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LoParo D, Fonseca AC, Matos APM, Craighead WE. Anxiety and Depression from Childhood to Young Adulthood: Trajectories and Risk Factors. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2024; 55:127-136. [PMID: 35763175 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-022-01391-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to (1) evaluate how population levels of anxiety and depression grow and correlate from middle childhood through early adulthood, and (2) determine whether sex, family socioeconomic status, parental education, academic achievement, learning disabilities, or externalizing symptoms predict anxiety and/or depression levels and growth trajectory. We used two longitudinal samples (N = 445, 448) of Portuguese children. Mean depression levels increased from mid-childhood through adolescence before stabilizing in early adulthood and were most strongly predicted by academic achievement and learning disabilities. Mean anxiety levels increased until adolescence before decreasing across early adulthood and were most strongly predicted by academic achievement, learning disabilities, and externalizing symptoms. Quadratic models of growth fit best for both depression and anxiety, and depression and anxiety growth trajectories were strongly correlated. Though anxiety and depression trajectories differ in pattern and predictors, the two are highly interrelated and pathways to comorbid anxiety and depression should be characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon LoParo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, 12 Executive Park Drive NE, 2nd Floor, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.
| | | | | | - W Edward Craighead
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, 12 Executive Park Drive NE, 2nd Floor, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Docherty A, Kious B, Brown T, Francis L, Stark L, Keeshin B, Botkin J, DiBlasi E, Gray D, Coon H. Ethical concerns relating to genetic risk scores for suicide. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2021; 186:433-444. [PMID: 34472199 PMCID: PMC8692426 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) provide valuable information in research contexts regarding genomic changes that contribute to risks for complex psychiatric conditions like major depressive disorder. GWAS results can be used to calculate polygenic risk scores (PRS) for psychiatric conditions, such as bipolar disorder or schizophrenia, as well as for other traits, such as obesity or hypertension. Private companies that provide direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic testing sometimes report PRS for a variety of traits. Recently, the first well-powered GWAS study for suicide death was published. PRS reports that claim to assess suicide risk are therefore likely to appear soon in the DTC setting. We describe ethical concerns regarding the commercial use of GWAS results related to suicide. We identify several issues that must be addressed before PRS for suicide risk is made available to the public through DTC: (a) the potential for misinterpretation of results, (b) consumers' perceptions about determinism and behavior change, (c) potential contributions to stigma, discrimination, and health disparities; and (d) ethical problems regarding the testing of children and vulnerable adults. Tests for genetic prediction of suicidality may eventually have clinical significance, but until then, the potential for individual and public harm significantly outweighs any potential benefit. Even if genetic prediction of suicidality improves significantly, information about genetic risk scores must be distributed cautiously, with genetic counseling, and with adequate safeguards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Docherty
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- Huntsman Mental Health Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric & Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA USA
| | - Brent Kious
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- Huntsman Mental Health Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- Department of Philosophy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- Program in Medical Ethics and Humanities, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| | - Teneille Brown
- Program in Medical Ethics and Humanities, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| | - Leslie Francis
- Department of Philosophy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- Program in Medical Ethics and Humanities, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| | - Louisa Stark
- S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- Genetic Science Learning Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| | - Brooks Keeshin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- Huntsman Mental Health Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| | - Jeffrey Botkin
- S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| | - Emily DiBlasi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- Huntsman Mental Health Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| | - Doug Gray
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- Huntsman Mental Health Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| | - Hilary Coon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- Huntsman Mental Health Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
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Psychometric properties of the Persian version of preschool age psychiatric assessment (PAPA) for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Based on DSM-5. Asian J Psychiatr 2021; 58:102618. [PMID: 33652288 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2021.102618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Childhood and adolescence psychiatric disorders affect subsequent stages; early diagnosis of these disorders, such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), is necessary. There is no reliable and valid diagnostic interview for ADHD in Asian Persian or Farsi speaking countries. The DSM 5-based version of the interview was sent to the 14 child and adolescent and general psychiatrists to ensure the validity of the ADHD section of the PAPA interview through an online website. Out of 59 health centers, 15 centers were selected via systematic random sampling. Three hundred children participated in the study. ADHD questions of the PAPA had the power to differentiate, with a sensitivity of 0.92, a specificity of 0.01. It had positive diagnostic value = 95.83 %, negative diagnostic value = 98.91 %, negative correlation ratio = 0.12, overall diagnostic accuracy = 98.67 % and diagnostic chance ratio = 2085.35. ADHD questions of the PAPA diagnostic interview can diagnose ADHD in preschool as a reliable tool based on DSM-5.
