1
|
Magerman C, Boros E, Preziosi M, Lhoir S, Gilis N, De Witte O, Heinrichs C, Salmon I, Fricx C, Vermeulen F, Lebrun L, Brachet C, Rodesch M. Childhood craniopharyngioma: a retrospective study of children followed in Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1297132. [PMID: 38962684 PMCID: PMC11220494 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1297132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Craniopharyngiomas (CPs) are benign brain tumors accounting for 5 - 11% of intracranial tumors in children. These tumors often recur and can cause severe morbidity. Postoperative radiotherapy efficiently controls and prevents progression and recurrence. Despite advancements in neurosurgery, endocrinological, visual, and neuropsychological complications are common and significantly lower the quality of life of patients. Methods We performed a retrospective study, including all patients younger than sixteen diagnosed with CP between July 1989 and August 2022 and followed up in Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles. Results Nineteen children with CP were included, with median age of 7 years at first symptoms and 7.5 at diagnosis. Common symptoms at diagnosis were increased intracranial pressure (63%), visual impairment (47%), growth failure (26%), polyuria/polydipsia (16%), and weight gain (10.5%). As clinical signs at diagnosis, growth failure was observed in 11/18 patients, starting with a median lag of 1 year and 4 months before diagnosis. On ophthalmological examination, 27% of patients had papillary edema and 79% had visual impairment. When visual disturbances were found, the average preoperative volume was higher (p=0.039). Only 6/19 patients had gross total surgical resection. After the first neurosurgery, 83% experienced tumor recurrence or progression at a median time of 22 months. Eleven patients (73%) underwent postsurgical radiotherapy. At diagnosis, growth hormone deficiency (GHD) was the most frequent endocrine deficit (8/17) and one year post surgery, AVP deficiency was the most frequent deficit (14/17). Obesity was present in 13% of patients at diagnosis, and in 40% six months after surgery. There was no significant change in body mass index over time (p=0.273) after the first six months post-surgery. Conclusion CP is a challenging brain tumor that requires multimodal therapy and lifelong multidisciplinary follow-up including hormonal substitution therapy. Early recognition of symptoms is crucial for prompt surgical management. The management of long-term sequelae and morbidity are crucial parts of the clinical path of the patients. The results of this study highlight the fundamental importance of carrying out a complete assessment (ophthalmological, endocrinological, neurocognitive) at the time of diagnosis and during follow-up so that patients can benefit from the best possible care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clémentine Magerman
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (HUB), CUB Hôpital Erasme, Department of Pediatrics, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emese Boros
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (HUB), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola (HUDERF), Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marco Preziosi
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (HUB), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola (HUDERF), Pediatric imaging Department, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sophie Lhoir
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (HUB), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola (HUDERF), Department of Ophthalmology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Gilis
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (HUB), CUB Hôpital Erasme, Department of Neurosurgery, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olivier De Witte
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (HUB), CUB Hôpital Erasme, Department of Neurosurgery, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Claudine Heinrichs
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (HUB), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola (HUDERF), Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Salmon
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (HUB), CUB Hôpital Erasme, Department of Pathology, Brussels, Belgium
- DIAPath, Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging (CMMI), ULB, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Christophe Fricx
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (HUB), CUB Hôpital Erasme, Department of Pediatrics, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Françoise Vermeulen
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (HUB), CUB Hôpital Erasme, Department of Pediatrics, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laetitia Lebrun
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (HUB), CUB Hôpital Erasme, Department of Pathology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cécile Brachet
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (HUB), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola (HUDERF), Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marine Rodesch
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (HUB), CUB Hôpital Erasme, Department of Pediatrics, Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chartoumpekis DV, Habeos EE, Psilopanagioti A. Evaluating the effectiveness and underlying mechanisms of incretin-based treatments for hypothalamic obesity: A narrative review. OBESITY PILLARS 2024; 10:100104. [PMID: 38463533 PMCID: PMC10924130 DOI: 10.1016/j.obpill.2024.100104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Background Hypothalamic obesity represents a clinical condition within the broader spectrum of obesity that frequently eludes detection and appropriate diagnosis. This subset of obesity is characterized by a dearth of established predictive markers and a paucity of standardized therapeutic protocols. The advent and rising prominence of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists in the obesity treatment landscape present novel therapeutic avenues for hypothalamic obesity management. Nonetheless, critical inquiries persist concerning the efficacy of GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists in this context, particularly regarding their central mechanisms of action and specific impact on hypothalamic obesity. Methods In this narrative review, we concentrate on analyzing research papers that delineate the detection and function of GLP-1 receptors across various hypothalamic and cerebral regions. Additionally, we examine clinical research papers and reports detailing the application of GLP-1 receptor agonists in treating hypothalamic obesity. Furthermore, we include a concise presentation of a clinical case from our unit for contextual understanding. Results Currently, the clinical evidence supporting the efficacy of GLP-1 receptor agonists in hypothalamic obesity, as well as the diverse characteristics of this obesity subtype, remains insufficient. Preliminary data suggest that GLP-1R agonists might offer an effective treatment option, albeit with variable outcomes, particularly in younger patient cohorts. From a mechanistic perspective, the presence of GLP-1 receptors in various hypothalamic and broader brain regions potentially underpins the efficacy of GLP-1R agonists, even in instances of hypothalamic damage. Nevertheless, additional research is imperative to establish the functional relevance of these receptors in said brain regions. Conclusion GLP-1R agonists represent a potential therapeutic option for patients with hypothalamic obesity. However, further clinical and basic/translational research is essential to validate the efficacy of these drugs across different presentations of hypothalamic obesity and to understand the functionality of GLP-1R in the diverse brain regions where they are expressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dionysios V Chartoumpekis
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, CH-1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Evagelia E Habeos
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras, GR-26504, Patras, Greece
| | - Aristea Psilopanagioti
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras, GR-26504, Patras, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gan HW, Cerbone M, Dattani MT. Appetite- and Weight-Regulating Neuroendocrine Circuitry in Hypothalamic Obesity. Endocr Rev 2024; 45:309-342. [PMID: 38019584 PMCID: PMC11074800 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnad033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Since hypothalamic obesity (HyOb) was first described over 120 years ago by Joseph Babinski and Alfred Fröhlich, advances in molecular genetic laboratory techniques have allowed us to elucidate various components of the intricate neurocircuitry governing appetite and weight regulation connecting the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, brainstem, adipose tissue, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract. On a background of an increasing prevalence of population-level common obesity, the number of survivors of congenital (eg, septo-optic dysplasia, Prader-Willi syndrome) and acquired (eg, central nervous system tumors) hypothalamic disorders is increasing, thanks to earlier diagnosis and management as well as better oncological therapies. Although to date the discovery of several appetite-regulating peptides has led to the development of a range of targeted molecular therapies for monogenic obesity syndromes, outside of these disorders these discoveries have not translated into the development of efficacious treatments for other forms of HyOb. This review aims to summarize our current understanding of the neuroendocrine physiology of appetite and weight regulation, and explore our current understanding of the pathophysiology of HyOb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hoong-Wei Gan
- Department of Endocrinology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Great Ormond Street, London WC1N 3JH, UK
- Genetics & Genomic Medicine Research & Teaching Department, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute for Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Manuela Cerbone
- Department of Endocrinology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Great Ormond Street, London WC1N 3JH, UK
- Genetics & Genomic Medicine Research & Teaching Department, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute for Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Mehul Tulsidas Dattani
- Department of Endocrinology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Great Ormond Street, London WC1N 3JH, UK
- Genetics & Genomic Medicine Research & Teaching Department, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute for Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Song J, Choi SY. Arcuate Nucleus of the Hypothalamus: Anatomy, Physiology, and Diseases. Exp Neurobiol 2023; 32:371-386. [PMID: 38196133 PMCID: PMC10789173 DOI: 10.5607/en23040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus is part of the diencephalon and has several nuclei, one of which is the arcuate nucleus. The arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus (ARH) consists of neuroendocrine neurons and centrally-projecting neurons. The ARH is the center where the homeostasis of nutrition/metabolism and reproduction are maintained. As such, dysfunction of the ARH can lead to disorders of nutrition/metabolism and reproduction. Here, we review various types of neurons in the ARH and several genetic disorders caused by mutations in the ARH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juhyun Song
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Korea
| | - Seok-Yong Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Salama M, Balagopal B, Fennoy I, Kumar S. Childhood Obesity, Diabetes. and Cardiovascular Disease Risk. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:3051-3066. [PMID: 37319430 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This mini-review aims to briefly summarize the pathophysiology of childhood obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in children and adolescents. Recent data on efficacy of lifestyle interventions, medications, and metabolic surgery for obesity, T2DM, and CVD risk factors are also reviewed. We conducted a PubMed search of English-language original and review articles relevant to childhood obesity, T2DM, and CVD risk factors, and biomarkers in children with an emphasis on recent publications. Childhood obesity arises from an intricate interaction between genetic, physiologic, environmental, and socioeconomic factors. The rise in the prevalence of childhood obesity is associated with the development of comorbidities including T2DM and CVD at an early age. A multipronged approach is central to the detection, monitoring, and management of childhood obesity and associated adverse metabolic consequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Salama
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Babu Balagopal
- Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Biomedical Research, Nemours Children's Health System, Jacksonville, FL 32207, USA
| | - Ilene Fennoy
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Seema Kumar
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dassen AR, van Schaik J, van den Munckhof P, Schuurman P, Hoving EW, van Santen HM. Could deep brain stimulation be a possible solution for acquired hypothalamic obesity? Heliyon 2023; 9:e14411. [PMID: 36967879 PMCID: PMC10036662 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Hypothalamic dysfunction may result in morbid obesity as a consequence of decreased energy expenditure, decreased feelings of satiety, and increased fat storage. In patients with hypothalamic dysfunction, neurobehavioral dysfunction is also often present. Currently, no effective treatment has been found for hypothalamic obesity (HO). We hypothesize that deep brain stimulation (DBS) may be an effective treatment for patients with hypothalamic dysfunction, aiming to treat HO as well as the neurobehavioral dysfunction. Methods A systematic search was conducted in the PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library databases for studies published until May 2022 reporting on DBS for the treatment of HO. Results Three studies met the predetermined inclusion criteria, with in total six patients treated with DBS for HO, of which five patients with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) and one patient with HO after treatment for craniopharyngioma (CP). Targets of DBS included the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) and the nucleus accumbens (NAcc). In patients with PWS, LHA-DBS was associated with a mean increase of Body Mass Index (BMI) (+5.8%), with no change in hormonal levels, results of blood workup, sleep, or neuropsychological evaluation. In the patient with CP, NAcc-DBS was associated with a decrease in BMI (-8.7%) and a subjective increase in mental health, energy and willingness to act, and no feeling of increased appetite. No objective measurements on neurobehavioral function were reported. No severe adverse events were reported in these cases. Mild to moderate adverse events included hypomanic symptoms and infection. All patients with a described follow-up period (n = 5) were able to sustain the treatment for at least 6 months with few interruptions. Conclusion There is limited research reporting on DBS for HO. The effectiveness differed across studies and the evidence is limited. Although there may be potential for DBS treatment in the severe-refractory condition of HO in patients with CP, more research is needed for target selection and evaluation of effectiveness.
