High prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose in urban Latin America: the CARMELA Study

Data for population-based health analytics: the Cohorts Consortium of Latin America and the Caribbean

Objective

We describe the daily operations of the Cohorts Consortium of Latin America and the Caribbean (CC-LAC), detailing the resources required and offering tips to Caribbean researchers so this guide can be used to start a data pooling project.

Methods

The CC-LAC began by developing a steering committee - that is, a team of regional experts who guided the project's set up and operations. The Consortium invites investigators who agree to share individual-level data about topics of interest to become members and they then have input into the project's goals and operations; they are also invited to coauthor papers. We used a systematic review methodology to identify investigators with data resources aligned with the project and developed a protocol (i.e. a manual of procedures) to document all aspects of the project's operations.

Results

If a study recruited people from more than one country, then the sample from each country was counted as a separate cohort, thus in 2024 our combined data resources include >30 separate units from 13 countries, with a combined sample size of >174 000 participants. Using this unique resource, we have produced region-specific risk estimates for cardiometabolic risk factors (e.g. anthropometrics) and cardiovascular disease, and we have developed a region-specific cardiovascular risk score for use in clinical settings.

Conclusions

Data pooling projects are less expensive than collecting new data, and they increase the longer-term value and impact of the data that are contributed. Data pooling efforts require systematic and transparent methodology, and expertise in data handling and analytics are prerequisites. Researchers embarking on a data pooling endeavor should understand and be able to meet the various data protection standards stipulated by national data legislation as these standards will likely vary among jurisdictions.

Spatial Analysis of Prediabetes and Associated Risk Factor Prevalence Among Late Adolescents in San Luis Potosí, México

Introduction The prevalence of prediabetes is increasing worldwide. However, the determinants that contribute to its onset in young individuals remain poorly understood. An essential aspect of directing control and preventive initiatives is comprehending the geographical distribution of these disorders and pinpointing regions with a high prevalence. Objective The objective of this study was to determine the spatial distribution of prediabetes and associated risk factor prevalence among late adolescents in the metropolitan area of San Luis Potosí (MASLP), México, during the years 2008, 2009, and 2010. Methods This was a cross-sectional study that included 15,672 participants between the ages of 18 and 21 years. We made a cartographic overlay of the body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure (BP), diastolic BP, and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) using a 2010 marginalization index. Results The prevalence of prediabetes was 5.5%, whereas the prevalence of overweight and obesity remained stable for three years. However, in 2010, the prevalence of both diastolic BP and prediabetes increased. Spatial analysis revealed that the urban basic geostatistical area (Area Geo-Estadística Básica (AGEB)), with 11-20 participants with prediabetes, was mainly concentrated in the areas of medium and low marginalization throughout all years. Conclusion We found a yearly increase in prediabetes prevalence and increased diastolic BP. Prediabetes varies across the region. MASLP has statistically detected significant high hot spots in prediabetes. The findings of this study are valuable for directing resource distribution and highlighting intervention programs that target modifiable prediabetes predictors. To improve health coverage, it is necessary to consider different local realities.

Self-Reported Diabetes in Older Adults: A Comparison of Prevalence and Related Factors in the Mexican Health and Aging Study (2015, 2018, and 2021)

Aim: To estimate the prevalence and factors associated with diabetes among older adults and compare the prevalence rate of a three-round national survey of the Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS). Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with data obtained from MHAS 2015 (n = 8167), 2018 (n = 7854), and 2021 (n = 8060), which comprised a nationally representative sample of older adults in Mexico. The measures included sociodemographic characteristics and health. A binary logistic regression model was used to identify the association between independent variables and self-reported diabetes. Results: The prevalence of diabetes was 26.3%, 27.7%, and 28.1% in 2015, 2018, and 2021, respectively. This prevalence decreased with age and was higher for female, urban older adults, those with multimorbidity, a lower level of education, and without social security coverage for the three years. Age was associated with a lower possibility of presenting diabetes ([OR = 0.79[0.71-0.89]] and [OR = 0.41[0.33-0.52]] in groups aged 75-84 years and ≥85 years, respectively). Females continue to be more likely to present diabetes than males (OR = 1.39 [95% CI 1.25-1.55]). Older adults living in rural areas are 20% less likely to present diabetes than those living in urban areas (OR = 0.80 [95% CI 0.69-0.93]). Uninsured older adults (OR = 1.35 [95% CI 1.20-1.53]), those who wear glasses (OR = 1.23 [95% CI 1.16-1.30]), those with multimorbidity (OR = 1.13 [95% CI 1.01-1.27]), and those who currently drink alcohol (OR = 1.12 [95% CI 1.00-1.25]) were significantly more likely to have diabetes. Conclusion: An elevated prevalence of diabetes was found in older adults in Mexico, while not having access to social security was associated with a higher possibility of presenting diabetes and living in a rural area was associated with a lower possibility of presenting diabetes. Detection, prevention, and control programs should be implemented to reduce the incidence and severity of the disease in older adults and, thus, prevent its associated complications.

The association between sociodemographic characteristics, clinical indicators and body mass index in a population at risk of type 2 diabetes: A cross-sectional study in two Colombian cities

AIMS

To assess the association between sociodemographic and clinical factors with body mass index (BMI) in a population at risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Bogotá and Barranquilla, Colombia.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study used data from the PREDICOL Study. Participants with a FINDRISC ≥ 12 who underwent an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) were included in the study (n=1166). The final analytical sample size was 1101 participants. Those with missing data were excluded from the analysis (n=65). The main outcome was body mass index (BMI), which was categorized as normal, overweight, and obese. We utilized unadjusted and adjusted ordinal logistic regression analysis to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI).

RESULTS

The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 41 % (n=449) and 47 % (n=517), respectively. Participants with a 2-hour glucose ≥139 mg/dl had 1.71 times higher odds of being overweight or obese (regarding normal weight) than participants with normal 2-hour glucose values. In addition, being a woman, waist circumference altered, and blood pressure >120/80 mmHg were statistically significantly associated with a higher BMI.

CONCLUSION

Strategies to control glycemia, blood pressure, and central adiposity are needed in people at risk of T2D. Future studies should be considered with a territorial and gender focus, considering behavioral, and sociocultural patterns.

Clinical inertia in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus among patients attending selected healthcare institutions in Colombia

BACKGROUND

The burden of disease of diabetes in Colombia have increased in the last decades. Secondary prevention is crucial for diabetes control. Many patients already treated remain with poor glycemic control and without timely and appropriate treatment intensification. This has been called in the literature as Clinical Inertia. Updated information regarding clinical inertia based on the Colombian diabetes treatment guidelines is needed.

OBJECTIVE

To measure the prevalence of clinical inertia in newly diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) patients in healthcare institutions in Colombia, based on the recommendations of the current official guidelines.

METHODS

An observational and retrospective cohort study based on databases of two Health Medical Organizations (HMOs) in Colombia (one from subsidized regimen and one from contributory regimen) was conducted. Descriptive analysis was performed to summarize demographic and clinical information. Chi-square tests were used to assess associations between variables of interest.

RESULTS

A total of 616 patients with T2DM (308 for each regimen) were included. Median age was 61 years. Overall clinical inertia was 93.5% (87.0% in contributory regimen and 100% in subsidized regimen). Patients with Hb1Ac ≥ 8% in the subsidized regimen were more likely to receive monotherapy than patients in the contributory regimen (OR 2.33; 95% CI 1.41-3.86).

CONCLUSIONS

In this study, the prevalence of overall clinical inertia was higher in the subsidized regime than in the contributory regime (100% vs 87%). Great efforts have been made to equalize the coverage between the two systems, but this finding is worrisome with respect to the difference in quality of the health care provided to these two populations. This information may help payers and clinicians to streamline strategies for reducing clinical inertia and improve patient outcomes.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus in Peru: A literature review including studies at high-altitude settings

We performed a comprehensive review of recent publications about type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Peru, including studies among people living at high altitude above the sea level. An increase in the prevalence of T2DM in Peru has been reported, the reasons are multifactorial and coinciding with the strong economic growth that our country has experienced over the last 20 years along with migration from the Andean regions to the coast and the adoption of a lifestyle that is a known to be a risk factor for obesity and insulin resistance. Scarce information is available in Peru about the prevalence of chronic complications of T2DM such as retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy. There is a need for a health care plan based on early diagnosis of T2DM to reduce social and economic problems, as recommended by the WHO and the United Nations.

