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Lerchl K, Rakova N, Dahlmann A, Rauh M, Goller U, Basner M, Dinges DF, Beck L, Agureev A, Larina I, Baranov V, Morukov B, Eckardt KU, Vassilieva G, Wabel P, Vienken J, Kirsch K, Johannes B, Krannich A, Luft FC, Titze J. Agreement between 24-hour salt ingestion and sodium excretion in a controlled environment. Hypertension 2015; 66:850-7. [PMID: 26259596 PMCID: PMC4567387 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.05851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Accurately collected 24-hour urine collections are presumed to be valid for estimating salt intake in individuals. We performed 2 independent ultralong-term salt balance studies lasting 105 (4 men) and 205 (6 men) days in 10 men simulating a flight to Mars. We controlled dietary intake of all constituents for months at salt intakes of 12, 9, and 6 g/d and collected all urine. The subjects' daily menus consisted of 27 279 individual servings, of which 83.0% were completely consumed, 16.5% completely rejected, and 0.5% incompletely consumed. Urinary recovery of dietary salt was 92% of recorded intake, indicating long-term steady-state sodium balance in both studies. Even at fixed salt intake, 24-hour urine collection for sodium excretion (UNaV) showed infradian rhythmicity. We defined a ±25 mmol deviation from the average difference between recorded sodium intake and UNaV as the prediction interval to accurately classify a 3-g difference in salt intake. Because of the biological variability in UNaV, only every other daily urine sample correctly classified a 3-g difference in salt intake (49%). By increasing the observations to 3 consecutive 24-hour collections and sodium intakes, classification accuracy improved to 75%. Collecting seven 24-hour urines and sodium intake samples improved classification accuracy to 92%. We conclude that single 24-hour urine collections at intakes ranging from 6 to 12 g salt per day were not suitable to detect a 3-g difference in individual salt intake. Repeated measurements of 24-hour UNaV improve precision. This knowledge could be relevant to patient care and the conduct of intervention trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Lerchl
- From the Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (K.L., N.R., U.G., J.T.), Department of Nephrology and Hypertension (A.D., K.-U.E., J.T.), and Department of Pediatrics (M.R.), Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany; Experimental and Clinical Research Center, an institutional cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (N.R., F.C.L.); Unit for Experimental Psychiatry, Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (M.B., D.F.D.); Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany (L.B., B.J.); State Scientific Center of Russian Federation, Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia (A.A., I.L., V.B., B.M., G.V.); Fresenius Medical Care-D GmbH, Bad Homburg, Germany (P.W., J.V.); Center for Space Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Charité - University Clinic Berlin, Berlin, Germany (K.K.); Department of Biostatistics, Coordination Center for Clinical Trials, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany (A.K.); and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (F.C.L., J.T.)
| | - Natalia Rakova
- From the Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (K.L., N.R., U.G., J.T.), Department of Nephrology and Hypertension (A.D., K.-U.E., J.T.), and Department of Pediatrics (M.R.), Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany; Experimental and Clinical Research Center, an institutional cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (N.R., F.C.L.); Unit for Experimental Psychiatry, Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (M.B., D.F.D.); Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany (L.B., B.J.); State Scientific Center of Russian Federation, Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia (A.A., I.L., V.B., B.M., G.V.); Fresenius Medical Care-D GmbH, Bad Homburg, Germany (P.W., J.V.); Center for Space Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Charité - University Clinic Berlin, Berlin, Germany (K.K.); Department of Biostatistics, Coordination Center for Clinical Trials, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany (A.K.); and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (F.C.L., J.T.)
| | - Anke Dahlmann
- From the Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (K.L., N.R., U.G., J.T.), Department of Nephrology and Hypertension (A.D., K.-U.E., J.T.), and Department of Pediatrics (M.R.), Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany; Experimental and Clinical Research Center, an institutional cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (N.R., F.C.L.); Unit for Experimental Psychiatry, Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (M.B., D.F.D.); Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany (L.B., B.J.); State Scientific Center of Russian Federation, Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia (A.A., I.L., V.B., B.M., G.V.); Fresenius Medical Care-D GmbH, Bad Homburg, Germany (P.W., J.V.); Center for Space Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Charité - University Clinic Berlin, Berlin, Germany (K.K.); Department of Biostatistics, Coordination Center for Clinical Trials, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany (A.K.); and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (F.C.L., J.T.)
