1
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Conde KM, Wong H, Fang S, Li Y, Yu M, Deng Y, Liu Q, Fang X, Wang M, Shi Y, Ginnard OZ, Yang Y, Tu L, Liu H, Liu H, Yin N, Bean JC, Han J, Burt ME, Jossy SV, Yang Y, Tong Q, Arenkiel BR, Wang C, He Y, Xu Y. 5-HT Neurons Integrate GABA and Dopamine Inputs to Regulate Meal Initiation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.26.591360. [PMID: 38746314 PMCID: PMC11092489 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.26.591360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Obesity is a growing global health epidemic with limited effective therapeutics. Serotonin (5-HT) is one major neurotransmitter which remains an excellent target for new weight-loss therapies, but there remains a gap in knowledge on the mechanisms involved in 5-HT produced in the dorsal Raphe nucleus (DRN) and its involvement in meal initiation. Using a closed-loop optogenetic feeding paradigm, we showed that the 5-HTDRN→arcuate nucleus (ARH) circuit plays an important role in regulating meal initiation. Incorporating electrophysiology and ChannelRhodopsin-2-Assisted Circuit Mapping, we demonstrated that 5-HTDRN neurons receive inhibitory input partially from GABAergic neurons in the DRN, and the 5-HT response to GABAergic inputs can be enhanced by hunger. Additionally, deletion of the GABAA receptor subunit in 5-HT neurons inhibits meal initiation with no effect on the satiation process. Finally, we identified the instrumental role of dopaminergic inputs via dopamine receptor D2 in 5-HTDRN neurons in enhancing the response to GABA-induced feeding. Thus, our results indicate that 5-HTDRN neurons are inhibited by synergistic inhibitory actions of GABA and dopamine, which allows for the initiation of a meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine M. Conde
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - HueyZhong Wong
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shuzheng Fang
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yongxiang Li
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Meng Yu
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yue Deng
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Qingzhuo Liu
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xing Fang
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mengjie Wang
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yuhan Shi
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Olivia Z. Ginnard
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yuxue Yang
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Longlong Tu
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hesong Liu
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hailan Liu
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Na Yin
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jonathan C. Bean
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Junying Han
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Megan E. Burt
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sanika V. Jossy
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yongjie Yang
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Qingchun Tong
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Benjamin R. Arenkiel
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Chunmei Wang
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yang He
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yong Xu
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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2
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Hayden MR. Overview and New Insights into the Metabolic Syndrome: Risk Factors and Emerging Variables in the Development of Type 2 Diabetes and Cerebrocardiovascular Disease. Medicina (B Aires) 2023; 59:medicina59030561. [PMID: 36984562 PMCID: PMC10059871 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59030561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is considered a metabolic disorder that has been steadily increasing globally and seems to parallel the increasing prevalence of obesity. It consists of a cluster of risk factors which traditionally includes obesity and hyperlipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, hypertension, and hyperglycemia. These four core risk factors are associated with insulin resistance (IR) and, importantly, the MetS is known to increase the risk for developing cerebrocardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The MetS had its early origins in IR and syndrome X. It has undergone numerous name changes, with additional risk factors and variables being added over the years; however, it has remained as the MetS worldwide for the past three decades. This overview continues to add novel insights to the MetS and suggests that leptin resistance with hyperleptinemia, aberrant mitochondrial stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS), impaired folate-mediated one-carbon metabolism with hyperhomocysteinemia, vascular stiffening, microalbuminuria, and visceral adipose tissues extracellular vesicle exosomes be added to the list of associated variables. Notably, the role of a dysfunctional and activated endothelium and deficient nitric oxide bioavailability along with a dysfunctional and attenuated endothelial glycocalyx, vascular inflammation, systemic metainflammation, and the important role of ROS and reactive species interactome are discussed. With new insights and knowledge regarding the MetS comes the possibility of new findings through further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melvin R Hayden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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3
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Wooten JS, Breden M, Hoeg T, Smith BK. Effects of weight-loss on adipokines, total and regional body composition and markers of metabolic syndrome in women who are overweight and obese. ENDOCRINE AND METABOLIC SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.endmts.2022.100120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
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4
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Liu X, Zheng H. Modulation of Sirt1 and FoxO1 on Hypothalamic Leptin-Mediated Sympathetic Activation and Inflammation in Diet-Induced Obese Rats. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e020667. [PMID: 34259031 PMCID: PMC8483493 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.020667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Hypothalamic leptin-mediated signaling contributes to the exaggerated sympatho-excitation and increased blood pressure in obesity-associated hypertension. The aim of the study was to investigate the roles of energy-sensing enzyme sirtuin1 (Sirt1) and forkhead box protein O1 (FoxO1) on the hypothalamic leptin-mediated high sympathetic nerve activity and inflammation in obesity. Methods and Results Sprague Dawley rats were fed with high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks. In vivo, the potential of Srit1 and FoxO1 in the sympathetic effects of leptin was investigated via siRNA injection to knockdown Sirt1 or FoxO1 gene in the arcuate nucleus (ARCN) of hypothalamus in rats. In vitro, the effects of Sirt1 or FoxO1 on leptin-mediated inflammation were observed in proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and microglial cells. Knockdown Sirt1 by siRNA significantly reduced the renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) and blood pressure responses to leptin injection in the ARCN in the HFD rats. Conversely, knockdown FoxO1 significantly enhanced the RSNA and blood pressure responses to leptin injection in the HFD rats. Knockdown Sirt1 reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), C1q/TNF-related protein-1 (CTRP1), and immune cell infiltration in the ARCN in the HFD rats. Knockdown FoxO1 significantly increased the level of IL-6 in the ARCN of HFD rats. In cultured hypothalamic POMC and microglial cells, knockdown Sirt1 significantly reduced leptin-induced IL-6 expression, affected the levels of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and serine/threonine-specific protein kinase (Akt). Knockdown FoxO1 significantly increased leptin-induced IL-6 in both POMC cells and microglial cells. Conclusions These data suggest that both Sirt1 and FoxO1 are the key modulators of leptin signaling in the hypothalamus contributed to the over sympathetic activation and inflammation in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Liu
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota Vermillion SD
| | - Hong Zheng
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota Vermillion SD
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5
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Nigro E, Mallardo M, Polito R, Scialò F, Bianco A, Daniele A. Adiponectin and Leptin Exert Antagonizing Effects on HUVEC Tube Formation and Migration Modulating the Expression of CXCL1, VEGF, MMP-2 and MMP-9. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147516. [PMID: 34299135 PMCID: PMC8307755 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Adiponectin and leptin are two abundant adipokines with different properties but both described such as potent factors regulating angiogenesis. AdipoRon is a small-molecule that, binding to AdipoRs receptors, acts as an adiponectin agonist. Here, we investigated the effects of AdipoRon and leptin on viability, migration and tube formation on a human in vitro model, the human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) focusing on the expression of the main endothelial angiogenic factors: hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), matrix metallopeptidase 2 (MMP-2) and matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9). Treatments with VEGF-A were used as positive control. Our data revealed that, at 24 h treatment, proliferation of HUVEC endothelial cells was not influenced by AdipoRon or leptin administration; after 48 h longer exposure time, the viability was negatively influenced by AdipoRon while leptin treatment and the combination of AdipoRon+leptin produced no effects. In addition, AdipoRon induced a significant increase in complete tubular structures together with induction of cell migration while, on the contrary, leptin did not induce tube formation and inhibited cell migration; interestingly, the co-treatment with both AdipoRon and leptin determined a significant decrease of the tubular structures and cell migration indicating that leptin antagonizes AdipoRon effects. Finally, we found that the effects induced by AdipoRon administration are accompanied by an increase in the expression of CXCL1, VEGF-A, MMP-2 and MMP-9. In conclusion, our data sustain the active role of adiponectin and leptin in linking adipose tissue with the vascular endothelium encouraging the further deepening of the role of adipokines in new vessel’s formation, to candidate them as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ersilia Nigro
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (E.N.); (M.M.); (R.P.)
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl, Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Marta Mallardo
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (E.N.); (M.M.); (R.P.)
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl, Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Rita Polito
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (E.N.); (M.M.); (R.P.)