Collapse
|
7
|
Rasmussen JM, Tuulari JJ, Nolvi S, Thompson PM, Merisaari H, Lavonius M, Karlsson L, Entringer S, Wadhwa PD, Karlsson H, Buss C. Maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index is associated with newborn offspring hypothalamic mean diffusivity: a prospective dual-cohort study. BMC Med 2023; 21:57. [PMID: 36788536 PMCID: PMC9930241 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-02743-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An extensive body of animal literature supports the premise that maternal obesity during pregnancy can alter the development of the fetal hypothalamus (HTH, a critical regulator of energy balance) with implications for offspring obesity risk (i.e., long-term energy imbalance). Yet, the relationship in humans between maternal overweight/obesity during pregnancy and fetal hypothalamic development remains largely unknown. Here, using an international (Finland and California, USA) multi-site diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) dataset, we test the hypothesis that maternal pre-pregnancy BMI is associated with newborn offspring HTH mean diffusivity (HTH MD, a replicable neural correlate of BMI in adults). METHODS HTH MD was independently quantified in two separate BMI-matched cohorts (up to class II obesity; BMIRange = 17-35) using a high-resolution atlas-based definition of HTH. A total of n = 231 mother-child dyads were available for this analysis (nSite,1 = 152, age at MRI = 26.7 ± 8.1 days, gestational age at birth = 39.9 ± 1.2 weeks, nM/F = 82/70, BMI = 24.2 ± 3.8; nSite,2 = 79, age at MRI = 25.6 ± 12.5 days, gestational age at birth = 39.3 ± 1.5 weeks, nM/F = 45/34, BMI = 25.1 ± 4.0). The association between maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and newborn offspring HTH MD was examined separately in each cohort using linear regression adjusting for gestational age at birth, postnatal age at scan, sex, whole white matter mean diffusivity, and DTI quality control criteria. In post hoc analyses, additional potentially confounding factors including socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and obstetric risk were adjusted where appropriate. RESULTS The distribution of maternal pre-pregnancy BMI was comparable across sites but differed by ethnicity and socioeconomic status. A positive linear association between maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and newborn offspring HTH MD was observed at both sites ([Formula: see text]Site,1 = 0.17, pSite,1 = 0.01; [Formula: see text]Site,2 = 0.22, pSite,2 = 0.03) and remained significant after adjusting for cohort-relevant covariates. CONCLUSIONS These findings translate the preclinically established association between maternal obesity during pregnancy and offspring hypothalamic microstructure to the human context. In addition to further replication/generalization, future efforts to identify biological mediators of the association between maternal obesity and fetal HTH development are warranted to develop targeted strategies for the primary prevention of childhood obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jerod M Rasmussen
- Development, Health and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
| | - Jetro J Tuulari
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, 20520, Turku, Finland
- Turku Collegium for Science Technology and Medicine (TCSMT), University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford (Sigrid Juselius Fellowship), Oxford, UK
| | - Saara Nolvi
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, 20520, Turku, Finland
- Turku Institute for Advanced Studies, Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Harri Merisaari
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Maria Lavonius
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Linnea Karlsson
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, 20520, Turku, Finland
- Centre for Population Health Research, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sonja Entringer
- Development, Health and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Medical Psychology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pathik D Wadhwa
- Development, Health and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Hasse Karlsson
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, 20520, Turku, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Claudia Buss
- Development, Health and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Medical Psychology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lee M, Park MJ, Lee KH, Kim JH, Choi HJ, Kim YH. Obesity mechanism after hypothalamic damage: Cohort analysis of neuroimaging, psychological, cognitive, and clinical phenotyping data. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1114409. [PMID: 37056667 PMCID: PMC10086156 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1114409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The hypothalamus regulates energy homeostasis, and its damage results in severe obesity. We aimed to investigate the multifaceted characteristics of hypothalamic obesity. METHODS We performed multidimensional analyses of brain structure/function and psychological and behavioral phenotypes in 29 patients with hypothalamic damage (HD) (craniopharyngioma) and 31 controls (non-functional pituitary adenoma). Patients underwent structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging and completed self-reports and cognitive tasks. RESULTS Patients with HD showed significantly higher postoperative weight gain than controls. The HD group also showed significant hypothalamic damage and lower neural activation in the left caudate nucleus in response to food images. The HD group had significantly higher food inattention, lower satiety, and higher restrained eating behavior. Within the HD group, higher restrained eating behavior was significantly associated with lower activation in the bilateral fusiform gyrus. CONCLUSION These results suggest that hypothalamic damage contributes to weight gain by altering the brain response, attention, satiety, and eating behaviors. The present study proposes novel neuro-psycho-behavioral mechanisms targeted for patients with hypothalamic obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miwoo Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jung Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hwa Lee
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hee Kim
- Pituitary Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Jin Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- *Correspondence: Yong Hwy Kim, ; Hyung Jin Choi,
| | - Yong Hwy Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Pituitary Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- *Correspondence: Yong Hwy Kim, ; Hyung Jin Choi,
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and liver secretome. Arch Pharm Res 2022; 45:938-963. [PMCID: PMC9703441 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-022-01419-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
10
|
Burridge K, Christensen SM, Golden A, Ingersoll AB, Tondt J, Bays HE. Obesity history, physical exam, laboratory, body composition, and energy expenditure: An Obesity Medicine Association (OMA) Clinical Practice Statement (CPS) 2022. OBESITY PILLARS (ONLINE) 2022; 1:100007. [PMID: 37990700 PMCID: PMC10661987 DOI: 10.1016/j.obpill.2021.100007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Background This Obesity Medicine Association (OMA) Clinical Practice Statement (CPS) on History, Physical Exam, Body Composition and Energy Expenditure is intended to provide clinicians an overview of the clinical and diagnostic evaluation of patients with pre-obesity/obesity. Methods The scientific information for this CPS is based upon published scientific citations, clinical perspectives of OMA authors, and peer review by the Obesity Medicine Association leadership. Results This CPS outlines important components of medical, dietary, and physical activity history as well as physical exams, with a focus on specific aspects unique to managing patients with pre-obesity or obesity. Patients with pre-obesity/obesity benefit from the same preventive care and general laboratory testing as those without an increase in body fat. In addition, patients with pre-obesity/obesity may benefit from adiposity-specific diagnostic testing - both generally and individually - according to patient presentation and clinical judgment. Body composition testing, such as dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, bioelectrical impedance, and other measures, each have their own advantages and disadvantages. Some patients in clinical research, and perhaps even clinical practice, may benefit from an assessment of energy expenditure. This can be achieved by several methods including direct calorimetry, indirect calorimetry, doubly labeled water, or estimated by equations. Finally, a unifying theme regarding the etiology of pre-obesity/obesity and effectiveness of treatments of obesity centers on the role of biologic and behavior efficiencies and inefficiencies, with efficiencies more often associated with increases in fat mass and inefficiencies more often associated with decreases in fat mass. Conclusion The Obesity Medicine Association (OMA) Clinical Practice Statement (CPS) on History, Physical Exam, Body Composition and Energy Expenditure is one of a series of OMA CPSs designed to assist clinicians in the care of patients with the disease of pre-obesity/obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karlijn Burridge
- Gaining Health, 528 Pennsylvania Ave #708 Glen Ellyn, IL 60137, USA
| | - Sandra M. Christensen
- Integrative Medical Weight Management, 2611 NE 125th St., Suite 100B, Seattle, WA, 98125, USA
| | - Angela Golden
- NP Obesity Treatment Clinic and NP from Home, LLC, PO Box 25959, Munds Park, AZ, 86017, USA
| | - Amy B. Ingersoll
- Enara Health, 3050 S. Delaware Street, Suite 130, San Mateo, CA, 94403, USA
| | - Justin Tondt
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, P.O. Box 1980, Norfolk, VA, 23501, USA
| | - Harold E. Bays
- Louisville Metabolic and Atherosclerosis Research Center, 3288 Illinois Avenue, Louisville, KY, 40213, USA
- University of Louisville School of Medicine, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Effects of low-glycemic index diet on plasma adipokines in obese children. Pediatr Res 2021; 90:1009-1015. [PMID: 33753893 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01463-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A low-glycemic index (GI) diet may modulate adipocyte-produced adipokines linking to insulin resistance. METHODS The stored plasma samples from the RCT of a low-GI vs. conventional diet in obese children were analyzed for adipokines: leptin, adiponectin, resistin, and visfatin. Their relationships with clinical outcomes were assessed. RESULTS Fifty-two participants completed the 6-month intervention trial (mean age: 12.0 ± 2.0 years, 35 boys). Both groups had significantly decreased BMI z-scores from baseline whereas the low-GI group had significant reduction in fasting insulin and HOMA-IR. There were no differences in adipokines between the groups before and after the intervention. However, there was an association between baseline leptin and the change of fat mass index (FMI) but not the insulin resistance in both groups. The higher the baseline leptin was, the lower the changes were for FMI after the intervention. CONCLUSION Despite no demonstrable effect of low-GI diet on plasma adipokines, the higher baseline leptin was correlated with lower reduction of fat mass. Leptin resistance may have a detrimental effect on the reduction of adiposity in obese children. Baseline leptin could be a useful predictor of the change in body composition in an obesity intervention trial. IMPACT Leptin resistance may have a detrimental effect in reducing the adiposity in obese children. This study is the first of its kind to compare the plasma adipokine concentrations of obese children on low-GI diet and conventional diet. We found that serum leptin was significantly correlated with the reduction of BMI z-score and FMI in both groups. Baseline leptin could be a useful predictor of the change in body composition in an obesity intervention trial.
