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Pinto SC, Leong WH, Tan H, McKee L, Prevost A, Ma C, Shirley NJ, Petrella R, Yang X, Koltunow AM, Bulone V, Kanaoka MM, Higashyiama T, Coimbra S, Tucker MR. Germline β-1,3-glucan deposits are required for female gametogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5875. [PMID: 38997266 PMCID: PMC11245613 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50143-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Correct regulation of intercellular communication is a fundamental requirement for cell differentiation. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the female germline differentiates from a single somatic ovule cell that becomes encased in β-1,3-glucan, a water insoluble polysaccharide implicated in limiting pathogen invasion, regulating intercellular trafficking in roots, and promoting pollen development. Whether β-1,3-glucan facilitates germline isolation and development has remained contentious, since limited evidence is available to support a functional role. Here, transcriptional profiling of adjoining germline and somatic cells revealed differences in gene expression related to β-1,3-glucan metabolism and signalling through intercellular channels (plasmodesmata). Dominant expression of a β-1,3-glucanase in the female germline transiently perturbed β-1,3-glucan deposits, allowed intercellular movement of tracer molecules, and led to changes in germline gene expression and histone marks, eventually leading to termination of germline development. Our findings indicate that germline β-1,3-glucan fulfils a functional role in the ovule by insulating the primary germline cell, and thereby determines the success of downstream female gametogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara C Pinto
- LAQV REQUIMTE, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
- Waite Research Institute, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Weng Herng Leong
- Waite Research Institute, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Hweiting Tan
- Waite Research Institute, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Lauren McKee
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Glycoscience, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Amelie Prevost
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Chao Ma
- Waite Research Institute, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Neil J Shirley
- Waite Research Institute, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Rosanna Petrella
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Xiujuan Yang
- Waite Research Institute, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Anna M Koltunow
- Centre for Crop Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Vincent Bulone
- Waite Research Institute, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Glycoscience, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park Campus, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - Masahiro M Kanaoka
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, 5562 Nanatsuka-cho, Shobara City, Hiroshima, 727-0023, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Higashyiama
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Sílvia Coimbra
- LAQV REQUIMTE, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Matthew R Tucker
- Waite Research Institute, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia.
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Gianinetti A, Ghizzoni R, Desiderio F, Morcia C, Terzi V, Baronchelli M. QTL Analysis of β-Glucan Content and Other Grain Traits in a Recombinant Population of Spring Barley. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6296. [PMID: 38928003 PMCID: PMC11204098 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Barley with high grain β-glucan content is valuable for functional foods. The identification of loci for high β-glucan content is, thus, of great importance for barley breeding. Segregation mapping for the content in β-glucan and other barley grain components (starch, protein, lipid, ash, phosphorous, calcium, sodium) was performed using the progeny of the cross between Glacier AC38, a mutant with high amylose, and CDC Fibar, a high β-glucan waxy cultivar. The offspring of this cross showed transgressive segregation for β-glucan content. Linkage analysis based on single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) molecular markers was used for the genotyping of the parents and recombinant inbred lines (RILs). Two Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) for β-glucan content and several QTL for other grain components were found. The former ones, located on chromosomes 1H and 7H, explained 27.9% and 27.4% of the phenotypic variance, respectively. Glacier AC38 provided the allele for high β-glucan content at the QTL on chromosome 1H, whereas CDC Fibar contributed the allele at the QTL on chromosome 7H. Their recombination resulted in a novel haplotype with higher β-glucan content, up to 18.4%. Candidate genes are proposed for these two QTL: HvCslF9, involved in β-glucan biosynthesis, for the QTL on chromosome 1H; Horvu_PLANET_7H01G069300, a gene encoding an ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) transporter, for the QTL on chromosome 7H.
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Zulfiqar U, Khokhar A, Maqsood MF, Shahbaz M, Naz N, Sara M, Maqsood S, Sahar S, Hussain S, Ahmad M. Genetic biofortification: advancing crop nutrition to tackle hidden hunger. Funct Integr Genomics 2024; 24:34. [PMID: 38365972 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-024-01308-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Malnutrition, often termed "hidden hunger," represents a pervasive global issue carrying significant implications for health, development, and socioeconomic conditions. Addressing the challenge of inadequate essential nutrients, despite sufficient caloric intake, is crucial. Biofortification emerges as a promising solution by enhance the presence of vital nutrients like iron, zinc, iodine, and vitamin A in edible parts of different crop plants. Crop biofortification can be attained through either agronomic methods or genetic breeding techniques. Agronomic strategies for biofortification encompass the application of mineral fertilizers through foliar or soil methods, as well as leveraging microbe-mediated mechanisms to enhance nutrient uptake. On the other hand, genetic biofortification involves the strategic crossing of plants to achieve a desired combination of genes, promoting balanced nutrient uptake and bioavailability. Additionally, genetic biofortification encompasses innovative methods such as speed breeding, transgenic approaches, genome editing techniques, and integrated omics approaches. These diverse strategies collectively contribute to enhancing the nutritional profile of crops. This review highlights the above-said genetic biofortification strategies and it also covers the aspect of reduction in antinutritional components in food through genetic biofortification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Zulfiqar
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan.
| | - Amman Khokhar
- Department of Botany, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Shahbaz
- Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Nargis Naz
- Department of Botany, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Maheen Sara
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sana Maqsood
- Department of Botany, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Sajila Sahar
- Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Saddam Hussain
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ahmad
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Zhang S, Hu H, Cui S, Yan L, Wu B, Wei S. Genome-wide identification and functional analysis of the cellulose synthase-like gene superfamily in common oat (Avena sativa L.). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2024; 218:113940. [PMID: 38056517 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Hemicelluloses constitute approximately one-third of the plant cell wall and can be used as a dietary fiber and food additive, and as raw materials for biofuels. Although genes involved in hemicelluloses synthesis have been investigated in some model plants, no comprehensive analysis has been conducted in common oat at present. In this study, we identified and systematically analyzed the cellulose synthase-like gene (Csl) family members in common oat and investigated them using various bioinformatics tools. The results showed that there are 76 members of the oat Csl gene family distributed on 17 chromosomes, and phylogenetic analysis indicated that the 76 Csl genes belong to the CslA, CslC, CslD, CslE, CslF, CslH, and CslJ subfamilies. A total of 14 classes of cis-acting elements were identified in the promoter regions, including hormone response, light response, cell development, and defense stress elements. The collinearity analysis identified 28 pairs of segmentally duplicated genes, most of which were found on chromosomes 2D and 6A. Expression pattern analysis showed that oat Csl genes display strong tissue-specific expression; of the 76 Csl genes, 33 were significantly up-regulated in stems and 30 were up-regulated in immature seeds. The expression of most members of the AsCsl gene family is repressed by abiotic stress, while the expression of some members is up-regulated by light. Immunoelectron microscopy shows that the product of AsCsl61, a member of CslF subfamily, mediates (1,3; 1,4)-β-D-glucan synthesis in transgenic Arabidopsis. These findings provide a fundamental understanding of the structural, functional, and evolutionary features of the oat Csl genes and may contribute to our general understanding of hemicellulose biosynthesis. Moreover, this information will be helpful in designing experiments for genetic manipulation of mixed-linkage glucan (MLG) synthesis with the goal of quality improvement in oat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, No. 27. Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Haibin Hu
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), No. 12. Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shumin Cui
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, No. 27. Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lin Yan
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), No. 12. Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Wu
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), No. 12. Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Shanjun Wei
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, No. 27. Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Marcotuli I, Caranfa D, Colasuonno P, Giove SL, Gadaleta A. Exploring Aegilops caudata: A Comprehensive Study of the CslF6 Gene and β-Glucan. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:168. [PMID: 38397157 PMCID: PMC10887849 DOI: 10.3390/genes15020168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
In the quest for sustainable and nutritious food sources, exploration of ancient grains and wild relatives of cultivated cereals has gained attention. Aegilops caudata, a wild wheatgrass species, stands out as a promising genetic resource due to its potential for crop enhancement and intriguing nutritional properties. This manuscript investigates the CslF6 gene sequence and protein structure of Aegilops caudata, employing comparative analysis with other grass species to identify potential differences impacting β-glucan content. The study involves comprehensive isolation and characterization of the CslF6 gene in Ae. caudata, utilizing genomic sequence analysis, protein structure prediction, and comparative genomics. Comparisons with sequences from diverse monocots reveal evolutionary relationships, highlighting high identities with wheat genomes. Specific amino acid motifs in the CslF6 enzyme sequence, particularly those proximal to key catalytic motifs, exhibit variations among monocot species. These differences likely contribute to alterations in β-glucan composition, notably impacting the DP3:DP4 ratio, which is crucial for understanding and modulating the final β-glucan content. The study positions Ae. caudata uniquely within the evolutionary landscape of CslF6 among monocots, suggesting potential genetic divergence or unique functional adaptations within this species. Overall, this investigation enriches our understanding of β-glucan biosynthesis, shedding light on the role of specific amino acid residues in modulating enzymatic activity and polysaccharide composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Marcotuli
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy; (D.C.); (P.C.); (S.L.G.); (A.G.)
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Geng L, Li M, Xie S, Wang H, He X, Sun N, Zhang G, Ye L. HvBGlu3, a GH1 β-glucosidase enzyme gene, negatively influences β-glucan content in barley grains. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2024; 137:14. [PMID: 38165440 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-023-04517-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE HvBGlu3, a β-glucosidase enzyme gene, negatively influences β-glucan content in barley grains by mediating starch and sucrose metabolism in developing grains. Barley grains are rich in β-glucan, an important factor affecting end-use quality. Previously, we identified several stable marker-trait associations (MTAs) and novel candidate genes associated with β-glucan content in barley grains using GWAS (Genome Wide Association Study) analysis. The gene HORVU3Hr1G096910, encoding β-glucosidase 3, named HvBGlu3, is found to be associated with β-glucan content in barley grains. In this study, conserved domain analysis suggested that HvBGlu3 belongs to glycoside hydrolase family 1 (GH1). Gene knockout assay revealed that HvBGlu3 negatively influenced β-glucan content in barley grains. Transcriptome analysis of developing grains of hvbglu3 mutant and the wild type indicated that the knockout of the gene led to the increased expression level of genes involved in starch and sucrose metabolism. Glucose metabolism analysis showed that the contents of many sugars in developing grains were significantly changed in hvbglu3 mutants. In conclusion, HvBGlu3 modulates β-glucan content in barley grains by mediating starch and sucrose metabolism in developing grains. The obtained results may be useful for breeders to breed elite barley cultivars for food use by screening barley lines with loss of function of HvBGlu3 in barley breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- La Geng
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Mengdi Li
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shanggeng Xie
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Han Wang
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xinyi He
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Nannan Sun
- Shandong (Linyi) Institute of Modern Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Linyi, 276000, China
| | - Guoping Zhang
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Shandong (Linyi) Institute of Modern Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Linyi, 276000, China
| | - Lingzhen Ye
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Shandong (Linyi) Institute of Modern Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Linyi, 276000, China.