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Lahey BB, Moore TM, Kaczkurkin AN, Zald DH. Hierarchical models of psychopathology: empirical support, implications, and remaining issues. World Psychiatry 2021; 20:57-63. [PMID: 33432749 PMCID: PMC7801849 DOI: 10.1002/wps.20824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an ongoing revolution in psychology and psychiatry that will likely change how we conceptualize, study and treat psychological problems.- Many theorists now support viewing psychopathology as consisting of continuous dimensions rather than discrete diagnostic categories. Indeed, recent papers have proposed comprehensive taxonomies of psychopathology dimensions to replace the DSM and ICD taxonomies of categories. The proposed dimensional taxonomies, which portray psychopathology as hierarchically organized correlated dimensions, are now well supported at phenotypic levels. Multiple studies show that both a general factor of psychopathology at the top of the hierarchy and specific factors at lower levels predict different functional outcomes. Our analyses of data on a large representative sample of child and adolescent twins suggested the causal hypothesis that phenotypic correlations among dimensions of psychopathology are the result of many familial influences being pleiotropic. That is, most genetic variants and shared environmental factors are hypothesized to non-specifically influence risk for multiple rather than individual dimensions of psychopathology. In contrast, person-specific experiences tend to be related to individual dimensions. This hierarchical causal hypothesis has been supported by both large-scale family and molecular genetic studies. Current research focuses on three issues. First, the field has not settled on a preferred statistical model for studying the hierarchy of causes and phenotypes. Second, in spite of encouraging progress, the neurobiological correlates of the hierarchy of dimensions of psychopathology are only partially described. Third, although there are potentially important clinical implications of the hierarchical model, insufficient research has been conducted to date to rec-ommend evidence-based clinical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin B. Lahey
- Department of Public Health SciencesUniversity of ChicagoChicagoILUSA
| | - Tyler M. Moore
- Neuropsychiatry Section, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | | | - David H. Zald
- Departments of Psychology and PsychiatryVanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTNUSA
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Elvin OM, Modecki KL, Finch J, Donnolley K, Farrell LJ, Waters AM. Joining the pieces in childhood irritability: Distinct typologies predict conduct, depressive, and anxiety symptoms. Behav Res Ther 2020; 136:103779. [PMID: 33291055 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2020.103779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study utilised a person-centered approach to understand childhood irritability as a transdiagnostic feature of psychopathology. Latent profile analysis was employed within a community sample (n = 93) of 9-11 year olds to identify typologies of self-regulation capabilities, positive wellbeing characteristics of hope and flourishing, and social functioning that cluster with children's irritability to mitigate risk for psychopathology symptoms. Three distinct profiles of youth were derived, High Irritability/Low Self-Regulation of Negative Emotion (9%), Moderate Irritability/Low Behavioural Control (34%) and Low Irritability/High Positive Wellbeing Characteristics (57%). Profiles were empirically validated and differentially related to symptoms of anxiety, depression and conduct problems. Notably, High Irritability/Low Self-Regulation of Negative Emotion children were characterised by the highest levels of irritability and peer problems and the lowest self-regulation of negative emotion, prosocial behaviours, hope and flourishing relative to children within the other profiles, pointing to the potential utility of future targeted, transdiagnostic interventions. Within our community-based sample, a protective profile of Low Irritability/High Positive Wellbeing Characteristics children were also described by the lowest levels of irritability and peer problems and the highest positive and negative emotion self-regulation, behavioural control, prosocial behaviours, hope and flourishing. Findings demonstrate that different levels of irritability severity cluster with different self-regulation capabilities and wellbeing characteristics and predict risk for different types of psychopathology. Targeted interventions should seek to address children's irritability alongside self-regulation and positive wellbeing characteristics to further mitigate risks of psychopathology and associated problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia M Elvin
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt Campus, 176 Messines Ridge Road, Mount Gravatt, QLD, 4122, Australia.