Collapse
|
12
|
Giorgioni G, Del Bello F, Pavletić P, Quaglia W, Botticelli L, Cifani C, Micioni Di Bonaventura E, Micioni Di Bonaventura MV, Piergentili A. Recent findings leading to the discovery of selective dopamine D 4 receptor ligands for the treatment of widespread diseases. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 212:113141. [PMID: 33422983 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.113141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery, the dopamine D4 receptor (D4R) has been suggested to be an attractive target for the treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases. Novel findings have renewed the interest in such a receptor as an emerging target for the management of different diseases, including cancer, Parkinson's disease, alcohol or substance use disorders, eating disorders, erectile dysfunction and cognitive deficits. The recently resolved crystal structures of D4R in complexes with the potent ligands nemonapride and L-745870 strongly improved the knowledge on the molecular mechanisms involving the D4R functions and may help medicinal chemists in drug design. This review is focused on the recent development of the subtype selective D4R ligands belonging to classical or new chemotypes. Moreover, ligands showing functional selectivity toward G protein activation or β-arrestin recruitment and the effects of selective D4R ligands on the above-mentioned diseases are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gianfabio Giorgioni
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Fabio Del Bello
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032, Camerino, Italy.
| | - Pegi Pavletić
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Wilma Quaglia
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032, Camerino, Italy.
| | - Luca Botticelli
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Via Madonna Delle Carceri 9, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Carlo Cifani
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Via Madonna Delle Carceri 9, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | | | | | - Alessandro Piergentili
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Underlying Susceptibility to Eating Disorders and Drug Abuse: Genetic and Pharmacological Aspects of Dopamine D4 Receptors. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082288. [PMID: 32751662 PMCID: PMC7468707 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) has a predominant expression in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), brain area strictly involved in the modulation of reward processes related to both food and drug consumption. Additionally, the human DRD4 gene is characterized by a variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) in the exon 3 and, among the polymorphic variants, the 7-repeat (7R) allele appears as a contributing factor in the neurobiological mechanisms underlying drug abuse, aberrant eating behaviors and related comorbidities. The 7R variant encodes for a receptor with a blunted intracellular response to dopamine, and carriers of this polymorphism might be more tempted to enhance dopamine levels in the brain, through the overconsumption of drugs of abuse or palatable food, considering their reinforcing properties. Moreover, the presence of this polymorphism seems to increase the susceptibility of individuals to engage maladaptive eating patterns in response to negative environmental stimuli. This review is focused on the role of DRD4 and DRD4 genetic polymorphism in these neuropsychiatric disorders in both clinical and preclinical studies. However, further research is needed to better clarify the complex DRD4 role, by using validated preclinical models and novel compounds more selective for DRD4.
Collapse
|
14
|
Ceglarek VM, Guareschi ZM, Moreira-Soares G, Ecker-Passarello RC, Balbo SL, Bonfleur ML, Grassiolli S. DUODENAL-JEJUNAL BYPASS REDUCES LIPID ACCUMULATION IN THE BROWN ADIPOSE TISSUE OF HYPOTHALAMIC OBESE RATS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 33:e1497. [PMID: 32667527 PMCID: PMC7357552 DOI: 10.1590/0102-672020190001e1497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effects of duodenal-jejunal bypass surgery (DJB) on the proliferation of nuclei and the area of adipocytes in the brown adipose tissue of obese rats. Thermogenic activity in the brown adipose tissue (BAT) of obese individuals is reduced, and this condition may be modified by bariatric surgery (BS). AIM To characterize fat deposition in BAT from hypothalamic obese (HyO) rats submitted to duodenal-jejunal-bypass (DJB) surgery. METHODS For induction of hypothalamic obesity, newborn male Wistar rats were treated with subcutaneous injections of monosodium glutamate (MSG). The control (CTL) group received saline solution. At 90 days, the HyO rats were submitted to DJB or sham operation, generating the HyO-DJB and HyO-SHAM groups. At 270 days, the rats were euthanized, and the BAT was weighed and submitted to histological analysis. RESULTS Compared to BAT from CTL animals, the BAT from HyO-SHAM rats displayed increased weight, hypertrophy with greater lipid accumulation and a reduction in nucleus number. DJB effectively increased nucleus number and normalized lipid deposition in the BAT of HyO-SHAM rats, similar to that observed in CTL animals. CONCLUSION DJB surgery avoided excessive lipid deposition in the BAT of hypothalamic obese rats, suggesting that this procedure could reactivate thermogenesis in BAT, and contribute to increase energy expenditure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Marieli Ceglarek
- Endocrine Physiology and Metabolism Laboratory, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, State University of Western Paraná, Cascavel, PR, Brazil
| | - Zoé Maria Guareschi
- Endocrine Physiology and Metabolism Laboratory, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, State University of Western Paraná, Cascavel, PR, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Moreira-Soares
- Endocrine Pancreas and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, Campinas State University, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Cristiane Ecker-Passarello
- Endocrine Physiology and Metabolism Laboratory, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, State University of Western Paraná, Cascavel, PR, Brazil
| | - Sandra Lucinei Balbo
- Endocrine Physiology and Metabolism Laboratory, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, State University of Western Paraná, Cascavel, PR, Brazil
| | - Maria Lúcia Bonfleur
- Endocrine Physiology and Metabolism Laboratory, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, State University of Western Paraná, Cascavel, PR, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Grassiolli
- Endocrine Physiology and Metabolism Laboratory, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, State University of Western Paraná, Cascavel, PR, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Erfurth EM. Diagnosis, Background, and Treatment of Hypothalamic Damage in Craniopharyngioma. Neuroendocrinology 2020; 110:767-779. [PMID: 32580186 PMCID: PMC7490511 DOI: 10.1159/000509616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Craniopharyngiomas (CP) are rare brain tumors managed primarily with surgery and radiotherapy. There are 2 phenotypes of CP, i.e., one with a rather good outcome without hypothalamic damage and another with hypothalamic damage. With hypothalamic damage, progressive disease with recurrent operations and additional cranial radiotherapy often result in hypothalamic obesity, an affected psychosocial life, and cognitive dysfunction. The morbidity and mortality are increased for particularly cerebrovascular diseases. Preoperative hypothalamic involvement to predict hypothalamic damage is important for decision making for hypothalamus-sparing surgery. Also a postoperative hypothalamic damage evaluation with the use of hypothalamus volume measurement can predict hypothalamic obesity, which is important for early treatment options. The morbidity of CP includes cognitive dysfunction with attention deficits and impaired episodic memory and processing speed. Again patients with hypothalamic damage are more affected. Treatment options of hypothalamic obesity in the chronic phase are scarce and not convincingly successful. The most optimal situation is to try to hinder or stop the evolution of hypothalamic obesity. Prevention of hypothalamic damage is recommended, with special regard to hypothalamus-sparing therapeutic approaches that respect the integrity of essential nuclei located in both the medial and the posterior hypothalamic areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Marie Erfurth
- Department of Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden,
- Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden,
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abuzzahab MJ, Roth CL, Shoemaker AH. Hypothalamic Obesity: Prologue and Promise. Horm Res Paediatr 2019; 91:128-136. [PMID: 30884480 DOI: 10.1159/000496564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamic obesity (HO) frequently occurs following damage to the medial hypothalamic region, encompassing the arcuate nucleus, the paraventricular nucleus, the ventromedial nucleus, the dorsomedial nucleus, and the dorsal hypothalamic area, which are critically involved in the regulation of satiety and energy balance through neural and humoral connections. HO is most commonly described in the context of craniopharyngioma and its treatment, but it can also occur following other suprasellar tumors, radiation, trauma, or a surgical insult to the hypothalamus. A constellation of loss of satiety and a reduction of the metabolic rate, thermogenesis, and physical activity as well as increased vagal tone and hyperinsulinism with insulin and leptin resistance results in rapid weight gain due to a decreased energy expenditure and increased energy storage in adipose cells. To date, no viable long-term solution for HO has been found, due either to the requirement of intact hypothalamic pathways or to significant side effects. Newer therapeutic modalities focused on the unique pathophysiology of this condition offer potential for successful treatment. In this review, we describe the etiology of HO as well as past/current treatment approaches in the categories of hyperinsulinism, surgical approaches, and targeting energy expenditure/anorectic drugs. We conclude by providing an overview of the clinical trials currently underway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian L Roth
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ashley H Shoemaker
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gebauer J, Higham C, Langer T, Denzer C, Brabant G. Long-Term Endocrine and Metabolic Consequences of Cancer Treatment: A Systematic Review. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:711-767. [PMID: 30476004 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The number of patients surviving ≥5 years after initial cancer diagnosis has significantly increased during the last decades due to considerable improvements in the treatment of many cancer entities. A negative consequence of this is that the emergence of long-term sequelae and endocrine disorders account for a high proportion of these. These late effects can occur decades after cancer treatment and affect up to 50% of childhood cancer survivors. Multiple predisposing factors for endocrine late effects have been identified, including radiation, sex, and age at the time of diagnosis. A systematic literature search has been conducted using the PubMed database to offer a detailed overview of the spectrum of late endocrine disorders following oncological treatment. Most data are based on late effects of treatment in former childhood cancer patients for whom specific guidelines and recommendations already exist, whereas current knowledge concerning late effects in adult-onset cancer survivors is much less clear. Endocrine sequelae of cancer therapy include functional alterations in hypothalamic-pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and gonadal regulation as well as bone and metabolic complications. Surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy all contribute to these sequelae. Following irradiation, endocrine organs such as the thyroid are also at risk for subsequent malignancies. Although diagnosis and management of functional and neoplastic long-term consequences of cancer therapy are comparable to other causes of endocrine disorders, cancer survivors need individually structured follow-up care in specialized surveillance centers to improve care for this rapidly growing group of patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Gebauer
- Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Claire Higham
- Department of Endocrinology, Christie Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Thorsten Langer
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Christian Denzer
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Georg Brabant
- Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany.,Department of Endocrinology, Christie Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
de Bona Schraiber R, de Mello AH, Garcez ML, de Bem Silveira G, Zacaron RP, de Souza Goldim MP, Budni J, Silveira PCL, Petronilho F, Ferreira GK, Rezin GT. Diet-induced obesity causes hypothalamic neurochemistry alterations in Swiss mice. Metab Brain Dis 2019; 34:565-573. [PMID: 30635861 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-018-0337-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess inflammatory parameters, oxidative stress and energy metabolism in the hypothalamus of diet-induced obese mice. Male Swiss mice were divided into two study groups: control group and obese group. The animals in the control group were fed a diet with adequate amounts of macronutrients (normal-lipid diet), whereas the animals in the obese group were fed a high-fat diet to induce obesity. Obesity induction lasted 10 weeks, at the end of this period the disease model was validated in animals. The animals in the obese group had higher calorie consumption, higher body weight and higher weight of mesenteric fat compared to control group. Obesity showed an increase in levels of interleukin 1β and decreased levels of interleukin 10 in the hypothalamus. Furthermore, increased lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation, and decreased level of glutathione in the hypothalamus of obese animals. However, there was no statistically significant difference in the activity of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase and catalase. The obese group had lower activity of complex I, II and IV of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, as well as lower activity of creatine kinase in the hypothalamus as compared to the control group. Thus, the results from this study showed changes in inflammatory markers, and dysregulation of metabolic enzymes in the pathophysiology of obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosiane de Bona Schraiber
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Aline Haas de Mello
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Michelle Lima Garcez
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Unit Neurodegeneration, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Gustavo de Bem Silveira
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Rubya Pereira Zacaron
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Mariana Pereira de Souza Goldim
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Josiane Budni
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Unit Neurodegeneration, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Paulo Cesar Lock Silveira
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Fabrícia Petronilho
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Gislaine Tezza Rezin
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Detailed assessment of hypothalamic damage in craniopharyngioma patients with obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2018; 43:533-544. [PMID: 30181653 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0185-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Hypothalamic obesity (HO) occurs in 50% of patients with the pituitary tumor craniopharyngioma (CP). Attempts have been made to predict the risk of HO based on hypothalamic (HT) damage on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), but none have included volumetry. We performed qualitative and quantitative volumetric analyses of HT damage. The results were explored in relation to feeding related peptides and body fat. SUBJECTS/METHODS A cross-sectional study of childhood onset CPs involving 3 Tesla MRI, was performed at median 22 years after first operation; 41 CPs, median age 35 (range: 17-56), of whom 23 had HT damage, were compared to 32 controls. After exclusions, 35 patients and 31 controls remained in the MRI study. Main outcome measures were the relation of metabolic parameters to HT volume and qualitative analyses of HT damage. RESULTS Metabolic parameters scored persistently very high in vascular risk particularly among HT damaged patients. Patients had smaller HT volumes compared to controls 769 (35-1168) mm3 vs. 879 (775-1086) mm3; P < 0.001. HT volume correlated negatively with fat mass and leptin among CP patients (rs = -0.67; P < .001; rs = -0.53; P = 0.001), and explained 39% of the variation in fat mass. For every 100 mm3 increase in HT volume fat mass decreased by 2.7 kg (95% CI: 1.5-3.9; P < 0.001). Qualitative assessments revealed HT damage in three out of six patients with normal volumetry, but HT damage according to operation records. CONCLUSIONS A decrease in HT volume was associated with an increase in fat mass and leptin. We present a method with a high inter-rater reliability (0.94) that can be applied by nonradiologists for the assessment of HT damage. The method may be valuable in the risk assessment of diseases involving the HT.
Collapse
|
20
|
Crinò A, Fintini D, Bocchini S, Grugni G. Obesity management in Prader-Willi syndrome: current perspectives. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2018; 11:579-593. [PMID: 30323638 PMCID: PMC6175547 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s141352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a complex multisystem disorder due to the absent expression of the paternally active genes in the PWS critical region on chromosome 15 (15q11.2-q13). The syndrome is considered the most common genetic cause of obesity, occurring in 1:10,000-1:30,000 live births. Its main characteristics include neonatal hypotonia, poor feeding, and lack of appetite in infancy, followed by weight gain, lack of satiety, and uncontrolled appetite, frequently after the age of 2-3 years. The clinical picture includes short stature, multiple endocrine abnormalities (hypogonadism, growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-I axis dysfunction, hypothyroidism, central adrenal insufficiency), dysmorphic features, scoliosis, osteoporosis, mental retardation, and behavioral and psychiatric problems. Subjects with PWS will become severely obese unless their food intake is strictly controlled. Constant and obsessive food seeking behavior can make life very difficult for both the family and caretakers. Prevention of obesity is mandatory in these patients from the first years of life, because once obesity develops it is difficult to maintain the control of food intake. In fact, PWS subjects die prematurely from complications conventionally related to obesity, including diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, sleep apnea, respiratory insufficiency, and cardiovascular disease. The mechanisms underlying hyperphagia in PWS are not completely known, and to date no drugs have proven their efficacy in controlling appetite. Consequently, dietary restriction, physical activity, and behavior management are fundamental in the prevention and management of obesity in PWS. In spite of all available therapeutic tools, however, successful weight loss and maintenance are hardly accomplished. In this context, clinical trials with new drugs have been initiated in order to find new possibilities of a therapy for obesity in these patients. The preliminary results of these studies seem to be encouraging. On the other hand, until well-proven medical treatments are available, bariatric surgery can be taken into consideration, especially in PWS patients with life-threatening comorbidities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Danilo Fintini
- Endocrinology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Research Institute, Palidoro, Rome
| | | | - Graziano Grugni
- Division of Auxology, Italian Auxological Institute, Research Institute, Piancavallo, Verbania, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Vargas-Ortega G, González-Virla B, Balcázar-Hernández L, Nieto-Guzmán O, Garrido-Mendoza AP, Flores-Maya MA, Mendoza-Zubieta V. Cardiovascular Risk and Metabolic Syndrome Characteristics in Patients with Nonfunctional Pituitary Macroadenoma. Int J Endocrinol 2018; 2018:2852710. [PMID: 30224919 PMCID: PMC6129843 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2852710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT An elevated incidence of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been reported in patients with nonfunctional pituitary macroadenoma (NFPMA). There is no information about metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk in patients with NFPMA in our population. OBJECTIVE Analyze the metabolic syndrome (MetS) components and estimate cardiovascular risk in patients with NFPMA. DESIGN AND SETTING Retrospective study, at the tertiary care center. PATIENTS AND METHODS 71 patients with NFPMA treated according to a preestablished multimodal protocol. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol, obesity, and cardiovascular risk and its relationship with the clinical and biochemical characteristics. RESULTS The prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol, and obesity at diagnosis was 30%, 27%, 48%, and 85% and did not change upon the last visit. The prevalence of MetS changes from 54 to 48% (p = 0.001). NFPMA patients showed a significant increase risk for high total cholesterol (SMR 1.68, 95% CI 1.28-2.17, p = 0.001) and diabetes (SMR 3.19, 95% CI 2.19-4.49, p = 0.01). According to Globorisk, the male gender was an evidence of high CVD before (81% versus 18%, p = 0.01) and after (72% versus 28%, p = 0.01) multimodal treatment. CONCLUSION A high prevalence of cardiovascular and metabolic disease and a high cardiovascular risk were evidenced in patients with NFPMA, especially in men. Risk factors such as the personal history of hypertension and dyslipidemia could explain the foregoing, so the control and treatment of metabolic parameters and cardiovascular risk should be an integral part of the follow-up of these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Vargas-Ortega
- Endocrinology Service, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Baldomero González-Virla
- Endocrinology Service, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lourdes Balcázar-Hernández
- Endocrinology Service, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Oriana Nieto-Guzmán
- Endocrinology Service, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ana Pamela Garrido-Mendoza
- Endocrinology Service, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marco Antonio Flores-Maya
- Endocrinology Service, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Victoria Mendoza-Zubieta