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl, Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Filippo Scialò
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl, Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy;
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Hospital Monaldi, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Andrea Bianco
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Hospital Monaldi, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Aurora Daniele
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl, Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy;
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology (DMMBM), University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +39-0813737856
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6
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Chatelaine H, Dey P, Mo X, Mah E, Bruno RS, Kopec RE. Vitamin A and D Absorption in Adults with Metabolic Syndrome versus Healthy Controls: A Pilot Study Utilizing Targeted and Untargeted LC-MS Lipidomics. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2000413. [PMID: 33167078 PMCID: PMC7902427 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Persons with metabolic syndrome (MetS) absorb less vitamin E than healthy controls. It is hypothesized that absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (FSV) A and D2 would also decrease with MetS status and that trends would be reflected in lipidomic responses between groups. METHODS AND RESULTS Following soymilk consumption (501 IU vitamin A, 119 IU vitamin D2 ), the triglyceride-rich lipoprotein fractions (TRL) from MetS and healthy subjects (n = 10 age- and gender-matched subjects/group) are assessed using LC-MS/MS. Absorption is calculated using area under the time-concentration curves (AUC) from samples collected at 0, 3, and 6 h post-ingestion. MetS subjects have ≈6.4-fold higher median vitamin A AUC (retinyl palmitate) versus healthy controls (P = 0.07). Vitamin D2 AUC is unaffected by MetS status (P = 0.48). Untargeted LC-MS lipidomics reveals six phospholipids and one cholesterol ester with concentrations correlating (r = 0.53-0.68; P < 0.001) with vitamin A concentration. CONCLUSIONS The vitamin A-phospholipid association suggests increased hydrolysis by PLB, PLRP2, and/or PLA2 IB may be involved in the trend in higher vitamin A bioavailability in MetS subjects. Previously observed differences in circulating levels of these vitamins are likely not due to absorption. Alternate strategies should be investigated to improve FSV status in MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley Chatelaine
- Human Nutrition Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Priyankar Dey
- Human Nutrition Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Xiaokui Mo
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Eunice Mah
- Biofortis, Merieux NutriSciences, Addison, IL
| | - Richard S. Bruno
- Human Nutrition Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Rachel E. Kopec
- Human Nutrition Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Foods for Health Discovery Theme, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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Prasun P. Mitochondrial dysfunction in metabolic syndrome. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165838. [PMID: 32428560 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is co-occurrence of obesity, insulin resistance, atherogenic dyslipidemia (high triglyceride, low high density lipoprotein cholesterol), and hypertension. It is a global health problem. An estimated 20%-30% of adults of the world have metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome is associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, myocardial infarction, and stroke. Thus, it is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. However, molecular pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome is not well known. Recently, there has been interest in the role of mitochondria in pathogenesis of metabolic problems such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to the oxidative stress and systemic inflammation seen in metabolic syndrome. Role of mitochondria in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome is intriguing but far from completely understood. However, a better understanding will be very rewarding as it may lead to novel approaches to control this major public health problem. This brief review explores pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome from a mitochondrial perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Prasun
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA.
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8
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Pugliese G, Barrea L, Laudisio D, Salzano C, Aprano S, Colao A, Savastano S, Muscogiuri G. Sleep Apnea, Obesity, and Disturbed Glucose Homeostasis: Epidemiologic Evidence, Biologic Insights, and Therapeutic Strategies. Curr Obes Rep 2020; 9:30-38. [PMID: 31970714 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-020-00369-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), obesity, and disturbed glucose homeostasis are usually considered distinct clinical condition, although they are tightly related to each other. The aim of our manuscript is to provide an overview of the current evidence on OSA, obesity, and disturbed glucose homeostasis providing epidemiologic evidence, biological insights, and therapeutic strategies. RECENT FINDINGS The mechanisms hypothesized to be involved in this complex interplay are the following: (1) "direct weight-dependent" mechanisms, according to which fat excess compromises respiratory mechanics, and (2) "indirect weight-dependent" mechanisms such as hyperglycemia, insulin resistance and secondary hyperinsulinemia, leptin resistance and other hormonal dysregulations frequently found in subjects with obesity, type 2 diabetes, and/or sleep disorders. Moreover, the treatment of each of these clinical conditions, through weight loss induced by diet or bariatric surgery, the use of anti-obesity or antidiabetic drugs, and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), seems to positively influence the others. These recent data suggest not only that there are multiple connections among these diseases but also that treating one of them may result in an improvement of the others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Pugliese
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Barrea
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Laudisio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Ciro Salzano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Sara Aprano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Silvia Savastano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Muscogiuri
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
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9
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Zuo A, Zhao X, Li T, Li J, Lei S, Chen J, Xu D, Song C, Liu T, Li C, Guo Y. CTRP9 knockout exaggerates lipotoxicity in cardiac myocytes and high-fat diet-induced cardiac hypertrophy through inhibiting the LKB1/AMPK pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:2635-2647. [PMID: 31930700 PMCID: PMC7028852 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CTRP9 has been reported to regulate lipid metabolism and exert cardioprotective effects, yet its role in high‐fat diet (HFD)‐induced cardiac lipotoxicity and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In the current study, we established HFD‐induced obesity model in wild‐type (WT) or CTRP9 knockout (CTRP9‐KO) mice and palmitate‐induced lipotoxicity model in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes (NRCMs) to investigate the effects of CTRP9 on cardiac lipotoxicity. Our results demonstrated that the HFD‐fed CTRP9‐KO mice accentuated cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress‐initiated apoptosis and oxidative stress compared with the HFD‐fed WT mice. In vitro, CTRP9 treatment markedly alleviated palmitate‐induced oxidative stress and ER stress‐induced apoptosis in NRCMs in a dose‐dependent manner. Phosphorylated AMPK at Thr172 was reduced, and phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) was strengthened in the heart of the HFD‐fed CTRP9‐KO mice compared with the HFD‐fed control mice. In vitro, AMPK inhibitor compound C significantly abolished the effects of CTRP9 on the inhibition of the apoptotic pathway in palmitate‐treated NRCMs. In a further mechanistic study, CTRP9 enhanced expression of phosphorylated LKB1 at Ser428 and promoted LKB1 cytoplasmic localization. Besides, silencing of LKB1 gene by lentivirus significantly prohibited activation of AMPK by CTRP9 and partially eliminated the protective effect of CTRP9 on the cardiac lipotoxicity. These results indicate that CTRP9 exerted anti‐myocardial lipotoxicity properties and inhibited cardiac hypertrophy probably through the LKB1/AMPK signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Zuo
- Department of General Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China.,Department of Clinical Trial Research Center, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of General Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China.,Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
| | - Jun Li
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China.,Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
| | - Shengyun Lei
- Department of General Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
| | - Jiying Chen
- Department of General Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China.,Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
| | - Dan Xu
- Department of General Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China.,Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
| | - Chengxiang Song
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China.,Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
| | - Tianjiao Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
| | - Cuigang Li
- Department of General Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
| | - Yuan Guo
- Department of General Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China.,Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
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10