| | - Kathryn L Modecki
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt Campus, 176 Messines Ridge Road, Mount Gravatt, QLD, 4122, Australia; Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Australia.
| | - Jules Finch
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Southport Campus, 1 Parklands Drive, Southport, QLD, 4215, Australia
| | | | - Lara J Farrell
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Southport Campus, 1 Parklands Drive, Southport, QLD, 4215, Australia
| | - Allison M Waters
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt Campus, 176 Messines Ridge Road, Mount Gravatt, QLD, 4122, Australia.
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Long EE, Haraden DA, Young JF, Hankin BL. Longitudinal patterning of depression repeatedly assessed across time among youth: Different trajectories in self-report questionnaires and diagnostic interviews. Psychol Assess 2020; 32:872-882. [PMID: 32538643 DOI: 10.1037/pas0000915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Developmental epidemiological work shows that rates of depression as assessed by diagnostic interviews increase from childhood through early adulthood. It could be assumed that the trajectory of depression as assessed by self-report questionnaire measures would be characterized by a similar pattern. We aimed to evaluate this assumption and more clearly establish the longitudinal trajectory of depression in youth, when repeatedly assessed over time with a self-report questionnaire and with a diagnostic interview. Participants were 679 youth ages 7-16 years at baseline (Mage = 11.8, SD = 2.4, 56% girls). They completed the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) every 3 months for 3 years (13 time points) and were interviewed every 6 months using the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (K-SADS) to ascertain onset of depression diagnosis. A series of growth curve models was fit to the CDI and K-SADS data. A piecewise model characterized growth in depression as assessed by the CDI, with an initial negative linear slope (b = -0.64) spanning the first 3 assessments, and a positive quadratic second slope (b = 0.015; linear component: b = -0.22) spanning the remaining 10 assessments. Depression, as assessed by the K-SADS, grew continuously over time (a positive linear slope, b = 0.23). Findings illustrate differences between longitudinal trajectories of depression when assessed repeatedly by self-report questionnaire and diagnostic interview. Implications for research designed to study longitudinal depression trajectories are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Long
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Dustin A Haraden
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | | | - Benjamin L Hankin
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
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Nackers F, Roederer T, Marquer C, Ashaba S, Maling S, Mwanga-Amumpaire J, Muny S, Sokeo C, Shom V, Palha M, Lefèbvre P, Kirubi BW, Kamidigo G, Falissard B, Moro MR, Grais RF. A screening tool for psychological difficulties in children aged 6 to 36 months: cross-cultural validation in Kenya, Cambodia and Uganda. BMC Pediatr 2019; 19:108. [PMID: 30979364 PMCID: PMC6460684 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-019-1461-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In low-resource settings, the lack of mental health professionals and cross-culturally validated screening instruments complicates mental health care delivery. This is especially the case for very young children. Here, we aimed to develop and cross-culturally validate a simple and rapid tool, the PSYCa 6-36, that can be administered by non-professionals to screen for psychological difficulties among children aged six to 36 months. METHODS A primary validation of the PSYCa 6-36 was conducted in Kenya (n = 319 children aged 6 to 36 months; 2014), followed by additional validations in Kenya (n = 215; 2014) Cambodia (n = 189; 2015) and Uganda (n = 182; 2016). After informed consent, trained interviewers administered the PSYCa 6-36 to caregivers participating in the study. We assessed the psychometric properties of the PSYCa 6-36 and external validity was assessed by comparing the results of the PSYCa 6-36 against a clinical global impression severity [CGIS] score rated by an independent psychologist after a structured clinical interview with each participant. RESULTS The PSYCa 6-36 showed satisfactory psychometric properties (Cronbach's alpha > 0.60 in Uganda and > 0.70 in Kenya and Cambodia), temporal stability (intra-class correlation coefficient [ICC] > 0.8), and inter-rater reliability (ICC from 0.6 in Uganda to 0.8 in Kenya). Psychologists identified psychological difficulties (CGIS score > 1) in 11 children (5.1%) in Kenya, 13 children (8.7%) in Cambodia and 15 (10.5%) in Uganda, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.65 in Uganda and 0.80 in Kenya and Cambodia. CONCLUSIONS The PSYCa 6-36 allowed for rapid screening of psychological difficulties among children aged 6 to 36 months among the populations studied. Use of the tool also increased awareness of children's psychological difficulties and the importance of early recognition to prevent long-term consequences. The PSYCa 6-36 would benefit from further use and validation studies in popula`tions with higher prevalence of psychological difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Scholastic Ashaba