- Endocrinology Service, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Soares GM, Cantelli KR, Balbo SL, Ribeiro RA, Alegre-Maller ACP, Barbosa-Sampaio HC, Boschero AC, Araújo ACF, Bonfleur ML. Liver steatosis in hypothalamic obese rats improves after duodeno-jejunal bypass by reduction in de novo lipogenesis pathway. Life Sci 2017; 188:68-75. [PMID: 28866102 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Hypothalamic obesity is a severe condition without any effective therapy. Bariatric operations appear as an alternative treatment, but the effects of this procedure are controversial. We, herein, investigated the effects of duodeno-jejunal bypass (DJB) surgery upon the lipid profile and expression of genes and proteins, involved in the regulation of hepatic lipid metabolism, in hypothalamic obese (HyO) rats. METHODS During the first 5days of life, male newborn Wistar rats received subcutaneous injections of monosodium glutamate [4g/kg body weight, HyO group] or saline (control, CTL group). At 90days of life, HyO rats were randomly submitted to DJB (HyO DJB) or Sham-operations (HyO Sham group). Six months after DJB, adiposity, hepatic steatosis and lipid metabolism were verified. KEY FINDINGS HyO Sham rats were obese, hyperinsulinemic, insulin resistant and dyslipidemic. These rats had higher liver contents of trygliceride (TG) and presented disorganization of the hepatocyte structures, in association with higher hepatic contents of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), fatty acid synthase (FASN), and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 mRNAs and protein. DJB surgery normalized insulinemia, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia in HyO rats. TG content in the liver and the hepatic microscopic structures were also normalized in HyO DJB rats, while the expressions of ACC and FASN proteins were decreased in the liver of these rodents. SIGNIFICANCE The DJB-induced amelioration in hepatic steatosis manifested as a late effect in HyO rats, and was partly associated with a downregulation in hepatic de novo lipogenesis processes, indicating that DJB protects against liver steatosis in hypothalamic obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Moreira Soares
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina e Metabolismo (LAFEM), Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (UNIOESTE), Cascavel, PR, Brazil
| | - Kathia Regina Cantelli
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina e Metabolismo (LAFEM), Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (UNIOESTE), Cascavel, PR, Brazil
| | - Sandra Lucinei Balbo
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina e Metabolismo (LAFEM), Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (UNIOESTE), Cascavel, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Claudia Paiva Alegre-Maller
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina e Metabolismo (LAFEM), Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (UNIOESTE), Cascavel, PR, Brazil
| | - Helena Cristina Barbosa-Sampaio
- Laboratório de Pâncreas Endócrino e Metabolismo, Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Boschero
- Laboratório de Pâncreas Endócrino e Metabolismo, Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Lúcia Bonfleur
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina e Metabolismo (LAFEM), Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (UNIOESTE), Cascavel, PR, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Cantelli KR, Soares GM, Ribeiro RA, Balbo SL, Lubaczeuski C, Boschero AC, Araújo ACF, Bonfleur ML. Duodenal-jejunal bypass normalizes pancreatic islet proliferation rate and function but not hepatic steatosis in hypothalamic obese rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 50:e5858. [PMID: 28380195 PMCID: PMC5423738 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20175858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Modifications in life-style and/or pharmacotherapies contribute to weight loss and ameliorate the metabolic profile of diet-induced obese humans and rodents. Since these strategies fail to treat hypothalamic obesity, we have assessed the possible mechanisms by which duodenal-jejunal bypass (DJB) surgery regulates hepatic lipid metabolism and the morphophysiology of pancreatic islets, in hypothalamic obese (HyO) rats. During the first 5 days of life, male Wistar rats received subcutaneous injections of monosodium glutamate (4 g/kg body weight, HyO group), or saline (CTL). At 90 days of age, HyO rats were randomly subjected to DJB (HyO DJB group) or sham surgery (HyO Sham group). HyO Sham rats were morbidly obese, insulin resistant, hypertriglyceridemic and displayed higher serum concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and hepatic triglyceride (TG). These effects were associated with higher expressions of the lipogenic genes and fatty acid synthase (FASN) protein content in the liver. Furthermore, hepatic genes involved in β-oxidation and TG export were down-regulated in HyO rats. In addition, these rats exhibited hyperinsulinemia, β-cell hypersecretion, a higher percentage of islets and β-cell area/pancreas section, and enhanced nuclear content of Ki67 protein in islet-cells. At 2 months after DJB surgery, serum concentrations of TG and NEFA, but not hepatic TG accumulation and gene and protein expressions, were normalized in HyO rats. Insulin release and Ki67 positive cells were also normalized in HyO DJB islets. In conclusion, DJB decreased islet-cell proliferation, normalized insulinemia, and ameliorated insulin sensitivity and plasma lipid profile, independently of changes in hepatic metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K R Cantelli
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina e Metabolismo, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Cascavel, PR, Brasil
| | - G M Soares
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina e Metabolismo, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Cascavel, PR, Brasil
| | - R A Ribeiro
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, RJ, Brasil
| | - S L Balbo
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina e Metabolismo, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Cascavel, PR, Brasil
| | - C Lubaczeuski
- Laboratório de Pâncreas Endócrino e Metabolismo, Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - A C Boschero
- Laboratório de Pâncreas Endócrino e Metabolismo, Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - A C F Araújo
- Centro de Ciências Médicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Cascavel, PR, Brasil
| | - M L Bonfleur
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina e Metabolismo, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Cascavel, PR, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Shi X, Zhou Z, Wu B, Zhang Y, Qian H, Sun Y, Yang Y, Yu Z, Tang Z, Lu S. Outcome of Radical Surgical Resection for Craniopharyngioma with Hypothalamic Preservation: A Single-Center Retrospective Study of 1054 Patients. World Neurosurg 2017; 102:167-180. [PMID: 28254603 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2017.02.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A retrospective review of the surgical outcome for patients with craniopharyngioma (CP) treated in a single neurosurgical center with surgical resection using visualization to ensure hypothalamic preservation. METHODS The study included 1054 patients. Before 2003, a pterional cranial approach was preferred for 78% of patients; after 2004, the unifrontal basal interhemispheric approach was performed in 79.1% of patients. RESULTS Complete tumor resection was achieved in 89.6% of patients; vision improved in 47.1% of patients who had preoperative vision impairment. However, diabetes insipidus worsened in 70.4% of patients and new-onset diabetes insipidus occurred in 29.7% of the remaining patients. Pituitary stalk preservation occurred in 48.9% of cases. There were 89.6% of patients with total tumor removal; 13.3% of patients showed tumor recurrence within an average of 2.8 years. Of 69 follow-up patients with a subtotal or partial resection, 94.2% showed tumor recurrence within an average of 4.3 months. Of the total patients, 82.3% fully recovered. CONCLUSIONS This study has shown that radical surgical resection of CP using microsurgical excision can be effective with a good patient outcome without more limitations on each individual tumor of distinct features despite the impact of recent endoscopic techniques on CP surgery. The surgical approach depends on a direct and wider visualization of CP located in the midline with preserving hypothalamic structures by identifying some hypothalamic landmark structures. After surgery, most patients can resume their normal activities even after aggressive tumor removal, although patients require postoperative hormonal replacement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang'en Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fu Xing Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhongqing Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongli Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hai Qian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuming Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zaitao Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwei Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fu Xing Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuaibin Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fu Xing Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kadouh HC, Acosta A. Current paradigms in the etiology of obesity. TECHNIQUES IN GASTROINTESTINAL ENDOSCOPY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tgie.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
26
|
Dang V, Surampalli A, Manzardo AM, Youn S, Butler MG, Gold JA, Kimonis VE. Prader-Willi Syndrome due to an Unbalanced de novo Translocation t(15;19)(q12;p13.3). Cytogenet Genome Res 2016; 150:29-34. [PMID: 27894106 DOI: 10.1159/000452611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a complex, multisystem genetic disorder characterized by endocrine, neurologic, and behavioral abnormalities. We report the first case of an unbalanced de novo reciprocal translocation of chromosomes 15 and 19, 45,XY,-15,der(19)t(15;19)(q12;p13.3), resulting in monosomy for the PWS critical chromosome region. Our patient had several typical features of PWS including infantile hypotonia, a poor suck and feeding difficulties, tantrums, skin picking, compulsions, small hands and feet, and food seeking, but not hypopigmentation, a micropenis, cryptorchidism or obesity as common findings seen in PWS at the time of examination at 6 years of age. He had seizures noted from 1 to 3 years of age and marked cognitive delay. High-resolution SNP microarray analysis identified an atypical PWS type I deletion in chromosome 15 involving the proximal breakpoint BP1. The deletion extended beyond the GABRB3 gene but was proximal to the usual distal breakpoint (BP3) within the 15q11q13 region, and GABRA5, GABRG3, and OCA2 genes were intact. No deletion of band 19p13.3 was detected; therefore, the patient was not at an increased risk of tumors from the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome associated with a deletion of the STK11 gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vy Dang
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, Calif., USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Teixeira JFC, dos Santos Maia‐Lemos P, Cypriano MDS, Pisani LP. The influence of antineoplastic treatment on the weight of survivors of childhood cancer. JORNAL DE PEDIATRIA (VERSÃO EM PORTUGUÊS) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedp.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
|
28
|
Teixeira JFC, Maia-Lemos PDS, Cypriano MDS, Pisani LP. The influence of antineoplastic treatment on the weight of survivors of childhood cancer. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2016; 92:559-566. [PMID: 27327565 DOI: 10.1016/j.jped.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Obesity is a late effect in survivors of childhood cancer and correlates with chronic complications. Survivors of leukemia, brain tumors, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation are more likely to develop obesity resulting from treatment modalities such as radiotherapy and glucocorticoids. This paper analyzes and integrates the current data available to health professionals in order to clarify strategies that can be used to treat and prevent obesity in childhood cancer survivors. SOURCES This is a literature review from on scientifically reliable electronic databases. We selected articles published in the last five years and earlier articles of great scientific importance. DATA SYNTHESIS The mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of obesity in cancer survivors are not completely understood, but it is believed that damage to the hypothalamus and endocrine disorders such as insulin resistance, leptin resistance, and hormone deficiency may be involved. The body composition of this group includes a predominance of adipose tissue, especially in those undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplant and total body irradiation. The use of body mass index in these patients may lead to an underestimation of individuals' risk for metabolic complications. CONCLUSION Early identification of groups using accurate anthropometric assessments, interventional treatment, and/or preventative measures and counseling is essential to minimize the adverse effects of treatment. Physical activity and healthy eating to promote adequacy of weight in the whole population should be encouraged.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Priscila Dos Santos Maia-Lemos