Effectiveness of triple therapy with dapagliflozin add-on to dual therapy over 52 weeks in patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus in a centre of high complexity, Cali-Colombia

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the effectiveness of adding dapagliflozin as an intensification strategy for the treatment of patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

METHODS

A historical cohort study was conducted in 123 adult patients over 18 years old who were diagnosed with uncontrolled T2DM, who received dapagliflozin add-on to their dual base treatment: metformin plus glibenclamide (n = 32), metformin plus saxagliptin (n = 29), metformin plus exenatide (n = 28), or metformin plus insulin (n = 34). The endpoints were evaluated using analysis of variance.

RESULTS

All the patients completed a 52-week follow-up. Overall, 52.85% of patients were female, the Hispanic population represented the largest proportion of patients in all groups (60.98%), and the mean ± SD patient age and body weight were 55.05 ± 7.58 years and 83.55 ± 9.65 kg, respectively. The mean ± SD duration of T2DM, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) were 5.93 ± 2.98 years, 8.1 ± 0.53%, and 166.03 ± 26.80 mg/dL, respectively. The grand mean changes of HbA1c, FPG, body weight and blood pressure showed a decreasing trend during the study period and it was statistically significant in all groups (p-value = <0.001). The proportion of patients achieving HbA1c target (<7%) was highest in the group that used a dapagliflozin add-on to metformin plus saxagliptin.

CONCLUSION

The addition of dapagliflozin as an alternative for intensification of dual therapy consistently improved, not only FPG and HbA1c, but also body weight and blood pressure, with statistically significant results.

A pilot of a modified diabetes prevention program in Quito, Ecuador

CONTEXT

Diabetes has become a global noninfectious pandemic with rates rapidly rising around the globe. The major drivers of this increase in type 2 diabetes are obesity, an increase in processed foods, and a decrease in physical activity. In the United States, the National Diabetes Prevention Program (NDPP) has proven to be an effective lifestyle intervention to delay or prevent new-onset type 2 diabetes. However, there is limited evidence that such a lifestyle program will work in a South American community.

OBJECTIVES

This pilot program aims to determine if a modified version of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) would be feasible in an Ecuadorian population. The goals of this pilot program were a 7% weight loss, >150 min of physical activity per week, and a reduction of fat calories to yield a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes. This program was led by family medicine physicians and was offered to people with prediabetes in Quito, Ecuador.

METHODS

The program was modified to include only the first half of the DPP curriculum, which included a schedule of 16 classes in the first 6 months. Further, the program was provided in Spanish and modified to be more culturally specific to this population. Participants were recruited from the faculty and staff of Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador (Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador [PUCE]) in Quito. Outcomes measured included A1c reduction, weight loss, increase in physical activity minutes, and progression to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

RESULTS

The sample included 33 people with prediabetes. The mean age of the participants was 52 years (range, 41-66 years), the mean body mass index (BMI) was 27.6 kg/m² (range, 21.0-40.3 kg/m²), and the mean HbA1C was 6.2% (range, 5.7-6.4%). The attendance was 97.8% at 6 months. The mean weight loss was 3.4 kg per participant (range, 1.5 kg weight gain to 8.3 kg weight loss); in percentage points, this was a mean weight loss of 3.6% (range, 2.3% gain to 11.8% weight loss). Three-fourths of the participants lost weight (78.3%). The majority of participants (75.8%) met the target physical activity level of 150 min per week, and all participants increased their physical activity levels from baseline. No participants progressed to type 2 diabetes during this study.

CONCLUSIONS

The DPP 6 month pilot was effective in this population with prediabetes in Ecuador. The largest changes were made in physical activity time. Holding the program at worksites and providing lunch were key factors in the very high retention rate in this study.

The Lancet women and cardiovascular disease Commission: reducing the global burden by 2030

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in women. Decades of grassroots campaigns have helped to raise awareness about the impact of cardiovascular disease in women, and positive changes affecting women and their health have gained momentum. Despite these efforts, there has been stagnation in the overall reduction of cardiovascular disease burden for women in the past decade. Cardiovascular disease in women remains understudied, under-recognised, underdiagnosed, and undertreated. This Commission summarises existing evidence and identifies knowledge gaps in research, prevention, treatment, and access to care for women. Recommendations from an international team of experts and leaders in the field have been generated with a clear focus to reduce the global burden of cardiovascular disease in women by 2030. This Commission represents the first effort of its kind to connect stakeholders, to ignite global awareness of sex-related and gender-related disparities in cardiovascular disease, and to provide a springboard for future research.

Current State of Diabetes Mellitus Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment, and Control in Latin America: Challenges and Innovative Solutions to Improve Health Outcomes Across the Continent

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Latin America is the scenario of great inequalities where about 32 million human beings live with diabetes. Through this review, we aimed at describing the current state of the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of diabetes mellitus and completion of selected guidelines of care across Latin America and identify opportunities to advance research that promotes better health outcomes.

RECENT FINDINGS

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus has been consistently increasing across the region, with some variation: higher prevalence in Mexico, Haiti, and Puerto Rico and lower in Colombia, Ecuador, Dominican Republic, Peru, and Uruguay. Prevalence assessment methods vary, and potentially underestimating the real number of persons with diabetes. Diabetes unawareness varies widely, with up to 50% of persons with diabetes who do not know they may have the disease. Glycemic, blood pressure, and LDL-C control and completion of guidelines to prevent microvascular complications are not consistently assessed across studies, and the achievement of control goals is suboptimal. On the other hand, multiple interventions, point-of-care/rapid assessment tools, and alternative models of health care delivery have been proposed and tested throughout Latin America. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus continues to rise across Latin America, and the number of those with the disease may be underestimated. However, some local governments are embedding more comprehensive diabetes assessments in their local national surveys. Clinicians and public health advocates in the region have proposed and initiated various multi-level interventions to address this enormous challenge in the region.

Body Fat Percentage Rather than Body Mass Index Related to the High Occurrence of Type 2 Diabetes

BACKGROUND

Diabetes prevalence estimation and reduction of its risk factors remain the major goals of health services. While obesity is the major risk factor for diabetes, body fat distribution may be a better predictor.

AIMS

To estimate the prevalence of diabetes in an adult working population in Mexico City, and to evaluate the strength of association with different risk factors.

METHODS

A cross-sectional survey was conducted in two city halls of Mexico City. Anthropometrics, blood pressure, physical activity, diet, and biochemical parameters were assessed. Diabetes was defined as a fasting plasma glucose level ≥7.0 mmol/l or referred diabetes. The bioelectrical impedance analysis of body components was performed and weight, soft lean mass, body fat percentage and abdominal fat were obtained. Prevalence with 95% confidence intervals was estimated, as well as odds ratios derived from a logistic regression model.

RESULTS

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes was 11.0% (95% CI 9.6-12.4%). The proportion of individuals with diabetes who were unaware of having the disease was higher in women (42.5 vs. 36.9%), and the degree of metabolic control was better in women (39.1 vs. 25.0%). Age, blood pressure, triglycerides and the percentage of body fat, were major risk factors related to the occurrence of type 2 diabetes. No relation was observed with physical activity and diet.

CONCLUSIONS

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Mexico continues to be high and obesity measured by body fat percentage seems to be a better predictor of its occurrence than body mass index.

LDLR Gene Mutation p.Asp360His and Familial Hypercholesterolemia in a Mexican Community

BACKGROUND

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an autosomal dominant disease characterized by an increased LDL-cholesterol (LDLc) serum concentration and premature cardiovascular disease. Screening of small populations where at least one homozygous (HoFH) patient has been identified may be a proper approach for detecting FH patients. Previously, we reported an HoFH patient carrying the mutation p.Asp360His LDLR, who was born in the Mexican community El Triunfo (Quimixtlan, Puebla).

AIM OF THE STUDY

To identify patients with familial hypercholesterolemia in the community El Triunfo and to describe their clinical and biochemical characteristics.

