a highly flexible social system. Despite numerous studies worldwide, our understanding of the pattern and stability of fox social relationships remains limited. We applied social network analysis to camera trap data collected at high-quality foraging patches to examine the social structure of a population of urban red foxes. Foxes encountered a conspecific on 13% of patch visits, and had significant preferred and avoided companionships in all seasons. They also associated in communities that matched territorial space use, confirming that territories can be analysed separately to increase power without excluding too many social partners. Foxes maintained stable, long-term relationships with other territory residents, but the average longevity of relationships varied seasonally, suggesting that social connectivity, particularly between foxes from different social groups, is influenced by their annual life cycle. The probability of re-association after a given time lag was highest in spring and summer, during cub birth and rearing, and lowest in the winter mating season, when mean relationship duration was shorter. 33% of fox relationships lasted for four consecutive seasons and were probably between territory residents. 14% lasted for around 20 days and were probably between residents and visitors from adjacent territories. The majority (53%) lasted less than one day, particularly during dispersal and mating, and were probably between foxes from non-adjacent social groups. Social structure varied between groups; in one group the death of the dominant male caused significant social disruption for two seasons. This is the first application of social network analysis to multiple red fox social groups. However, our analyses were based on interactions at high quality food patches; social connections may differ when foxes are resting, travelling and foraging elsewhere in their territory. Our results will inform management practices, particularly for disease spread and population control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Dorning
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, England, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Stephen Harris
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, England, United Kingdom
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28
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Li SC, Luo J, Lee KL. Cancer Niche as a Garbage Disposal Machine: Implications of TCM-Mediated Balance of Body-Disease for Treatment of Cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 1. [PMID: 31453571 PMCID: PMC6709992 DOI: 10.33552/ojcam.2019.01.000514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cancer epidemic led to worldwide to search for a new “game changer” concept to govern cancer research and cancer treatment. Western medicine-based cancer research has been extending the impasse without resolution in sigh for improving survival of patients with solid malignant tumors in the last four decades due to heterogeneity in cancer tissues. Such a deadlock charts a course to learn lessons from the developing countries, directly or indirectly to complement the exhausted Western medicine. We propose a new concept of “Cancer niche as a garbage disposal machine” with implications of traditional Chinese medicine-mediated restoration of normal balance between body and disease to bring the fight against cancer under control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwen Calvin Li
- Department of Neurology, University of California-Irvine (UCI) School of Medicine; Children's Hospital of Orange County (CHOC), CHOC Children's Research Institute, Neuro-Oncology and Stem Cell Research Laboratory (NSCL), USA
| | - Jane Luo
- AB Sciex, Inc., Danaher Corporation, USA
| | - Katherine L Lee
- University of California-Irvine School of Social Ecology, Social and Behavioral Sciences Gateway, USA
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29
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Lynn WS, Santiago‐Ávila F, Lindenmayer J, Hadidian J, Wallach A, King BJ. A moral panic over cats. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2019; 33:769-776. [PMID: 31087701 PMCID: PMC6852131 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Some conservationists believe that free-ranging cats pose an enormous risk to biodiversity and public health and therefore should be eliminated from the landscape by any means necessary. They further claim that those who question the science or ethics behind their arguments are science deniers (merchants of doubt) seeking to mislead the public. As much as we share a commitment to conservation of biodiversity and wild nature, we believe these ideas are wrong and fuel an unwarranted moral panic over cats. Those who question the ecological or epidemiological status of cats are not science deniers, and it is a false analogy to compare them with corporate and right-wing special interests that perpetrate disinformation campaigns over issues, such as smoking and climate change. There are good conservation and public-health reasons and evidence to be skeptical that free-ranging cats constitute a disaster for biodiversity and human health in all circumstances. Further, there are significant and largely unaddressed ethical and policy issues (e.g., the ethics and efficacy of lethal management) relative to how people ought to value and coexist with cats and native wildlife. Society is better served by a collaborative approach to produce better scientific and ethical knowledge about free-ranging cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S. Lynn
- George Perkins Marsh InstituteClark University950 Main StreetWorcesterMA01610U.S.A.