- Instituto de Oncologia Pediátrica/Grupo de Apoio ao Adolescente e à Criança com Câncer (IOP/GRAACC), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mônica Dos Santos Cypriano
- Instituto de Oncologia Pediátrica/Grupo de Apoio ao Adolescente e à Criança com Câncer (IOP/GRAACC), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bretault M, Czernichow S, Ouvry L, Bouillot JL, Barsamian C, Carette C. Evolution of hypothalamic lipoma after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Eur J Clin Nutr 2016; 70:1451-1453. [PMID: 27507066 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Severe obesity is a common consequence of hypothalamic region diseases and their treatment. Only two previous case reports have described hypothalamic lipomas in children with obesity. We described a case of an adult with severe obesity associated with hypothalamic lipoma attached to the third ventricle floor who underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. He lost 38 and 59 kg at 6 and 12 months after surgery, respectively. Weight loss after bariatric surgery was as expected in this patient with severe obesity. At 6 and 12 months, brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed stability in lipoma's size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Bretault
- Department of Nutrition, Ambroise Paré Hospital, AP-HP, Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines University, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - S Czernichow
- Department of Nutrition, European Georges Pompidou Hospital, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France.,Inserm, Population-based Epidemiologic Cohorts Unit, UMS 011, Villejuif, France
| | - L Ouvry
- Department of Nutrition, Ambroise Paré Hospital, AP-HP, Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines University, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - J L Bouillot
- Department of Surgery, Ambroise Paré Hospital, AP-HP, Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines University, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - C Barsamian
- Department of Nutrition, European Georges Pompidou Hospital, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - C Carette
- Department of Nutrition, European Georges Pompidou Hospital, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kruljac I, Rinčić G, Pećina HI. Hyperosmolar coma in a patient with hypothalamic Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Endocrine 2016; 52:176-7. [PMID: 26148702 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-015-0675-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Kruljac
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases "Mladen Sekso", University Hospital Center "Sestre Milosrdnice", University of Zagreb Medical School, Vinogradska Cesta 29, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Goran Rinčić
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Center "Sestre Milosrdnice", Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Hrvoje Ivan Pećina
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Center "Sestre Milosrdnice", Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Roth CL, D'Ambrosio G, Elfers C. Activation of nuclear factor kappa B pathway and reduction of hypothalamic oxytocin following hypothalamic lesions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 2:79-84. [PMID: 27512604 PMCID: PMC4976786 DOI: 10.15761/jsin.1000114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Hypothalamic obesity (HO) occurs in patients with tumors and lesions in the medial hypothalamic region. In this study, a hyperphagic rat model of combined medial hypothalamic lesions (CMHL) was used to test which specific inflammatory molecules are involved. Methods In order to target specific homeostatic medial hypothalamic nuclei (arcuate, ventromedial, and dorsomedial nuclei), male Sprague-Dawley rats (age of 8 weeks, ~250 g body weight) received four electrolytic lesions or sham surgery. Post-surgery food intake and weight changes were tracked and hypothalamic gene expression for inflammatory molecules as well as anorexigenic peptide oxytocin 7 days and 7 months post-surgery were tested. Results Seven days post-surgery, average food intake increased by 23%, and body weight gain had increased by 68%. Toll-like 4 receptor/nuclear factor–κB (TLR4/NF–κB)—pathway was specifically activated in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH), resulting in 3-fold higher tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, 10-fold higher interleukin (IL) 1-β mRNA levels, and higher expression of suppression of cytokine signaling (SOCS) 3, while oxytocin mRNA levels were significantly reduced in CMHL rats versus sham surgery rats 7 days post-surgery. At 7 months, inflammation was less stimulated in MBH of CMHL rats compared to 7 days post-surgery and SOCS 3 as well as oxytocin mRNA levels were comparable between the two groups. Conclusion Medial hypothalamic lesions are associated with strong post-surgery hyperphagia and activation of TLR4/NF–κB—pathway as well as reduced expression of oxytocin in the hypothalamus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian L Roth
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, USA; Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, USA
| | - Gabrielle D'Ambrosio
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, USA
| | - Clinton Elfers
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Griggs JL, Sinnayah P, Mathai ML. Prader–Willi syndrome: From genetics to behaviour, with special focus on appetite treatments. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 59:155-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
33
|
Hypothalamic Obesity in Craniopharyngioma Patients: Disturbed Energy Homeostasis Related to Extent of Hypothalamic Damage and Its Implication for Obesity Intervention. J Clin Med 2015; 4:1774-97. [PMID: 26371051 PMCID: PMC4600159 DOI: 10.3390/jcm4091774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamic obesity (HO) occurs in patients with tumors and lesions in the medial hypothalamic region. Hypothalamic dysfunction can lead to hyperinsulinemia and leptin resistance. This review is focused on HO caused by craniopharyngiomas (CP), which are the most common childhood brain tumors of nonglial origin. Despite excellent overall survival rates, CP patients have substantially reduced quality of life because of significant long-term sequelae, notably severe obesity in about 50% of patients, leading to a high rate of cardiovascular mortality. Recent studies reported that both hyperphagia and decreased energy expenditure can contribute to severe obesity in HO patients. Recognized risk factors for severe obesity include large hypothalamic tumors or lesions affecting several medial and posterior hypothalamic nuclei that impact satiety signaling pathways. Structural damage in these nuclei often lead to hyperphagia, rapid weight gain, central insulin and leptin resistance, decreased sympathetic activity, low energy expenditure, and increased energy storage in adipose tissue. To date, most efforts to treat HO have shown disappointing long-term success rates. However, treatments based on the distinct pathophysiology of disturbed energy homeostasis related to CP may offer options for successful interventions in the future.
Collapse
|
34
|
Roth CL, Eslamy H, Werny D, Elfers C, Shaffer ML, Pihoker C, Ojemann J, Dobyns WB. Semiquantitative analysis of hypothalamic damage on MRI predicts risk for hypothalamic obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2015; 23:1226-33. [PMID: 25884561 PMCID: PMC5029599 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Excessive weight gain frequently occurs in patients with hypothalamic tumors and lesions leading to hypothalamic obesity (HO). METHODS Digital brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and clinical outcomes were studied retrospectively in a single center, including 45 children with postoperative lesions in the sellar region (41 craniopharyngiomas, 4 with Rathke's cleft cysts), ∼5 years post-surgery, mean age 13.9 years. Four standard sections covering hypothalamic areas critical to energy homeostasis were used to assess lesions and calculate a hypothalamic lesion score (HLS); the association with HO was examined. RESULTS Compared to subjects who did not develop HO (n = 23), subjects with HO (n = 22) showed more frequently lesions affecting the third ventricular floor, mammillary bodies, and anterior, medial (all P < 0.05), and most importantly posterior hypothalamus (P < 0.01). The HLS correlated significantly with BMI z-score changes 12 and 30 months post-surgery, even after adjusting for potential confounders of gender, age at surgery, surgery date, surgery BMI z-score, hydrocephalus, and residual hypothalamic tumor (r = 0.34, P = 0.03; r = 0.40, P = 0.02, respectively). Diabetes insipidus was found to be an endocrine marker for HO risk. CONCLUSIONS The extent of damage following surgery in the sellar region can be assessed by MRI using a novel scoring system for early HO risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian L. Roth
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Hospital & Research InstituteSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Pediatric EndocrinologySeattle Children's Hospital & Research InstituteSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Hedieh Eslamy
- NeuroradiologySeattle Children's Hospital & Research InstituteSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - David Werny
- Pediatric EndocrinologySeattle Children's Hospital & Research InstituteSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Clinton Elfers
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Hospital & Research InstituteSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Michele L. Shaffer
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Seattle Children's Hospital & Research InstituteSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Catherine Pihoker
- Pediatric EndocrinologySeattle Children's Hospital & Research InstituteSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Jeffrey Ojemann
- Neurosurgery, Seattle Children's Hospital & Research InstituteSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - William B. Dobyns
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Hospital & Research InstituteSeattleWashingtonUSA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Haliloglu B, Bereket A. Hypothalamic obesity in children: pathophysiology to clinical management. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2015; 28:503-13. [PMID: 25781673 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2014-0512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hypothalamic obesity (HyOb) is a complex neuroendocrine disorder caused by damage to the hypothalamus, which results in disruption of energy regulation. The key hypothalamic areas of energy regulation are the ARC (arcuate nucleus), the VMH (ventromedial hypothalamus), the PVN (paraventriculer nuclei) and the LHA (lateral hypothalamic area). These pathways can be disrupted mechanically by hypothalamic tumors, neurosurgery, inflammatory disorders, radiotherapy and trauma or functionally as such seen in genetic diseases. Rapid weight gain and severe obesity are the most striking features of HyOb and caused by hyperphagia, reduced basal metabolic rate (BMR) and decreased physical activity. HyOb is usually unresponsive to diet and exercise. Although, GLP-1 and its anologs seem to be a new agent, there is still no curative treatment. Thus, prevention is of prime importance and the clinicians should be alert and vigilant in patients at risk for development of HyOb.