- New Rural Development Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Costantini S, Benedetti M, Pontiggia D, Giovannoni M, Cervone F, Mattei B, De Lorenzo G. Berberine bridge enzyme-like oxidases of cellodextrins and mixed-linked β-glucans control seed coat formation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 194:296-313. [PMID: 37590952 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved various resistance mechanisms to cope with biotic stresses that threaten their survival. The BBE23 member (At5g44360/BBE23) of the Arabidopsis berberine bridge enzyme-like (BBE-l) protein family (Arabidopsis thaliana) has been characterized in this paper in parallel with the closely related and previously described CELLOX (At4g20860/BBE22). In addition to cellodextrins, both enzymes, renamed here as CELLODEXTRIN OXIDASE 2 and 1 (CELLOX2 and CELLOX1), respectively, oxidize the mixed-linked β-1→3/β-1→4-glucans (MLGs), recently described as capable of activating plant immunity, reinforcing the view that the BBE-l family includes members that are devoted to the control of the homeostasis of potential cell wall-derived damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). The 2 putatively paralogous genes display different expression profiles. Unlike CELLOX1, CELLOX2 is not expressed in seedlings or adult plants and is not involved in immunity against Botrytis cinerea. Both are instead expressed in a concerted manner in the seed coat during development. Whereas CELLOX2 is expressed mainly during the heart stage, CELLOX1 is expressed at the immediately later stage, when the expression of CELLOX2 decreases. Analysis of seeds of cellox1 and cellox2 knockout mutants shows alterations in the coat structure: the columella area is smaller in cellox1, radial cell walls are thicker in both cellox1 and cellox2, and the mucilage halo is reduced in cellox2. However, the coat monosaccharide composition is not significantly altered, suggesting an alteration of the organization of the cell wall, thus reinforcing the notion that the architecture of the cell wall in specific organs is determined not only by the dynamics of the synthesis/degradation of the main polysaccharides but also by its enzymatic oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Costantini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "C. Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Manuel Benedetti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Daniela Pontiggia
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "C. Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Research Center for Applied Sciences to the Safeguard of Environment and Cultural Heritage (CIABC), Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Moira Giovannoni
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Felice Cervone
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "C. Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Benedetta Mattei
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Giulia De Lorenzo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "C. Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Hrmova M, Zimmer J, Bulone V, Fincher GB. Enzymes in 3D: Synthesis, remodelling, and hydrolysis of cell wall (1,3;1,4)-β-glucans. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 194:33-50. [PMID: 37594400 PMCID: PMC10762513 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent breakthroughs in structural biology have provided valuable new insights into enzymes involved in plant cell wall metabolism. More specifically, the molecular mechanism of synthesis of (1,3;1,4)-β-glucans, which are widespread in cell walls of commercially important cereals and grasses, has been the topic of debate and intense research activity for decades. However, an inability to purify these integral membrane enzymes or apply transgenic approaches without interpretative problems associated with pleiotropic effects has presented barriers to attempts to define their synthetic mechanisms. Following the demonstration that some members of the CslF sub-family of GT2 family enzymes mediate (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan synthesis, the expression of the corresponding genes in a heterologous system that is free of background complications has now been achieved. Biochemical analyses of the (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan synthesized in vitro, combined with 3-dimensional (3D) cryogenic-electron microscopy and AlphaFold protein structure predictions, have demonstrated how a single CslF6 enzyme, without exogenous primers, can incorporate both (1,3)- and (1,4)-β-linkages into the nascent polysaccharide chain. Similarly, 3D structures of xyloglucan endo-transglycosylases and (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan endo- and exohydrolases have allowed the mechanisms of (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan modification and degradation to be defined. X-ray crystallography and multi-scale modeling of a broad specificity GH3 β-glucan exohydrolase recently revealed a previously unknown and remarkable molecular mechanism with reactant trajectories through which a polysaccharide exohydrolase can act with a processive action pattern. The availability of high-quality protein 3D structural predictions should prove invaluable for defining structures, dynamics, and functions of other enzymes involved in plant cell wall metabolism in the immediate future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hrmova
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, and the Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Jochen Zimmer
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Vincent Bulone
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Alba Nova University Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Geoffrey B Fincher
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, and the Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
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Kim SJ, Zemelis-Durfee S, Mckinley B, Sokoloski R, Aufdemberge W, Mullet J, Brandizzi F. Cell- and development-specific degradation controls the levels of mixed-linkage glucan in sorghum leaves. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 116:360-374. [PMID: 37395650 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Mixed-linkage glucan (MLG) is a component of the cell wall (CW) of grasses and is composed of glucose monomers linked by β-1,3 and β-1,4 bonds. MLG is believed to have several biological functions, such as the mobilizable storage of carbohydrates and structural support of the CW. The extracellular levels of MLG are largely controlled by rates of synthesis mediated by cellulose synthase-like (CSL) enzymes, and turnover by lichenases. Economically important crops like sorghum accumulate MLG to variable levels during development. While in sorghum, like other grasses, there is one major MLG synthase (CSLF6), the identity of lichenases is yet unknown. To fill this gap, we identified three sorghum lichenases (SbLCH1-3) and characterized them in leaves in relation to the expression of SbCSLF6, and the abundance of MLG and starch. We established that SbLCH1-3 are secreted to the apoplast, consistent with a role of degrading MLG extracellularly. Furthermore, while SbCSLF6 expression was associated with cell development, the SbLCH genes exhibited distinct development-, cell-type-specific and diel-regulated expression. Therefore, our study identifies three functional sorghum MLG lichenases and highlights that MLG accumulation in sorghum leaves is likely controlled by the activity of lichenases that tune MLG levels, possibly to suit distinct cell and developmental needs in planta. These findings have important implications for improving the growth, yield, and composition of sorghum as a feedstock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Jin Kim
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - Starla Zemelis-Durfee
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - Brian Mckinley
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77845, USA
| | - Rylee Sokoloski
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - William Aufdemberge
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - John Mullet
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77845, USA
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
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Avnee, Sood S, Chaudhary DR, Jhorar P, Rana RS. Biofortification: an approach to eradicate micronutrient deficiency. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1233070. [PMID: 37789898 PMCID: PMC10543656 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1233070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Micronutrient deficiency also known as "hidden hunger" refers to a condition that occurs when the body lacks essential vitamins and minerals that are required in small amounts for proper growth, development and overall health. These deficiencies are particularly common in developing countries, where a lack of access to a varied and nutritious diet makes it difficult for people to get the micronutrients they need. Micronutrient supplementation has been a topic of interest, especially during the Covid-19 pandemic, due to its potential role in supporting immune function and overall health. Iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), iodine (I), and selenium (Se) deficiency in humans are significant food-related issues worldwide. Biofortification is a sustainable strategy that has been developed to address micronutrient deficiencies by increasing the levels of essential vitamins and minerals in staple crops that are widely consumed by people in affected communities. There are a number of agricultural techniques for biofortification, including selective breeding of crops to have higher levels of specific nutrients, agronomic approach using fertilizers and other inputs to increase nutrient uptake by crops and transgenic approach. The agronomic approach offers a temporary but speedy solution while the genetic approach (breeding and transgenic) is the long-term solution but requires time to develop a nutrient-rich variety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avnee
- Department of Agronomy, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur, India
| | - Sonia Sood
- Department of Vegetable Science and Floriculture, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur, India
| | - Desh Raj Chaudhary
- Department of Vegetable Science and Floriculture, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur, India
| | - Pooja Jhorar
- Department of Agronomy, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur, India
| | - Ranbir Singh Rana
- Department of Agronomy, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur, India
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11
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Havrlentová M, Dvořáček V, Jurkaninová L, Gregusová V. Unraveling the Potential of β-D-Glucans in Poales: From Characterization to Biosynthesis and Factors Affecting the Content. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1387. [PMID: 37374169 DOI: 10.3390/life13061387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This review consolidates current knowledge on β-D-glucans in Poales and presents current findings and connections that expand our understanding of the characteristics, functions, and applications of this cell wall polysaccharide. By associating information from multiple disciplines, the review offers valuable insights for researchers, practitioners, and consumers interested in harnessing the benefits of β-D-glucans in various fields. The review can serve as a valuable resource for plant biology researchers, cereal breeders, and plant-based food producers, providing insights into the potential of β-D-glucans and opening new avenues for future research and innovation in the field of this bioactive and functional ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Havrlentová
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Námestie J. Herdu 2, 917 01 Trnava, Slovakia
- National Agricultural and Food Center-Research Institute of Plant Production, Bratislavská cesta 122, 921 68 Piešťany, Slovakia
| | - Václav Dvořáček
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovská 507, 161 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Jurkaninová
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Gregusová
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Námestie J. Herdu 2, 917 01 Trnava, Slovakia
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12
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Francin-Allami M, Bouder A, Geairon A, Alvarado C, Le-Bot L, Daniel S, Shao M, Laudencia-Chingcuanco D, Vogel JP, Guillon F, Bonnin E, Saulnier L, Sibout R. Mixed-Linkage Glucan Is the Main Carbohydrate Source and Starch Is an Alternative Source during Brachypodium Grain Germination. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076821. [PMID: 37047802 PMCID: PMC10095428 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Seeds of the model grass Brachypodium distachyon are unusual because they contain very little starch and high levels of mixed-linkage glucan (MLG) accumulated in thick cell walls. It was suggested that MLG might supplement starch as a storage carbohydrate and may be mobilised during germination. In this work, we observed massive degradation of MLG during germination in both endosperm and nucellar epidermis. The enzymes responsible for the MLG degradation were identified in germinated grains and characterized using heterologous expression. By using mutants targeting MLG biosynthesis genes, we showed that the expression level of genes coding for MLG and starch-degrading enzymes was modified in the germinated grains of knocked-out cslf6 mutants depleted in MLG but with higher starch content. Our results suggest a substrate-dependent regulation of the storage sugars during germination. These overall results demonstrated the function of MLG as the main carbohydrate source during germination of Brachypodium grain. More astonishingly, cslf6 Brachypodium mutants are able to adapt their metabolism to the lack of MLG by modifying the energy source for germination and the expression of genes dedicated for its use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mingqin Shao
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | - John P Vogel
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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13
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Wang S, Robertz S, Seven M, Kraemer F, Kuhn BM, Liu L, Lunde C, Pauly M, Ramírez V. A large-scale forward genetic screen for maize mutants with altered lignocellulosic properties. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1099009. [PMID: 36959947 PMCID: PMC10028098 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1099009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The development of efficient pipelines for the bioconversion of grass lignocellulosic feedstocks is challenging due to the limited understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlling the synthesis, deposition, and degradation of the varying polymers unique to grass cell walls. Here, we describe a large-scale forward genetic approach resulting in the identification of a collection of chemically mutagenized maize mutants with diverse alterations in their cell wall attributes such as crystalline cellulose content or hemicellulose composition. Saccharification yield, i.e. the amount of lignocellulosic glucose (Glc) released by means of enzymatic hydrolysis, is increased in two of the mutants and decreased in the remaining six. These mutants, termed candy-leaf (cal), show no obvious plant growth or developmental defects despite associated differences in their lignocellulosic composition. The identified cal mutants are a valuable tool not only to understand recalcitrance of grass lignocellulosics to enzymatic deconstruction but also to decipher grass-specific aspects of cell wall biology once the genetic basis, i.e. the location of the mutation, has been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaogan Wang
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology-Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefan Robertz
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology-Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Merve Seven
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology-Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Florian Kraemer
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Benjamin M. Kuhn
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Lifeng Liu
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - China Lunde
- Plant Gene Expression Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, United States
| | - Markus Pauly
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology-Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Vicente Ramírez
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology-Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
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14
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Ang ME, Cowley JM, Yap K, Hahn MG, Mikkelsen D, Tucker MR, Williams BA, Burton RA. Novel constituents of Salvia hispanica L. (chia) nutlet mucilage and the improved in vitro fermentation of nutlets when ground. Food Funct 2023; 14:1401-1414. [PMID: 36637177 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo03002k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Upon wetting, chia (Salvia hispanica L.) nutlets produce a gel-like capsule of polysaccharides called mucilage that comprises a significant part of their dietary fibre content. Seed/nutlet mucilage is often used as a texture modifying hydrocolloid and bulking dietary fibre due to its water-binding ability, though the utility of mucilage from different sources is highly structure-function dependent. The composition and structure of chia nutlet mucilage is poorly defined, and a better understanding will aid in exploiting its dietary fibre functionality, particularly if, and how, it is utilised by gut microbiota. In this study, microscopy, chromatography, mass spectrometry and glycome profiling techniques showed that chia nutlet mucilage is highly complex, layered, and contains several polymer types. The mucilage comprises a novel xyloamylose containing both β-linked-xylose and α-linked-glucose, a near-linear xylan that may be sparsely substituted, a modified cellulose domain, and abundant alcohol-soluble oligosaccharides. To assess the dietary fibre functionality of chia nutlet mucilage, an in vitro cumulative gas production technique was used to determine the fermentability of different chia nutlet preparations. The complex nature of chia nutlet mucilage led to poor fermentation where the oligosaccharides appeared to be the only fermentable substrate present in the mucilage. Of note, ground chia nutlets were better fermented than intact whole nutlets, as judged by short chain fatty acid production. Therefore, it is suggested that the benefits of eating chia as a "superfood", could be notably enhanced if the nutlets are ground rather than being consumed whole, improving the bioaccessibility of key nutrients including dietary fibre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Main Ern Ang
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia.
| | - James M Cowley
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia.
| | - Kuok Yap
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia.
| | - Michael G Hahn
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Deirdre Mikkelsen
- The University of Queensland, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.,School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Matthew R Tucker
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia.
| | - Barbara A Williams
- The University of Queensland, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Rachel A Burton
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia.