| | - Francisco Santiago‐Ávila
- Francisco Santiago‐Ávila, Carnivore Coexistence Lab, Nelson Institute for Environmental StudiesUniversity of Wisconsin‐Madison70 Science Hall, 550 North Park StreetMadisonWI53706U.S.A.
| | - Joann Lindenmayer
- Joann Lindenmayer, Department of Public Health and Community MedicineTufts University School of Medicine145 Harrison AvenueBostonMA02111U.S.A.
| | - John Hadidian
- John Hadidian, Center for Leadership in Global SustainabilityVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University900 N. Glebe RoadArlingtonVA22208U.S.A.
| | - Arian Wallach
- Arian Wallach, Centre for Compassionate Conservation, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Technology SydneyUltimoNSW2007Australia
| | - Barbara J. King
- Barbara J. King, Anthropology (emeritus)College of William and MaryP.O. Box 8795WilliamsburgVA23187U.S.A.
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30
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Zanno LE, Tucker RT, Canoville A, Avrahami HM, Gates TA, Makovicky PJ. Diminutive fleet-footed tyrannosauroid narrows the 70-million-year gap in the North American fossil record. Commun Biol 2019; 2:64. [PMID: 30820466 PMCID: PMC6385174 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0308-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, eco-evolutionary dynamics in the ascent of tyrannosauroids to top predator roles have been obscured by a 70-million-year gap in the North American (NA) record. Here we report discovery of the oldest Cretaceous NA tyrannosauroid, extending the lineage by ~15 million years. The new taxon—Moros intrepidus gen. et sp. nov.—is represented by a hind limb from an individual nearing skeletal maturity at 6–7 years. With a ~1.2-m limb length and 78-kg mass, M. intrepidus ranks among the smallest Cretaceous tyrannosauroids, restricting the window for rapid mass increases preceding the appearance of colossal eutyrannosaurs. Phylogenetic affinity with Asian taxa supports transcontinental interchange as the means by which iconic biotas of the terminal Cretaceous were established in NA. The unexpectedly diminutive and highly cursorial bauplan of NA’s earliest Cretaceous tyrannosauroids reveals an evolutionary strategy reliant on speed and small size during their prolonged stint as marginal predators. Lindsay Zanno et al. report the discovery of a new tyrannosaur that helps to fill in a 70 million year gap in the fossil record. This new species reveals that the earliest North American tyrannosaurs relied on speed and small body size to survive and that apex predator status and large body sizes were not reached until much later in their evolutionary history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay E Zanno
- Paleontology, North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, 11W. Jones, St. Raleigh, NC, 27601, USA. .,Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, 100 Brooks Ave., Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA. .,Section of Earth Sciences, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400S. Lake Shore Dr., Chicago, IL, 60605, USA.
| | - Ryan T Tucker
- Department of Earth Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1 Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
| | - Aurore Canoville
- Paleontology, North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, 11W. Jones, St. Raleigh, NC, 27601, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, 100 Brooks Ave., Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Haviv M Avrahami
- Paleontology, North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, 11W. Jones, St. Raleigh, NC, 27601, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, 100 Brooks Ave., Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Terry A Gates
- Paleontology, North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, 11W. Jones, St. Raleigh, NC, 27601, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, 100 Brooks Ave., Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Peter J Makovicky
- Section of Earth Sciences, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400S. Lake Shore Dr., Chicago, IL, 60605, USA
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31
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Leo V, Reading RP, Gordon C, Letnic M. Apex predator suppression is linked to restructuring of ecosystems via multiple ecological pathways. OIKOS 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.05546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Viyanna Leo
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Univ. of New South Wales Sydney 2052 NSW Australiaq
- Australian Wildlife Conservancy, North Head Manly 2095 Australia
| | - Richard P. Reading
- Dept of Biological Sciences and Graduate School of Social Work, Univ. of Denver Denver CO USA
| | - Christopher Gordon
- Centre for Environmental Risk Management of Bushfires, Univ. of Wollongong Australia
| | - Mike Letnic
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Univ. of New South Wales Sydney 2052 NSW Australiaq
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32
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Derham TT, Duncan RP, Johnson CN, Jones ME. Hope and caution: rewilding to mitigate the impacts of biological invasions. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:rstb.2018.0127. [PMID: 30348875 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Rewilding is a novel approach to ecological restoration. Trophic rewilding in particular aims to reinstate ecological functions, especially trophic interactions, through the introduction of animals. We consider the potential for trophic rewilding to address biological invasions. In this broad review, we note some of the important conceptual and ethical foundations of rewilding, including a focus on ecosystem function rather than composition, reliance on animal agency, and an appeal to an ethic of coexistence. Second, we use theory from invasion biology to highlight pathways by which rewilding might prevent or mitigate the impacts of an invasion, including increasing biotic resistance. Third, we use a series of case studies to illustrate how reintroductions can mitigate the impacts of invasions. These include reintroductions and positive management of carnivores and herbivores including European pine martens (Martes martes), Eurasian otters (Lutra lutra), dingoes (Canis dingo), Tasmanian devils (Sarcophilus harrisii) and tule elk (Cervus canadensis nannodes). Fourth, we consider the risk that rewilding may enable a biological invasion or aggravate its impacts. Lastly, we highlight lessons that rewilding science might take from invasion biology.This article is part of the theme issue 'Trophic rewilding: consequences for ecosystems under global change'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan T Derham