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Kumbhakarna was brother of the evil Raavana in the mythological tale of Ramayana. According the legend, Kumbhakarna had an insatiable appetite and thirst and used to sleep for great lengths of time. He also had an uncontrollable temper, which was feared by many. It is our assessment that Kumbhakarna possibly suffered from hypothalamic obesity. Hypothalamic obesity can be defined as significant polyphagia and weight gain that occurs because of structural or function involvement of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus bilaterally. The characteristic features are obesity associated with polyphagia. Somnolence is present in 40% of cases. Sham rage is a characteristic behavioral abnormality seen in these patients. All these symptoms are described in the mythological text while describing Kumbhakarna. The episodic nature of Kumbhakarna's symptoms can also be explained by another hypothalamic syndrome called Klein-Levine syndrome. This syndrome is characterized by with periodic episodes of somnolence, hyperphagia and hypersexuality along with other behavioral and cognitive difficulties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Om J Lakhani
- Department of Endocrinology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Jitendra D. Lakhani
- Department of Medicine, SBKS Medical College, Pipalia, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Jenwitheesuk A, Nopparat C, Mukda S, Wongchitrat P, Govitrapong P. Melatonin regulates aging and neurodegeneration through energy metabolism, epigenetics, autophagy and circadian rhythm pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:16848-84. [PMID: 25247581 PMCID: PMC4200827 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150916848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain aging is linked to certain types of neurodegenerative diseases and identifying new therapeutic targets has become critical. Melatonin, a pineal hormone, associates with molecules and signaling pathways that sense and influence energy metabolism, autophagy, and circadian rhythms, including insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), Forkhead box O (FoxOs), sirtuins and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathways. This review summarizes the current understanding of how melatonin, together with molecular, cellular and systemic energy metabolisms, regulates epigenetic processes in the neurons. This information will lead to a greater understanding of molecular epigenetic aging of the brain and anti-aging mechanisms to increase lifespan under healthy conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anorut Jenwitheesuk
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakornpathom 73170, Thailand.
| | - Chutikorn Nopparat
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakornpathom 73170, Thailand.
| | - Sujira Mukda
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakornpathom 73170, Thailand.
| | - Prapimpun Wongchitrat
- Center for Innovation Development and Technology Transfer, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakornpathom 73170, Thailand.
| | - Piyarat Govitrapong
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakornpathom 73170, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Bonfleur ML, Ribeiro RA, Pavanello A, Soster R, Lubaczeuski C, Cezar Faria Araujo A, Boschero AC, Balbo SL. Duodenal-Jejunal Bypass Restores Insulin Action and Βeta-Cell Function in Hypothalamic-Obese Rats. Obes Surg 2014; 25:656-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s11695-014-1427-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
39
|
Badiu C, Mărginean O. Current status and perspectives in the treatment of Prader-Willi syndrome. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2014. [DOI: 10.1517/21678707.2014.884921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
40
|
Joustra SD, Claessen KMJA, Dekkers OM, van Beek AP, Wolffenbuttel BHR, Pereira AM, Biermasz NR. High prevalence of metabolic syndrome features in patients previously treated for nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90602. [PMID: 24608862 PMCID: PMC3946551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients treated for nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenoma (NFMA) with suprasellar extension show disturbed sleep characteristics, possibly related to hypothalamic dysfunction. In addition to hypopituitarism, both structural hypothalamic damage and sleep restriction per se are associated with the metabolic syndrome. However, the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with NFMA is not well established. Our objective was to study the prevalence and risk factors for (components of) the metabolic syndrome in patients treated for NFMA. DESIGN The metabolic syndrome (NCEP-ATP III criteria) was studied in an unselected cohort of 145 NFMA patients (aged 26-88yr, 44% female) in long-term remission after treatment, receiving adequate stable hormone replacement for any pituitary deficiencies. The results were compared to population data of 63,995 Dutch inhabitants by standardization (LifeLines cohort study). RESULTS NFMA patients showed increased risk for reduced HDL-cholesterol (SMR 1.59, 95% CI 1.13-2.11), increased triglyceride levels (SMR 2.31, 95% CI 1.78-2.90) and the metabolic syndrome (SMR 1.60, 95% CI 1.22-2.02), but not for increased blood pressure, waist circumference or hyperglycemia. Preoperative visual field defects independently affected the risk for increased blood pressure (OR 6.5, 95% CI 1.9-22.2), and hypopituitarism was associated with a body mass index - dependent risk for increased waist circumference (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.2-2.2) and the metabolic syndrome (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.0-1.9). CONCLUSIONS Patients treated for NFMA are increased at risk for developing the metabolic syndrome, mainly due to decreased HDL-cholesterol and increased triglycerides. Risk factors included hypopituitarism and preoperative visual field defects. Hypothalamic dysfunction may explain the metabolic abnormalities, in addition to intrinsic imperfections of hormone replacement therapy. Additional research is required to explore the relation between derangements in circadian rhythmicity and metabolic syndrome in these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd D Joustra
- Center for Endocrine Tumors Leiden, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Kim M J A Claessen
- Center for Endocrine Tumors Leiden, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Olaf M Dekkers
- Center for Endocrine Tumors Leiden, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - André P van Beek
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Bruce H R Wolffenbuttel
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Alberto M Pereira
- Center for Endocrine Tumors Leiden, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Nienke R Biermasz
- Center for Endocrine Tumors Leiden, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Ando T, Haraguchi A, Matsunaga T, Natsuda S, Yamasaki H, Usa T, Kawakami A. Liraglutide as a potentially useful agent for regulating appetite in diabetic patients with hypothalamic hyperphagia and obesity. Intern Med 2014; 53:1791-5. [PMID: 25130112 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.53.1646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamic hyperphagia and obesity are characterized by a lack of satiety and an abnormally high appetite that is difficult to control. We herein report the cases of two patients with hypothalamic hyperphagia and obesity with MRI-detectable hypothalamic lesions. These patients suffered from diabetes mellitus associated with an abnormal eating behavior and weight gain. Liraglutide was successfully used to treat their diabetes mellitus and suppress their abnormal appetites. Glucagon-like peptide-1 analogues, including liraglutide, are promising treatment options in patients with hypothalamic hyperphagia and obesity, as these agents enhance the hypothalamic input of the satiety signal, which is lacking in such patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takao Ando
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kim JH, Choi JH. Pathophysiology and clinical characteristics of hypothalamic obesity in children and adolescents. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2013; 18:161-7. [PMID: 24904871 PMCID: PMC4027083 DOI: 10.6065/apem.2013.18.4.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus plays a key role in the regulation of body weight by balancing the intake of food, energy expenditure, and body fat stores, as evidenced by the fact that most monogenic syndromes of morbid obesity result from mutations in genes expressed in the hypothalamus. Hypothalamic obesity is a result of impairment in the hypothalamic regulatory centers of body weight and energy expenditure, and is caused by structural damage to the hypothalamus, radiotherapy, Prader-Willi syndrome, and mutations in the LEP, LEPR, POMC, MC4R and CART genes. The pathophysiology includes loss of sensitivity to afferent peripheral humoral signals, such as leptin, dysregulated insulin secretion, and impaired activity of the sympathetic nervous system. Dysregulation of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 activity and melatonin may also have a role in the development of hypothalamic obesity. Intervention of this complex entity requires simultaneous targeting of several mechanisms that are deranged in patients with hypothalamic obesity. Despite a great deal of theoretical understanding, effective treatment for hypothalamic obesity has not yet been developed. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms that control food intake and energy homeostasis and pathophysiology of hypothalamic obesity can be the cornerstone of the development of new treatments options. Early identification of patients at-risk can relieve the severity of weight gain by the provision of dietary and behavioral modification, and antiobesity medication. This review summarizes recent advances of the pathophysiology, endocrine characteristics, and treatment strategies of hypothalamic obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ja Hye Kim
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Ho Choi
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Filippi BM, Abraham MA, Yue JTY, Lam TKT. Insulin and glucagon signaling in the central nervous system. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2013; 14:365-75. [PMID: 23959343 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-013-9258-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of the obesity and diabetes epidemic has triggered tremendous research investigating the role of the central nervous system (CNS) in the regulation of food intake, body weight gain and glucose homeostasis. This invited review focuses on the role of two pancreatic hormones--insulin and glucagon--that trigger signaling pathways in the brain to regulate energy and glucose homeostasis. Unlike in the periphery, insulin and glucagon signaling in the CNS does not seem to have opposing metabolic effects, as both hormones exert a suppressive effect on food intake and weight gain. They signal through different pathways and alter different neuronal populations suggesting a complementary action of the two hormones in regulating feeding behavior. Similar to its systemic effect, insulin signaling in the brain lowers glucose production. However, the ability of glucagon signaling in the brain to regulate glucose production remains unknown. Future studies that aim to dissect insulin and glucagon signaling in the CNS that regulate energy and glucose homeostasis could unveil novel signaling molecules to lower body weight and glucose levels in obesity and diabetes.