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 1410, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Samuel Maling
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 1410, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Juliet Mwanga-Amumpaire
- Epicentre, Mbarara Research Centre, P.O. Box 1956, Mbarara, Uganda.,Mbarara University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 1404, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Sothara Muny
- Medicine Department, Preah Kossamak Hospital, Ministry of Health, Phnom Pen, Cambodia
| | - Chea Sokeo
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Phnom Pen, Cambodia
| | - Vireak Shom
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Phnom Pen, Cambodia
| | - Maria Palha
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Phnom Pen, Cambodia
| | | | | | | | - Bruno Falissard
- Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP)/ Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM) U1018, Maison de Solenn, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Rose Moro
- Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP)/ Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM) U1018, Maison de Solenn, Paris, France.,Médecins Sans Frontières, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
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Danielson M, Månsdotter A, Fransson E, Dalsgaard S, Larsson JO. Clinicians' attitudes toward standardized assessment and diagnosis within child and adolescent psychiatry. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2019; 13:9. [PMID: 30792803 PMCID: PMC6371426 DOI: 10.1186/s13034-019-0269-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a strong call for clinically useful standardized assessment tools in everyday child and adolescent psychiatric practice. The attitudes of clinicians have been raised as a key-facilitating factor when implementing new methods. An explorative study was conducted aimed to investigate the clinicians' attitudes regarding standardized assessments and usefulness of diagnoses in treatment planning. METHODS 411 mental health service personnel working with outpatient and inpatient assessment and treatment within the specialist child and adolescent mental health services, Stockholm County Council were asked to participate in the study, of which 345 (84%) agreed answer a questionnaire. The questionnaire included questions regarding Attitudes toward Standardized Assessment and Utility of Diagnosis. Descriptive analyses were performed and four subscales were compared with information from a similar study in US using the same instruments. The demographic and professional characteristics (age, working years, gender, education, profession, management position, involvement in assessment, level of service) in terms of prediction of attitudes were studied by univariate and multivariate linear regressions. RESULTS Overall, the clinicians had quite positive attitudes and were more positive compared to a similar study conducted in the US earlier. There were differences in attitudes due to several characteristics but the only characteristic predicting all subscales was type of profession (counselor, nurse, psychiatrist, psychologist, other), with counselors being less positive than other groups. CONCLUSION The overall positive attitudes toward standard assessment are of importance in the development of evidence-based practice and our study implies that clinicians in general value and are willing to use standardized assessment. Nevertheless, there are specific issues such as adequate training and available translated assessment instrument that need to be addressed. When implementing new methods in practice, there are general as well as specific resistances that need to be overcome. Studies in different cultural settings are of importance to further extend the knowledge of what is general and what is specific barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Danielson
- 0000 0004 1937 0626grid.4714.6Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden ,0000 0001 2326 2191grid.425979.4Stockholm Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm County Council, Box 17914, 118 95 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A. Månsdotter
- 0000 0004 0623 991Xgrid.412215.1Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - E. Fransson
- 0000 0004 1936 9377grid.10548.38Centre for Health Equity Studies, Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden ,0000 0004 1937 0626grid.4714.6Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S. Dalsgaard
- 0000 0001 1956 2722grid.7048.bThe National Centre for Register-based Research (NCRR) and Centre for Integrated Register-based Research at AU (CIRRAU), Aarhus University, Fuglesangs Alle 4, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark
| | - J-O. Larsson
- 0000 0004 1937 0626grid.4714.6Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden ,0000 0001 2326 2191grid.425979.4Stockholm Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm County Council, Box 17914, 118 95 Stockholm, Sweden