- School of Natural Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage (CABAH), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Richard P Duncan
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Christopher N Johnson
- School of Natural Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage (CABAH), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Menna E Jones
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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33
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Candolin U, Bertell E, Kallio J. Environmental disturbance alters the ecological impact of an invading shrimp. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Candolin
- Department of BiosciencesUniversity of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Elina Bertell
- Department of BiosciencesUniversity of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Jarkko Kallio
- Department of BiosciencesUniversity of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
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34
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Hunter DO, Lagisz M, Leo V, Nakagawa S, Letnic M. Not all predators are equal: a continent‐scale analysis of the effects of predator control on Australian mammals. Mamm Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/mam.12115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel O. Hunter
- Centre for Ecosystem Science University of New South Wales NSW 2052 Sydney Australia
| | - Malgorzata Lagisz
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales NSW 2052 Sydney Australia
| | - Viyanna Leo
- Centre for Ecosystem Science University of New South Wales NSW 2052 Sydney Australia
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales NSW 2052 Sydney Australia
| | - Mike Letnic
- Centre for Ecosystem Science University of New South Wales NSW 2052 Sydney Australia
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35
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Kuijper DPJ, Sahlén E, Elmhagen B, Chamaillé-Jammes S, Sand H, Lone K, Cromsigt JPGM. Paws without claws? Ecological effects of large carnivores in anthropogenic landscapes. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2016.1625. [PMID: 27798302 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.1625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Large carnivores are frequently presented as saviours of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning through their creation of trophic cascades, an idea largely based on studies coming primarily out of relatively natural landscapes. However, in large parts of the world, particularly in Europe, large carnivores live in and are returning to strongly human-modified ecosystems. At present, we lack a coherent framework to predict the effects of large carnivores in these anthropogenic landscapes. We review how human actions influence the ecological roles of large carnivores by affecting their density or behaviour or those of mesopredators or prey species. We argue that the potential for density-mediated trophic cascades in anthropogenic landscapes is limited to unproductive areas where even low carnivore numbers may impact prey densities or to the limited parts of the landscape where carnivores are allowed to reach ecologically functional densities. The potential for behaviourally mediated trophic cascades may be larger and more widespread, because even low carnivore densities affect prey behaviour. We conclude that predator-prey interactions in anthropogenic landscapes will be highly context-dependent and human actions will often attenuate the ecological effects of large carnivores. We highlight the knowledge gaps and outline a new research avenue to study the role of carnivores in anthropogenic landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P J Kuijper
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Waszkiewicza 1d, 17-230 Białowieża, Poland
| | - E Sahlén
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skogsmarksgränd, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden.,Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology Program, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, 110 Brooks Avenue, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - B Elmhagen
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Chamaillé-Jammes
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS-Université de Montpellier-Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier-EPHE, 1919 Route Mende, 34293 Montpellier 5, France
| | - H Sand
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Riddarhyttan, Sweden
| | - K Lone
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - J P G M Cromsigt
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skogsmarksgränd, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden.,Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa
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36
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Cairns KM, Brown SK, Sacks BN, Ballard JWO. Conservation implications for dingoes from the maternal and paternal genome: Multiple populations, dog introgression, and demography. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:9787-9807. [PMID: 29188009 PMCID: PMC5696388 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is increasingly common for apex predators to face a multitude of complex conservation issues. In Australia, dingoes are the mainland apex predator and play an important role in ecological functioning. Currently, however, they are threatened by hybridization with modern domestic dogs in the wild. As a consequence, we explore how increasing our understanding of the evolutionary history of dingoes can inform management and conservation decisions. Previous research on whole mitochondrial genome and nuclear data from five geographical populations showed evidence of two distinct lineages of dingo. Here, we present data from a broader survey of dingoes around Australia using both mitochondrial and Y chromosome markers and investigate the timing of demographic expansions. Biogeographic data corroborate the presence of at least two geographically subdivided genetic populations, southeastern and northwestern. Demographic modeling suggests that dingoes have undergone population expansion in the last 5,000 years. It is not clear whether this stems from expansion into vacant niches after the extinction of thylacines on the mainland or indicates the arrival date of dingoes. Male dispersal is much more common than female, evidenced by more diffuse Y haplogroup distributions. There is also evidence of likely historical male biased introgression from domestic dogs into dingoes, predominately within southeastern Australia. These findings have critical practical implications for the management and conservation of dingoes in Australia; particularly a focus must be placed upon the threatened southeastern dingo population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie M Cairns