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15
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Callens C, Fernandez-Goméz J, Tucker MR, Zhang D, Wilson ZA. Heat stress responses vary during floret development in European spring barley cultivars. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:918730. [PMID: 36816480 PMCID: PMC9936242 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.918730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The Poaceae, or grasses, include many agriculturally important cereal crops such as rice (Oryza sativa), maize (Zea mays), barley (Hordeum vulgare) and bread wheat (Triticum aestivum). Barley is a widely grown cereal crop used for stock feed, malting and brewing. Abiotic stresses, particularly global warming, are the major causes of crop yield losses by affecting fertility and seed set. However, effects of heat stress on reproductive structures and fertility in barley have not been extensively investigated. In this study we examined three commercial European spring barley varieties under high temperature conditions to investigate the effects on floret development. Using a combination of fertility assays, X-ray micro computed tomography, 3-dimensional modelling, cytology and immunolabelling, we observed that male reproductive organs are severely impacted by increased temperature, while the female reproductive organs are less susceptible. Importantly, the timing of stress relative to reproductive development had a significant impact on fertility in a cultivar-dependent manner, this was most significant at pollen mitosis stage with fertility ranged from 31.6-56.0% depending on cultivar. This work provides insight into how heat stress, when applied during male pollen mother cell meiosis and pollen mitosis, affects barley fertility and seed set, and also describes complementary invasive and non-invasive techniques to investigate floret development. This information will be used to identify and study barley cultivars that are less susceptible to heat stress at specific stages of floral development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Callens
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, United Kingdom
- Waite Research Institute, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
| | | | - Matthew R. Tucker
- Waite Research Institute, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
| | - Dabing Zhang
- Waite Research Institute, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zoe A. Wilson
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, United Kingdom
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16
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Bird DC, Ma C, Pinto S, Leong WH, Tucker MR. Genetic and Phenotypic Analysis of Ovule Development in Arabidopsis. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2686:261-281. [PMID: 37540362 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3299-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
The plant seed is a remarkable structure that represents the single most important energy source in global diets. The stages of reproductive growth preceding seed formation are particularly important since they influence the number, size, and quality of seed produced. The progenitor of the seed is the ovule, a multicellular organ that produces a female gametophyte while maintaining a range of somatic ovule cells to protect the seed and ensure it receives maternal nourishment. Ovule development has been well characterized in Arabidopsis using a range of molecular, genetic, and cytological assays. These can provide insight into the mechanistic basis for ovule development, and opportunities to explore its evolutionary conservation. In this chapter, we describe some of these methods and tools that can be used to investigate early ovule development and cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayton C Bird
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
| | - Chao Ma
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
| | - Sara Pinto
- LAQV REQUIMTE, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Weng Herng Leong
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
| | - Matthew R Tucker
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, Australia.
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17
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Geng L, He X, Ye L, Zhang G. Identification of the genes associated with β-glucan synthesis and accumulation during grain development in barley. FOOD CHEMISTRY. MOLECULAR SCIENCES 2022; 5:100136. [PMID: 36177107 PMCID: PMC9513732 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2022.100136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The presence of β-glucan in barley grains is one of its important quality traits. Lower β-glucan content is required for the barley used in beer and feed production, while higher β-glucan content is beneficial for food barley. Although intensive research has been carried out on the genotypic and environmental differences in β-glucan content in barley grains, little information is available on the molecular mechanisms underlying their genotypic differences and genetic regulation of β-glucan synthesis and accumulation. In this study, RNA sequencing analysis was conducted to compare the transcriptome profiles of two barley genotypes (BCS192 and BCS297) that greatly differ in grain β-glucan content, in order to identify the key genes responsible for β-glucan synthesis and accumulation during grain development. The results showed that carbohydrate metabolic processes and starch and sucrose metabolism play significant roles in β-glucan synthesis. The identified differently expressed genes (DEGs), which are closely associated with grain β-glucan content, are mainly involved in hydrolase activity and glucan metabolic processes. In addition, β-glucan accumulation in barley grains is predominantly regulated by photosynthesis and carbon metabolism. The DEGs identified in this study and their functions may provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of β-glucan synthesis and genotypic differences in barley grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- La Geng
- Department of Agronomy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xinyi He
- Department of Agronomy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lingzhen Ye
- Department of Agronomy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Shandong (Linyi) Institute of Modern Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Guoping Zhang
- Department of Agronomy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Shandong (Linyi) Institute of Modern Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Linyi 276000, China
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18
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Chowdhury J, Kemppainen M, Delhomme N, Shutava I, Zhou J, Takahashi J, Pardo AG, Lundberg‐Felten J. Laccaria bicolor pectin methylesterases are involved in ectomycorrhiza development with Populus tremula × Populus tremuloides. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:639-655. [PMID: 35794841 PMCID: PMC9796311 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) symbioses between soil fungi and tree roots requires modification of root cell walls. The pectin-mediated adhesion between adjacent root cells loosens to accommodate fungal hyphae in the Hartig net, facilitating nutrient exchange between partners. We investigated the role of fungal pectin modifying enzymes in Laccaria bicolor for ECM formation with Populus tremula × Populus tremuloides. We combine transcriptomics of cell-wall-related enzymes in both partners during ECM formation, immunolocalisation of pectin (Homogalacturonan, HG) epitopes in different methylesterification states, pectin methylesterase (PME) activity assays and functional analyses of transgenic L. bicolor to uncover pectin modification mechanisms and the requirement of fungal pectin methylesterases (LbPMEs) for ECM formation. Immunolocalisation identified remodelling of pectin towards de-esterified HG during ECM formation, which was accompanied by increased LbPME1 expression and PME activity. Overexpression or RNAi of the ECM-induced LbPME1 in transgenic L. bicolor lines led to reduced ECM formation. Hartig Nets formed with LbPME1 RNAi lines were shallower, whereas those formed with LbPME1 overexpressors were deeper. This suggests that LbPME1 plays a role in ECM formation potentially through HG de-esterification, which initiates loosening of adjacent root cells to facilitate Hartig net formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamil Chowdhury
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science CenterSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences90183UmeåSweden
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science CenterUmeå University90187UmeåSweden
| | - Minna Kemppainen
- Laboratory of Molecular Mycology, Department of Science and Technology, Institute of Basic and Applied MicrobiologyNational University of Quilmes (UNQ), and National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET)B1876BXDBernalArgentina
| | - Nicolas Delhomme
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science CenterSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences90183UmeåSweden
| | - Iryna Shutava
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science CenterUmeå University90187UmeåSweden
| | - Jingjing Zhou
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science CenterSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences90183UmeåSweden
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science CenterUmeå University90187UmeåSweden
| | - Junko Takahashi
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science CenterSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences90183UmeåSweden
| | - Alejandro G. Pardo
- Laboratory of Molecular Mycology, Department of Science and Technology, Institute of Basic and Applied MicrobiologyNational University of Quilmes (UNQ), and National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET)B1876BXDBernalArgentina
| | - Judith Lundberg‐Felten
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science CenterSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences90183UmeåSweden
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The Cell-Wall β-d-Glucan in Leaves of Oat ( Avena sativa L.) Affected by Fungal Pathogen Blumeria graminis f. sp. avenae. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14163416. [PMID: 36015673 PMCID: PMC9415129 DOI: 10.3390/polym14163416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to the structural and storage functions of the (1,3; 1,4)-β-d-glucans (β-d-glucan), the possible protective role of this polymer under biotic stresses is still debated. The aim of this study was to contribute to this hypothesis by analyzing the β-d-glucans content, expression of related cellulose synthase-like (Csl) Cs1F6, CslF9, CslF3 genes, content of chlorophylls, and β-1,3-glucanase content in oat (Avena sativa L.) leaves infected with the commonly occurring oat fungal pathogen, Blumeria graminis f. sp. avenae (B. graminis). Its presence influenced all measured parameters. The content of β-d-glucans in infected leaves decreased in all used varieties, compared to the non-infected plants, but not significantly. Oats reacted differently, with Aragon and Vaclav responding with overexpression, and Bay Yan 2, Ivory, and Racoon responding with the underexpression of these genes. Pathogens changed the relative ratios regarding the expression of CslF6, CslF9, and CslF3 genes from neutral to negative correlations. However, changes in the expression of these genes did not statistically significantly affect the content of β-d-glucans. A very slight indication of positive correlation, but statistically insignificant, was observed between the contents of β-d-glucans and chlorophylls. Some isoforms of β-1,3-glucanases accumulated to a several-times higher level in the infected leaves of all varieties. New isoforms of β-1,3-glucanases were also detected in infected leaves after fungal infection.
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20
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Hozlár P, Gregusová V, Nemeček P, Šliková S, Havrlentová M. Study of Dynamic Accumulation in β-D-Glucan in Oat (Avena sativa L.) during Plant Development. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132668. [PMID: 35808713 PMCID: PMC9269010 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Oat is an important natural source of β-D-glucan. This polysaccharide of the cell wall of selected cereals is known for a number of health-promoting effects, such as reducing the level of cholesterol in the blood serum, stabilizing the level of blood glucose, or enhancing immunity. β-D-glucan has positive effects in the plant itself. There is a lack of information available, but the storage capacity of the polysaccharide and its importance as a protective substance in the plant during mild forms of biotic and abiotic stress are described. The accumulation of β-D-glucan during the ontogenetic development of oats (Avena sativa L.) was determined in the present work. Two naked (Valentin, Vaclav) and two hulled (Hronec, Tatran) oat varieties were used. Samples of each plant (root, stem, leaf, panicle) were collected in four stages of the plant’s development (BBCH 13, 30, 55, 71). The average content of the biopolymer was 0.29 ± 0.14% in roots, 0.32 ± 0.11% in stems, 0.48 ± 0.13% in leaves and 1.28 ± 0.79% in panicles, respectively. For root and panicle, in both hulled and naked oat varieties, sampling date was the factor of variability in the content of β-D-glucan. In stems in hulled varieties and leaves in naked varieties, neither the sampling date nor variety influenced the polysaccharide content. The content of β-D-glucan in the leaves of hulled and naked varieties decreased during the first three stages of plant development, but in the stage of milk ripeness the amount increased. The decreasing trend during milk ripeness, was also observed in the roots of both hulled and naked oats. However, in the panicle of hulled and naked oat varieties, the content of β-D-glucan increased during plant growth. Due to practical applications of natural resources of β-D-glucan and isolated β-D-glucan is useful to know the factors influencing its content as well as to ascertain the behavior of the polysaccharide during plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hozlár
- National Agricultural and Food Center, Research Institute of Plant Production, Bratislavská Cesta 122, 92168 Piešťany, Slovakia; (P.H.); (S.Š.)
| | - Veronika Gregusová
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Námestie Jozefa Herdu 2, 91701 Trnava, Slovakia;
| | - Peter Nemeček
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Námestie Jozefa Herdu 2, 91701 Trnava, Slovakia;
| | - Svetlana Šliková
- National Agricultural and Food Center, Research Institute of Plant Production, Bratislavská Cesta 122, 92168 Piešťany, Slovakia; (P.H.); (S.Š.)
| | - Michaela Havrlentová
- National Agricultural and Food Center, Research Institute of Plant Production, Bratislavská Cesta 122, 92168 Piešťany, Slovakia; (P.H.); (S.Š.)