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Taylor HG, Orchinik L, Fristad MA, Minich N, Klein N, Espy KA, Schluchter M, Hack M. Associations of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) at School Entry with Early Academic Progress in Children Born Prematurely and Full-Term Controls. LEARNING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2019; 69:1-10. [PMID: 31223221 PMCID: PMC6586420 DOI: 10.1016/j.lindif.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Gerry Taylor
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, Nationwide Children's Hospital Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University and Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH
| | - Leah Orchinik
- Department of Pediatrics, Nemours/Alfred I. DuPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE and Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Mary A Fristad
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Nori Minich
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University and Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH
| | - Nancy Klein
- Department of Education, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH
| | | | - Mark Schluchter
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Maureen Hack
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University and Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH
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Re-evaluation of the Latent Structure of Common Childhood Disorders: Is There a General Psychopathology Factor (P-Factor)? Int J Ment Health Addict 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-018-0017-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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de Vries PJ, Davids EL, Mathews C, Aarø LE. Measuring adolescent mental health around the globe: psychometric properties of the self-report Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire in South Africa, and comparison with UK, Australian and Chinese data. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 2018; 27:369-380. [PMID: 28112065 PMCID: PMC6998978 DOI: 10.1017/s2045796016001207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS This study evaluated the psychometric properties of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire Self-Report (SDQ-S) in South African adolescents, and compared findings with data from the UK, Australia and China. METHODS A sample of 3451 South African adolescents in grade 8, the first year of secondary school (Mage = 13.7 years), completed the SDQ-S in Afrikaans, English or isiXhosa. Means, group differences and internal consistency were analysed using SPSS V22, and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted using MPlus V7. RESULTS In the South African sample, significant gender differences were found for four of the five sub-scale means and for total difficulties, but gender differences of alpha scores were negligible. The internal consistency for the total difficulties, prosocial behaviour and emotional symptoms sub-scales were fair. UK cut-off values for caseness (set to identify the top 10% of scores in a UK sample) led to a higher proportion of South African adolescents classified in the 'abnormal' range on emotional and peer difficulties and a lower proportion classified in the 'abnormal' range for hyperactivity. South African cut-offs were therefore generated. The cross-country comparison with UK, Australian and Chinese data showed that South African adolescent boys and girls had the highest mean scores on total difficulties as well as on the subscales of emotional symptoms and conduct problems. In contrast, South African boys and girls had the lowest mean scores for hyperactivity/inattention. The UK boys and girls had the highest mean scores for hyperactivity/inattention, while the Australian sample had the highest scores for prosocial behaviours. The Chinese boys had the highest peer problem mean scores and Chinese boys and girls had the lowest means on prosocial behaviours. Confirmatory factor analyses showed significant item loadings with loadings higher than 0.40 for the emotional and prosocial behaviour sub-scales on the five-factor model, but not for all relevant items on the other three domains. CONCLUSIONS Findings support the potential usefulness of the SDQ-S in a South African setting, but suggest that the SDQ-S should not be used with UK cut-off values, and indicate the need for further validation and standardisation work in South African adolescents. We recommend that in-country cut-offs for 'caseness' should be used for clinical purposes in South Africa, that cross-country comparisons should be made with caution, and that further examination of naturalistic clusters and factors of the SDQ should be performed in culturally and contextually diverse settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. J. de Vries
- Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, South Africa
- Adolescent Health Research Unit, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - E. L. Davids
- Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, South Africa
- Adolescent Health Research Unit, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - C. Mathews
- Adolescent Health Research Unit, University of Cape Town, South Africa
- Health Systems Research Unit, Medical Research Council; & School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - L. E. Aarø
- Department of Health Promotion, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