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences University of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Sarah K Brown
- Mammalian Ecology and Conservation Unit Veterinary Genetics Laboratory School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis CA USA
| | - Benjamin N Sacks
- Mammalian Ecology and Conservation Unit Veterinary Genetics Laboratory School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis CA USA.,Department of Population, Health and Reproduction School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis CA USA
| | - J William O Ballard
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences University of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia
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37
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Souza-Filho CA, Bazeia D, Ramos JGGS. Apex predator and the cyclic competition in a rock-paper-scissors game of three species. Phys Rev E 2017; 95:062411. [PMID: 28709300 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.95.062411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This work deals with the effects of an apex predator on the cyclic competition among three distinct species that follow the rules of the rock-paper-scissors game. The investigation develops standard stochastic simulations but is motivated by a procedure which is explained in the work. We add the apex predator as the fourth species in a system that contains three species that evolve following the standard rules of migration, reproduction, and predation, and study how the system evolves in this new environment, in comparison with the case in the absence of the apex predator. The results show that the apex predator engenders the tendency to spread uniformly in the lattice, contributing to destroy the spiral patterns, keeping biodiversity but diminishing the average size of the clusters of the species that compete cyclically.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Souza-Filho
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 58051-970 João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia da Paraíba, Campus Princesa Isabel, 58755-000, Princesa Isabel, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - D Bazeia
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 58051-970 João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - J G G S Ramos
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 58051-970 João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
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38
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Wallach AD, Dekker AH, Lurgi M, Montoya JM, Fordham DA, Ritchie EG. Trophic cascades in 3D: network analysis reveals how apex predators structure ecosystems. Methods Ecol Evol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arian D. Wallach
- Centre for Compassionate Conservation School of Life Sciences University of Technology Sydney PO Box 123 Broadway Ultimo NSW 2007 Australia
| | - Anthony H. Dekker
- Federation University (Ballarat) Mt Helen PO Box 663 Ballarat Vic. 3353 Australia
| | - Miguel Lurgi
- Ecological Networks and Global Change Group Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station CNRS and Paul Sabatier University Moulis 09200 France
- The Environment Institute & School of Biological Sciences University of Adelaide Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
| | - Jose M. Montoya
- Ecological Networks and Global Change Group Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station CNRS and Paul Sabatier University Moulis 09200 France
| | - Damien A. Fordham
- The Environment Institute & School of Biological Sciences University of Adelaide Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
| | - Euan G. Ritchie
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences Centre for Integrative Ecology (Burwood Campus) Deakin University 221 Burwood Highway Burwood Vic. 3125 Australia
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39
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Cairns KM, Wilton AN. New insights on the history of canids in Oceania based on mitochondrial and nuclear data. Genetica 2016; 144:553-565. [PMID: 27640201 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-016-9924-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
How and when dingoes arrived in Oceania poses a fascinating question for scientists with interest in the historical movements of humans and dogs. The dingo holds a unique position as top terrestrial predator of Australia and exists in a wild state. In the first geographical survey of genetic diversity in the dingo using whole mitochondrial genomes, we analysed 16,428 bp in 25 individuals from five separate populations. We also investigated 13 nuclear loci to compare with the mitochondrial population history patterns. Phylogenetic analyses based upon mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA support the hypothesis that there are at least two distinct populations of dingo, one of which occurs in the northwest and the other in the southeast of the continent. Conservative molecular dating based upon mitochondrial DNA suggest that the lineages split approximately 8300 years before present, likely outside Australia but within Oceania. The close relationship between dingoes and New Guinea Singing Dogs suggests that plausibly dingoes spread into Australia via the land bridge between Papua New Guinea and Australia although seafaring introductions cannot be rejected. The geographical distribution of these divergent lineages suggests there were multiple independent dingo immigrations. Importantly, the observation of multiple dingo populations suggests the need for revision of existing conservation and management programs that treat dingoes as a single homogeneous population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie M Cairns
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia.