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Námestie Jozefa Herdu 2, 91701 Trnava, Slovakia;
- Correspondence:
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21
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Lou H, Tucker MR, Shirley NJ, Lahnstein J, Yang X, Ma C, Schwerdt J, Fusi R, Burton RA, Band LR, Bennett MJ, Bulone V. The cellulose synthase-like F3 (CslF3) gene mediates cell wall polysaccharide synthesis and affects root growth and differentiation in barley. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 110:1681-1699. [PMID: 35395116 PMCID: PMC9324092 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The barley cellulose synthase-like F (CslF) genes encode putative cell wall polysaccharide synthases. They are related to the cellulose synthase (CesA) genes involved in cellulose biosynthesis, and the CslD genes that influence root hair development. Although CslD genes are implicated in callose, mannan and cellulose biosynthesis, and are found in both monocots and eudicots, CslF genes are specific to the Poaceae. Recently the barley CslF3 (HvCslF3) gene was shown to be involved in the synthesis of a novel (1,4)-β-linked glucoxylan, but it remains unclear whether this gene contributes to plant growth and development. Here, expression profiling using qRT-PCR and mRNA in situ hybridization revealed that HvCslF3 accumulates in the root elongation zone. Silencing HvCslF3 by RNAi was accompanied by slower root growth, linked with a shorter elongation zone and a significant reduction in root system size. Polymer profiling of the RNAi lines revealed a significant reduction in (1,4)-β-linked glucoxylan levels. Remarkably, the heterologous expression of HvCslF3 in wild-type (Col-0) and root hair-deficient Arabidopsis mutants (csld3 and csld5) complemented the csld5 mutant phenotype, in addition to altering epidermal cell fate. Our results reveal a key role for HvCslF3 during barley root development and suggest that members of the CslD and CslF gene families have similar functions during root growth regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Lou
- School of Agriculture, Food and WineUniversity of AdelaideWaite CampusUrrbraeSouth Australia5064Australia
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of BioscienceUniversity of NottinghamSutton Bonington Campus, LoughboroughLeicestershireLE12 5RDUK
| | - Matthew R. Tucker
- School of Agriculture, Food and WineUniversity of AdelaideWaite CampusUrrbraeSouth Australia5064Australia
| | - Neil J. Shirley
- School of Agriculture, Food and WineUniversity of AdelaideWaite CampusUrrbraeSouth Australia5064Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and WineUniversity of AdelaideWaite CampusUrrbraeSouth Australia5064Australia
| | - Jelle Lahnstein
- School of Agriculture, Food and WineUniversity of AdelaideWaite CampusUrrbraeSouth Australia5064Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and WineUniversity of AdelaideWaite CampusUrrbraeSouth Australia5064Australia
- Adelaide Glycomics, School of Agriculture, Food and WineUniversity of AdelaideWaite CampusUrrbraeSouth Australia5064Australia
| | - Xiujuan Yang
- School of Agriculture, Food and WineUniversity of AdelaideWaite CampusUrrbraeSouth Australia5064Australia
| | - Chao Ma
- School of Agriculture, Food and WineUniversity of AdelaideWaite CampusUrrbraeSouth Australia5064Australia
| | - Julian Schwerdt
- School of Agriculture, Food and WineUniversity of AdelaideWaite CampusUrrbraeSouth Australia5064Australia
- Adelaide Glycomics, School of Agriculture, Food and WineUniversity of AdelaideWaite CampusUrrbraeSouth Australia5064Australia
| | - Riccardo Fusi
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of BioscienceUniversity of NottinghamSutton Bonington Campus, LoughboroughLeicestershireLE12 5RDUK
| | - Rachel A. Burton
- School of Agriculture, Food and WineUniversity of AdelaideWaite CampusUrrbraeSouth Australia5064Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and WineUniversity of AdelaideWaite CampusUrrbraeSouth Australia5064Australia
| | - Leah R. Band
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of BioscienceUniversity of NottinghamSutton Bonington Campus, LoughboroughLeicestershireLE12 5RDUK
- School of Mathematical SciencesUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamNG7 2RDUK
| | - Malcolm J. Bennett
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of BioscienceUniversity of NottinghamSutton Bonington Campus, LoughboroughLeicestershireLE12 5RDUK
| | - Vincent Bulone
- School of Agriculture, Food and WineUniversity of AdelaideWaite CampusUrrbraeSouth Australia5064Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and WineUniversity of AdelaideWaite CampusUrrbraeSouth Australia5064Australia
- Adelaide Glycomics, School of Agriculture, Food and WineUniversity of AdelaideWaite CampusUrrbraeSouth Australia5064Australia
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and HealthRoyal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University CentreStockholmSweden
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22
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Tinker NA, Wight CP, Bekele WA, Yan W, Jellen EN, Renhuldt NT, Sirijovski N, Lux T, Spannagl M, Mascher M. Genome analysis in Avena sativa reveals hidden breeding barriers and opportunities for oat improvement. Commun Biol 2022; 5:474. [PMID: 35585176 PMCID: PMC9117302 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03256-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oat (Avena sativa L.) is an important and nutritious cereal crop, and there is a growing need to identify genes that contribute to improved oat varieties. Here we utilize a newly sequenced and annotated oat reference genome to locate and characterize quantitative trait loci (QTLs) affecting agronomic and grain-quality traits in five oat populations. We find strong and significant associations between the positions of candidate genes and QTL that affect heading date, as well as those that influence the concentrations of oil and β-glucan in the grain. We examine genome-wide recombination profiles to confirm the presence of a large, unbalanced translocation from chromosome 1 C to 1 A, and a possible inversion on chromosome 7D. Such chromosome rearrangements appear to be common in oat, where they cause pseudo-linkage and recombination suppression, affecting the segregation, localization, and deployment of QTLs in breeding programs. Tinker et al. identified the position and effects of major QTLs relative to a new fully annotated reference genome in five recombinant inbred line populations representing nine diverse oat (Avena sativa) varieties. They also characterized two major chromosome rearrangements that may impact breeding targets affected by QTL that are located in these regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Tinker
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research and Development Centre, 960 Carling Avenue, K.W. Neatby Bldg., Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, K1A 0C6, ON, Canada.
| | - Charlene P Wight
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research and Development Centre, 960 Carling Avenue, K.W. Neatby Bldg., Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, K1A 0C6, ON, Canada
| | - Wubishet A Bekele
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research and Development Centre, 960 Carling Avenue, K.W. Neatby Bldg., Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, K1A 0C6, ON, Canada
| | - Weikai Yan
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research and Development Centre, 960 Carling Avenue, K.W. Neatby Bldg., Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, K1A 0C6, ON, Canada
| | - Eric N Jellen
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, 4105 LSB, Provo, 84602, Utah, USA
| | - Nikos Tsardakas Renhuldt
- Lund University, Department of Chemistry, Division of Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Box 124, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Nick Sirijovski
- Lund University, Department of Chemistry, Division of Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Box 124, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.,CropTailor AB, c/o Lund University, Department of Chemistry, Division of Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Box 124, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.,Oatly AB, Food Science, Scheelevägen 19, 223 63, Lund, Sweden
| | - Thomas Lux
- Helmholtz Center Munich - Research Center for Environmental Health, Plant Genome and Systems Biology (PGSB), Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Manuel Spannagl
- Helmholtz Center Munich - Research Center for Environmental Health, Plant Genome and Systems Biology (PGSB), Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Mascher
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Domestication Genomics, Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Seeland, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, Leipzig, Germany
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23
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geng L, Li M, Zhang G, Ye L. Barley: a potential cereal for producing healthy and functional foods. FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyac012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Barley is the fourth largest cereal crop in the world. It is mainly used for feeding, beer production and food. Barley is receiving more attention from both agricultural and food scientists because of its special chemical composition and health benefits. In comparison with other cereal crops, including wheat, rice and maize, barley grains are rich in dietary fiber (such as β-glucan) and tocols, which are beneficial to human health. It is well proved that diets rich in those chemicals can provide protection against hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. Barley has been widely recognized to be great potential as a healthy or functional food. In this review, we present the information about the studies on physical structure of barley grain and the distribution of main chemical components, nutrient and functional composition of barley grain and their health benefits, and the approaches of improving and utilizing the nutrient and functional chemicals in barley grain. With the development of processing technologies, functional components in barley grains, especially β-glucan, can be efficiently extracted and concentrated. Moreover, nutrient and functional components in barley grains can be efficiently improved by precise breeding and agronomic approaches. The review highlights the great potential of barley used as healthy and functional foods, and may be instructive for better utilization of barley in food processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- La geng
- Agronomy Department, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Mengdi Li
- Agronomy Department, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Guoping Zhang
- Agronomy Department, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lingzhen Ye
- Agronomy Department, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang University Zhongyuan Institute, Zhengzhou 450000, China
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24
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Fan M, Jensen JK, Zemelis-Durfee S, Kim SJ, Chan JY, Beaudry CM, Brandizzi F, Wilkerson CG. Disruption of Brachypodium lichenase alters metabolism of mixed-linkage glucan and starch. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:927-939. [PMID: 34845787 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Mixed-linkage glucan, which is widely distributed in grasses, is a polysaccharide highly abundant in cell walls of grass endosperm and young vegetative tissues. Lichenases are enzymes that hydrolyze mixed-linkage glucan first identified in mixed-linkage glucan-rich lichens. In this study, we identify a gene encoding a lichenase we name Brachypodium distachyon LICHENASE 1 (BdLCH1), which is highly expressed in the endosperm of germinating seeds and coleoptiles and at lower amounts in mature shoots. RNA in situ hybridization showed that BdLCH1 is primarily expressed in chlorenchyma cells of mature leaves and internodes. Disruption of BdLCH1 resulted in an eight-fold increase in mixed-linkage glucan content in senesced leaves. Consistent with the in situ hybridization data, immunolocalization results showed that mixed-linkage glucan was not removed in chlorenchyma cells of lch1 mutants as it was in wild type and implicate the BdLCH1 enzyme in removing mixed-linkage glucan in chlorenchyma cells in mature vegetative tissues. We also show that mixed-linkage glucan accumulation in lch1 mutants was resistant to dark-induced degradation, and 8-week-old lch1 plants showed a faster rate of starch breakdown than wild type in darkness. Our results suggest a role for BdLCH1 in modifying the cell wall to support highly metabolically active cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Fan
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - Jacob K Jensen
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - Starla Zemelis-Durfee
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - Sang-Jin Kim
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - Jia-Yi Chan
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - Claudia M Beaudry
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - Curtis G Wilkerson
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
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25
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Garcia-Gimenez G, Schreiber M, Dimitroff G, Little A, Singh R, Fincher GB, Burton RA, Waugh R, Tucker MR, Houston K. Identification of candidate MYB transcription factors that influence CslF6 expression in barley grain. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:883139. [PMID: 36160970 PMCID: PMC9493323 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.883139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
(1,3;1,4)-β-Glucan is a non-cellulosic polysaccharide required for correct barley grain fill and plant development, with industrial relevance in the brewing and the functional food sector. Barley grains contain higher levels of (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan compared to other small grain cereals and this influences their end use, having undesirable effects on brewing and distilling and beneficial effects linked to human health. HvCslF6 is the main gene contributing to (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan biosynthesis in the grain. Here, the transcriptional regulation of HvCslF6 was investigated using an in-silico analysis of transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) in its putative promoter, and functional characterization in a barley protoplast transient expression system. Based on TFBS predictions, TF classes AP2/ERF, MYB, and basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) were over-represented within a 1,000 bp proximal HvCslF6 promoter region. Dual luciferase assays based on multiple HvCslF6 deletion constructs revealed the promoter fragment driving HvCslF6 expression. Highest HvCslF6 promoter activity was narrowed down to a 51 bp region located -331 bp to -382 bp upstream of the start codon. We combined this with TFBS predictions to identify two MYB TFs: HvMYB61 and HvMYB46/83 as putative activators of HvCslF6 expression. Gene network analyses assigned HvMYB61 to the same co-expression module as HvCslF6 and other primary cellulose synthases (HvCesA1, HvCesA2, and HvCesA6), whereas HvMYB46/83 was assigned to a different module. Based on RNA-seq expression during grain development, HvMYB61 was cloned and tested in the protoplast system. The transient over-expression of HvMYB61 in barley protoplasts suggested a positive regulatory effect on HvCslF6 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miriam Schreiber
- Plant Sciences Division, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - George Dimitroff
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Alan Little
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Rohan Singh
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Geoffrey B. Fincher
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Rachel A. Burton
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Robbie Waugh
- The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