METHODS

We studied 308 individuals by quantifying lipid levels and by DNA sequencing.

RESULTS

Sixteen of 308 individuals presented an LDLc level >170 mg/dL and all of them turned out to be heterozygous for the LDLR p.Asp360His variant. Subsequently, 34 of their first-degree relatives (mainly siblings and parents) were genotyped rendering six additional HeFH patients, which resulted in 22 carriers of the mutated allele. The study of six LDLR polymorphisms in four unrelated individuals from the community (one HoFH and three HeFH) showed the same haplotype combination, suggesting a unique ancestral origin of the mutation.

CONCLUSIONS

The community El Triunfo, has the highest worldwide frequency ever reported of HeFH, with 7.14% (22/308, equivalent to 1/14 inhabitants). Since the HeFH patients showed variable biochemical expression, we suggest looking for factors with the potential to modify the phenotype. Finally, we stress the importance of establishing accurate LDLc cut-off points applicable to Mexican population for the diagnosis of FH.

Glycemic Control and Hypoglycemia in Patients Treated with Insulin Pump Therapy: An Observational Study

INTRODUCTION

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a highly prevalent disease worldwide. It has been associated with an important morbimortality due to its complications and sometimes as a result of adverse events related to treatment. Insulin pump therapy (IPT) is one of the options used to control this disease and reduces one of the most frequent complication associated with treatment: hypoglycemia, which has also a great impact on life quality and clinical status of patients.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A descriptive and retrospective study was performed including patients treated and followed by the department of endocrinology from a high-complexity university hospital in Cali, Colombia, between 2012 and 2017. Patients were on IPT and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM): MiniMed Paradigm® Veo™ Insulin Pump (Medtronic®) and MiniMed 640G Insulin Pump-Enlite™ Sensor (Medtronic®). Presentation of hypoglycemia and variables associated with its development were evaluated.

RESULTS

51 patients were included. The main indication for IPT initiation was the report of hypoglycemic episodes and inappropriate metabolic control. Initiation of IPT was related with a decrease in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and also a decrease in severe hypoglycemic events and hospitalization due to hypoglycemia. The risk factors linked with clinically significant hypoglycemia were male gender, and standard deviation of glucose measures calculated by CGM. A diminished glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (<60 mL/min/1.73 m²) was correlated with higher risk of severe hypoglycemia.

CONCLUSION

IPT with CGM is a useful strategy in the management of patients with DM; it is associated with a reduction of adverse hypoglycemic events and hospitalizations due to hypoglycemia.

VASCULAR COMPLICATIONS IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES: PREVALENCE AND COMORBIDITIES IN 6 COUNTRIES OF LATIN AMERICA (A COHORT OF THE DISCOVER STUDY PROGRAM)

Objective: To provide real world observational data about glucose control, the burden of diabetes, comorbidities, and cardiovascular risk factors among patients initiating second-line therapy in Latin America (LA). Methods: This report is a cross-sectional analysis of the LA cohort of the DISCOVER study, describing the regional prevalence of microvascular and macrovascular complications in Mexico, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Argentina, and Brazil. Results: One thousand six hundred and sixteen patients were included in 69 investigational sites. Hemoglobin A1c was >7% (42 mmol/mol) in 81.3% of subjects. Macrovascular complications were reported by 13.8% of the subjects. Microvascular conditions were reported in 15.2% of the subjects. The prevalence of hypertension and of hyperlipidemia was 55.5% and 45.9%, respectively. Blood pressure, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein were out of target levels in 38.5%, 51.2%, and 81.7% of the patients, respectively. Overweight or obesity was reported in 83.8% of the cases. Conclusion: Our study shows that patients with type 2 diabetes in LA are not reaching their glucose, lipids, blood pressure, and weight targets. The prevalence of microvascular (15.2%), macrovascular (13.8%), and uncontrolled comorbidities in patients at an early stage of the disease (initiating a second-line therapy) highlights the need for more aggressive risk factor screening as well as treatment in LA. Abbreviations: CV = cardiovascular; CVD = cardiovascular disease; DM = diabetes mellitus; HbA1c = hemoglobin A1c; LA = Latin America/Latin American; LDL = low density cholesterol; T2DM = type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Results of the May Measurement Month 2017: blood pressure campaign in Venezuela-Americas

Cardiovascular diseases, mainly coronary heart disease and stroke, are the first cause of death in Venezuela; and hypertension is the main risk factor. May Measurement Month (MMM) is a global initiative aimed at raising awareness of elevated blood pressure (BP) and to act as a temporary solution to the lack of regular screening programmes. Some representative studies indicate prevalence of hypertension in Venezuela between 24 and 39%, and control rate around 20%. Sixty-four sites were included to participate in MMM, mainly in pharmacies. Physical measurements included height, weight, and abdominal circumference. Blood pressure was measured in the sitting position three times after resting for 5 min, 1 min apart, using validated oscillometric devices. 21 644 individuals were screened. After multiple imputation, 10 584 individuals [48.9% (50.7% male; 47.7% female)] had hypertension. Of individuals not receiving antihypertensive medication, 1538 (12.2%) were hypertensive. Of individuals receiving antihypertensive medication, 2974 (32.9%) had uncontrolled BP. About 16% had obesity calculated by body mass index; 43.8% of women and 20.7% of men had abdominal obesity. This was the largest BP screening carried out in Venezuela, in which 48.9% of the individuals had elevated BP, untreated hypertension was 12.2%, and one-third of subjects taking treatment were not controlled. About 16% had obesity by body mass index, and abdominal obesity is more common in women. These results suggest that repeated screening like MMM17 can identify hypertension in important numbers and can also evaluate programmes of hypertension treatment and control in Venezuela.

Disparities in prediabetes and type 2 diabetes prevalence between indigenous and nonindigenous populations from Southeastern Mexico: The Comitan Study

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Indigenous origin conferred lower probability of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes.

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Social determinants were associated with lower probability of type 2 diabetes.

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Family history of diabetes was associated with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes.

Aims

In this research we assessed the prevalence of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes and its association with social determinants such as indigenous origin and residence area in population from Comitan, Chiapas, Mexico.

Methods

The Comitan Study is a population-based study carried out from 2010 to 2012 that included 1844 participants aged ≥ 20 years, 880 indigenous and 964 nonindigenous participants. Ethnicity was ascertained by self-report and speaking an indigenous language was also recorded. Prediabetes was defined as fasting serum glucose 5.6–6.9 mmol/l or 2-hour post load serum glucose 7.8–11.0 mmol/l. Type 2 diabetes was defined as fasting serum glucose ≥ 7.0 mmol/l or 2-h post load serum glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/l or previous clinical diagnosis.

Results

Age-sex-adjusted prevalence of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes was 18.0% (95%CI 15.3–20.6) and 11.0% (95%CI 8.9–131.1) in nonindigenous and 10.6% (95%CI 8.4–12.7) and 4.7% (95%CI 3.3–6.1) in indigenous individuals, respectively. After stratifying by ethnicity, in both indigenous and nonindigenous participants the probability of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes increased with age and BMI. In both indigenous and nonindigenous participants the probability of type 2 diabetes was lower in those living in rural compared with urban areas.

Conclusions

The prevalence of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes was significantly lower in indigenous than in nonindigenous participants. Also, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes was lower in those living in rural areas. Health benefits of a traditional lifestyle may partially account for these differences.

Characteristics of hyperglycemic crises in an adult population in a teaching hospital in Colombia

Background

Hyperglycemic crisis are the most serious forms of acute decompensation of diabetes mellitus and require urgent medical attention. The epidemiological data of these conditions in Latin America are scarce and in Colombia unknown, that is why we decided to describe the clinical characteristics and factors associated with the mortality of adults who presented with hyperglycemic crises in a teaching hospital in Colombia.

Materials and methods

Retrospective cohort study of all episodes of hyperglycemic crisis treated in Pablo Tobón Uribe Hospital in a three-year period.

Results

The records of 2233 hospitalization episodes related to diabetes mellitus were review, the prevalence of hyperglycemic crises was 2%, half of the events were diabetic ketoacidosis and 57% of the events occurred in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus, 32% of the events were precipitated by an infection and 27% by and inadequate therapy. The average hospital length of stay was 14 ± 3 days and the mortality rate 2.27%.