| | - Alan N Wilton
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
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40
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Morrant DS, Johnson CN, Butler JRA, Congdon BC. Biodiversity friend or foe: land use by a top predator, the dingo in contested landscapes of the Australian Wet Tropics. AUSTRAL ECOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damian S. Morrant
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) and College of Marine and Environmental Sciences James Cook University Cairns Queensland 4870 Australia
| | | | - James R. A. Butler
- Adaptive Social and Economic Systems Program CSIRO Land and Water Flagship Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Bradley C. Congdon
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) and College of Marine and Environmental Sciences James Cook University Cairns Queensland 4870 Australia
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41
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Colman NJ, Gordon CE, Crowther MS, Letnic M. Response to Allen 'An alternative hypothesis to the conclusion of Colman et al. (2014)'. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 282:20141845. [PMID: 25473010 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.1845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- N J Colman
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales 2751, Australia Centre for Ecosystem Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - C E Gordon
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales 2751, Australia Centre for Ecosystem Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - M S Crowther
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - M Letnic
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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42
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Allen BL, Leung LKP. The (non)effects of lethal population control on the diet of Australian dingoes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108251. [PMID: 25243466 PMCID: PMC4171516 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Top-predators contribute to ecosystem resilience, yet individuals or populations are often subject to lethal control to protect livestock, managed game or humans from predation. Such management actions sometimes attract concern that lethal control might affect top-predator function in ways ultimately detrimental to biodiversity conservation. The primary function of a predator is predation, which is often investigated by assessing their diet. We therefore use data on prey remains found in 4,298 Australian dingo scats systematically collected from three arid sites over a four year period to experimentally assess the effects of repeated broad-scale poison-baiting programs on dingo diet. Indices of dingo dietary diversity and similarity were either identical or near-identical in baited and adjacent unbaited treatment areas in each case, demonstrating no control-induced change to dingo diets. Associated studies on dingoes' movement behaviour and interactions with sympatric mesopredators were similarly unaffected by poison-baiting. These results indicate that mid-sized top-predators with flexible and generalist diets (such as dingoes) may be resilient to ongoing and moderate levels of population control without substantial alteration of their diets and other related aspects of their ecological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L. Allen
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, the University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Luke K.-P. Leung
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, the University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
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43
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Newsome TM, Ballard GA, Crowther MS, Fleming PJS, Dickman CR. Dietary niche overlap of free-roaming dingoes and domestic dogs: the role of human-provided food. J Mammal 2014. [DOI: 10.1644/13-mamm-a-145.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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44
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Trewby ID, Young R, McDonald RA, Wilson GJ, Davison J, Walker N, Robertson A, Doncaster CP, Delahay RJ. Impacts of removing badgers on localised counts of hedgehogs. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95477. [PMID: 24736454 PMCID: PMC3988185 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental evidence of the interactions among mammalian predators that eat or compete with one another is rare, due to the ethical and logistical challenges of managing wild populations in a controlled and replicated way. Here, we report on the opportunistic use of a replicated and controlled culling experiment (the Randomised Badger Culling Trial) to investigate the relationship between two sympatric predators: European badgers Meles meles and western European hedgehogs Erinaceus europaeus. In areas of preferred habitat (amenity grassland), counts of hedgehogs more than doubled over a 5-year period from the start of badger culling (from 0.9 ha−1 pre-cull to 2.4 ha−1 post-cull), whereas hedgehog counts did not change where there was no badger culling (0.3–0.3 hedgehogs ha−1). This trial provides experimental evidence for mesopredator release as an outcome of management of a top predator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain D. Trewby
- National Wildlife Management Centre, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Richard Young
- Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Les Augrès Manor Trinity, Jersey, Channel Islands, United Kingdom
| | - Robbie A. McDonald
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin J. Wilson
- National Wildlife Management Centre, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - John Davison
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Neil Walker
- National Wildlife Management Centre, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Robertson
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, United Kingdom
| | - C. Patrick Doncaster
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J. Delahay
- National Wildlife Management Centre, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, United Kingdom
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Johnson CN, Crowther MS, Dickman CR, Letnic MI, Newsome TM, Nimmo DG, Ritchie EG, Wallach AD. Experiments in no-impact control of dingoes: comment on Allen et al. 2013. Front Zool 2014; 11:17. [PMID: 24558973 PMCID: PMC3937246 DOI: 10.1186/1742-9994-11-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been much recent debate in Australia over whether lethal control of dingoes incurs environmental costs, particularly by allowing increase of populations of mesopredators such as red foxes and feral cats. Allen et al. (2013) claim to show in their recent study that suppression of dingo activity by poison baiting does not lead to mesopredator release, because mesopredators are also suppressed by poisoning. We show that this claim is not supported by the data and analysis reported in Allen et al.'s paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher N Johnson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.
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Hollings T, Jones M, Mooney N, McCallum H. Trophic cascades following the disease-induced decline of an apex predator, the Tasmanian devil. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2014; 28:63-75. [PMID: 24024987 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
As apex predators disappear worldwide, there is escalating evidence of their importance in maintaining the integrity and diversity of the ecosystems they inhabit. The largest extant marsupial carnivore, the Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii) is threatened with extinction from a transmissible cancer, devil facial tumor disease (DFTD). The disease, first observed in 1996, has led to apparent population declines in excess of 95% in some areas and has spread to more than 80% of their range. We analyzed a long-term Tasmania-wide data set derived from wildlife spotlighting surveys to assess the effects of DFTD-induced devil decline on populations of other mammals and to examine the relative strength of top-down and bottom-up control of mesopredators between 2 regions with different environmental conditions. Collection of the data began >10 years before DFTD was first observed. A decrease in devil populations was immediate across diseased regions following DFTD arrival, and there has been no indication of population recovery. Feral cats (Felis catus) increased in areas where the disease was present the longest, and feral cat occurrence was significantly and negatively associated with devils. The smallest mesopredator, the eastern quoll (Dasyurus viverrinus), declined rapidly following DFTD arrival. This result suggests the species was indirectly protected by devils through the suppression of larger predators. Rainfall deficiency was also a significant predictor of their decline. Environmental variables determined the relative importance of top-down control in the population regulation of mesopredators. In landscapes of low rainfall and relatively higher proportions of agriculture and human settlement, top-down forces were dampened and bottom-up forces had the most effect on mesopredators. For herbivore prey species, there was evidence of population differences after DFTD arrival, but undetected environmental factors had greater effects. The unique opportunity to assess population changes over extensive temporal and spatial scales following apex predator loss further demonstrated their role in structuring ecosystems and of productivity in determining the strength of top-down control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey Hollings
- University of Tasmania, School of Zoology, Private Bag 5, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
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Allen BL, Allen LR, Engeman RM, Leung LKP. Intraguild relationships between sympatric predators exposed to lethal control: predator manipulation experiments. Front Zool 2013; 10:39. [PMID: 23842144 PMCID: PMC3733732 DOI: 10.1186/1742-9994-10-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Terrestrial top-predators are expected to regulate and stabilise food webs through their consumptive and non-consumptive effects on sympatric mesopredators and prey. The lethal control of top-predators has therefore been predicted to inhibit top-predator function, generate the release of mesopredators and indirectly harm native fauna through trophic cascade effects. Understanding the outcomes of lethal control on interactions within terrestrial predator guilds is important for zoologists, conservation biologists and wildlife managers. However, few studies have the capacity to test these predictions experimentally, and no such studies have previously been conducted on the eclectic suite of native and exotic, mammalian and reptilian taxa we simultaneously assess. We conducted a series of