Collapse
|
44
|
NESS06SM reduces body weight with an improved profile relative to SR141716A. Pharmacol Res 2013; 74:94-108. [PMID: 23756200 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We have recently synthesized a new series of 4,5-dihydrobenzo-oxa-cycloheptapyrazole derivatives with the aim to discover novel CB1 antagonist agents characterized by anti-obesity activity comparable to that of SR141716A but with reduced adverse effects such as anxiety and depression. Within the novel class, the CB1 antagonist 8-chloro-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-N-piperidin-1-yl-4,5-dihydrobenzo-1H-6-oxa-cyclohepta(1,2-c)pyrazole-3-carboxamide (NESS06SM) has been selected as lead compound. We found that NESS06SM is a CB1 neutral antagonist, characterized by poor blood-brain barrier permeability. Moreover, NESS06SM chronic treatment determined both anti-obesity effect and cardiovascular risk factor improvement in C57BL/6N Diet Induced Obesity (DIO) mice fed with fat diet (FD mice). In fact, the mRNA gene expression in Central Nervous System (CNS) and peripheral tissues by real time PCR, showed a significant increase of orexigenic peptides and a decrease of anorexigenic peptides elicited by NESS06SM treatment, compared to control mice fed with the same diet. Moreover, in contrast to SR141716A treatment, the chronic administration of NESS06SM did not change mRNA expression of both monoaminergic transporters and neurotrophins highly related with anxiety and mood disorders. Our results suggest that NESS06SM reduces body weight and it can restore the disrupted expression profile of genes linked to the hunger-satiety circuit without altering monoaminergic transmission probably avoiding SR141716A side effects. Therefore the novel CB1 neutral antagonist could represent a useful candidate agent for the treatment of obesity and its metabolic complications.
Collapse
|
45
|
Cohen M, Syme C, McCrindle BW, Hamilton J. Autonomic nervous system balance in children and adolescents with craniopharyngioma and hypothalamic obesity. Eur J Endocrinol 2013; 168:845-52. [PMID: 23482594 DOI: 10.1530/eje-12-1082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system is thought to be involved in craniopharyngioma-related hypothalamic obesity (CRHO). Increased parasympathetic activity and decreased sympathetic activity have been suggested. We aimed to study autonomic activity using heart rate variability (HRV) and biochemical measures in youth with CRHO compared with controls and to explore relationships between obesity and autonomic indices. DESIGN A cross-sectional study of 16 youth with CRHO and 16 controls matched for sex, age, and BMI. METHODS Anthropometrics, fasting blood-work, resting energy expenditure (REE), 24-h HRV, and 24-h urine catecholamines were assessed. Quality of life, sleepiness, and autonomic symptoms were evaluated. Power spectral analysis of the HRV was performed. RESULTS HRV power spectral analysis parameters of both parasympathetic activity (mean high frequency (HF (ms(2))) 611±504 vs 459±336, P=0.325) and sympathetic activity (median low frequency/HF 1.62 (1.37, 2.41) vs 1.89 (1.44, 2.99), P=0.650) did not differ between the groups. Parasympathetic activity negatively correlated with central adiposity in both groups (r=-0.53, P=0.034 and r=-0.54, P=0.029) and sympathetic activity positively correlated with central adiposity in CRHO (r=0.51, P=0.043). Youth with CRHO had significantly lower REE; lower health and activity scores in the quality of life questionnaires, and higher sleepiness scores. CONCLUSIONS Autonomic activity was similar in CRHO and control subjects. The degree of central adiposity correlated negatively with parasympathetic activity and positively with sympathetic activity in children with CRHO. These results provide a new perspective regarding autonomic balance in this unique patient population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Cohen
- Division of Endocrinology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Steele CA, Cuthbertson DJ, MacFarlane IA, Javadpour M, Das KSV, Gilkes C, Wilding JP, Daousi C. Hypothalamic obesity: prevalence, associations and longitudinal trends in weight in a specialist adult neuroendocrine clinic. Eur J Endocrinol 2013; 168:501-7. [PMID: 23293322 DOI: 10.1530/eje-12-0792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity is highly prevalent among adults with acquired, structural hypothalamic damage. We aimed to determine hormonal and neuroanatomical variables associated with weight gain and obesity in patients following hypothalamic damage and to evaluate the impact of early instigation of weight loss measures to prevent or limit the severity of obesity in these patients. DESIGN Retrospective study of 110 adults with hypothalamic tumours attending a specialist neuroendocrine clinic. BMI was calculated at diagnosis and at last follow-up clinic visit. Endocrine data, procedures, treatments and weight loss measures were recorded and all available brain imaging reviewed. RESULTS At last follow-up, 82.7% of patients were overweight or heavier (BMI≥25 kg/m(2)), 57.2% were obese (BMI≥30 kg/m(2)) and 14.5% were morbidly obese (BMI≥40 kg/m(2)). Multivariate analysis revealed that use of desmopressin (odds ratio (OR)=3.5; P=0.026), GH (OR=2.7; P=0.031) and thyroxine (OR=3.0; P=0.03) was associated with development of new or worsened obesity. Neuroimaging features were not associated with weight gain. Despite proactive treatments offered in clinic in recent years (counselling, dietetic and physical activity advice, and anti-obesity medications), patients have continued to gain weight. CONCLUSIONS Despite increased awareness, hypothalamic obesity is difficult to prevent and to treat. Improved understanding of the underlying pathophysiologies and multicentre collaboration to examine efficacy of novel obesity interventions are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A Steele
- Department of Obesity and Endocrinology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
|
48
|
Bogaerts A, Witters I, Van den Bergh BRH, Jans G, Devlieger R. Obesity in pregnancy: altered onset and progression of labour. Midwifery 2013; 29:1303-13. [PMID: 23427851 DOI: 10.1016/j.midw.2012.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND the incidence of obesity increases in all developed countries to frightful percentages, also in women of reproductive age. Maternal obesity is associated with important obstetrical complications; and this group also exhibits a higher incidence of prolonged pregnancies and labours. OBJECTIVE to review the literature on the pathophysiology of onset and progression of labour in obese woman and translate this knowledge into practical recommendations for clinical management. METHODS a literature review, in particular a critical summary of research, in order to determine associations, gaps or inconsistencies in this specific but limited body of research. FINDINGS the combination of a higher incidence of post-term childbirths and increased inadequate contraction pattern during the first stage of labour suggests an influence of obesity on myometrial activity. A pathophysiologic pathway for altered onset and progression of labour in obese pregnant women is proposed. CONCLUSIONS analysis of the literature shows that obesity is associated with an increased duration of pregnancy and prolonged duration of first stage of labour. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE an adapted clinical approach is suggested in these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annick Bogaerts
- Limburg Catholic University College, PHL University College, Department of PHL-Healthcare Research, Oude Luikerbaan, 79, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Comparison of body composition, basal metabolic rate and metabolic outcomes of adults with Prader Willi syndrome or lesional hypothalamic disease, with primary obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2013; 37:1198-203. [PMID: 23318724 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2012.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The care of patients with hypothalamic obesity is challenging. OBJECTIVE To compare body composition, basal metabolic rate (BMR) and metabolic outcomes of adults, with lesional or genetic hypothalamic obesity, with obese patients suffering from primary obesity, once matched for body mass index (BMI). DESIGN AND PATIENTS Adults with hypothalamic obesity of genetic origin (Prader Willi syndrome (PWS)) or acquired hypothalamic damage (HD), such as craniopharygioma, were compared with obese control candidates awaiting bariatric surgery (C), with a BMI between 35 and 65 kg m(-)(2), and aged between 18 and 50 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Body composition measured by whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scanning, BMR using indirect calorimetry, hormonal and metabolic assessments. RESULTS A total of 27 adults with a genetic diagnosis of PWS, 15 obese subjects with HD and 206 obese controls with similar BMI were studied. Compared with the control group, PWS patients had an increased percentage of fat mass (FM), and a decreased percentage of android FM. The BMR of PWS patients was significantly lower than controls and highly correlated with lean body mass in PWS and C patients. Body composition of HD was similar with those of obese patients. A trend toward an increased prevalence of diabetes in HD patients and of cytolysis in PWS was observed in comparison with primary obese patients. CONCLUSION Genetic and lesional hypothalamic obesities have different consequences for phenotypic features such as body composition or BMR compared with primary obese patients. The mechanisms of adipose tissue development and metabolic complications may be different between genetic and lesional obesities.
Collapse
|
50
|
Odagiri K, Omura M, Hata M, Aida N, Niwa T, Ogino I, Kigasawa H, Ito S, Adachi M, Inoue T. Treatment Outcomes, Growth Height, and Neuroendocrine Functions in Patients With Intracranial Germ Cell Tumors Treated With Chemoradiation Therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2012; 84:632-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2011.12.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|