Conclusions

In a teaching hospital in Latin America hyperglycemic crises are common, with diabetic ketoacidosis being the most frequent, and in a significant number of cases may be preventable. The hospital length of stay in our population is longer than reported in the literature.

Feeding in adults with type II diabetes mellitus in three public hospitals in Cundinamarca, Colombia

Introduction: Type II diabetes mellitus (DMII) is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality both worldwide and in Colombia. It mainly affects men and women over 45 years of age. Inadequate control of this disease can generate greater health complications making it one of the most costly diseases in the country. Treatment includes activities other than glycemic control and requires constant monitoring by medical personnel and educational processes directed at the patient and his or her family. Objective: To characterize the feeding of patients with DMII in three public hospitals of Cundinamarca. Materials and methods: We conducted a cross-sectional descriptive study of 212 patients that analyzed sociodemographic characteristics, frequency of consumption and feeding practices. Results: Most of the population was over 45 years old and had a low educational level. In total, 52% had a dietary plan, but only 8.9% received nutritional guidance from a nutritionist. The consumption of carbohydrates predominated, with low consumption of proteins, vitamins, minerals, and fiber. The consumption of sugars was lower in patients with a dietary plan (p <0.05). Conclusions: Most of the patients did not have an adequate nutrition; moreover, there was low adherence to dietary treatment, weakness in nutritional counseling and barriers to food access. These results can contribute to improving policies for the prevention and control of DMII and strategies based on the sociocultural context of the patients.

Prevalence of diabetes in three regions of Venezuela. The VEMSOLS study results

OBJECTIVE

The prevalence of diabetes in multiple regions of Venezuela is unknown. To determine the prevalence of diabetes in five populations from three regions of Venezuela.

METHODS

During 2006-2010, 1334 subjects ≥20years were selected by multistage stratified random sampling from all households from 3 regions of Venezuela. Anthropometric measurements and biochemical analysis were obtained. Statistical methods were calculated using SPSS 20 software.

FINDINGS

Mean (SE) age was 44.8 years (0.39) and 68.5% were females. The prevalence of diabetes was 8.3% (95% CI, 6.9%-10.0%), higher in men than women (11.2% and 7.0% respectively; p=0.01). The prevalence adjusted by age and gender was 8.0% (95% CI, 6.9%-9.9%). This figure increased with age, with the lowest prevalence in the 20-29year old group (1.8% [95% CI, 0.6%-4.8%]) and the highest in the oldest group (26.8% [95% CI, 16.2%-40.5%]). Subjects with overweight or obesity had no increased risk of diabetes compared with those with normal weight. However, in women, the presence of abdominal obesity was associated with an increase of the risk of diabetes by 77% (OR 1.77 [95% CI, 1.1%-2.9%]). The prevalence of prediabetes was 14.6% (95% CI, 12.8%-16.7%), and only 48.2% were aware of their diabetes condition.

CONCLUSION

In this study, 8.3% of the subjects had diabetes and 14.6% prediabetes. Less than half of the subjects with diabetes were aware of their condition. These results point to a major public health problem, requiring the implementation of diabetes prevention programs.

Diabetes and Impaired Fasting Glucose Prediction Using Anthropometric Indices in Adults from Maracaibo City, Venezuela

To determine the predictive power of various anthropometric indices for the identification of dysglycemic states in Maracaibo, Venezuela. A cross-sectional study with randomized, multi-staged sampling was realized in 2230 adult subjects of both genders who had their body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and waist-height ratio (WHR) determined. Diagnoses of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) were made following ADA 2015 criteria. ROC curves were used to evaluate the predictive power of each anthropometric parameter. Area under the curve (AUC) values were compared through Delong's test. Of the total 2230 individuals (52.6 % females), 8.4 % were found to have DM2, and 19.5 % had IFG. Anthropometric parameters displayed greater predictive power regarding newly diagnosed diabetics, where WHR was the most important predictor in both females (AUC = 0.808; CI 95 % 0.715-0.900. Sensitivity: 82.8 %; specificity: 76.2 %) and males (AUC = 0.809; CI 95 % 0.736-0.882. Sensitivity: 78.6 %; specificity: 68.1 %), although all three parameters appeared to have comparable predictive power in this subset. In previously diagnosed diabetic subjects, WHR was superior to both WC and BMI in females, and WHR and WC were both superior to BMI in males. Lower predictive values were found for IFG in both genders. Accumulation of various altered anthropometric measurements was associated with increased odds ratios for both newly and previously diagnosed DM2. The predictive power of anthropometric measurements was greater for DM2 than IFG. We suggest assessment of as many available parameters as possible in the clinical setting.

Mújica Ó, del Granado M, Barceló A. Carga de enfermedad tuberculosa atribuible a la diabetes en población adulta de las Américas

Se realizó un estudio ecológico para estimar la carga de enfermedad tuberculosa incidente atribuible a la diabetes en la Región de las Américas. El tamaño poblacional, la prevalencia de diabetes y la incidencia de tuberculosis (TB) en la población adulta de cada país de 2013 se emplearon para estimar el riesgo atribuible poblacional porcentual, que ascendió a 16,8% (IC95%: 10,8%- 23,8%), lo que corresponde a 25 045 (16 050-35 741) casos incidentes de TB/año. La diabetes es un importante determinante de la incidencia de tuberculosis en los países de la Región de las Américas y puede dar cuenta de hasta 1 de cada 4 casos incidentes de TB. La intersección de ambas epidemias plantea a los países el doble desafío de la atención y el control integrados de la comorbilidad y de sus determinantes sociales estructurales

From Sea to Shining Sea and the Great Plains to Patagonia: A Review on Current Knowledge of Diabetes Mellitus in Hispanics/Latinos in the US and Latin America

The past two decades have witnessed many advances in the prevention, treatment, and control of diabetes mellitus (DM) and its complications. Increased screening has led to a greater recognition of type 2 diabetes mellitus (type 2 DM) and prediabetes; however, Hispanics/Latinos, the largest minority group in the US, have not fully benefited from these advances. The Hispanic/Latino population is highly diverse in ancestries, birth places, cultures, languages, and socioeconomic backgrounds, and it populates most of the Western Hemisphere. In the US, the prevalence of DM varies among Hispanic/Latino heritage groups, being higher among Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, and Dominicans, and lower among South Americans. The risk and prevalence of diabetes among Hispanics/Latinos are significantly higher than in non-Hispanic Whites, and nearly 40% of Hispanics/Latinos with diabetes have not been formally diagnosed. Despite these striking facts, the representation of Hispanics/Latinos in pharmacological and non-pharmacological clinical trials has been suboptimal, while the prevalence of diabetes in these populations continues to rise. This review will focus on the epidemiology, etiology and prevention of type 2 DM in populations of Latin American origin. We will set the stage by defining the terms Hispanic, Latino, and Latin American, explaining the challenges identifying Hispanics/Latinos in the scientific literature and databases, describing the epidemiology of diabetes-including type 2 DM and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)-and cardiovascular risk factors in Hispanics/Latinos in the US and Latin America, and discussing trends, and commonalities and differences across studies and populations, including methodology to ascertain diabetes. We will discuss studies on mechanisms of disease, and research on prevention of type 2 DM in Hispanics/Latinos, including women with GDM, youth and adults; and finalize with a discussion on lessons learned and opportunities to enhance research, and, consequently, clinical care oriented toward preventing type 2 DM in Hispanics/Latinos in the US and Latin America.

Multimedia education program and nutrition therapy improves HbA1c, weight, and lipid profile of patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized clinical trial

PURPOSE

To evaluate the effect of a multimedia education program and nutrition therapy on metabolic control in patients with type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH QUESTION

What is the effect of a multimedia education program and nutritional therapy on metabolic control in type 2 diabetes?

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A randomized clinical trial was conducted in 351 patients randomly assigned to either an experimental group receiving a multimedia diabetes education program (MDE) and nutrition therapy (NT) (NT + MDE: n = 173), or to a control group who received nutrition therapy only (NT: n = 178). At baseline, 7, 14, and 21 months, the glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol, and HDL-cholesterol were measured. Weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), fat percentage, fat and lean mass, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic (DBP) were also recorded.