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12
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Sadri SK, McEvoy PM, Pinto A, Anderson RA, Egan SJ. A Psychometric Examination of the Pathological Obsessive Compulsive Personality Scale (POPS): Initial Study in an Undergraduate Sample. J Pers Assess 2018; 101:284-293. [PMID: 29494778 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2018.1428983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) has been subject to numerous definition and classification changes, which has contributed to difficulties in reliable measurement of the disorder. Consequently, OCPD measures have yielded poor validity and inconsistent prevalence estimates. Reliable and valid measures of OCPD are needed. The aim of the current study was to examine the factor structure and psychometric properties of the Pathological Obsessive Compulsive Personality Scale (POPS). Participants (N = 571 undergraduates) completed a series of self-report measures online, including the POPS. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to compare the fit of unidimensional, five factor, and bifactor models of the POPS. Convergent and divergent validity were assessed in relation to other personality dimensions. A bifactor model provided the best fit to the data, indicating that the total POPS scale and four subscales can be scored to obtain reliable indicators of OCPD. The POPS was most strongly associated with a disorder-specific measure of OCPD, however there were also positive associations with theoretically disparate constructs, thus further research is needed to clarify validity of the scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalane K Sadri
- a School of Psychology , Curtin University , Perth , Australia
| | - Peter M McEvoy
- a School of Psychology , Curtin University , Perth , Australia
| | - Anthony Pinto
- b Department of Psychiatry , Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine.,c Division of Psychiatry Research , Zucker Hillside Hospital, Northwell Health
| | | | - Sarah J Egan
- a School of Psychology , Curtin University , Perth , Australia
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Boyle MH, Duncan L, Georgiades K, Bennett K, Gonzalez A, Van Lieshout RJ, Szatmari P, MacMillan HL, Kata A, Ferro MA, Lipman EL, Janus M. Classifying child and adolescent psychiatric disorder by problem checklists and standardized interviews. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2017; 26:e1544. [PMID: 27859934 PMCID: PMC6877278 DOI: 10.1002/mpr.1544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper discusses the need for research on the psychometric adequacy of self-completed problem checklists to classify child and adolescent psychiatric disorder based on proxy assessments by parents and self-assessments by adolescents. We put forward six theoretical arguments for expecting checklists to achieve comparable levels of reliability and validity with standardized diagnostic interviews for identifying child psychiatric disorder in epidemiological studies and clinical research. Empirically, the modest levels of test-retest reliability exhibited by standardized diagnostic interviews - 0.40 to 0.60 based on kappa - should be achievable by checklists when thresholds or cut-points are applied to scale scores to identify a child with disorder. The few studies to conduct head-to-head comparisons of checklists and interviews in the 1990s concurred that no construct validity differences existed between checklist and interview classifications of disorder, even though the classifications of youth with psychiatric disorder only partially overlapped across instruments. Demonstrating that self-completed problem checklists can classify disorder with similar reliability and validity as standardized diagnostic interviews would provide a simple, brief, flexible way to measuring psychiatric disorder as both a categorical or dimensional phenomenon as well as dramatically lowering the burden and cost of assessments in epidemiological studies and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Boyle
- Offord Centre for Child Studies, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Laura Duncan
- Offord Centre for Child Studies, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Kathy Georgiades
- Offord Centre for Child Studies, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Kathryn Bennett
- Offord Centre for Child Studies, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Andrea Gonzalez
- Offord Centre for Child Studies, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Ryan J Van Lieshout
- Offord Centre for Child Studies, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Peter Szatmari
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Harriet L MacMillan
- Offord Centre for Child Studies, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Anna Kata
- Offord Centre for Child Studies, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Mark A Ferro
- Offord Centre for Child Studies, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Ellen L Lipman
- Offord Centre for Child Studies, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Magdalena Janus