- Plant Sciences Division, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew R. Tucker
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Kelly Houston
- The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Kelly Houston,
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26
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Kim SJ, Brandizzi F. Advances in Cell Wall Matrix Research with a Focus on Mixed-Linkage Glucan. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:1839-1846. [PMID: 34245308 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mixed β(1,3;1,4)-linkage glucan (MLG) is commonly found in the monocot lineage, at particularly high levels in the Poaceae family, but also in the evolutionally distant genus, Equisetum. MLG has several properties that make it unique from other plant cell wall polysaccharides. It consists of β1,4-linked polymers of glucose interspersed with β1,3-linkages, but the presence of β1,3-linkages provides quite different physical properties compared to its closest form of the cell wall component, cellulose. The mechanisms of MLG biosynthesis have been investigated to understand whether single or multiple enzymes are required to build mixed linkages in the glucan chain. Currently, MLG synthesis by a single enzyme is supported by mutagenesis analyses of cellulose synthase-like F6, the major MLG synthase, but further investigation is needed to gather mechanistic insights. Because of transient accumulation of MLG in elongating cells and vegetative tissues, several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the role of MLG in the plant cell wall. Studies have been carried out to identify gene expression regulators during development and light cycles as well as enzymes involved in MLG organization in the cell wall. A role of MLG as a storage molecule in grains is evident, but the role of MLG in vegetative tissues is still not well understood. Characterization of a cell wall component is difficult due to the complex heterogeneity of the plant cell wall. However, as detailed in this review, recent exciting research has made significant impacts in the understanding of MLG biology in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Jin Kim
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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27
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Liang XD, Shalapy M, Zhao SF, Liu JH, Wang JY. A stress-responsive transcription factor PeNAC1 regulating beta-D-glucan biosynthetic genes enhances salt tolerance in oat. PLANTA 2021; 254:130. [PMID: 34817644 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03770-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A Populus euphratica NAC gene regulates (1,3; 1,4)-β-D-glucan content in oat developing seed and improves the spikelet number and grain number per spike in transgenic oat under salinity conditions Salinity is the major factor affecting the production and quality of oat, and improving oat salt tolerance to increase yield and quality is vital. (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucan in Gramineae is the key component in response to various environmental signals, and it is the most important functional ingredient in oat grain. The NAC transcription factors are important candidate genes used in genetic engineering to improve plant abiotic stress tolerance. In this study, we introduced Populus euphratica PeNAC1, controlled by its own promoter, into hexaploid cultivated oat and produced six transgenic lines. Compared to the non-transgenic control, the expression of PeNAC1 significantly improved the seed germination rate, seedling survival rate, and leaf chlorophyll content in the transgenic plants under salt stress. These physiological changes increased the spikelet number and grain number per spike in the transgenic oat under salinity conditions and reduced the yield loss per plant. The results indicated that the heterologous expression of PeNAC1 plays an effective role in improving the salt tolerance in transgenic oat. In addition, overexpressing PeNAC1 significantly increased the (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucan content as well as the expression level of the (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucan biosynthetic genes AsCslF3, AsCslF6, and AsCslF9 in the transgenic lines under salt stress, which suggested that PeNAC1 regulates the synthesis of (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucan. Our research should assist in the discovery of the diverse action modes of NAC proteins, while PeNAC1 will be useful for improving the salt tolerance and quality of oat through molecular breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dong Liang
- XinJiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Grain Crops Institute, No. 403 Nanchang Road, Urumqi, 830091, China
- Biotechnology Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhong Guan Cun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Mohamed Shalapy
- XinJiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Grain Crops Institute, No. 403 Nanchang Road, Urumqi, 830091, China
| | - Shi-Feng Zhao
- Zhangjiakou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhangjiakou, 075000, China
| | - Jing-Hui Liu
- Inner Mongolia Agriculture University, No. 275 Xue Yuan East Street, Hohhot, 010019, China.
| | - Jun-Ying Wang
- XinJiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Grain Crops Institute, No. 403 Nanchang Road, Urumqi, 830091, China.
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28
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Backes A, Charton S, Planchon S, Esmaeel Q, Sergeant K, Hausman JF, Renaut J, Barka EA, Jacquard C, Guerriero G. Gene expression and metabolite analysis in barley inoculated with net blotch fungus and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 168:488-500. [PMID: 34757299 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Net blotch, caused by the ascomycete Drechslera teres, can compromise barley production. Beneficial bacteria strains are of substantial interest as biological agents for plant protection in agriculture. Belonging to the genus Paraburkholderia, a bacterium, referred to as strain B25, has been identified as protective for barley against net blotch. The strain Paraburkholderia phytofirmans (strain PsJN), which has no effect on the pathogen's growth, has been used as control. In this study, the expression of target genes involved in cell wall-related processes, defense responses, carbohydrate and phenylpropanoid pathways was studied under various conditions (with or without pathogen and/or with or without bacterial strains) at different time-points (0-6-12-48 h). The results show that specific genes were subjected to a circadian regulation and that the expression of most of them increased in barley infected with D. teres and/or bacterized with the strain PsJN. On the contrary, a decreased gene expression was observed in the presence of strain B25. To complement and enrich the gene expression analysis, untargeted metabolomics was carried out on the same samples. The data obtained show an increase in the production of lipid compounds in barley in the presence of the pathogen. In addition, the presence of strain B25 leads to a decrease in the production of defense compounds in this crop. The results contribute to advance the knowledge on the mechanisms occurring at the onset of D. teres infection and in the presence of a biocontrol agent limiting the severity of net blotch in barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Backes
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, RIBP EA4707 USC INRAE 1488, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, 51100, Reims, France.
| | - Sophie Charton
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Biotechnologies and Environmental Analytics Platform (BEAP), 41 rue du Brill, L-4422, Belvaux, Luxembourg.
| | - Sébastien Planchon
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Biotechnologies and Environmental Analytics Platform (BEAP), 41 rue du Brill, L-4422, Belvaux, Luxembourg.
| | - Qassim Esmaeel
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, RIBP EA4707 USC INRAE 1488, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, 51100, Reims, France.
| | - Kjell Sergeant
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, GreenTech Innovation Centre, 5 rue Bommel, Z.A.E. Robert Steichen, L-4940, Hautcharage, Luxembourg.
| | - Jean-Francois Hausman
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, GreenTech Innovation Centre, 5 rue Bommel, Z.A.E. Robert Steichen, L-4940, Hautcharage, Luxembourg.
| | - Jenny Renaut
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, GreenTech Innovation Centre, 5 rue Bommel, Z.A.E. Robert Steichen, L-4940, Hautcharage, Luxembourg.
| | - Essaid Ait Barka
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, RIBP EA4707 USC INRAE 1488, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, 51100, Reims, France.
| | - Cédric Jacquard
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, RIBP EA4707 USC INRAE 1488, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, 51100, Reims, France.
| | - Gea Guerriero
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, GreenTech Innovation Centre, 5 rue Bommel, Z.A.E. Robert Steichen, L-4940, Hautcharage, Luxembourg.
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29
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Shahzad R, Jamil S, Ahmad S, Nisar A, Khan S, Amina Z, Kanwal S, Aslam HMU, Gill RA, Zhou W. Biofortification of Cereals and Pulses Using New Breeding Techniques: Current and Future Perspectives. Front Nutr 2021; 8:721728. [PMID: 34692743 PMCID: PMC8528959 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.721728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cereals and pulses are consumed as a staple food in low-income countries for the fulfillment of daily dietary requirements and as a source of micronutrients. However, they are failing to offer balanced nutrition due to deficiencies of some essential compounds, macronutrients, and micronutrients, i.e., cereals are deficient in iron, zinc, some essential amino acids, and quality proteins. Meanwhile, the pulses are rich in anti-nutrient compounds that restrict the bioavailability of micronutrients. As a result, the population is suffering from malnutrition and resultantly different diseases, i.e., anemia, beriberi, pellagra, night blindness, rickets, and scurvy are common in the society. These facts highlight the need for the biofortification of cereals and pulses for the provision of balanced diets to masses and reduction of malnutrition. Biofortification of crops may be achieved through conventional approaches or new breeding techniques (NBTs). Conventional approaches for biofortification cover mineral fertilization through foliar or soil application, microbe-mediated enhanced uptake of nutrients, and conventional crossing of plants to obtain the desired combination of genes for balanced nutrient uptake and bioavailability. Whereas, NBTs rely on gene silencing, gene editing, overexpression, and gene transfer from other species for the acquisition of balanced nutritional profiles in mutant plants. Thus, we have highlighted the significance of conventional and NBTs for the biofortification of cereals and pulses. Current and future perspectives and opportunities are also discussed. Further, the regulatory aspects of newly developed biofortified transgenic and/or non-transgenic crop varieties via NBTs are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahil Shahzad
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shakra Jamil
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shakeel Ahmad
- Maize Research Station, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Amina Nisar
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sipper Khan
- Tropics and Subtropics Group, Institute of Agricultural Engineering, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Zarmaha Amina
- Tropics and Subtropics Group, Institute of Agricultural Engineering, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Shamsa Kanwal
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Rafaqat Ali Gill
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Weijun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Botticella E, Savatin DV, Sestili F. The Triple Jags of Dietary Fibers in Cereals: How Biotechnology Is Longing for High Fiber Grains. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:745579. [PMID: 34594354 PMCID: PMC8477015 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.745579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cereals represent an important source of beneficial compounds for human health, such as macro- and micronutrients, vitamins, and bioactive molecules. Generally, the consumption of whole-grain products is associated with significant health benefits, due to the elevated amount of dietary fiber (DF). However, the consumption of whole-grain foods is still modest compared to more refined products. In this sense, it is worth focusing on the increase of DF fractions inside the inner compartment of the seed, the endosperm, which represents the main part of the derived flour. The main components of the grain fiber are arabinoxylan (AX), β-glucan (βG), and resistant starch (RS). These three components are differently distributed in grains, however, all of them are represented in the endosperm. AX and βG, classified as non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), are in cell walls, whereas, RS is in the endosperm, being a starch fraction. As the chemical structure of DFs influences their digestibility, the identification of key actors involved in their metabolism can pave the way to improve their function in human health. Here, we reviewed the main achievements of plant biotechnologies in DFs manipulation in cereals, highlighting new genetic targets to be exploited, and main issues to face to increase the potential of cereals in fighting malnutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ermelinda Botticella
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR), Lecce, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Sestili
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
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31
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Betts NS, Collins HM, Shirley NJ, Cuesta-Seijo JA, Schwerdt JG, Phillips RJ, Finnie C, Fincher GB, Dockter C, Skadhauge B, Bulone V. Identification and spatio-temporal expression analysis of barley genes that encode putative modular xylanolytic enzymes. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 308:110792. [PMID: 34034860 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Arabinoxylans are cell wall polysaccharides whose re-modelling and degradation during plant development are mediated by several classes of xylanolytic enzymes. Here, we present the identification and new annotation of twelve putative (1,4)-β-xylanase and six β-xylosidase genes, and their spatio-temporal expression patterns during vegetative and reproductive growth of barley (Hordeum vulgare cv. Navigator). The encoded xylanase proteins are all predicted to contain a conserved carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) and a catalytic glycoside hydrolase (GH) 10 domain. Additional domains in some xylanases define three discrete phylogenetic clades: one clade contains proteins with an additional N-terminal signal sequence, while another clade contains proteins with multiple CBMs. Homology modelling revealed that all fifteen xylanases likely contain a third domain, a β-sandwich folded from two non-contiguous sequence segments that bracket the catalytic GH domain, which may explain why the full length protein is required for correct folding of the active enzyme. Similarly, predicted xylosidase proteins share a highly conserved domain structure, each with an N-terminal signal peptide, a split GH 3 domain, and a C-terminal fibronectin-like domain. Several genes appear to be ubiquitously expressed during barley growth and development, while four newly annotated xylanase and xylosidase genes are expressed at extremely high levels, which may be of broader interest for industrial applications where cell wall degradation is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie S Betts
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond SA 5064 Australia.