RESULTS

Glycated hemoglobin decreased in both groups, although the group with NT + MDE had a greater reduction, with a difference of -0.76% (95%CI -1.33 to -0.19) at 7 months and -0.73% (95%CI -1.37 to -0.09) at 21 months. Only in the NT + MDE did the glucose decrease at 7 (-41.2 mg/dL; 95%CI -52.0 to -30.5), 14 (-27.8 mg/dL; 95%CI -32.6 to -23.1), and 21 months (-36.6 mg/dL; 95%CI -46.6 to -26.6). Triglycerides and the atherogenic index decreased in both groups at 7 and 14 months; while only in the NT + MDE group did it decrease at 21 months. (p < 0.05). Weight decreased at 21 months in the NT + MDE group (-1.23, -2.29 at -0.16; p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Nutrition therapy and a multimedia diabetes education program have a favorable impact on achieving metabolic control goals in type 2 diabetes.

Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose in the Southern Cone of Latin America

AIMS

To determine the prevalence, treatment and control of diabetes mellitus (DM) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) as well as associated factors in the adult population of four cities of the Southern Cone of Latin America (SCLA).

METHODS

This is a cross-sectional population-based study that included 7407 adults between 35 and 74 years old in four cities of the SCLA: Temuco (Chile), Marcos Paz and Bariloche (Argentina), and Pando-Barros Blancos (Uruguay). DM was defined as fasting plasma glucose ≥126 mg/dL or self-reported history of diabetes. Awareness, treatment, and control of DM were defined as subjects self-reporting a DM previous diagnosis, the use of a prescription medication or nonpharmacological intervention for DM, and fasting plasma glucose <126 mg/dl, respectively.

RESULTS

Prevalence of DM varied among cities, between 8.4% in Bariloche and 14.3% in Temuco. Prevalence of IFG varied at different sites, from 3.5% in Barros Blancos to 6.8% in Marcos Paz. Of the total number of people with diabetes, 20% were newly diagnosed at the time of the study. Overall, 79.8% of patients with diabetes were aware of their condition. The treatment and control rate were 58.8% and 46.2%, respectively. Older age, family history of diabetes, lower educational attainment, overweight, obesity, central obesity, low physical activity, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia were all significantly associated with an increased risk of diabetes.

CONCLUSIONS

The prevalence of DM and IFG in the adult population of the SCLA is high and varies among cities. These conditions represent a public health challenge since the rates of awareness, treatment, and control are still low.

Blood Glucose Disorders and Access to Health Care Services Among Adults Aged 30 to 69 Years in Chi Linh, Hai Duong, Vietnam

Planning for control of diabetes in Vietnam needs valid information about the burden of diseases in general population. This study employed a cross-sectional design among population aged 30 to 69 years to measure the burden of type 2 diabetes and gaps in access to health care to explore the negative effects of rapid economic growth and urbanization in Chi Linh in recent years. A total of 594 adults were interviewed and had their fasting blood glucose tested. Results indicated that the prevalence of impaired fasting glycaemia was 11.8% and of diabetes was 12.1%. Only 16.8% diabetes cases detected in this study were diagnosed before, indicating a high level of unmet needs for detecting/managing diabetes in Chi Linh population. Significant associated factors with abnormal blood glucose included age and body mass index level. Without effective intervention programs for diabetes control and management, its burden will continue raising in the coming years. Chi Linh need to strengthen the diagnostic/treatment services at primary health care levels to ensure that people at early stage of raised blood pressure, raised blood glucose can be detected and provided with proper management to avoid serious complications, and to reduce hospital overload at central level.

A Multiethnic Study of Pre-Diabetes and Diabetes in LMIC

BACKGROUND

Diabetes mellitus is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Approximately three-quarters of people with diabetes live in low- and middle-income countries, and these countries are projected to experience the greatest increase in diabetes burden.

OBJECTIVES

We sought to compare the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of diabetes in 3 urban and periurban regions: the Southern Cone of Latin America and Peru, South Asia, and South Africa. In addition, we examined the relationship between diabetes and pre-diabetes with known cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors.

METHODS

A total of 26,680 participants (mean age, 47.7 ± 14.0 years; 45.9% male) were enrolled in 4 sites (Southern Cone of Latin America = 7,524; Peru = 3,601; South Asia = 11,907; South Africa = 1,099). Detailed demographic, anthropometric, and biochemical data were collected. Diabetes and pre-diabetes were defined as a fasting plasma glucose ≥126 mg/dl and 100 to 125 mg/dl, respectively. Diabetes control was defined as fasting plasma glucose <130 mg/dl.

RESULTS

The prevalence of diabetes and pre-diabetes was 14.0% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 13.2% to 14.8%) and 17.8% (95% CI: 17.0% to 18.7%) in the Southern Cone of Latin America, 9.8% (95% CI: 8.8% to 10.9%) and 17.1% (95% CI: 15.9% to 18.5%) in Peru, 19.0% (95% CI: 18.4% to 19.8%) and 24.0% (95% CI: 23.2% to 24.7%) in South Asia, and 13.8% (95% CI: 11.9% to 16.0%) and 9.9% (95% CI: 8.3% to 11.8%) in South Africa. The age- and sex-specific prevalence of diabetes and pre-diabetes for all countries increased with age (p < 0.001). In the Southern Cone of Latin America, Peru, and South Africa the prevalence of pre-diabetes rose sharply at 35 to 44 years. In South Asia, the sharpest rise in pre-diabetes prevalence occurred younger at 25 to 34 years. The prevalence of diabetes rose sharply at 45 to 54 years in the Southern Cone of Latin America, Peru, and South Africa, and at 35 to 44 years in South Asia. Diabetes and pre-diabetes prevalence increased with body mass index. South Asians had the highest prevalence of diabetes and pre-diabetes for any body mass index and normal-weight South Asians had a higher prevalence of diabetes and pre-diabetes than overweight and obese individuals from other regions. Across all regions, only 79.8% of persons with diabetes were aware of their diagnosis, of these only 78.2% were receiving treatment, and only 36.6% were able to attain glycemic control.

CONCLUSIONS

The prevalence of diabetes and pre-diabetes is alarmingly high among urban and periurban populations in Latin America, South Asia, and South Africa. Even more alarming is the propensity for South Asians to develop diabetes and pre-diabetes at a younger age and lower body mass index compared with individuals from other low and middle income countries. It is concerning that one-fifth of all people with diabetes were unaware of their diagnosis and that only two-thirds of those under treatment were able to attain glycemic control. Health systems and policy makers must make concerted efforts to improve diabetes prevention, detection, and control to prevent long-term consequences.

High Prevalence of Diabetes and Prediabetes and Their Coexistence with Cardiovascular Risk Factors in a Hispanic Community

This study examined the prevalence and association of diabetes mellitus (DM) and prediabetes with cardiovascular risk factors among Puerto Ricans adults. Data from a household survey of 857 adults aged 21-79 years who underwent interviews, physical exams, and blood draws were analyzed. Prevalence of total DM and prediabetes was estimated using American Diabetes Association diagnostic criteria of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). Poisson regression models were used to estimate the prevalence ratio for each cardiovascular risk factor under study. Age-standardized prevalence of total DM and prediabetes, detected by FPG and/or HbA1c, was 25.5 and 47.4 %, respectively. Compared with participants with normoglycemia, those with previously diagnosed DM, undiagnosed DM, and prediabetes had more adverse cardiovascular risk factor profiles, characterized by a higher prevalence of general and abdominal obesity, hypertension, low HDL cholesterol, elevated LDL cholesterol, elevated triglycerides, and elevated plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (p < 0.05). The high prevalence of DM and prediabetes calls for public health actions to plan and implement lifestyle interventions to prevent or delay the onset of DM and cardiovascular disease.

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in children aged 5-9 years from southwest colombia: a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

Exploration of cardiometabolic alterations in the pre-adolescent stage is necessary to characterize possible patterns for matabolic syndrome (MetS) in the earliest stages of the life. However, defining specific cutoff points for metabolic and vascular markers represents a complex task in pre-adolescent populations. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of MetS and its components in children aged 5-9 years old by using the MetS definition for adolescents with the lowest cut-off points, and evaluate its relationship with overweight and socio-demographic determinants.