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Dursun M, Besiroglu H, Cakir SS, Otunctemur A, Ozbek E. Increased visceral adiposity index associated with sexual dysfunction in men. Aging Male 2018; 21:187-192. [PMID: 29166824 DOI: 10.1080/13685538.2017.1406468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Visceral adipose index (VAI) is a novel parameter for the evaluation of visceral obesity. As we know that obesity is a risk factor for erectile dysfunction (ED). So, in this study, we compared the VAI levels between the men with ED and without ED. MATERIALS AND METHOD A total of 177 men were included in the study. Ninety-five men with ED and 82 men without ED (control). All men were evaluated for ED by Index of Erectile Function-5 items (IIEF-5). VAI levels were calculated using body mass index, high density lipoprotein and tryglyceride levels. RESULTS Mean age was 53.5 (38-69) in men who have ED and 53.1 (34-69) in control. The men with ED had higher body mass index (BMI), triglyceride (TG) levels, higher waist circumference (WC) and lower high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. Mean VAI level was 5.18 ± 2.50 in study group and 3.47 ± 1.76 in control goup, respectively. VAI levels were statistically higher in men with ED (p < .001). DISCUSSION The simplicity of WC and BMI measurement and TG and HDL assessment, make VAI an easily applicable index for the evaluation of visceral fat dysfunction. VAI can be useful index for the evaluation and calculation of erectile dysfunction risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Dursun
- a Department of Urology , Bahcelievler State Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Huseyin Besiroglu
- b Department of Urology , Catalca Ilyas Cokay State Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Suleyman Sami Cakir
- c Department of Urology , Okmeydani Training and Research Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Alper Otunctemur
- c Department of Urology , Okmeydani Training and Research Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Emin Ozbek
- d Department of Urology , Istanbul Training and Research Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey
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11
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Framnes SN, Arble DM. The Bidirectional Relationship Between Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Metabolic Disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:440. [PMID: 30127766 PMCID: PMC6087747 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common sleep disorder, effecting 17% of the total population and 40-70% of the obese population (1, 2). Multiple studies have identified OSA as a critical risk factor for the development of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases (3-5). Moreover, emerging evidence indicates that metabolic disorders can exacerbate OSA, creating a bidirectional relationship between OSA and metabolic physiology. In this review, we explore the relationship between glycemic control, insulin, and leptin as both contributing factors and products of OSA. We conclude that while insulin and leptin action may contribute to the development of OSA, further research is required to determine the mechanistic actions and relative contributions independent of body weight. In addition to increasing our understanding of the etiology, further research into the physiological mechanisms underlying OSA can lead to the development of improved treatment options for individuals with OSA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deanna M. Arble
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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12
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The effects of anthocyanins on body weight and expression of adipocyte’s hormones: Leptin and adiponectin. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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13
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Costa-Silva JH, Simões-Alves AC, Fernandes MP. Developmental Origins of Cardiometabolic Diseases: Role of the Maternal Diet. Front Physiol 2016; 7:504. [PMID: 27899895 PMCID: PMC5110566 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Developmental origins of cardiometabolic diseases have been related to maternal nutritional conditions. In this context, the rising incidence of arterial hypertension, diabetes type II, and dyslipidemia has been attributed to genetic programming. Besides, environmental conditions during perinatal development such as maternal undernutrition or overnutrition can program changes in the integration among physiological systems leading to cardiometabolic diseases. This phenomenon can be understood in the context of the phenotypic plasticity and refers to the adjustment of a phenotype in response to environmental input without genetic change, following a novel, or unusual input during development. Experimental studies indicate that fetal exposure to an adverse maternal environment may alter the morphology and physiology that contribute to the development of cardiometabolic diseases. It has been shown that both maternal protein restriction and overnutrition alter the central and peripheral control of arterial pressure and metabolism. This review will address the new concepts on the maternal diet induced-cardiometabolic diseases that include the potential role of the perinatal malnutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- João H Costa-Silva
- Departamento de Educação Física e Ciências do Esporte, Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Aiany C Simões-Alves
- Departamento de Educação Física e Ciências do Esporte, Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Mariana P Fernandes
- Departamento de Educação Física e Ciências do Esporte, Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Pernambuco, Brazil
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14
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Michopoulos V, Vester A, Neigh G. Posttraumatic stress disorder: A metabolic disorder in disguise? Exp Neurol 2016; 284:220-229. [PMID: 27246996 PMCID: PMC5056806 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a heterogeneous psychiatric disorder that affects individuals exposed to trauma and is highly co-morbid with other adverse health outcomes, including cardiovascular disease and obesity. The unique pathophysiological feature of PTSD is the inability to inhibit fear responses, such that individuals suffering from PTSD re-experience traumatic memories and are unable to control psychophysiological responses to trauma-associated stimuli. However, underlying alterations in sympathetic nervous system activity, neuroendocrine systems, and metabolism associated with PTSD are similar to those present in traditional metabolic disorders, such as obesity and diabetes. The current review highlights existing clinical, translational, and preclinical data that support the notion that underneath the primary indication of impaired fear inhibition, PTSD is itself also a metabolic disorder and proposes altered function of inflammatory responses as a common underlying mechanism. The therapeutic implications of treating PTSD as a whole-body condition are significant, as targeting any underlying biological system whose activity is altered in both PTSD and metabolic disorders, (i.e. HPA axis, sympathetic nervous systems, inflammation) may elicit symptomatic relief in individuals suffering from these whole-body adverse outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Michopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States; Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Aimee Vester
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Gretchen Neigh
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States; Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States.
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15
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Ferranti R, Marventano S, Castellano S, Giogianni G, Nolfo F, Rametta S, Matalone M, Mistretta A. Sleep quality and duration is related with diet and obesity in young adolescent living in Sicily, Southern Italy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 9:117-22. [PMID: 27656277 PMCID: PMC5021953 DOI: 10.1016/j.slsci.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between sleeping habits, Mediterranean diet pattern, and weight status in an adolescent population. The sample consisted of 1586 individuals aged 11–14 years attending 15 secondary schools of Sicily, Southern Italy. School were randomly selected and the data collected during two school years. Anthropometric data was collected and body composition was assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Demographic information, sleep duration, pediatric daytime sleepiness questionnaire (PDSS), physical activity and dietary habits (including adherence to the Mediterranean Diet using the KIDMED score) were further collected. The mean age was 12±0.7 and about 24% were overweight and obese. An inverse correlation between total sleep time and body mass index (β=−0.829, P=0.021), fat mass (β=−0.526, P=0.025), and waist circumference (β=−0.426, P=0.045) was found. Similar results were found for weekdays sleep time, while an inverse relationship was found with PDSS score. Adherence to Mediterranean Diet was higher in under/normal weight adolescent with a significant linear association between the KIDMED score and the PDSS, weekdays sleep time and total sleep time. Sleep duration was also associated positively with fruits and vegetable intake and negatively with sweet and snack consumption and eating outside habits. Short sleep duration and poor sleep were associated with an increase in BMI and fat mass as well as to unhealthy eating behaviors. These findings suggest that sleep patterns could be a potential target for obesity prevention programs in young adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefano Marventano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", Section of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Sabrina Castellano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Gabriele Giogianni
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", Section of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Francesca Nolfo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", Section of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Stefania Rametta
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", Section of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Mistretta
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", Section of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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16