| | - Helen M Collins
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond SA 5064 Australia.
| | - Neil J Shirley
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond SA 5064 Australia
| | - Jose A Cuesta-Seijo
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, 1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark.
| | - Julian G Schwerdt
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond SA 5064 Australia.
| | - Renee J Phillips
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond SA 5064 Australia.
| | - Christine Finnie
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, 1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Geoffrey B Fincher
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond SA 5064 Australia.
| | - Christoph Dockter
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, 1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark.
| | - Birgitte Skadhauge
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, 1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark.
| | - Vincent Bulone
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond SA 5064 Australia; Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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The composition of Australian Plantago seeds highlights their potential as nutritionally-rich functional food ingredients. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12692. [PMID: 34135417 PMCID: PMC8209032 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92114-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
When wetted, Plantago seeds become covered with a polysaccharide-rich gel called mucilage that has value as a food additive and bulking dietary fibre. Industrially, the dry husk layer that becomes mucilage, called psyllium, is milled off Plantago ovata seeds, the only commercial-relevant Plantago species, while the residual inner seed tissues are either used for low value animal feed or discarded. We suggest that this practice is potentially wasting a highly nutritious resource and here describe the use of histological, physicochemical, and chromatographic analyses to compare whole seed composition/characteristics of P. ovata with 11 relatives already adapted to harsh Australian conditions that may represent novel commercial crop options. We show that substantial interspecific differences in mucilage yield and macromolecular properties are mainly a consequence of differences in heteroxylan and pectin composition and probably represent wide differences in hydrocolloid functionality that can be exploited in industry. We also show that non-mucilage producing inner seed tissues contain a substantial mannan-rich endosperm, high in fermentable sugars, protein, and fats. Whole seed Plantago flour, particularly from some species obtained from harsh Australian environments, may provide improved economic and health benefits compared to purified P. ovata psyllium husk, by retaining the functionality of the seed mucilage and providing additional essential nutrients.
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Kraemer FJ, Lunde C, Koch M, Kuhn BM, Ruehl C, Brown PJ, Hoffmann P, Göhre V, Hake S, Pauly M, Ramírez V. A mixed-linkage (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucan specific hydrolase mediates dark-triggered degradation of this plant cell wall polysaccharide. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:1559-1573. [PMID: 33793956 PMCID: PMC8133622 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The presence of mixed-linkage (1,3;1,4)-β-d-glucan (MLG) in plant cell walls is a key feature of grass species such as cereals, the main source of calorie intake for humans and cattle. Accumulation of this polysaccharide involves the coordinated regulation of biosynthetic and metabolic machineries. While several components of the MLG biosynthesis machinery have been identified in diverse plant species, degradation of MLG is poorly understood. In this study, we performed a large-scale forward genetic screen for maize (Zea mays) mutants with altered cell wall polysaccharide structural properties. As a result, we identified a maize mutant with increased MLG content in several tissues, including adult leaves and senesced organs, where only trace amounts of MLG are usually detected. The causative mutation was found in the GRMZM2G137535 gene, encoding a GH17 licheninase as demonstrated by an in vitro activity assay of the heterologously expressed protein. In addition, maize plants overexpressing GRMZM2G137535 exhibit a 90% reduction in MLG content, indicating that the protein is not only required, but its expression is sufficient to degrade MLG. Accordingly, the mutant was named MLG hydrolase 1 (mlgh1). mlgh1 plants show increased saccharification yields upon enzymatic digestion. Stacking mlgh1 with lignin-deficient mutations results in synergistic increases in saccharification. Time profiling experiments indicate that wall MLG content is modulated during day/night cycles, inversely associated with MLGH1 transcript accumulation. This cycling is absent in the mlgh1 mutant, suggesting that the mechanism involved requires MLG degradation, which may in turn regulate MLGH1 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian J Kraemer
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - China Lunde
- Plant Gene Expression Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, California 94710, USA
| | - Moritz Koch
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Benjamin M Kuhn
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Clemens Ruehl
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Patrick J Brown
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Philipp Hoffmann
- Institute of Microbiology/Group Pathogenicity, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Vera Göhre
- Institute of Microbiology/Group Pathogenicity, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Sarah Hake
- Plant Gene Expression Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, California 94710, USA
| | - Markus Pauly
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology—Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Vicente Ramírez
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology—Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
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Bioactive Components in Oat and Barley Grain as a Promising Breeding Trend for Functional Food Production. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26082260. [PMID: 33919686 PMCID: PMC8069901 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cereal crops, such as oats and barley, possess a number of valuable properties that meet the requirements for functional diet components. This review summarized the available information about bioactive compounds of oat and barley grain. The results of studying the structure and physicochemical properties of the cell wall polysaccharides of barley and oat are presented. The main components of the flavonoids formation pathway are shown and data, concerning anthocyanins biosynthesis in various barley tissues, are discussed. Moreover, we analyzed the available information about structural and regulatory genes of anthocyanin biosynthesis in Hordeum vulgare L. genome, including β-glucan biosynthesis genes in Avena sativa L species. However, there is not enough knowledge about the genes responsible for biosynthesis of β-glucans and corresponding enzymes and plant polyphenols. The review also covers contemporary studies about collections of oat and barley genetic resources held by the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR). This review intended to provide information on the processes of biosynthesis of biologically active compounds in cereals that will promote further researches devoted to transcription factors controlling expression of structural genes and their role in other physiological processes in higher plants. Found achievements will allow breeders to create new highly productive varieties with the desirable properties.
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Abstract
Cereal β-glucan is a type of valuable dietary fiber that mainly exists in the aleurone, subaleurone, and endosperm of some cereal grains. β-Glucan is acknowledged as a functional food ingredient owing to its multiple health benefits, including the prevention of diabetes, reduction in the incidence of cardiovascular disease, antitumor effects, antioxidant activities, and immunostimulation. It is well documented that cellulose synthase-like CslF/H/J genes encode synthases responsible for β-glucan biosynthesis in cereal grains. Recently, β-glucan has been widely applied as an emulsion stabilizer, thickening agent, fat substitute, and bioactive ingredient in the food industry due to its water solubility, viscosity, gelation property, and health benefits. Therefore, the present paper aims to review the molecular characteristics, synthase gene family, and food application of cereal β-glucan in recent years.
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Zhang J, Yan L, Liu M, Guo G, Wu B. Analysis of β-d-glucan biosynthetic genes in oat reveals glucan synthesis regulation by light. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 127:371-380. [PMID: 33090200 PMCID: PMC7872105 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Oat (Avena sativa) has human health benefits when consumed as a whole-grain food, attributed to the high content of (1,3;1,4)-β-d-glucan (mixed-linkage glucan [MLG]), but little is known about the synthase genes and synthesis mechanism of MLG polysaccharides in this species. METHODS The concentration of oat MLGs under different light intensities was measured by a standard enzymatic approach and further verified by immunoelectron microscopy. The effect of light intensity on MLG synthase genes was examined by RT-qPCR and western blot analyses. The pattern of expression directed by the promoter of the oat MLG synthase gene was also investigated by histochemical β-glucuronidase (GUS) analysis. KEY RESULTS The oat orthologues of genes implicated in the synthesis of MLG in other cereals, including cellulose synthase-like (Csl) F, H and J gene families, were defined. Transcript profiling of these genes across oat tissues indicated that AsCslF6 transcripts dominated. Under high light intensities, the expression of AsCslF6, a major isoform of the MLG synthase genes, increased to >30 % of the dark growth control. The amount of MLG in oat rose from 0.07 to 1.06 % with increased light intensity. Histochemical tests showed that the AsCslF6 gene promoter preferentially directs GUS expression under high light intensity conditions. CONCLUSIONS Oat MLG synthesis is regulated by light. High light intensity upregulates the expression of the MLG synthase AsCslF6 gene, leading to an increase in the amount of MLG in oat leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
| | - Lin Yan
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
| | - Minxuan Liu
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
| | - Ganggang Guo
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
| | - Bing Wu
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
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Yuan W, Liu J, Takáč T, Chen H, Li X, Meng J, Tan Y, Ning T, He Z, Yi G, Xu C. Genome-Wide Identification of Banana Csl Gene Family and Their Different Responses to Low Temperature between Chilling-Sensitive and Tolerant Cultivars. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10010122. [PMID: 33435621 PMCID: PMC7827608 DOI: 10.3390/plants10010122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The cell wall plays an important role in responses to various stresses. The cellulose synthase-like gene (Csl) family has been reported to be involved in the biosynthesis of the hemicellulose backbone. However, little information is available on their involvement in plant tolerance to low-temperature (LT) stress. In this study, a total of 42 Csls were identified in Musa acuminata and clustered into six subfamilies (CslA, CslC, CslD, CslE, CslG, and CslH) according to phylogenetic relationships. The genomic features of MaCsl genes were characterized to identify gene structures, conserved motifs and the distribution among chromosomes. A phylogenetic tree was constructed to show the diversity in these genes. Different changes in hemicellulose content between chilling-tolerant and chilling-sensitive banana cultivars under LT were observed, suggesting that certain types of hemicellulose are involved in LT stress tolerance in banana. Thus, the expression patterns of MaCsl genes in both cultivars after LT treatment were investigated by RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) technique followed by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) validation. The results indicated that MaCslA4/12, MaCslD4 and MaCslE2 are promising candidates determining the chilling tolerance of banana. Our results provide the first genome-wide characterization of the MaCsls in banana, and open the door for further functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weina Yuan
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.Y.); (J.L.); (H.C.); (J.M.); (Y.T.); (T.N.); (Z.H.)
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.Y.); (J.L.); (H.C.); (J.M.); (Y.T.); (T.N.); (Z.H.)
| | - Tomáš Takáč
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University Olomouc, 783 75 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Houbin Chen
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.Y.); (J.L.); (H.C.); (J.M.); (Y.T.); (T.N.); (Z.H.)
| | - Xiaoquan Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China;
| | - Jian Meng
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.Y.); (J.L.); (H.C.); (J.M.); (Y.T.); (T.N.); (Z.H.)
| | - Yehuan Tan
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.Y.); (J.L.); (H.C.); (J.M.); (Y.T.); (T.N.); (Z.H.)
| | - Tong Ning
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.Y.); (J.L.); (H.C.); (J.M.); (Y.T.); (T.N.); (Z.H.)
| | - Zhenting He
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.Y.); (J.L.); (H.C.); (J.M.); (Y.T.); (T.N.); (Z.H.)
| | - Ganjun Yi
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Correspondence: (G.Y.); (C.X.)
| | - Chunxiang Xu
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.Y.); (J.L.); (H.C.); (J.M.); (Y.T.); (T.N.); (Z.H.)
- Correspondence: (G.Y.); (C.X.)