METHODS

A total of 494 children were evaluated. Multivariate models with filtered variables in preliminary univarite analyses were built to find predictive factors of MetS and its components.

RESULTS

The prevalence of MetS was 8.7% in the studied children. Multivariate models showed that age, overweight and low socioeconomic stratum were associated with MetS; low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was not significantly associated with any variable; high triglycerides were positively associated with age, overweight and inversely associated with kilocalories/day; female gender was the only variable significantly associated with high fasting glucose (inverse association); and age, gender and overweight were significant factors for increased waist circumference. In the case of high blood pressure, no variable was classified to the multivariate analysis.

CONCLUSION

This study showed disturbing figures regarding cardiometabolic risk in the children based on comparisons with studies in adolescents. Further studies are needed to confirm the utility of the de Ferranti Mets definition in children.

EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF DULAGLUTIDE IN HISPANIC/LATINO PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES IN THE AWARD CLINICAL PROGRAM

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this post hoc analysis was to assess the efficacy and safety of once-weekly dulaglutide in Hispanic/Latino patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) in phase 3 AWARD trials 1 to 6.

METHODS

Hispanic/Latino data at Week 26 were pooled across studies for each dulaglutide dose to analyze the change from baseline in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), percent to HbA1c goal, and adverse events (AEs). Change from baseline in HbA1c, change from baseline in weight and hypoglycemia were analyzed by Hispanic/Latino and non-Hispanic/Latino subgroups for each study.

RESULTS

Of the 3,136 patients randomized to dulaglutide 1.5 or 0.75 mg, 949 were reported as having Hispanic/Latino ethnicity. Baseline characteristics were similar for Hispanic/Latino and overall populations, except there were slightly more Hispanic/Latino females and weight was slightly lower for Hispanic/Latino patients. Hispanic/Latino patients receiving dulaglutide 1.5 mg had a reduction in HbA1c of 1.25% (95% confidence interval [CI]: -1.35, -1.15); dulaglutide 0.75 mg had a reduction of 1.07% (95% CI: -1.18, -0.96). Reductions in HbA1c and percent to goal HbA1c <7% and ≤6.5% were similar between Hispanic/Latino patients and the overall population. Weight change and hypoglycemia were similar between Hispanic/Latino and non-Hispanic/Latino subgroups for all studies. Treatment-emergent AEs were consistent with the overall population.

CONCLUSION

Dulaglutide improved glycemic control with the potential for weight loss in Hispanic/Latino patients with T2D. Dulaglutide was well tolerated and had a low risk of hypoglycemia when used without insulin secretagogues or insulin. In the Hispanic/Latino population, dulaglutide efficacy and safety was consistent with that of the overall population.

ABBREVIATIONS

AE = adverse event AWARD = Assessment of Weekly AdministRation of dulaglutide in Diabetes BID = twice daily CARMELA = The Cardiovascular Risk Factor Multiple Evaluation of Latin America CI = confidence interval GLP-1 RA = glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist HbA1c = glycosylated hemoglobin T2D = type 2 diabetes.

IDENTIFYING PROBABLE DIABETES MELLITUS AMONG HISPANICS/LATINOS FROM FOUR U.S. CITIES: FINDINGS FROM THE HISPANIC COMMUNITY HEALTH STUDY/STUDY OF LATINOS

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to compare the ability of American Diabetes Association (ADA) diagnostic criteria to identify U.S. Hispanics/Latinos from diverse heritage groups with probable diabetes mellitus and assess cardiovascular risk factor correlates of those criteria.

METHODS

Cross-sectional analysis of data from 15,507 adults from 6 Hispanic/Latino heritage groups, enrolled in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos. The prevalence of probable diabetes mellitus was estimated using individual or combinations of ADA-defined cut points. The sensitivity and specificity of these criteria at identifying diabetes mellitus from ADA-defined prediabetes and normoglycemia were evaluated. Prevalence ratios of hypertension, abnormal lipids, and elevated urinary albumin-creatinine ratio for unrecognized diabetes mellitus-versus prediabetes and normoglycemia-were calculated.

RESULTS

Among Hispanics/Latinos (mean age, 43 years) with diabetes mellitus, 39.4% met laboratory test criteria for probable diabetes, and the prevalence varied by heritage group. Using the oral glucose tolerance test as the gold standard, the sensitivity of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and hemoglobin A1c-alone or in combination-was low (18, 23, and 33%, respectively) at identifying probable diabetes mellitus. Individuals who met any criterion for probable diabetes mellitus had significantly higher (P<.05) prevalence of most cardiovascular risk factors than those with normoglycemia or prediabetes, and this association was not modified by Hispanic/Latino heritage group.

CONCLUSION

FPG and hemoglobin A1c are not sensitive (but are highly specific) at detecting probable diabetes mellitus among Hispanics/Latinos, independent of heritage group. Assessing cardiovascular risk factors at diagnosis might prompt multitarget interventions and reduce health complications in this young population.

ABBREVIATIONS

2hPG = 2-hour post-glucose load plasma glucose ADA = American Diabetes Association BMI = body mass index CV = cardiovascular FPG = fasting plasma glucose HbA1c = hemoglobin A1c HCHS/SOL = Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos HDL-C = high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol NGT = normal glucose tolerance NHANES = National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey OGTT = oral glucose tolerance test TG = triglyceride UACR = urine albumin-creatinine ratio.

Challenges associated with insulin therapy progression among patients with type 2 diabetes: Latin American MOSAIc study baseline data

BACKGROUND

Poor glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes is commonly recorded worldwide; Latin America (LA) is not an exception. Barriers to intensifying insulin therapy and which barriers are most likely to negatively impact outcomes are not completely known. The objective was to identify barriers to insulin progression in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in LA countries (Mexico, Brazil, and Argentina).

METHODS

MOSAIc is a multinational, non-interventional, prospective, observational study aiming to identify the patient-, physician-, and healthcare-based factors affecting insulin intensification. Eligible patients were ≥18 years, had T2DM, and were treated with insulin for ≥3 months with/without oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs). Demographic, clinical, and psychosocial data were collected at baseline and regular intervals during the 24-month follow-up period. This paper however, focuses on baseline data analysis. The association between glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and selected covariates was assessed.

RESULTS

A trend toward a higher level of HbA1c was observed in the LA versus non-LA population (8.40 ± 2.79 versus 8.18 ± 2.28; p ≤ 0.069). Significant differences were observed in clinical parameters, treatment patterns, and patient-reported outcomes in LA compared with the rest of the cohorts and between Mexico, Brazil, and Argentina. Higher number of insulin injections and lower number of OADs were used, whereas a lower level of knowledge and a higher level of diabetes-related distress were reported in LA. Covariates associated with HbA1c levels included age (-0.0129; p < 0.0001), number of OADs (0.0835; p = 0.0264), higher education level (-0.2261; p = 0.0101), healthy diet (-0.0555; p = 0.0083), self-monitoring blood glucose (-0.0512; p = 0.0033), hurried communication style in the process of care (0.1295; p = 0.0208), number of insulin injections (0.1616; p = 0.0088), adherence (-0.1939; p ≤ 0.0104), and not filling insulin prescription due to associated cost (0.2651; p = 0.0198).

CONCLUSION

MOSAIc baseline data showed that insulin intensification in LA is not optimal and identified several conditions that significantly affect attaining appropriate HbA1c values. Tailored public health strategies, including education, should be developed to overcome such barriers. Trial Registration NCT01400971.

Prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose in Peru: report from PERUDIAB, a national urban population-based longitudinal study

OBJECTIVES

We aimed to estimate the prevalences of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) in a national sample in Peru and assess the relationships with selected sociodemographic variables.

METHODS

We estimated prevalence in PERUDIAB study participants, a nationwide, stratified urban and suburban population selected by random cluster sampling. Between 2010 and 2012, questionnaires were completed and blood tests obtained from 1677 adults ≥25 years of age. Known diabetes was defined as participants having been told so by a doctor or nurse and/or receiving insulin or oral antidiabetic agents. Newly diagnosed diabetes was defined as fasting plasma glucose ≥126 mg/dL determined during the study and without a previous diabetes diagnosis. IFG was defined as fasting plasma glucose of 100-125 mg/dL.