| | - Manfred Rauh
- From the Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (K.L., N.R., U.G., J.T.), Department of Nephrology and Hypertension (A.D., K.-U.E., J.T.), and Department of Pediatrics (M.R.), Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany; Experimental and Clinical Research Center, an institutional cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (N.R., F.C.L.); Unit for Experimental Psychiatry, Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (M.B., D.F.D.); Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany (L.B., B.J.); State Scientific Center of Russian Federation, Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia (A.A., I.L., V.B., B.M., G.V.); Fresenius Medical Care-D GmbH, Bad Homburg, Germany (P.W., J.V.); Center for Space Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Charité - University Clinic Berlin, Berlin, Germany (K.K.); Department of Biostatistics, Coordination Center for Clinical Trials, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany (A.K.); and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (F.C.L., J.T.)
| | - Ulrike Goller
- From the Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (K.L., N.R., U.G., J.T.), Department of Nephrology and Hypertension (A.D., K.-U.E., J.T.), and Department of Pediatrics (M.R.), Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany; Experimental and Clinical Research Center, an institutional cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (N.R., F.C.L.); Unit for Experimental Psychiatry, Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (M.B., D.F.D.); Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany (L.B., B.J.); State Scientific Center of Russian Federation, Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia (A.A., I.L., V.B., B.M., G.V.); Fresenius Medical Care-D GmbH, Bad Homburg, Germany (P.W., J.V.); Center for Space Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Charité - University Clinic Berlin, Berlin, Germany (K.K.); Department of Biostatistics, Coordination Center for Clinical Trials, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany (A.K.); and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (F.C.L., J.T.)
| | - Mathias Basner
- From the Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (K.L., N.R., U.G., J.T.), Department of Nephrology and Hypertension (A.D., K.-U.E., J.T.), and Department of Pediatrics (M.R.), Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany; Experimental and Clinical Research Center, an institutional cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (N.R., F.C.L.); Unit for Experimental Psychiatry, Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (M.B., D.F.D.); Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany (L.B., B.J.); State Scientific Center of Russian Federation, Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia (A.A., I.L., V.B., B.M., G.V.); Fresenius Medical Care-D GmbH, Bad Homburg, Germany (P.W., J.V.); Center for Space Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Charité - University Clinic Berlin, Berlin, Germany (K.K.); Department of Biostatistics, Coordination Center for Clinical Trials, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany (A.K.); and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (F.C.L., J.T.)
| | - David F Dinges
- From the Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (K.L., N.R., U.G., J.T.), Department of Nephrology and Hypertension (A.D., K.-U.E., J.T.), and Department of Pediatrics (M.R.), Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany; Experimental and Clinical Research Center, an institutional cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (N.R., F.C.L.); Unit for Experimental Psychiatry, Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (M.B., D.F.D.); Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany (L.B., B.J.); State Scientific Center of Russian Federation, Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia (A.A., I.L., V.B., B.M., G.V.); Fresenius Medical Care-D GmbH, Bad Homburg, Germany (P.W., J.V.); Center for Space Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Charité - University Clinic Berlin, Berlin, Germany (K.K.); Department of Biostatistics, Coordination Center for Clinical Trials, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany (A.K.); and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (F.C.L., J.T.)
| | - Luis Beck
- From the Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (K.L., N.R., U.G., J.T.), Department of Nephrology and Hypertension (A.D., K.-U.E., J.T.), and Department of Pediatrics (M.R.), Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany; Experimental and Clinical Research Center, an institutional cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (N.R., F.C.L.); Unit for Experimental Psychiatry, Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (M.B., D.F.D.); Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany (L.B., B.J.); State Scientific Center of Russian Federation, Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia (A.A., I.L., V.B., B.M., G.V.); Fresenius Medical Care-D GmbH, Bad Homburg, Germany (P.W., J.V.); Center for Space Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Charité - University Clinic Berlin, Berlin, Germany (K.K.); Department of Biostatistics, Coordination Center for Clinical Trials, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany (A.K.); and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (F.C.L., J.T.)
| | - Alexander Agureev
- From the Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (K.L., N.R., U.G., J.T.), Department of Nephrology and Hypertension (A.D., K.-U.E., J.T.), and Department of Pediatrics (M.R.), Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany; Experimental and Clinical Research Center, an institutional cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (N.R., F.C.L.); Unit for Experimental Psychiatry, Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (M.B., D.F.D.); Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany (L.B., B.J.); State Scientific Center of Russian Federation, Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia (A.A., I.L., V.B., B.M., G.V.); Fresenius Medical Care-D GmbH, Bad Homburg, Germany (P.W., J.V.); Center for Space Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Charité - University Clinic Berlin, Berlin, Germany (K.K.); Department of Biostatistics, Coordination Center for Clinical Trials, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany (A.K.); and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (F.C.L., J.T.)