landscape-scale, multi-year, manipulative experiments at nine sites spanning five ecosystem types across the Australian continental rangelands to investigate the responses of mesopredators (red foxes, feral cats and goannas) to contemporary poison-baiting programs intended to control top-predators (dingoes) for livestock protection. Result Short-term behavioural releases of mesopredators were not apparent, and in almost all cases, the three mesopredators we assessed were in similar or greater abundance in unbaited areas relative to baited areas, with mesopredator abundance trends typically either uncorrelated or positively correlated with top-predator abundance trends over time. The exotic mammals and native reptile we assessed responded similarly (poorly) to top-predator population manipulation. This is because poison baits were taken by multiple target and non-target predators and top-predator populations quickly recovered to pre-control levels, thus reducing the overall impact of baiting on top-predators and averting a trophic cascade. Conclusions These results are in accord with other predator manipulation experiments conducted worldwide, and suggest that Australian populations of native prey fauna at lower trophic levels are unlikely to be negatively affected by contemporary dingo control practices through the release of mesopredators. We conclude that contemporary lethal control practices used on some top-predator populations do not produce the conditions required to generate positive responses from mesopredators. Functional relationships between sympatric terrestrial predators may not be altered by exposure to spatially and temporally sporadic application of non-selective lethal control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L Allen
- The University of Queensland, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Warrego Highway, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia.
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Interactions between a Top Order Predator and Exotic Mesopredators in the Australian Rangelands. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1155/2012/250352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An increase in mesopredators caused by the removal of top-order predators can have significant implications for threatened wildlife. Recent evidence suggests that Australia’s top-order predator, the dingo, may suppress the introduced cat and red fox. We tested this relationship by reintroducing 7 foxes and 6 feral cats into a 37 km2fenced paddock in arid South Australia inhabited by a male and female dingo. GPS datalogger collars recorded locations of all experimental animals every 2 hours. Interactions between species, mortality rates, and postmortems were used to determine the mechanisms of any suppression. Dingoes killed all 7 foxes within 17 days of their introduction and no pre-death interactions were recorded. All 6 feral cats died between 20 and 103 days after release and dingoes were implicated in the deaths of at least 3 cats. Dingoes typically stayed with fox and cat carcasses for several hours after death and/or returned several times in ensuing days. There was no evidence of intraguild predation, interference competition was the dominant mechanism of suppression. Our results support anecdotal evidence that dingoes may suppress exotic mesopredators, particularly foxes. We outline further research required to determine if this suppression translates into a net benefit for threatened prey species.
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Carroll SP. Conciliation biology: the eco-evolutionary management of permanently invaded biotic systems. Evol Appl 2011; 4:184-99. [PMID: 25567967 PMCID: PMC3352563 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2010.00180.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biotic invaders and similar anthropogenic novelties such as domesticates, transgenics, and cancers can alter ecology and evolution in environmental, agricultural, natural resource, public health, and medical systems. The resulting biological changes may either hinder or serve management objectives. For example, biological control and eradication programs are often defeated by unanticipated resistance evolution and by irreversibility of invader impacts. Moreover, eradication may be ill-advised when nonnatives introduce beneficial functions. Thus, contexts that appear to call for eradication may instead demand managed coexistence of natives with nonnatives, and yet applied biologists have not generally considered the need to manage the eco-evolutionary dynamics that commonly result from interactions of natives with nonnatives. Here, I advocate a conciliatory approach to managing systems where novel organisms cannot or should not be eradicated. Conciliatory strategies incorporate benefits of nonnatives to address many practical needs including slowing rates of resistance evolution, promoting evolution of indigenous biological control, cultivating replacement services and novel functions, and managing native-nonnative coevolution. Evolutionary links across disciplines foster cohesion essential for managing the broad impacts of novel biotic systems. Rather than signaling defeat, conciliation biology thus utilizes the predictive power of evolutionary theory to offer diverse and flexible pathways to more sustainable outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott P Carroll
- Institute for Contemporary Evolution Davis, CA, USA ; Department of Entomology, University of California Davis, CA, USA
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