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Michelin RM, Al-Nakkash L, Broderick TL, Plochocki JH. Genistein treatment increases bone mass in obese, hyperglycemic mice. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2016; 9:63-70. [PMID: 27042131 PMCID: PMC4801201 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s97600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus are associated with elevated risk of limb bone fracture. Incidences of these conditions are on the rise worldwide. Genistein, a phytoestrogen, has been shown by several studies to demonstrate bone-protective properties and may improve bone health in obese type 2 diabetics. METHODS In this study, we test the effects of genistein treatment on limb bone and growth plate cartilage histomorphometry in obese, hyperglycemic ob/ob mice. Six-week-old ob/ob mice were divided into control and genistein-treated groups. Genistein-treated mice were fed a diet containing 600 mg genistein/kg for a period of 4 weeks. Cross-sectional geometric and histomorphometric analyses were conducted on tibias. RESULTS Genistein-treated mice remained obese and hyperglycemic. However, histomorphometric comparisons show that genistein-treated mice have greater tibial midshaft diameters and ratios of cortical bone to total tissue area than the controls. Genistein-treated mice also exhibit decreased growth plate thickness of the proximal tibia. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that genistein treatment affects bone of the tibial midshaft in the ob/ob mouse, independent of improvements in the hyperglycemic state and body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Michelin
- Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Layla Al-Nakkash
- Department of Physiology, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Tom L Broderick
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Exercise Metabolism, Department of Physiology, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Jeffrey H Plochocki
- Department of Anatomy, Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
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17
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Crujeiras AB, Pardo M, Casanueva FF. Irisin: 'fat' or artefact. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2015; 82:467-74. [PMID: 25287317 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Soon after the discovery of the muscle-derived factor irisin, a great controversy arose in the literature regarding certain inconsistencies in the regulation of the fibronectin type III domain containing 5 protein (FNDC5/irisin) after exercise, as well as the unpredicted association of circulating irisin levels with parameters of adiposity in humans. Due to these questionable findings, doubts as to the identity of the soluble portion of FNDC5 as well as the real role of irisin and its possible therapeutic applications in the treatment of obesity and diabetes have proliferated. We recently postulated that FNDC5/irisin is an adipokine expressed and secreted by white adipose tissue in rats and humans. Its circulating concentration correlates with adiposity in humans among independent cohorts of patients. Further analysis, focused on obesity-related metabolic disorders, has shown that irisin could play a role in promoting insulin resistance or act as an adaptive response to counteract disturbances in glucose and lipid homoeostasis in obesity. Overall, this leads us to raise the question whether the new factor, increased in circulation of obese patients, is really irisin-reflecting fat mass or it is an artefact. Therefore, the current review is focused on the potential participation of adipose tissue in irisin circulating levels, and the role of irisin in metabolic pathologies associated with obesity in an attempt to clarify the controversy generated by these recently published reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Crujeiras
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), University Hospital of Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela University (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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18
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de Castro MA, Baltar VT, Marchioni DML, Fisberg RM. Sex differences in serum leptin and its relation to markers of cardiometabolic risk in middle-aged adults: Evidence from a population-based study. Nutrition 2015; 31:491-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Revised: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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19
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Adya R, Tan BK, Randeva HS. Differential effects of leptin and adiponectin in endothelial angiogenesis. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2015:648239. [PMID: 25650072 PMCID: PMC4310451 DOI: 10.1155/2015/648239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a major health burden with an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Endothelial dysfunction is pivotal to the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). In relation to this, adipose tissue secreted factors termed "adipokines" have been reported to modulate endothelial dysfunction. In this review, we focus on two of the most abundant circulating adipokines, that is, leptin and adiponectin, in the development of endothelial dysfunction. Leptin has been documented to influence a multitude of organ systems, that is, central nervous system (appetite regulation, satiety factor) and cardiovascular system (endothelial dysfunction leading to atherosclerosis). Adiponectin, circulating at a much higher concentration, exists in different molecular weight forms, essentially made up of the collagenous fraction and a globular domain, the latter being investigated minimally for its involvement in proinflammatory processes including activation of NF-κβ and endothelial adhesion molecules. The opposing actions of the two forms of adiponectin in endothelial cells have been recently demonstrated. Additionally, a local and systemic change to multimeric forms of adiponectin has gained importance. Thus detailed investigations on the potential interplay between these adipokines would likely result in better understanding of the missing links connecting CVD, adipokines, and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghu Adya
- Division of Translational and Systems Medicine-Metabolic and Vascular Health, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- *Raghu Adya:
| | - Bee K. Tan
- Division of Translational and Systems Medicine-Metabolic and Vascular Health, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham B9 5SS, UK
| | - Harpal S. Randeva
- Division of Translational and Systems Medicine-Metabolic and Vascular Health, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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20
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ACE2 activation by xanthenone prevents leptin-induced increases in blood pressure and proteinuria during pregnancy in Sprague-Dawley rats. Reprod Toxicol 2014; 49:155-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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21
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Lin CC, Wang YP, Lee KS, Liaw SF, Chiu CH. Effect of uvulopalatopharyngoplasty on leptin and endothelial function in sleep apnea. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2014; 123:40-6. [PMID: 24574422 DOI: 10.1177/0003489414521385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the effects of uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) on serum leptin levels and endothelial function in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). METHODS Fifteen healthy subjects and 35 patients with moderate to severe OSAS who desired UPPP were prospectively enrolled. The serum levels of leptin and nitric oxide derivative (NOx) from their peripheral blood samples were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. All subjects participated in sleep studies, which were repeated 3 months after UPPP in the patients with OSAS. RESULTS Before UPPP, the patients with OSAS had a higher serum level of leptin and a lower NOx level than did the control subjects. The serum leptin levels in the 17 of the 35 patients with OSAS who were surgical responders decreased from 24.2 ± 6.1 ng/mL before operation to 15.9 ± 6.0 ng/mL after operation. The serum NOx levels in these 17 patients increased from 18.5 ± 7.5 µmol/L before operation to 27.3 ± 8.2 µmol/L after operation. In the 18 patients who were unresponsive to surgery, the serum leptin and NOx levels remained impaired after the UPPP. CONCLUSIONS Successful treatment of OSAS with UPPP leads to the normalization of serum leptin and NOx levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Chi Lin
- Chest Division, Department of Internal Medicine (Lin), Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Barnes MJ, McDougal DH. Leptin into the rostral ventral lateral medulla (RVLM) augments renal sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:232. [PMID: 25152707 PMCID: PMC4125949 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin is a hormone released from adipose tissue. While this hormone normally acts to reduce feeding behavior and increase energy expenditure, in obesity, resistance to these effects occurs even though the hormone is released in large amounts. Although leptin no longer works to suppress feeding in the obese, leptin retains its potent effects on other autonomic functions such as blood pressure regulation. Leptin has been associated with hypertension and increased sympathetic autonomic activity. Therefore, leptin is emerging as a major contributor to the hypertensive state observed in obesity. Sympathetic control of blood pressure is maintained principally by autonomic reflex control circuits in the caudal brainstem. The rostral ventral-lateral medulla (RVLM) is the primary regulator of the sympathetic nervous system, sending excitatory fibers to sympathetic preganglionic neurons to regulate sympathetic control over resistance vessels and blood pressure. Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that neurons in the ventral lateral medulla express leptin receptors (ObRb). Our present study using pseudo-rabies multi-synaptic retrograde tract tracing and immunohistochemical methods revealed that neurons within the RVLM that send sympathetic projections to the kidney express leptin receptors. Acute microinjection of leptin (1 and 3 μg; 40 nL) into the RVLM evoked a significant increase in Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) and renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA). When the 3 μg dose of leptin was preceded with a leptin antagonist, (SLAN-4; 1 ng), it attenuated the cardiovascular response of leptin. Taken together, these data suggest that leptin's actions within the RVLM may influence blood pressure and renal sympathetic nerve activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Barnes
- Nutrition and Neural Signaling Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - David H McDougal