| | - Irina Larina
- From the Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (K.L., N.R., U.G., J.T.), Department of Nephrology and Hypertension (A.D., K.-U.E., J.T.), and Department of Pediatrics (M.R.), Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany; Experimental and Clinical Research Center, an institutional cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (N.R., F.C.L.); Unit for Experimental Psychiatry, Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (M.B., D.F.D.); Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany (L.B., B.J.); State Scientific Center of Russian Federation, Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia (A.A., I.L., V.B., B.M., G.V.); Fresenius Medical Care-D GmbH, Bad Homburg, Germany (P.W., J.V.); Center for Space Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Charité - University Clinic Berlin, Berlin, Germany (K.K.); Department of Biostatistics, Coordination Center for Clinical Trials, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany (A.K.); and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (F.C.L., J.T.)
| | - Victor Baranov
- From the Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (K.L., N.R., U.G., J.T.), Department of Nephrology and Hypertension (A.D., K.-U.E., J.T.), and Department of Pediatrics (M.R.), Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany; Experimental and Clinical Research Center, an institutional cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (N.R., F.C.L.); Unit for Experimental Psychiatry, Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (M.B., D.F.D.); Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany (L.B., B.J.); State Scientific Center of Russian Federation, Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia (A.A., I.L., V.B., B.M., G.V.); Fresenius Medical Care-D GmbH, Bad Homburg, Germany (P.W., J.V.); Center for Space Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Charité - University Clinic Berlin, Berlin, Germany (K.K.); Department of Biostatistics, Coordination Center for Clinical Trials, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany (A.K.); and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (F.C.L., J.T.)
| | - Boris Morukov
- From the Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (K.L., N.R., U.G., J.T.), Department of Nephrology and Hypertension (A.D., K.-U.E., J.T.), and Department of Pediatrics (M.R.), Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany; Experimental and Clinical Research Center, an institutional cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (N.R., F.C.L.); Unit for Experimental Psychiatry, Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (M.B., D.F.D.); Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany (L.B., B.J.); State Scientific Center of Russian Federation, Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia (A.A., I.L., V.B., B.M., G.V.); Fresenius Medical Care-D GmbH, Bad Homburg, Germany (P.W., J.V.); Center for Space Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Charité - University Clinic Berlin, Berlin, Germany (K.K.); Department of Biostatistics, Coordination Center for Clinical Trials, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany (A.K.); and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (F.C.L., J.T.)
| | - Kai-Uwe Eckardt
- From the Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (K.L., N.R., U.G., J.T.), Department of Nephrology and Hypertension (A.D., K.-U.E., J.T.), and Department of Pediatrics (M.R.), Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany; Experimental and Clinical Research Center, an institutional cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (N.R., F.C.L.); Unit for Experimental Psychiatry, Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (M.B., D.F.D.); Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany (L.B., B.J.); State Scientific Center of Russian Federation, Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia (A.A., I.L., V.B., B.M., G.V.); Fresenius Medical Care-D GmbH, Bad Homburg, Germany (P.W., J.V.); Center for Space Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Charité - University Clinic Berlin, Berlin, Germany (K.K.); Department of Biostatistics, Coordination Center for Clinical Trials, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany (A.K.); and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (F.C.L., J.T.)
| | - Galina Vassilieva
- From the Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (K.L., N.R., U.G., J.T.), Department of Nephrology and Hypertension (A.D., K.-U.E., J.T.), and Department of Pediatrics (M.R.), Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany; Experimental and Clinical Research Center, an institutional cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (N.R., F.C.L.); Unit for Experimental Psychiatry, Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (M.B., D.F.D.); Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany (L.B., B.J.); State Scientific Center of Russian Federation, Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia (A.A., I.L., V.B., B.M., G.V.); Fresenius Medical Care-D GmbH, Bad Homburg, Germany (P.W., J.V.); Center for Space Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Charité - University Clinic Berlin, Berlin, Germany (K.K.); Department of Biostatistics, Coordination Center for Clinical Trials, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany (A.K.); and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (F.C.L., J.T.)
| | - Peter Wabel
- From the Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (K.L., N.R., U.G., J.T.), Department of Nephrology and Hypertension (A.D., K.-U.E., J.T.), and Department of Pediatrics (M.R.), Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany; Experimental and Clinical Research Center, an institutional cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (N.R., F.C.L.); Unit for Experimental Psychiatry, Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (M.B., D.F.D.); Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany (L.B., B.J.); State Scientific Center of Russian Federation, Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia (A.A., I.L., V.B., B.M., G.V.); Fresenius Medical Care-D GmbH, Bad Homburg, Germany (P.W., J.V.); Center for Space Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Charité - University Clinic Berlin, Berlin, Germany (K.K.); Department of Biostatistics, Coordination Center for Clinical Trials, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany (A.K.); and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (F.C.L., J.T.)