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Geng L, Li M, Xie S, Wu D, Ye L, Zhang G. Identification of genetic loci and candidate genes related to β-glucan content in barley grain by genome-wide association study in International Barley Core Selected Collection. MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2021; 41:6. [PMID: 37309529 PMCID: PMC10236047 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-020-01199-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
β-glucan is an important trait to be improved in barley breeding programs, as it greatly affects the quality of the end products when barley grains are used as raw material of feed or malt production or consumed as food for human. Although the genes associated with β-glucan synthesis have been identified, genetic regulation of β-glucan accumulation in barley grains is still completely unclear. In this study, 100 accessions from International Barley Core Selected Collection (BCS) were planted in two environments for two consecutive years to determine the genotypic variation of grain β-glucan content. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified 14 stable marker-trait associations (MTAs) (-Log10(P)> 4) for grain β-glucan content. Significantly positive correlation was found between grain β-glucan content and the number of favorable alleles of 14 stable MTAs. Seven putative candidate genes encoding some enzymes in glucose metabolism were found to be associated with β-glucan content. One of the putative genes, HORVU6Hr1G088380, could be an important gene controlling barely β-glucan content, with the SNPs being closely linked in all tested accessions and divided into two haplotypes. High resolution melting (HRM) analysis of the first SNP suggested that the HRM-SNP marker is valid for marker-assisted selection in barley breeding. This study provides useful information for the genes and markers related to grain β-glucan content in barley. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11032-020-01199-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- La Geng
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Mengdi Li
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Shanggeng Xie
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Dezhi Wu
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Lingzhen Ye
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
- Shandong (Linyi) Institute of Modern Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Linyi, 276000 China
| | - Guoping Zhang
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
- Shandong (Linyi) Institute of Modern Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Linyi, 276000 China
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Collins HM, Betts NS, Dockter C, Berkowitz O, Braumann I, Cuesta-Seijo JA, Skadhauge B, Whelan J, Bulone V, Fincher GB. Genes That Mediate Starch Metabolism in Developing and Germinated Barley Grain. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:641325. [PMID: 33732278 PMCID: PMC7959180 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.641325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Starch is synthesized in the endosperm of developing barley grain, where it functions as the primary source of stored carbohydrate. In germinated grain these starch reserves are hydrolyzed to small oligosaccharides and glucose, which are transported to the embryo to support the growth of the developing seedling. Some of the mobilized glucose is transiently stored as starch in the scutellum of germinated grain. These processes are crucial for early seedling vigor, which is a key determinant of crop productivity and global food security. Several starch synthases (SS), starch-branching enzymes (SBEs), and starch debranching enzymes (isoamylases, ISA), together with a limit dextrinase (LD), have been implicated in starch synthesis from nucleotide-sugar precursors. Starch synthesis occurs both in the developing endosperm and in the scutellum of germinated grain. For the complete depolymerization of starch to glucose, α-amylase (Amy), β-amylase (Bmy), isoamylase (ISA), limit dextrinase (LD), and α-glucosidase (AGL) are required. Most of these enzymes are encoded by gene families of up to 10 or more members. Here RNA-seq transcription data from isolated tissues of intact developing and germinated barley grain have allowed us to identify the most important, specific gene family members for each of these processes in vivo and, at the same time, we have defined in detail the spatio-temporal coordination of gene expression in different tissues of the grain. A transcript dataset for 81,280 genes is publicly available as a resource for investigations into other cellular and biochemical processes that occur in the developing grain from 6 days after pollination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M. Collins
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Natalie S. Betts
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | | | - Oliver Berkowitz
- School of Life Sciences and ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | | | - James Whelan
- School of Life Sciences and ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Vincent Bulone
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
- Adelaide Glycomics, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Geoffrey B. Fincher
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Geoffrey B. Fincher,
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Schultz CJ, Goonetilleke SN, Liang J, Lahnstein J, Levin KA, Bianco-Miotto T, Burton RA, Mather DE, Chalmers KJ. Analysis of Genetic Diversity in the Traditional Chinese Medicine Plant 'Kushen' ( Sophora flavescens Ait.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:704201. [PMID: 34413868 PMCID: PMC8369264 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.704201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Kushen root, from the woody legume Sophora flavescens, is a traditional Chinese medicine that is a key ingredient in several promising cancer treatments. This activity is attributed in part to two quinolizidine alkaloids (QAs), oxymatrine and matrine, that have a variety of therapeutic activities in vitro. Genetic selection is needed to adapt S. flavescens for cultivation and to improve productivity and product quality. Genetic diversity of S. flavescens was investigated using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) on 85 plants grown from seeds collected from 9 provinces of China. DArTSeq provided over 10,000 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, 1636 of which were used in phylogenetic analysis to reveal clear regional differences for S. flavescens. One accession from each region was selected for PCR-sequencing to identify gene-specific SNPs in the first two QA pathway genes, lysine decarboxylase (LDC) and copper amine oxidase (CAO). To obtain SfCAO sequence for primer design we used a targeted transcript capture and assembly strategy using publicly available RNA sequencing data. Partial gene sequence analysis of SfCAO revealed two recently duplicated genes, SfCAO1 and SfCAO2, in contrast to the single gene found in the QA-producing legume Lupinus angustifolius. We demonstrate high efficiency converting SNPs to Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP) markers developing 27 new KASP markers, 17 from DArTSeq data, 7 for SfLDC, and 3 for SfCAO1. To complement this genetic diversity analysis a field trial site has been established in South Australia, providing access to diverse S. flavescens material for morphological, transcriptomic, and QA metabolite analysis. Analysis of dissected flower buds revealed that anthesis occurs before buds fully open suggesting a potential for S. flavescens to be an inbreeding species, however this is not supported by the relatively high level of heterozygosity observed. Two plants from the field trial site were analysed by quantitative real-time PCR and levels of matrine and oxymatrine were assessed in a variety of tissues. We are now in a strong position to select diverse plants for crosses to accelerate the process of genetic selection needed to adapt kushen to cultivation and improve productivity and product quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn J. Schultz
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Shashi N. Goonetilleke
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jianping Liang
- Department of Chinese Medicine, College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Shanxi, China
- *Correspondence: Jianping Liang,
| | - Jelle Lahnstein
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Kara A. Levin
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Tina Bianco-Miotto
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Rachel A. Burton
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Diane E. Mather
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Kenneth J. Chalmers
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Kenneth J. Chalmers,
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Garcia-Gimenez G, Barakate A, Smith P, Stephens J, Khor SF, Doblin MS, Hao P, Bacic A, Fincher GB, Burton RA, Waugh R, Tucker MR, Houston K. Targeted mutation of barley (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan synthases reveals complex relationships between the storage and cell wall polysaccharide content. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:1009-1022. [PMID: 32890421 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L) grain is comparatively rich in (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan, a source of fermentable dietary fibre that protects against various human health conditions. However, low grain (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan content is preferred for brewing and distilling. We took a reverse genetics approach, using CRISPR/Cas9 to generate mutations in members of the Cellulose synthase-like (Csl) gene superfamily that encode known (HvCslF6 and HvCslH1) and putative (HvCslF3 and HvCslF9) (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan synthases. Resultant mutations ranged from single amino acid (aa) substitutions to frameshift mutations causing premature stop codons, and led to specific differences in grain morphology, composition and (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan content. (1,3;1,4)-β-Glucan was absent in the grain of cslf6 knockout lines, whereas cslf9 knockout lines had similar (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan content to wild-type (WT). However, cslf9 mutants showed changes in the abundance of other cell-wall-related monosaccharides compared with WT. Thousand grain weight (TGW), grain length, width and surface area were altered in cslf6 knockouts, and to a lesser extent TGW in cslf9 knockouts. cslf3 and cslh1 mutants had no effect on grain (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan content. Our data indicate that multiple members of the CslF/H family fulfil important functions during grain development but, with the exception of HvCslF6, do not impact the abundance of (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan in mature grain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abdellah Barakate
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, Scotland, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Pauline Smith
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, Scotland, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Jennifer Stephens
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, Scotland, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Shi F Khor
- School of Agriculture and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Monika S Doblin
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and Food, School of Life Sciences, Department of Animal, Plant, and Soil Sciences, AgriBio Building, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Pengfei Hao
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and Food, School of Life Sciences, Department of Animal, Plant, and Soil Sciences, AgriBio Building, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and Food, School of Life Sciences, Department of Animal, Plant, and Soil Sciences, AgriBio Building, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Geoffrey B Fincher
- School of Agriculture and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Rachel A Burton
- School of Agriculture and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Robbie Waugh
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, Scotland, DD2 5DA, UK
- School of Agriculture and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
- Plant Sciences Division, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee. Dundee, Scotland, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Matthew R Tucker
- School of Agriculture and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Kelly Houston
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, Scotland, DD2 5DA, UK
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Coomey JH, Sibout R, Hazen SP. Grass secondary cell walls, Brachypodium distachyon as a model for discovery. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:1649-1667. [PMID: 32285456 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A key aspect of plant growth is the synthesis and deposition of cell walls. In specific tissues and cell types including xylem and fibre, a thick secondary wall comprised of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin is deposited. Secondary cell walls provide a physical barrier that protects plants from pathogens, promotes tolerance to abiotic stresses and fortifies cells to withstand the forces associated with water transport and the physical weight of plant structures. Grasses have numerous cell wall features that are distinct from eudicots and other plants. Study of the model species Brachypodium distachyon as well as other grasses has revealed numerous features of the grass cell wall. These include the characterisation of xylosyl and arabinosyltransferases, a mixed-linkage glucan synthase and hydroxycinnamate acyltransferases. Perhaps the most fertile area for discovery has been the formation of lignins, including the identification of novel substrates and enzyme activities towards the synthesis of monolignols. Other enzymes function as polymerising agents or transferases that modify lignins and facilitate interactions with polysaccharides. The regulatory aspects of cell wall biosynthesis are largely overlapping with those of eudicots, but salient differences among species have been resolved that begin to identify the determinants that define grass cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua H Coomey
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
- Plant Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Richard Sibout
- Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, INRAE, UR BIA, F-44316, Nantes, France
| | - Samuel P Hazen
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
- Plant Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
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Time of In Vitro Anther Culture May Moderate Action of Copper and Silver Ions that Affect the Relationship between DNA Methylation Change and the Yield of Barley Green Regenerants. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9091064. [PMID: 32825181 PMCID: PMC7570150 DOI: 10.3390/plants9091064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Plant anther culture allows for the regeneration of uniform and homozygous double haploids. However, off-type regenerants may appear as a result of so-called tissue culture-induced variation (TCIV). In addition, the presence of Cu2+ and Ag+ ions in the culture medium might influence the number of green plants. The regenerants were obtained via anther cultures of barley under varying Cu2+ and Ag+ ion concentrations in the induction medium during distinct time conditions. DArTseqMet markers were evaluated based on regenerants and donor plants and delivering data on DNA demethylation (DM) and de novo methylation (DNM) and changes in methylation (Delta). The number of green regenerated plants per 100 anthers (GPs) was evaluated. The Cu2+ and Ag+ ion concentrations moderated relationships between Delta and the number of green plants conditional on time of tissue cultures. Depending on the ions, moderated moderation is valid within the different time of anther culture. When the highest concentration of copper is analyzed, plant regeneration is possible under short ‘Time’ (21 days) of anther culture wherein Delta is negative or under elongated Time when Delta is positive. Under 21 days of culture, the highest concentration of silver ions and when Delta is negative, some regenerants could be evaluated. However, under high Ag+ concentration when Time of culture is long and Delta positive, the highest number of green plants could be obtained.
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Phan JL, Cowley JM, Neumann KA, Herliana L, O'Donovan LA, Burton RA. The novel features of Plantago ovata seed mucilage accumulation, storage and release. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11766. [PMID: 32678191 PMCID: PMC7366641 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68685-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Seed mucilage polysaccharide production, storage and release in Plantagoovata is strikingly different to that of the model plant Arabidopsis. We have used microscopy techniques to track the development of mucilage secretory cells and demonstrate that mature P.ovata seeds do not have an outer intact cell layer within which the polysaccharides surround internal columellae. Instead, dehydrated mucilage is spread in a thin homogenous layer over the entire seed surface and upon wetting expands directly outwards, away from the seed. Observing mucilage expansion in real time combined with compositional analysis allowed mucilage layer definition and the roles they play in mucilage release and architecture upon hydration to be explored. The first emergent layer of hydrated mucilage is rich in pectin, extremely hydrophilic, and forms an expansion front that functions to ‘jumpstart’ hydration and swelling of the second layer. This next layer, comprising the bulk of the expanded seed mucilage, is predominantly composed of heteroxylan and appears to provide much of the structural integrity. Our results indicate that the synthesis, deposition, desiccation, and final storage position of mucilage polysaccharides must be carefully orchestrated, although many of these processes are not yet fully defined and vary widely between myxospermous plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana L Phan
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia.,Australian Academy of Science, Ian Potter House, 9 Gordon St, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - James M Cowley
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Kylie A Neumann
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia.,IP Australia, PO Box 200, Woden, ACT, 2606, Australia
| | - Lina Herliana
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Lisa A O'Donovan
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Rachel A Burton
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia. .,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia.