RESULTS

The estimated national prevalence of diabetes was 7.0% (95% CI 5.3% to 8.7%) and it was 8.4% (95% CI 5.6% to 11.3%) in metropolitan Lima. No gender differences were detected. Known and newly diagnosed diabetes prevalences were estimated as 4.2% and 2.8%, respectively. A logistic regression response surface model showed a complex trend for an increased prevalence of diabetes in middle-aged individuals and in those with no formal education. Diabetes prevalence was higher in coastal (8.2%) than in highlands (4.5%; p=0.03), and jungle (3.5%; p<0.02) regions. The estimated national prevalence of IFG was 22.4%, higher in males than in females (28.3% vs 19.1%; p<0.001), and higher in coastal (26.4%) than in highlands (17.4%; p=0.03), but not jungle regions (14.9%; p=0.07).

CONCLUSIONS

This study confirms diabetes as an important public health problem, especially for middle-aged individuals and those with no formal education. 40% of the affected individuals were undiagnosed. The elevated prevalence of IFG shows that nearly a quarter of the adult population of Peru has an increased risk of diabetes.

Cellular and molecular aspects of diabetic nephropathy; the role of VEGF-A

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus increased during the last century and it is estimated that 45% of the patients are not diagnosed. In South America the prevalence of diabetes and chronic kidney disease (CKD) increased, with a great disparity among the countries with respect to access to dialysis. In Ecuador it is one of the main causes of mortality, principally in the provinces located on the coast of the Pacific Ocean. The greatest single cause of beginning dialysis is diabetic nephropathy (DN). Even using the best therapeutic options for DN, the residual risk of proteinuria and of terminal CKD remains high. In this review we indicate the importance of the problem globally and in our region. We analyse relevant cellular and molecular studies that illustrate the crucial significance of glomerular events in DN development and evolution and in insulin resistance. We include basic anatomical, pathophysiological and clinical concepts, with special attention to the role of angiogenic factors such as the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A) and their relationship to the insulin receptor, endothelial isoform of nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and angiopoietins. We also propose various pathways that have therapeutic potential in our opinion. Greater in-depth study of VEGF-A and angiopoietins, the state of glomerular VEGF resistance, the relationship of VEGF receptor 2/nephrin, VEGF/insulin receptors/nephrin and the relationship of VEGF/eNOS-NO at glomerular level could provide solutions to the pressing world problem of DN and generate new treatment alternatives.

Developing discriminate model and comparative analysis of differentially expressed genes and pathways for bloodstream samples of diabetes mellitus type 2

Background

Diabetes mellitus of type 2 (T2D), also known as noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes, is a common disease. It is estimated that more than 300 million people worldwide suffer from T2D. In this study, we investigated the T2D, pre-diabetic and healthy human (no diabetes) bloodstream samples using genomic, genealogical, and phonemic information. We identified differentially expressed genes and pathways. The study has provided deeper insights into the development of T2D, and provided useful information for further effective prevention and treatment of the disease.

Results

A total of 142 bloodstream samples were collected, including 47 healthy humans, 22 pre-diabetic and 73 T2D patients. Whole genome scale gene expression profiles were obtained using the Agilent Oligo chips that contain over 20,000 human genes. We identified 79 significantly differentially expressed genes that have fold change ≥ 2. We mapped those genes and pinpointed locations of those genes on human chromosomes. Amongst them, 3 genes were not mapped well on the human genome, but the rest of 76 differentially expressed genes were well mapped on the human genome. We found that most abundant differentially expressed genes are on chromosome one, which contains 9 of those genes, followed by chromosome two that contains 7 of the 76 differentially expressed genes. We performed gene ontology (GO) functional analysis of those 79 differentially expressed genes and found that genes involve in the regulation of cell proliferation were among most common pathways related to T2D. The expression of the 79 genes was combined with clinical information that includes age, sex, and race to construct an optimal discriminant model. The overall performance of the model reached 95.1% accuracy, with 91.5% accuracy on identifying healthy humans, 100% accuracy on pre-diabetic patients and 95.9% accuract on T2D patients. The higher performance on identifying pre-diabetic patients was resulted from more significant changes of gene expressions among this particular group of humans, which implicated that patients were having profound genetic changes towards disease development.

Conclusion

Differentially expressed genes were distributed across chromosomes, and are more abundant on chromosomes 1 and 2 than the rest of the human genome. We found that regulation of cell proliferation actually plays an important role in the T2D disease development. The predictive model developed in this study has utilized the 79 significant genes in combination with age, sex, and racial information to distinguish pre-diabetic, T2D, and healthy humans. The study not only has provided deeper understanding of the disease molecular mechanisms but also useful information for pathway analysis and effective drug target identification.

Prevalence of diabetes and pre-diabetes among workers: Japan Epidemiology Collaboration on Occupational Health Study

AIMS

Few studies have examined the prevalence of diabetes using glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), a newly recommended diagnostic test. We examined the prevalence of diabetes and pre-diabetes using both HbA1c and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and their associations with risk factors for type 2 diabetes in a large-scale Japanese working population.

METHODS

Participants were 47,172 men and 8280 women aged 20-69 years who received periodic health checkup in nine companies which participated in the Japan Epidemiology Collaboration on Occupational Health study. Participants were categorized into diabetes (HbA1c≥6.5% (≥48mmol/mol), FPG≥126mg/dl (≥7.0mmol/L), or medication for diabetes), pre-diabetes (HbA1c 6.0-6.4% (42-46mmol/mol) or FPG 110-125mg/dl (6.1-6.9mmol/L) among those without diabetes), and normal glucose regulation.

RESULTS

The prevalence of diabetes was 8.0% and 3.3% in men and women, respectively. Of individuals with diabetes, approximately 80% were defined by HbA1c≥6.5% (≥48mmol/mol) criterion. The prevalence of pre-diabetes was 14.1% in men and 9.2% in women. Prevalence of these glucose abnormalities increased with advancing age, especially during mid-40s and 50s. Higher body mass index and waist circumference, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and current smoking were each associated with higher prevalence of diabetes in both men and women.

CONCLUSIONS

Using HbA1c and FPG criteria or current medication, one in 13 men and one in 30 women had diabetes in the present Japanese working population. Interventions targeted for those in an early stage of impaired glucose metabolism would be required to prevent diabetes.

Trends and heterogeneity of cardiovascular disease and risk factors across Latin American and Caribbean countries

Aging, globalization and urbanization in Latina America and the Caribbean (LAC) have made cardiovascular disease (CVD) the number one cause of death and disability, while communicable diseases have decreased. This epidemiological transition has been more heterogeneous than in other areas of the world. While countries like Argentina, Chile, Brazil and Colombia have seen a significant decrease in CVD mortality, the rest of the countries have seen an increase, particularly Central American and Caribbean countries. These latter countries have now coexisting high prevalence of communicable and non-communicable diseases, threatening the socioeconomic development. Recent multinational cross sectional studies have provided a better perspective of the prevalence and distribution of cardiovascular risk factors in the region. While there has been a decrease in prevalence of smoking in the region, obesity, diabetes and physical inactivity continue to increase the CVD disease burden in LAC.

Vitamin D supplementation promotes macrophages' anti-mycobacterial activity in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with low vitamin D receptor expression

The increasing number of people with type 2 diabetes (DM2) is alarming and if it is taken into account that the relative odds of developing tuberculosis in diabetic patients ranges from 2.44 to 8.33 compared with non-diabetic patients, thus in developing countries where these two diseases are encountering face to face, there is a need for prophylaxis strategies. The role of vitamin D has been widely implicated in growth control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) during primary infection mainly through the induction of certain antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). In this study we evaluated the vitamin D serum levels, CYP27B1-hydroxylase enzyme, vitamin D receptor (VDR) and AMPs gene expression in Healthy donors, DM2 and TB patients. Results showed that DM2 group has lower VDR and AMPs expression levels. When Monocytes Derived Macrophages (MDM) from DM2 patients with low VDR expression were supplemented with vitamin D, MDMs eliminate efficiently M. tuberculosis. This preliminary study suggests the use of vitamin D as prophylaxis for tuberculosis in high DM2 endemic countries.