| | - Jörg Vienken
- From the Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (K.L., N.R., U.G., J.T.), Department of Nephrology and Hypertension (A.D., K.-U.E., J.T.), and Department of Pediatrics (M.R.), Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany; Experimental and Clinical Research Center, an institutional cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (N.R., F.C.L.); Unit for Experimental Psychiatry, Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (M.B., D.F.D.); Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany (L.B., B.J.); State Scientific Center of Russian Federation, Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia (A.A., I.L., V.B., B.M., G.V.); Fresenius Medical Care-D GmbH, Bad Homburg, Germany (P.W., J.V.); Center for Space Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Charité - University Clinic Berlin, Berlin, Germany (K.K.); Department of Biostatistics, Coordination Center for Clinical Trials, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany (A.K.); and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (F.C.L., J.T.)
| | - Karl Kirsch
- From the Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (K.L., N.R., U.G., J.T.), Department of Nephrology and Hypertension (A.D., K.-U.E., J.T.), and Department of Pediatrics (M.R.), Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany; Experimental and Clinical Research Center, an institutional cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (N.R., F.C.L.); Unit for Experimental Psychiatry, Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (M.B., D.F.D.); Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany (L.B., B.J.); State Scientific Center of Russian Federation, Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia (A.A., I.L., V.B., B.M., G.V.); Fresenius Medical Care-D GmbH, Bad Homburg, Germany (P.W., J.V.); Center for Space Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Charité - University Clinic Berlin, Berlin, Germany (K.K.); Department of Biostatistics, Coordination Center for Clinical Trials, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany (A.K.); and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (F.C.L., J.T.)
| | - Bernd Johannes
- From the Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (K.L., N.R., U.G., J.T.), Department of Nephrology and Hypertension (A.D., K.-U.E., J.T.), and Department of Pediatrics (M.R.), Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany; Experimental and Clinical Research Center, an institutional cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (N.R., F.C.L.); Unit for Experimental Psychiatry, Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (M.B., D.F.D.); Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany (L.B., B.J.); State Scientific Center of Russian Federation, Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia (A.A., I.L., V.B., B.M., G.V.); Fresenius Medical Care-D GmbH, Bad Homburg, Germany (P.W., J.V.); Center for Space Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Charité - University Clinic Berlin, Berlin, Germany (K.K.); Department of Biostatistics, Coordination Center for Clinical Trials, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany (A.K.); and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (F.C.L., J.T.)
| | - Alexander Krannich
- From the Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (K.L., N.R., U.G., J.T.), Department of Nephrology and Hypertension (A.D., K.-U.E., J.T.), and Department of Pediatrics (M.R.), Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany; Experimental and Clinical Research Center, an institutional cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (N.R., F.C.L.); Unit for Experimental Psychiatry, Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (M.B., D.F.D.); Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany (L.B., B.J.); State Scientific Center of Russian Federation, Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia (A.A., I.L., V.B., B.M., G.V.); Fresenius Medical Care-D GmbH, Bad Homburg, Germany (P.W., J.V.); Center for Space Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Charité - University Clinic Berlin, Berlin, Germany (K.K.); Department of Biostatistics, Coordination Center for Clinical Trials, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany (A.K.); and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (F.C.L., J.T.)
| | - Friedrich C Luft
- From the Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (K.L., N.R., U.G., J.T.), Department of Nephrology and Hypertension (A.D., K.-U.E., J.T.), and Department of Pediatrics (M.R.), Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany; Experimental and Clinical Research Center, an institutional cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (N.R., F.C.L.); Unit for Experimental Psychiatry, Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (M.B., D.F.D.); Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany (L.B., B.J.); State Scientific Center of Russian Federation, Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia (A.A., I.L., V.B., B.M., G.V.); Fresenius Medical Care-D GmbH, Bad Homburg, Germany (P.W., J.V.); Center for Space Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Charité - University Clinic Berlin, Berlin, Germany (K.K.); Department of Biostatistics, Coordination Center for Clinical Trials, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany (A.K.); and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (F.C.L., J.T.).
| | - Jens Titze
- From the Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (K.L., N.R., U.G., J.T.), Department of Nephrology and Hypertension (A.D., K.-U.E., J.T.), and Department of Pediatrics (M.R.), Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany; Experimental and Clinical Research Center, an institutional cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (N.R., F.C.L.); Unit for Experimental Psychiatry, Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (M.B., D.F.D.); Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany (L.B., B.J.); State Scientific Center of Russian Federation, Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia (A.A., I.L., V.B., B.M., G.V.); Fresenius Medical Care-D GmbH, Bad Homburg, Germany (P.W., J.V.); Center for Space Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Charité - University Clinic Berlin, Berlin, Germany (K.K.); Department of Biostatistics, Coordination Center for Clinical Trials, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany (A.K.); and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (F.C.L., J.T.).
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