- Neurobiology of Metabolic Dysfunction Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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Agustí A, Barberà JA, Wouters EFM, Peinado VI, Jeffery PK. Lungs, bone marrow, and adipose tissue. A network approach to the pathobiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 188:1396-406. [PMID: 24175885 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201308-1404pp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) often suffer other concomitant disorders, such as cardiovascular diseases and metabolic disorders, that influence significantly (and independently of lung function) their health status and prognosis. Thus, COPD is not a single organ condition, and disturbances of a complex network of interorgan connected responses occur and modulate the natural history of the disease. Here, we propose a novel hypothesis that considers a vascularly connected network with (1) the lungs as the main external sensor of the system and a major source of "danger signals"; (2) the endothelium as an internal sensor of the system (also a potential target tissue); and (3) two key responding elements, bone marrow and adipose tissue, which produce both inflammatory and repair signals. According to the model, the development of COPD, and associated multimorbidities (here we focus on cardiovascular disease as an important example), depend on the manner in which the vascular connected network responds, adapts, or fails to adapt (dictated by the genetic and epigenetic background of the individual) to the inhalation of particles and gases, mainly in cigarette smoke. The caveats and limitations of the hypothesis, as well as the experimental and clinical research needed to test and explore the proposed model, are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvar Agustí
- 1 Thorax Institute, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Sharma J, Gray KP, Evan C, Nakabayashi M, Fichorova R, Rider J, Mucci L, Kantoff PW, Sweeney CJ. Elevated insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) in men with metastatic prostate cancer starting androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is associated with shorter time to castration resistance and overall survival. Prostate 2014; 74:225-34. [PMID: 24132762 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and adipokines have been implicated in prostate cancer carcinogenesis. METHOD Data from 122 men with serum samples drawn within 3 months of starting ADT for metastatic prostate cancer was accessed retrospectively. IGF-1, IGF binding protein (BP)-1, leptin, and adiponectin levels were measured by multiplex electrochemiluminescence assays. A multivariable Cox model assessed the association of time to castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and overall survival by the protein levels, adjusted for clinical variables, age and prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels at start of ADT, race, ECOG status, extent of metastases and were reported as hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS Median follow-up and overall survival were 44 and 42.2 months, respectively. ECOG performance status (≥ 1 vs. 0) was negatively associated with overall survival [H = 2.8 (1.1-7.0), P = 0.03], and PSA nadir <0.2 was predictive of longer time to CRPC [HR = 0.3 (0.2-0.5), P < 0.0001]. The median time to CRPC by low, middle, and top IGFBP-1 tertile distribution was 20.7, 18.1, and 12.4 months, respectively, with HR for middle versus low tertile levels 3.1 (1.7-5), P = 0.0003, and for top versus low tertile levels was 2.4 (1.3-4.2), P = 0.003. The median overall survival by low, middle and top tertile IGFBP-1 level was 48.5, 46.4, and 32.8 months, respectively, with HR for top versus low tertile 2.5 (1.2-5.1), P = 0.01. There was no association with IGF-1, adiponectin and leptin. CONCLUSION Elevated IGFBP-1 appears to be associated with shorter time to CRPC and lower overall survival in men with metastatic prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Sharma
- Department of Medicine, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
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Alberto EC, Tanigawa T, Maruyama K, Kawasaki Y, Eguchi E, Mori H, Yoshimura K, Tanno S, Sakurai S, Hitsumoto S, Saito I. Relationships between Nocturnal Intermittent Hypoxia, Arterial Stiffness and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in a Community-based Population: The Toon Health Study. J Atheroscler Thromb 2014; 21:1290-7. [DOI: 10.5551/jat.24505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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26
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Akilli H, Kayrak M, Bekci TT, Erdogan Hİ, Aribas A, Yildirim O, Taner A, Erer M, Unlu A. Gender-Related Changes of the Epicardial Fat Thickness and Leptin in Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Echocardiography 2013; 31:411-9. [DOI: 10.1111/echo.12392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Akilli
- Department of Cardiology; Meram Faculty of Medicine; Necmettin Erbakan University; Konya Turkey
| | - Mehmet Kayrak
- Department of Cardiology; Meram Faculty of Medicine; Necmettin Erbakan University; Konya Turkey
| | - Taha Tahir Bekci
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine; Konya Education and Research Hospital; Konya Turkey
| | - Halil İbrahim Erdogan
- Department of Cardiology; Meram Faculty of Medicine; Necmettin Erbakan University; Konya Turkey
| | - Alpay Aribas
- Department of Cardiology; Meram Faculty of Medicine; Necmettin Erbakan University; Konya Turkey
| | - Oguzhan Yildirim
- Department of Cardiology; Meram Faculty of Medicine; Necmettin Erbakan University; Konya Turkey
| | - Alpaslan Taner
- Department of Biochemistry; Dr Faruk Sükan Maternity and Children Hospital; Konya Turkey
| | - Murat Erer
- Department of Cardiology; Meram Faculty of Medicine; Necmettin Erbakan University; Konya Turkey
| | - Ali Unlu
- Department of Biochemistry; Selcuklu School of Medicine; Selcuk University; Konya Turkey
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Leptin increases blood pressure and markers of endothelial activation during pregnancy in rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:298401. [PMID: 24167814 PMCID: PMC3792531 DOI: 10.1155/2013/298401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Raised leptin levels have been reported in the placentae and serum of women with elevated blood pressure and proteinuria during pregnancy. The role of leptin in this however remains unknown. This study investigates the effect of leptin administration on systolic blood pressure (SBP) and proteinuria and serum markers of endothelial activation during pregnancy in Sprague Dawley rats. From day 1 of pregnancy, 24 rats were randomised into those given either saline (group 1) or leptin at 60 or 120 μ g/kg/body weight/day (groups 2 and 3 resp.). SBP was measured every 5 days and 24-h urinary protein was measured at days 0 and 20 of pregnancy. Animals were euthanised on day 20 of pregnancy, and serum was collected for estimation of E-selectin and ICAM-1. Compared to group 1, SBP during the latter part of the pregnancy was significantly higher in the leptin-treated group (P < 0.01). Urinary protein excretion, serum E-selectin, and ICAM-1 were significantly higher in leptin-treated rats (P < 0.05). It seems that leptin administration to normotensive Sprague Dawley rats during pregnancy significantly increases SBP, urinary protein excretion, and markers of endothelial activation. However, further studies are required to examine the underlying mechanism responsible for this and its relevance to preeclampsia in humans.
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Serum leptin and total dietary energy intake: the INTERLIPID Study. Eur J Nutr 2012; 52:1641-8. [PMID: 23224055 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-012-0469-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE It has been hypothesized that leptin-induced appetite suppression is impaired in obese individuals, but little human evidence is available documenting this. We investigated relations between serum leptin and total energy intake using INTERLIPID/INTERMAP data on Japanese-Americans in Hawaii and Japanese in Japan. METHODS Serum leptin and nutrient intakes were examined by standardized methods in men and women aged 40-59 years from two population samples, one Japanese-American in Hawaii (88 men, 94 women), the other Japanese in central Japan (123 men, 111 women). Multiple linear regression analyses stratified by BMI category (<25 kg/m(2), 25-29.9 kg/m(2), and ≥ 30 kg/m(2)) with adjustment for possible confounders were used to examine the relation between log-leptin and total dietary energy intake. RESULTS In multivariate regression analyses, in those with BMI < 25 kg/m(2) and in those with BMI between 25 and 29.9 kg/m(2), log-leptin was not significantly related to total dietary energy intake; in those with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m(2), it was significantly inversely related to total dietary energy intake (P = 0.029), independent of body weight and physical activity. Physical activity score was significantly positively related to total dietary energy intake only in participants with BMI < 25 kg/m(2) (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Leptin was significantly inversely associated with dietary energy intake in obese persons, but not in overweight and normal-weight persons.
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Abstract
1. Leptin is a 16-kDa hormone, synthesized primarily by adipocyte, which acts as a key factor for maintenance of energy homeostasis in central and peripheral tissues. In most obese individuals, serum leptin levels are increased and correlate with the individual's body mass index. 2. Abundant investigations ranging from clinical and animal model studies to in vitro analyses show that leptin plays a pivotal role in obesity-related cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Hyperleptinaemia has been confirmed to be a predictor of acute cardiovascular events. However, some studies have shown that leptin has a cardioprotective effect in leptin-deficient models. These data suggest the influences of leptin on the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases are complex and not completely understood. 3. In the present review, we summarize the major leptin signalling pathways, including Janus-activated kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (Jak/STAT), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI-3K) signalling pathways, and analyse the probable mechanisms of selective leptin resistance. We then provide a detailed review of the effects of leptin on the cardiovascular system, including sympathoactivation, oxidative stress, vascular inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, vascular cell proliferation, cardiomyocytes hypertrophy, as well as fatty acid metabolism, all of which contribute to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases (e.g. ischaemic heart disease). The central premise of this review is to elucidate the mechanisms by which leptin affects the cardiovascular function and provide insight into obesity-related CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Hou
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangzhou institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou key laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, and Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Abstract