Association of self-reported familial history of cardiometabolic disease with metabolic syndrome in apparently healthy urban Colombian men

OBJECTIVES

Evidence about the relationship between familial history (FH) of cardiometabolic disease (CMD) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Latin American populations is scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship of FH of CMD and of dyslipidemia and obesity with MetS in healthy men.

METHODS

One-hundred-twenty one individuals were recruited. Waist circumference and blood pressure were measured by a trained researcher using standard techniques. Glycemia and lipid profile were determined by colorimetric assays. A survey to record personal data and family antecedents in siblings, aunts/uncles, parents, and grandparents was conducted by trained interviewers.

RESULTS

Individuals having three or more familial antecedents were associated with high triglycerides level even after adjusting by age, sedentarism, fat and carbohydrates intake, and alcohol consumption. After adjusting for the same variables, FH of dyslipidemia and hypertension was also associated with high triglycerides levels and elevated waist circumference, respectively. The FH of stroke was associated with high blood pressure after adjusting for the rest of familial antecedents, and with MetS in all adjustment models.

DISCUSSION

the findings of association of this study together with the previous reports are evidence of the importance of hereditary component as independent predictor of cardiovascular risk factors and its clustering, as well as of possible specific association patterns between FH of CMD and MetS depending on evaluated population in terms of ethnic groups and geographic region. Further studies are required in other populations, as well as exploration of genetic markers of CMD regarding to MetS.

Transcultural diabetes nutrition algorithm (tDNA): Venezuelan application

Medical nutrition therapy (MNT) is a necessary component of comprehensive type 2 diabetes (T2D) management, but optimal outcomes require culturally-sensitive implementation. Accordingly, international experts created an evidence-based transcultural diabetes nutrition algorithm (tDNA) to improve understanding of MNT and to foster portability of current guidelines to various dysglycemic populations worldwide. This report details the development of tDNA-Venezuelan via analysis of region-specific cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, lifestyles, anthropometrics, and resultant tDNA algorithmic modifications. Specific recommendations include: screening for prediabetes (for biochemical monitoring and lifestyle counseling); detecting obesity using Latin American cutoffs for waist circumference and Venezuelan cutoffs for BMI; prescribing MNT to people with prediabetes, T2D, or high CVD risk; specifying control goals in prediabetes and T2D; and describing regional differences in prevalence of CVD risk and lifestyle. Venezuelan deliberations involved evaluating typical food-based eating patterns, correcting improper dietary habits through adaptation of the Mediterranean diet with local foods, developing local recommendations for physical activity, avoiding stigmatizing obesity as a cosmetic problem, avoiding misuse of insulin and metformin, circumscribing bariatric surgery to appropriate indications, and using integrated health service networks to implement tDNA. Finally, further research, national surveys, and validation protocols focusing on CVD risk reduction in Venezuelan populations are necessary.

Global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2013 and projections for 2035

INTRODUCTION

Diabetes is a serious and increasing global health burden and estimates of prevalence are essential for appropriate allocation of resources and monitoring of trends.

METHODS

We conducted a literature search of studies reporting the age-specific prevalence for diabetes and used the Analytic Hierarchy Process to systematically select studies to generate estimates for 219 countries and territories. Estimates for countries without available source data were modelled from pooled estimates of countries that were similar in regard to geography, ethnicity, and economic development. Logistic regression was applied to generate smoothed age-specific prevalence estimates for adults 20-79 years which were then applied to population estimates for 2013 and 2035.

RESULTS

A total of 744 data sources were considered and 174 included, representing 130 countries. In 2013, 382 million people had diabetes; this number is expected to rise to 592 million by 2035. Most people with diabetes live in low- and middle-income countries and these will experience the greatest increase in cases of diabetes over the next 22 years.

CONCLUSION

The new estimates of diabetes in adults confirm the large burden of diabetes, especially in developing countries. Estimates will be updated annually including the most recent, high-quality data available.

Diabetes in South and Central America: an update

The estimated population of the South and Central America (SACA) Region is 467.6 million and 64% is in the age range of 20-79 years but the population pyramid and age distribution are changing. The average prevalence of diabetes in the Region is 8.0% and is expected to reach 9.8% by the year 2035. Prevalence is much lower in rural settings than in urban and the differences attributed to lifestyle changes may be a target for intervention. The indigenous population is a particularly vulnerable group needing special attention. On average, 24% of the adult cases with diabetes are undiagnosed but in some countries this is still as high as 50%. Health expenditure due to diabetes in the Region is around 9% of the global total. Inadequate glycemic control, defined as HbA1c >7%, is a strong predictor of chronic complications which increase resource use in the Region and less than half of the patients enrolled in diabetes care programmes are at target. Fifty percent or more of the adult population is overweight/obese and around one third of the adult population has metabolic syndrome using regional cutoffs for waist circumference. The number of people with IGT is almost equal to those with diabetes presenting an additional challenge for prevention. Children with type 1 diabetes represent only 0.2% of the total population with diabetes but the incidence may be increasing. In many places they have limited access to insulin, and even when available, it is not used appropriately. The available epidemiological data provide the background to act in developing national diabetes programmes which integrate diabetes care with cardiovascular prevention and promote diabetes prevention as well.

Availability and characteristics of cardiovascular rehabilitation programs in South America

PURPOSE

Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) programs decrease morbidity and mortality rates in patients with coronary artery disease, the leading cause of death in Latin America. This study was carried out to assess the characteristics and current level of CR program implementation in South America.

METHODS

We carried out a survey of CR programs that were identified using the directory of the South American Society of Cardiology and through an exhaustive search by the investigators.

RESULTS

We identified 160 CR programs in 9 of the 10 countries represented in the South American Society of Cardiology and 116 of those responded to our survey. On the basis of survey results from the responding programs, we estimate that the availability of CR programs in South America is extremely low, approximately 1 CR program for every 2 319 312 inhabitants. These CR programs provided services to a median of 180 patients per year (interquartile range, 60-400) and were most commonly led by cardiologists (84%) and physical therapists (72%). Phases I, II, III, and IV CR were offered in 49%, 91%, 89%, and 56% of the centers, respectively. The most commonly perceived barrier to participation in a CR program was lack of referral from the cardiologist or primary care physician, as reported by 70% of the CR program directors.

CONCLUSIONS

The number of CR programs in South America appears to be insufficient for a population with a high and growing burden of cardiovascular disease. In addition, there appears to be a significant need for standardization of CR program components and services in the region.

Relationship between diabetes risk and admixture in postmenopausal African-American and Hispanic-American women

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS

Type 2 diabetes is more prevalent in African-Americans (AFAs) and Hispanic-Americans (HAs) than in European-Americans. We assessed whether continental admixture was correlated with diabetes risk in these high-risk groups.

METHODS

We estimated the proportion of sub-Saharan African (AFR), Amerindian (AMI) and European admixture using 92 ancestry-informative marker genotypes in 16,476 AFA and HA women from the Women's Health Initiative. Cox regression models were used to examine the association between admixture and diabetes risk, with and without accounting for socioeconomic status (SES) and adiposity measurements.

RESULTS

AFR admixture was significantly associated with diabetes risk in AFA women when adjusting for entry age, neighbourhood SES and BMI or waist/hip ratio (WHR) (all p < 0.0001). In HA women, AMI admixture had significant associations with diabetes risk that remained significant after adjustment for SES and BMI (all p < 0.0005). In both AFAs and HAs, SES showed significant negative associations while BMI or WHR had significant positive associations with diabetes risk, with and without adjustment for genetic admixture.

CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION

In AFAs, admixture, SES and BMI/WHR each independently contribute to diabetes risk after accounting for each of the other factors; in HAs, admixture, SES and BMI each independently contribute to diabetes risk after accounting for each of the other factors, whereas admixture is not significantly associated with diabetes risk after accounting for SES and WHR. The findings emphasise the importance of considering both genetic and environmental causes in the aetiology of type 2 diabetes.