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45
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Marcotuli I, Colasuonno P, Hsieh YSY, Fincher GB, Gadaleta A. Non-Starch Polysaccharides in Durum Wheat: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082933. [PMID: 32331292 PMCID: PMC7215680 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Durum wheat is one of most important cereal crops that serves as a staple dietary component for humans and domestic animals. It provides antioxidants, proteins, minerals and dietary fibre, which have beneficial properties for humans, especially as related to the health of gut microbiota. Dietary fibre is defined as carbohydrate polymers that are non-digestible in the small intestine. However, this dietary component can be digested by microorganisms in the large intestine and imparts physiological benefits at daily intake levels of 30–35 g. Dietary fibre in cereal grains largely comprises cell wall polymers and includes insoluble (cellulose, part of the hemicellulose component and lignin) and soluble (arabinoxylans and (1,3;1,4)-β-glucans) fibre. More specifically, certain components provide immunomodulatory and cholesterol lowering activity, faecal bulking effects, enhanced absorption of certain minerals, prebiotic effects and, through these effects, reduce the risk of type II diabetes, cardiovascular disease and colorectal cancer. Thus, dietary fibre is attracting increasing interest from cereal processors, producers and consumers. Compared with other components of the durum wheat grain, fibre components have not been studied extensively. Here, we have summarised the current status of knowledge on the genetic control of arabinoxylan and (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan synthesis and accumulation in durum wheat grain. Indeed, the recent results obtained in durum wheat open the way for the improvement of these important cereal quality parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Marcotuli
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy;
- Correspondence: (I.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Pasqualina Colasuonno
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Yves S. Y. Hsieh
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), SE106 91 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Geoffrey B. Fincher
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia;
| | - Agata Gadaleta
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy;
- Correspondence: (I.M.); (A.G.)
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46
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Fang H, Wright T, Jinn JR, Guo W, Zhang N, Wang X, Wang YJ, Xu J. Engineering hydroxyproline-O-glycosylated biopolymers to reconstruct the plant cell wall for improved biomass processability. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:945-958. [PMID: 31930479 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Reconstructing the chemical and structural characteristics of the plant cell wall represents a promising solution to overcoming lignocellulosic biomass recalcitrance to biochemical deconstruction. This study aims to leverage hydroxyproline (Hyp)-O-glycosylation, a process unique to plant cell wall glycoproteins, as an innovative technology for de novo design and engineering in planta of Hyp-O-glycosylated biopolymers (HypGP) that facilitate plant cell wall reconstruction. HypGP consisting of 18 tandem repeats of "Ser-Hyp-Hyp-Hyp-Hyp" motif or (SP4)18 was designed and engineered into tobacco plants as a fusion peptide with either a reporter protein enhanced green fluorescence protein or the catalytic domain of a thermophilic E1 endoglucanase (E1cd) from Acidothermus cellulolyticus. The engineered (SP4)18 module was extensively Hyp-O-glycosylated with arabino-oligosaccharides, which facilitated the deposition of the fused protein/enzyme in the cell wall matrix and improved the accumulation of the protein/enzyme in planta by 1.5-11-fold. The enzyme activity of the recombinant E1cd was not affected by the fused (SP4)18 module, showing an optimal temperature of 80°C and optimal pH between 5 and 8. The plant biomass engineered with the (SP4)18 -tagged protein/enzyme increased the biomass saccharification efficiency by up to 3.5-fold without having adverse impact on the plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Fang
- Arkansas Biosciences Institute, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas
- College of Agriculture, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas
| | - Tristen Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas
| | - Jia-Rong Jinn
- Department of Food Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Wenzheng Guo
- Arkansas Biosciences Institute, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas
| | - Ningning Zhang
- Arkansas Biosciences Institute, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas
| | - Xiaoting Wang
- Arkansas Biosciences Institute, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas
| | - Ya-Jane Wang
- Department of Food Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- Arkansas Biosciences Institute, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas
- College of Agriculture, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas
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Betts NS, Dockter C, Berkowitz O, Collins HM, Hooi M, Lu Q, Burton RA, Bulone V, Skadhauge B, Whelan J, Fincher GB. Transcriptional and biochemical analyses of gibberellin expression and content in germinated barley grain. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:1870-1884. [PMID: 31819970 PMCID: PMC7242073 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Mobilization of reserves in germinated cereal grains is critical for early seedling vigour, global crop productivity, and hence food security. Gibberellins (GAs) are central to this process. We have developed a spatio-temporal model that describes the multifaceted mechanisms of GA regulation in germinated barley grain. The model was generated using RNA sequencing transcript data from tissues dissected from intact, germinated grain, which closely match measurements of GA hormones and their metabolites in those tissues. The data show that successful grain germination is underpinned by high concentrations of GA precursors in ungerminated grain, the use of independent metabolic pathways for the synthesis of several bioactive GAs during germination, and a capacity to abort bioactive GA biosynthesis. The most abundant bioactive form is GA1, which is synthesized in the scutellum as a glycosyl conjugate that diffuses to the aleurone, where it stimulates de novo synthesis of a GA3 conjugate and GA4. Synthesis of bioactive GAs in the aleurone provides a mechanism that ensures the hormonal signal is relayed from the scutellum to the distal tip of the grain. The transcript data set of 33 421 genes used to define GA metabolism is available as a resource to analyse other physiological processes in germinated grain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie S Betts
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | | | - Oliver Berkowitz
- School of Life Science and ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Helen M Collins
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Michelle Hooi
- Adelaide Glycomics, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Qiongxian Lu
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Rachel A Burton
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Vincent Bulone
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
- Adelaide Glycomics, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | | | - James Whelan
- School of Life Science and ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Geoffrey B Fincher
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
- Correspondence:
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48
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Brandon AG, Scheller HV. Engineering of Bioenergy Crops: Dominant Genetic Approaches to Improve Polysaccharide Properties and Composition in Biomass. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:282. [PMID: 32218797 PMCID: PMC7078332 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale, sustainable production of lignocellulosic bioenergy from biomass will depend on a variety of dedicated bioenergy crops. Despite their great genetic diversity, prospective bioenergy crops share many similarities in the polysaccharide composition of their cell walls, and the changes needed to optimize them for conversion are largely universal. Therefore, biomass modification strategies that do not depend on genetic background or require mutant varieties are extremely valuable. Due to their preferential fermentation and conversion by microorganisms downstream, the ideal bioenergy crop should contain a high proportion of C6-sugars in polysaccharides like cellulose, callose, galactan, and mixed-linkage glucans. In addition, the biomass should be reduced in inhibitors of fermentation like pentoses and acetate. Finally, the overall complexity of the plant cell wall should be modified to reduce its recalcitrance to enzymatic deconstruction in ways that do no compromise plant health or come at a yield penalty. This review will focus on progress in the use of a variety of genetically dominant strategies to reach these ideals. Due to the breadth and volume of research in the field of lignin bioengineering, this review will instead focus on approaches to improve polysaccharide component plant biomass. Carbohydrate content can be dramatically increased by transgenic overexpression of enzymes involved in cell wall polysaccharide biosynthesis. Additionally, the recalcitrance of the cell wall can be reduced via the overexpression of native or non-native carbohydrate active enzymes like glycosyl hydrolases or carbohydrate esterases. Some research in this area has focused on engineering plants that accumulate cell wall-degrading enzymes that are sequestered to organelles or only active at very high temperatures. The rationale being that, in order to avoid potential negative effects of cell wall modification during plant growth, the enzymes could be activated post-harvest, and post-maturation of the cell wall. A potentially significant limitation of this approach is that at harvest, the cell wall is heavily lignified, making the substrates for these enzymes inaccessible and their activity ineffective. Therefore, this review will only include research employing enzymes that are at least partially active under the ambient conditions of plant growth and cell wall development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G. Brandon
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, United States
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Henrik V. Scheller
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, United States
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
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49
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Al Mutairi AA, Cavagnaro TR, Khor SF, Neumann K, Burton RA, Watts-Williams SJ. The effect of zinc fertilisation and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on grain quality and yield of contrasting barley cultivars. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2020; 47:122-133. [PMID: 31910148 DOI: 10.1071/fp19220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Zinc is essential for the functioning of many enzymes and plant processes and the malting process. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can improve zinc (Zn) uptake in the important cereal crop barley (Hordeum vulgare) on Zn-deficient soils. Here we investigated the impacts of Zn fertilisation and AMF on the yield and grain quality of malting barley cultivars. Five barley genotypes were inoculated or not with the AMF Rhizophagus irregularis, and grown in pots either fertilised with Zn or not. Measurements of Zn nutrition and yield were made for all cultivars. Further analyses of grain biochemical composition, including starch, β-glucan and arabinoxylan contents, and analysis of ATR-MIR spectra were made in two contrasting cultivars. Mycorrhizal colonisation generally resulted in decreased biomass, but increased grain dimensions and mean grain weight. Barley grain yield and biochemical qualities were highly variable between cultivars, and the ATR-MIR spectra revealed grain compositional differences between cultivars and AMF treatments. Mycorrhizal fungi can affect barley grain Zn concentration and starch content, but grain biochemical traits including β-glucan and arabinoxylan contents were more conserved by the cultivar, and unaffected by AMF inoculation. The ATR-MIR spectra revealed that there are other grain characteristics affected by AMF that remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Al Mutairi
- The School of Agriculture, Food and Wine and the Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; and Department of Biology, College of Science, Jouf University, PO Box 2014, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Timothy R Cavagnaro
- The School of Agriculture, Food and Wine and the Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Shi Fang Khor
- The School of Agriculture, Food and Wine and the Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; and The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Kylie Neumann
- The School of Agriculture, Food and Wine and the Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; and The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Rachel A Burton
- The School of Agriculture, Food and Wine and the Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; and The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Stephanie J Watts-Williams
- The School of Agriculture, Food and Wine and the Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; and The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; and Corresponding author.
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Lim WL, Collins HM, Byrt CS, Lahnstein J, Shirley NJ, Aubert MK, Tucker MR, Peukert M, Matros A, Burton RA. Overexpression of HvCslF6 in barley grain alters carbohydrate partitioning plus transfer tissue and endosperm development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:138-153. [PMID: 31536111 PMCID: PMC6913740 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In cereal grain, sucrose is converted into storage carbohydrates: mainly starch, fructan, and mixed-linkage (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan (MLG). Previously, endosperm-specific overexpression of the HvCslF6 gene in hull-less barley was shown to result in high MLG and low starch content in mature grains. Morphological changes included inwardly elongated aleurone cells, irregular cell shapes of peripheral endosperm, and smaller starch granules of starchy endosperm. Here we explored the physiological basis for these defects by investigating how changes in carbohydrate composition of developing grain impact mature grain morphology. Augmented MLG coincided with increased levels of soluble carbohydrates in the cavity and endosperm at the storage phase. Transcript levels of genes relating to cell wall, starch, sucrose, and fructan metabolism were perturbed in all tissues. The cell walls of endosperm transfer cells (ETCs) in transgenic grain were thinner and showed reduced mannan labelling relative to the wild type. At the early storage phase, ruptures of the non-uniformly developed ETCs and disorganization of adjacent endosperm cells were observed. Soluble sugars accumulated in the developing grain cavity, suggesting a disturbance of carbohydrate flow from the cavity towards the endosperm, resulting in a shrunken mature grain phenotype. Our findings demonstrate the importance of regulating carbohydrate partitioning in maintenance of grain cellularization and filling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Li Lim
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
| | - Helen M Collins
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
| | - Caitlin S Byrt
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
- Present address: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
| | - Jelle Lahnstein
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
| | - Neil J Shirley
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
| | - Matthew K Aubert
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
| | - Matthew R Tucker
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
| | - Manuela Peukert
- Applied Biochemistry Group, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research Stadt Seeland, Gatersleben, Germany
- Present address: Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Department of Safety and Quality of Meat, Kulmbach, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Andrea Matros
- Applied Biochemistry Group, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research Stadt Seeland, Gatersleben, Germany
- Present address: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
| | - Rachel A Burton
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
- Correspondence:
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