Obesity represents a major risk factor for the development of insulin and leptin resistance, ultimately leading to a pleiotropic spectrum of metabolic alterations. However, resistance to both hormones does not uniformly affect all target cells and intracellular signaling pathways. In contrast, numerous clinical phenotypes arise from selective hormone resistance, leading to inhibition of defined intracellular signaling pathways in some tissues, while in other cell types hormone action is maintained or even overactivated. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms and clinical outcomes resulting from selective insulin and leptin resistance, which should ultimately guide future strategies for the treatment of obesity-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Christine Könner
- Department of Mouse Genetics and Metabolism, Institute for Genetics, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases, Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
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Schutte AE, Schutte R. Leptin: a cardiovascular perspective. JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY, METABOLISM AND DIABETES OF SOUTH AFRICA 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/22201009.2012.10872280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- AE Schutte
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus)
| | - R Schutte
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus)
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Galletti F, D'Elia L, De Palma D, Russo O, Barba G, Siani A, Miller MA, Cappuccio FP, Rossi G, Zampa G, Strazzullo P. Hyperleptinemia is associated with hypertension, systemic inflammation and insulin resistance in overweight but not in normal weight men. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2012; 22:300-306. [PMID: 21920718 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM High leptin (LPT) is associated with high blood pressure (BP), insulin resistance and systemic inflammation but also excess body weight and adiposity. To disentangle these multiple relations, we analyzed BP, HOMA and circulating C-reactive protein concentration (hs-CRP) in white male adults with different LPT levels but similar age, body mass index (BMI) and body fat distribution. The novel aspect is the different statistical approach used to investigate the relation between LPT and the other alterations present in obesity. METHODS AND RESULTS 972 Olivetti Heart Study participants were stratified according to the median LPT distribution (2.97 ng/ml) into low LPT (l-LPT) and high LPT (h-LPT). The two groups were then carefully matched for age and BMI. We identified two groups of 207 h-LPT and 207 l-LPT individuals with overlapping age, BMI and waist/hip ratio. The two groups had different BP (132.9 ± 16.2/85.7 ± 9.0 vs 128.7 ± 18.2/82.8 ± 9.8 mmHg, p = 0.014 for SBP and p = 0.002 for DBP) and prevalence of hypertension (57% vs 43%, p = 0.027). Upon separate evaluation of untreated individuals with BMI < 25 or BMI ≥ 25, within the latter subgroup h-LPT compared with l-LPT participants (n = 133 each group) had higher BP (p = 0.0001), HOMA index (p = 0.013), hs-CRP (p = 0.002) and heart rate (p = 0.008) despite similar age and BMI. By contrast, within the normal weight subgroup, h-LPT individuals did not differ from l-LPT (n = 37 each) for any of these variables. CONCLUSIONS High LPT is associated with higher BP, HR, hs-CRP and HOMA index independently of BMI and fat distribution but only among overweight individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Galletti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, ESH Excellence Center for Hypertension, Federico II University of Naples I, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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Nakamura Y, Ueshima H, Okuda N, Miura K, Kita Y, Okamura T, Turin TC, Okayama A, Rodriguez B, Curb JD, Stamler J. Relation of dietary and lifestyle traits to difference in serum leptin of Japanese in Japan and Hawaii: the INTERLIPID study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2012; 22:14-22. [PMID: 20678905 PMCID: PMC3008501 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2010.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2009] [Revised: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Previously, we found significantly higher serum leptin in Japanese-Americans in Hawaii than Japanese in Japan. We investigated whether differences in dietary and other lifestyle factors explain higher serum leptin concentrations in Japanese living a Western lifestyle in Hawaii compared with Japanese in Japan. METHODS AND RESULTS Serum leptin and nutrient intakes were examined by standardized methods in men and women ages 40-59 years from two population samples, one Japanese-American in Hawaii (88 men, 94 women), the other Japanese in central Japan (123 men, 111 women). Multiple linear regression models were used to assess role of dietary and other lifestyle traits in accounting for serum leptin difference between Hawaii and Japan. Mean leptin was significantly higher in Hawaii than Japan (7.2 ± 6.8 vs 3.7 ± 2.3 ng/ml in men, P < 0.0001; 12.8 ± 6.6 vs 8.5 ± 5.0 in women <0.0001). In men, higher BMI in Hawaii explained over 90% of the difference in serum leptin; in women, only 47%. In multiple linear regression analyses in women, further adjustment for physical activity and dietary factors--alcohol, dietary fiber, iron--produced a further reduction in the coefficient for the difference, total reduction 70.7%; P-value for the Hawaii-Japan difference became 0.126. CONCLUSION The significantly higher mean leptin concentration in Hawaii than Japan may be attributable largely to differences in BMI. Differences in nutrient intake in the two samples were associated with only modest relationship to the leptin difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Nakamura
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Kyoto Women's University, 35 Imakumano Kitahiyoshi-cho, Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto 605-8501, Japan.
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Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory and immune-mediated disease associated with several comorbidities, such as obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disorder. These comorbidities are components of metabolic syndrome. The pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome is supposed to be related to increased levels of adipocytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and adiponectin. Recent study has revealed a high prevalence of metabolic syndrome in psoriatics compared with other skin diseases. Biologic agents, including anti-TNF-α antibodies, are recommended as the first-line treatment for psoriatics with metabolic syndrome. This article reviews the association of psoriasis and metabolic syndrome in terms of adipocytokines and evaluates the role of biologic agents in the treatment of psoriasis.
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The alpha linolenic acid content of flaxseed is associated with an induction of adipose leptin expression. Lipids 2011; 46:1043-52. [PMID: 22031167 PMCID: PMC3213345 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-011-3619-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Dietary flaxseed has cardioprotective effects that may be achieved through its rich content of the omega-3 fatty acid, alpha linolenic acid (ALA). Because ALA can be stored in adipose tissue, it is possible that some of its beneficial actions may be due to effects it has on the adipose tissue. We investigated the effects of dietary flaxseed both with and without an atherogenic cholesterol-enriched diet to determine the effects of dietary flaxseed on the expression of the adipose cytokines leptin and adiponectin. Rabbits were fed one of four diets: a regular (RG) diet, or a regular diet with added 0.5% cholesterol (CH), or 10% ground flaxseed (FX), or both (CF) for 8 weeks. Levels of leptin and adiponectin expression were assessed by RT-PCR in visceral adipose tissue. Consumption of flaxseed significantly increased plasma and adipose levels of ALA. Leptin protein and mRNA expression were lower in CH animals and were elevated in CF animals. Changes in leptin expression were strongly and positively correlated with adipose ALA levels and inversely correlated with levels of en face atherosclerosis. Adiponectin expression was not significantly affected by any of the dietary interventions. Our data demonstrate that the type of fat in the diet as well as its caloric content can specifically influence leptin expression. The findings support the hypothesis that the beneficial cardiovascular effects associated with flaxseed consumption may be related to a change in leptin expression.
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Esteghamati A, Zandieh A, Zandieh B, Khalilzadeh O, Meysamie A, Nakhjavani M, Gouya MM. Leptin cut-off values for determination of metabolic syndrome: third national surveillance of risk factors of non-communicable diseases in Iran (SuRFNCD-2007). Endocrine 2011; 40:117-23. [PMID: 21384232 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-011-9447-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Leptin is strongly contributed to the clustering of metabolic syndrome (MetS) components and potentially can be regarded as a single predictor of MetS. This population-based study, for the first time, reports the diagnostic accuracy of different leptin cut-points for determining MetS. Further, the current study compares the predictive ability of the appropriate threshold of leptin with insulin resistance. Data of the individuals without history of known diabetes mellitus, aged 25-64 years, from the third national surveillance of risk factors of non-communicable diseases (SuRFNCD-2007) were analyzed. MetS was defined due to either adult treatment panel III (ATPIII) or the modified international diabetes federation (IDF) criteria. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves were depicted to define cut-off of serum leptin, using the maximum Youden index and the shortest distance methods. Further, the values of leptin cut-offs in prediction of MetS were compared with those of insulin resistance (defined as homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance >1.775). In men, the optimal cut-offs of leptin for IDF- and ATPIII-defined MetS were 3.6 ng/ml (positive predictive value, PPV: 56.5%; negative predictive value, NPV: 72.7%) and 4.1 ng/ml (PPV: 49.6%; NPV: 78.1%), respectively. In women, the optimal threshold was equal to 11.0 ng/ml (PPV: 53.8%; NPV: 73.0% for IDF criteria and PPV: 60.1%; NPV: 64.9% for ATPIII criteria). The diagnostic accuracy of these values in identifying MetS was similar to that of insulin resistance. Therefore, leptin is comparable to insulin resistance in identifying MetS and can be used as single predictor of MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Esteghamati
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 13145-784, Tehran, Iran.
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Esteghamati A, Alamdari A, Zandieh A, Elahi S, Khalilzadeh O, Nakhjavani M, Meysamie A. Serum visfatin is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus independent of insulin resistance and obesity. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2011; 91:154-8. [PMID: 21122936 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2010] [Revised: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of serum visfatin, adiponectin and leptin with 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the context of the role of obesity or insulin resistance, which is not well understood. METHODS A total of 76 newly-diagnosed T2DM patients and 76 healthy control subjects, matched for age, body mass index (BMI) and sex ratio, were enrolled. Anthropometric parameters, glycemic and lipid profile, insulin resistance (measured by homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index [HOMA-IR]), leptin, adiponectin, and visfatin were assessed. RESULTS On the contrary to adiponectin, serum leptin and visfatin levels were higher in T2DM patients compared with controls (10.07 ± 4.5, 15.87 ± 16.4, and 5.49 ± 2.4 vs. 12.22 ± 4.9 μg/ml, 8.5 ± 7.8 ng/ml and 3.58 ± 2.2 ng/ml, respectively, P<0.01). Waist circumference and BMI were correlated with leptin and adiponectin but not with visfatin. Leptin, adiponectin and visfatin all were associated with T2DM following adjusting for obesity measures. After controlling for HOMA-IR, visfatin remained as an independent predictor of T2DM (odds ratio=1.32, P<0.05). In a multiple regression analysis to determine visfatin only triglycerides and fasting glucose remained in the model (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Elevation of visfatin in T2DM is independent of obesity and insulin resistance and is mainly determined by fasting glucose and triglycerides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Esteghamati
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Vali-Asr Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Kalra SP. Pivotal role of leptin-hypothalamus signaling in the etiology of diabetes uncovered by gene therapy: a new therapeutic intervention? Gene Ther 2011; 18:319-25. [PMID: 21209624 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2010.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of diabetes mellitus has soared to epidemic proportion worldwide. The debilitating chronic hyperglycemia is caused by either lack of insulin as in diabetes type 1 or its ineffectiveness as in diabetes type 2. Frequent replacement of insulin with or without insulin analogs for optimum glycemic control are the conventional cumbersome therapies. Recent application of leptin gene transfer technology has uncovered the participation of adipocytes-derived leptin-dependent hypothalamic neural signaling in glucose homeostasis and demonstrated that a breakdown in this communication due to leptin insufficiency in the hypothalamus underlies the etiology of chronic hyperglycemia. Reinstatement of central leptin sufficiency by hyperleptinemia produced either by intravenous leptin infusion or a single systemic injection of recombinant adenovirus vector encoding leptin gene suppressed hyperglycemia and evoked euglycemia only transiently in rodent models of diabetes type 1. In contrast, stable restoration of leptin sufficiency, solely in the hypothalamus, with biologically active leptin transduced by an intracerebroventicular injection of recombinant adeno-associated virus vector encoding leptin gene (rAAV-lep) abolished hyperglycemia and imposed euglycemia through the extended duration of experiment by stimulating glucose disposal in the periphery in models of diabetes type 1. Further, similar hypothalamic leptin transgene expression abrogated chronic hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia, the predisposing risk factors of the age and environmentally acquired diabetes type 2, and instituted euglycemia by independently activating relays that stimulate glucose metabolism and repress hyperinsulinemia and improve insulin sensitivity in the periphery. Consequently, this durable antidiabetic efficacy of one time rAAV-lep neurotherapy offers a potential novel substitute for insulin therapy following preclinical trials in subhuman primates and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Kalra
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0244, USA.
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Vasilescu R, Ifrim S, Ionescu-Tirgoviste C. Relationship between plasma adipokines, inflammation, insulin resistance and subclinical atherosclerosis in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4236/jdm.2011.12004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Frisk P, Rössner SM, Norgren S, Arvidson J, Gustafsson J. Glucose metabolism and body composition in young adults treated with TBI during childhood. Bone Marrow Transplant 2010; 46:1303-8. [PMID: 21151187 DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2010.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
After SCT in childhood, survivors may develop disorders of glucose metabolism. The role of obesity is controversial. We measured insulin sensitivity using the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) and the frequently sampled i.v. glucose tolerance test (FSIVGTT), as well as body composition using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in 18 young adults median 18.2 years after SCT and compared them with matched controls. We also measured growth hormone (GH) secretion, and levels of leptin and adiponectin. HOMA showed insulin resistance in eight patients (44%), as opposed to none of the controls (P=0.008) and FSIVGTT showed a decreased sensitivity index in the patients (2.98 vs 4.54 mU/L/min, P=0.042). Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry showed a higher percentage fat mass in the patients (34.9 vs 24.3%, P=0.011), which correlated inversely with the sensitivity index (r=-0.52, P=0.032). The patients had a lower peak value of GH (GH(max) 9 vs 20.7 mU/L, P=0.002). Time post SCT correlated with percentage fat mass and inversely with GH(max). The patients had higher levels of leptin and lower levels of adiponectin, even after adjustment for fat mass. We propose that the decreased insulin sensitivity may primarily be explained by the adverse body composition, which may owe to long-standing GH deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Frisk
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Jönsson T, Granfeldt Y, Erlanson-Albertsson C, Ahrén B, Lindeberg S. A paleolithic diet is more satiating per calorie than a mediterranean-like diet in individuals with ischemic heart disease. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2010; 7:85. [PMID: 21118562 PMCID: PMC3009971 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-7-85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We found marked improvement of glucose tolerance and lower dietary energy intake in ischemic heart disease (IHD) patients after advice to follow a Paleolithic diet, as compared to a Mediterranean-like diet. We now report findings on subjective ratings of satiety at meals and data on the satiety hormone leptin and the soluble leptin receptor from the same study. Methods Twenty-nine male IHD patients with impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes type 2, and waist circumference > 94 cm, were randomized to ad libitum consumption of a Paleolithic diet (n = 14) based on lean meat, fish, fruit, vegetables, root vegetables, eggs, and nuts, or a Mediterranean-like diet (n = 15) based on whole grains, low-fat dairy products, vegetables, fruit, fish, and oils and margarines during 12 weeks. In parallel with a four day weighed food record the participants recorded their subjective rating of satiety. Satiety Quotients were calculated, as the intra-meal quotient of change in satiety during meal and consumed energy or weight of food and drink for that specific meal. Leptin and leptin receptor was measured at baseline and after 6 and 12 weeks. Free leptin index was calculated as the ratio leptin/leptin receptor. Results The Paleolithic group were as satiated as the Mediterranean group but consumed less energy per day (5.8 MJ/day vs. 7.6 MJ/day, Paleolithic vs. Mediterranean, p = 0.04). Consequently, the quotients of mean change in satiety during meal and mean consumed energy from food and drink were higher in the Paleolithic group (p = 0.03). Also, there was a strong trend for greater Satiety Quotient for energy in the Paleolithic group (p = 0.057). Leptin decreased by 31% in the Paleolithic group and by 18% in the Mediterranean group with a trend for greater relative decrease of leptin in the Paleolithic group. Relative changes in leptin and changes in weight and waist circumference correlated significantly in the Paleolithic group (p < 0.001) but not in the Mediterranean group. Changes in leptin receptor and free leptin index were not significant. Conclusions A Paleolithic diet is more satiating per calorie than a Mediterranean-like diet. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00419497
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy Jönsson
- Department of Clinical Science, B11 BMC, University of Lund, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden.
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Esteghamati A, Zandieh A, Khalilzadeh O, Morteza A, Meysamie A, Nakhjavani M, Gouya MM. Clustering of leptin and physical activity with components of metabolic syndrome in Iranian population: an exploratory factor analysis. Endocrine 2010; 38:206-13. [PMID: 21046482 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-010-9374-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS), manifested by insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, central obesity, and hypertension, is conceived to be associated with hyperleptinemia and physical activity. The aim of this study was to elucidate the factors underlying components of MetS and also to test the suitability of leptin and physical activity as additional components of this syndrome. Data of the individuals without history of diabetes mellitus, aged 25-64 years, from third national surveillance of risk factors of non-communicable diseases (SuRFNCD-2007), were analyzed. Performing factor analysis on waist circumference, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, systolic blood pressure, triglycerides (TG) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) led to extraction of two factors which explained around 59.0% of the total variance in both genders. When TG and HDL-C were replaced by TG to HDL-C ratio, a single factor was obtained. In contrast to physical activity, addition of leptin was consistent with one-factor structure of MetS and improved the ability of suggested models to identify obesity (BMI≥30 kg/m2, P<0.01), using receiver-operator characteristics curve analysis. In general, physical activity loaded on the first identified factor. Our study shows that one underlying factor structure of MetS is also plausible and the inclusion of leptin does not interfere with this structure. Further, this study suggests that physical activity influences MetS components via modulation of the main underlying pathophysiologic pathway of this syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Esteghamati
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 13145-784, Tehran, Iran.
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Flanagan J, Gray PK, Hahn N, Hayes J, Myers LJ, Carney-Doebbeling C, Sweeney CJ. Presence of the metabolic syndrome is associated with shorter time to castration-resistant prostate cancer. Ann Oncol 2010; 22:801-807. [PMID: 20880998 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdq443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a set of risk factors that includes obesity and insulin resistance and has been implicated in the development of prostate cancer. Its impact on androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) efficacy has not been studied. PATIENTS AND METHODS Retrospective study of prostate cancer patients seen from 1998 to 2005 in a medical oncology clinic. MS, as defined by modified Adult Treatment Panel III criteria, was assessed at the time of initiation of ADT. The study end points were time to prostate-specific antigen (PSA) progression and overall survival (OS) from time of starting ADT. RESULTS Eighty-two patients treated with ADT and data to assess for presence of MS were identified. Median age in men with and without MS was 70 years and 49% of the patients evaluated met criteria for MS. Median time to PSA progression for patients with MS was 16 versus 36 months without MS (P=0.003). The median OS for patients with MS was 36.5 months after commencing ADT compared with 46.7 months for those patients without MS (P=0.061). CONCLUSIONS This preliminary data suggest that MS is a risk factor for earlier development of castration-resistant prostate cancer and support the need for a prospective evaluation of this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Flanagan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Kansas City Cancer Center, US Oncology, Kansas City
| | - P Kathryn Gray
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston
| | - N Hahn
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
| | - J Hayes
- Department of Medicine, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston
| | - L J Myers
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Health Services Research and Development Center of Excellence on Implementing Evidence-Based Practice (CIEBP), Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis
| | - C Carney-Doebbeling
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Regenstrief Institute Inc, Indianapolis, USA
| | - C J Sweeney
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Department of Medicine, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston.
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Zoran DL. Obesity in dogs and cats: a metabolic and endocrine disorder. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2010; 40:221-39. [PMID: 20219485 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2009.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is defined as an accumulation of excessive amounts of adipose tissue in the body, and has been called the most common nutritional disease of dogs in Western countries. Most investigators agree that at least 33% of the dogs presented to veterinary clinics are obese, and that the incidence is increasing as human obesity increases in the overall population. Obesity is not just the accumulation of large amounts of adipose tissue, but is associated with important metabolic and hormonal changes in the body, which are the focus of this review. Obesity is associated with a variety of conditions, including osteoarthritis, respiratory distress, glucose intolerance and diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dystocia, decreased heat tolerance, some forms of cancer, and increased risk of anesthetic and surgical complications. Prevention and early recognition of obesity, as well as correcting obesity when it is present, are essential to appropriate health care, and increases both the quality and quantity of life for pets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra L Zoran
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA.
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Marchi-Alves LM, Nogueira MS, Mendes IAC, Godoy SD. Leptina, hipertensão arterial e obesidade: importância das ações de enfermagem. ACTA PAUL ENFERM 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s0103-21002010000200021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
O objetivo desta revisão sistemática foi o levantamento de tópicos de relevância sobre as implicações da leptina na modulação da pressão arterial e na gênese, prevenção e tratamento da hipertensão arterial associada à obesidade. Considerando o hormônio como um elo comum entre as duas condições patológicas, foram identificadas as ações para a redução da leptinemia, propostas e discutidas na literatura. Constatou-se que a enfermagem carece de produção de conhecimento que subsidie a assistência ao hipertenso obeso com alterações nos níveis séricos de leptina. Foram descritos os sinais e sintomas multifatoriais que se interrelacionam de maneira dinâmica e paradoxal na manifestação do quadro clínico estudado, com ordenação de intervenções eficazes no cuidado a esses clientes.
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Esteghamati A, Khalilzadeh O, Anvari M, Rashidi A, Mokhtari M, Nakhjavani M. Association of serum leptin levels with homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome: the key role of central obesity. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2009; 7:447-52. [PMID: 19419266 DOI: 10.1089/met.2008.0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptin is correlated with several features of metabolic syndrome; however, possible confounders (eg, obesity) of this association are not known. This study evaluated the relationship between leptin, metabolic syndrome, and insulin resistance in an Iranian population and further investigated whether this relationship is confounded by obesity or central obesity. METHODS A total of 387 participants (18-65 years old) who referred to a large university general hospital for routine health examinations were categorized into 2 groups with (n = 130) and without (n = 257) metabolic syndrome. Fasting plasma glucose, insulin, lipids, and leptin levels were measured and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III) criteria. RESULTS Age- and sex-adjusted leptin levels were significantly higher in patients with than those without metabolic syndrome (29.62 +/- 1.67 vs. 18.50 +/- 1.21 ng/mL, P < 0.001). After adjustment for age, sex, and body mass index (BMI), leptin values were significantly correlated with HOMA-IR (P < 0.001), metabolic syndrome, and its components (P < 0.05). After adjustment for waist circumference, however, these associations were no longer statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that high leptin levels are associated with insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome independent of BMI but these associations are significantly mediated through the effects of central obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Esteghamati
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the major causes of morbidity and mortality in people with diabetes. Macroangiopathy in diabetes is manifested by more accelerated and progressive atherosclerosis, which is more widely distributed. The pathogenesis of this accelerated atherosclerosis is multifactorial and includes very complex interactions. Several abnormalities - such as hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, hypertension, endothelial dysfunction, renin-angiotensin system activation and chronic subclinical inflammation - all appear to play important roles in the development of diabetes-induced atherosclerosis. Treatment of the residual risk, other than glycemia, blood pressure and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, remains important as the rate of diabetes increases worldwide. A synergistic multifactorial approach against both conventional cardiovascular risk factors and emerging risk factors, such as vasoactive systems, the AGE-RAGE axis, novel proteins, such as TRAIL, and the complement system, as well as oxidative stress and inflammation, may be a promising way to prevent macrovascular disease in diabetes. In this review we focus on the major causes and mechanisms of atherosclerotic disease in patients with diabetes and highlight emerging targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Candido
- a Diabetic Centre, Azienda per i Servizi Sanitari n. 1 "Triestina", Via Puccini 48/50, 34148 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Stella Bernardi
- b Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, JDRF Centre for Diabetes Complications, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, 3004 Victoria, Australia.
| | - Terri J Allen
- c Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, JDRF Centre for Diabetes Complications, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, 3004 Victoria, Australia.
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Nakamura Y, Ueshima H, Okuda N, Murakami Y, Miura K, Kita Y, Okamura T, Turin TC, Rodriguez B, Curb JD, Stamler J. Relation of serum leptin to blood pressure of Japanese in Japan and Japanese-Americans in Hawaii. Hypertension 2009; 54:1416-22. [PMID: 19841291 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.109.133074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Data from animal studies clearly indicate an association between leptin and hypertension; results of human studies are less concordant. We investigated the role of leptin in obesity-related higher blood pressure (BP) in Japanese Americans living in Hawaii and Japanese in Japan. Serum leptin and BP were examined by standardized methods in men and women ages 40 to 59 years from 2 population samples, one Japanese American in Hawaii (88 men and 94 women) and the other Japanese in central Japan (123 men and 111 women). Multiple linear regression models were used to assess role of leptin in obesity-related higher BP. Across quartiles of leptin, there were significantly higher mean body mass index levels, systolic BP, and diastolic BP for both sexes and sites (P<0.01 to 0.02). In multivariate regression analyses using all of the data combined, relations of body mass index and leptin to systolic BP and diastolic BP remained significant with the interaction term (body mass index x log-leptin) in the models (P<0.01 to <0.05). These findings are consistent with the inference that leptin may be an independent mediator for obesity-related elevations in BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Nakamura
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Kyoto Women's University, 35 Imakumano Kitahiyoshi-cho, Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto 605-8501, Japan.
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Wende AR, Abel ED. Lipotoxicity in the heart. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2009; 1801:311-9. [PMID: 19818871 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2009.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2009] [Revised: 09/23/2009] [Accepted: 09/28/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and insulin resistance are associated with ectopic lipid deposition in multiple tissues, including the heart. Excess lipid may be stored as triglycerides, but are also shunted into non-oxidative pathways that disrupt normal cellular signaling leading to organ dysfunction and in some cases apoptosis, a process termed lipotoxicity. Various pathophysiological mechanisms have been proposed to lead to lipotoxic tissue injury, which might vary by cell type. Specific mechanisms by which lipotoxicity alter cardiac structure and function are incompletely understood, but are beginning to be elucidated. This review will focus on mechanisms that have been proposed to lead to lipotoxic injury in the heart and will review the state of knowledge regarding potential causes and correlates of increased myocardial lipid content in animal models and humans. We will seek to highlight those areas where additional research is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Wende
- Program in Molecular Medicine and Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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