- Offord Centre for Child Studies, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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Gormez V, Kilincaslan A, Ebesutani C, Orengul AC, Kaya I, Ceri V, Nasiroglu S, Filiz M, Chorpita BF. Psychometric Properties of the Parent Version of the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale in a Clinical Sample of Turkish Children and Adolescents. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2017; 48:922-933. [PMID: 28251450 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-017-0716-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale-Parent version (RCADS-P) is a self-report questionnaire that assesses dimensions of DSM-based anxiety and depressive disorders in children and adolescents. The present study examined the psychometric properties of the Turkish version in a clinical sample of 483 children and adolescents. The child and parent versions of the RCADS, parent versions of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and Adolescent Symptom Inventory-Depression Scale were administered. Current psychiatric diagnoses were assessed via the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children, Present Version. The RCADS-P demonstrated high internal consistency and test-retest reliability, and good convergent, divergent, and discriminant validity. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the DSM-related six-factor structure. With its demonstrated favorable psychometric properties, the Turkish RCADS-P is currently the only validated parent-report instrument that assesses DSM-based anxiety and depressive disorders in children and adolescents in Turkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahdet Gormez
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Bezmialem University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayse Kilincaslan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Chad Ebesutani
- Department of Psychology, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - A Cahid Orengul
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Bezmialem University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ilyas Kaya
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Veysi Ceri
- Kütahya Evliya Çelebi Regional Hospital, Kütahya, Turkey
| | - Serhat Nasiroglu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Sakarya University Training and Research Hospital, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Mekiya Filiz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Bezmialem University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bruce F Chorpita
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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Lahey BB, Krueger RF, Rathouz PJ, Waldman ID, Zald DH. Validity and utility of the general factor of psychopathology. World Psychiatry 2017; 16:142-144. [PMID: 28498590 PMCID: PMC5428167 DOI: 10.1002/wps.20410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Ford T, Macdiarmid F, Russell AE, Racey D, Goodman R. The predictors of persistent DSM-IV disorders in 3-year follow-ups of the British Child and Adolescent Mental Health Surveys 1999 and 2004. Psychol Med 2017; 47:1126-1137. [PMID: 27995813 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291716003214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The identification of the factors that influence the persistence of psychiatric disorder may assist practitioners to focus on young people who are particularly prone to poor outcomes, but population-based samples of sufficient size are rare. METHOD This secondary analysis combined data from two large, population-based cross-sectional surveys in Great Britain (1999 and 2004) and their respective follow-ups (2002 and 2007), to study homotypic persistence among the 998 school-age children with psychiatric disorder at baseline. Psychiatric disorder was measured using the Development and Well-Being Assessment applying DSM-IV criteria. Factors relating to the child, family, and the severity and type of psychopathology at baseline were analysed using logistic regression. RESULTS Approximately 50% of children with at least one psychiatric disorder were assigned the same diagnostic grouping at 3-year follow-up. Persistent attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and anxiety were predicted by poor peer relationship scores. Persistent conduct disorder was predicted by intellectual disability, rented housing, large family size, poor family function and by severer baseline psychopathology scores. CONCLUSIONS Homotypic persistence was predicted by different factors for different groups of psychiatric disorders. Experimental research in clinical samples should explore whether these factors also influence response to interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ford
- University of Exeter Medical School,Exeter,Devon,UK
| | - F Macdiarmid
- King's College London,Institute of Psychiatry,London,UK
| | - A E Russell
- University of Exeter Medical School,Exeter,Devon,UK
| | - D Racey
- University of Exeter Medical School,Exeter,Devon,UK
| | - R Goodman
- King's College London,Institute of Psychiatry,London,UK
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Bergeron L, Smolla N, Berthiaume C, Renaud J, Breton JJ, St.-Georges M, Morin P, Zavaglia E, Labelle R. Reliability, Validity, and Clinical Utility of the Dominic Interactive for Adolescents-Revised A DSM-5-Based Self-Report Screen for Mental Disorders, Borderline Personality Traits, and Suicidality. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2017; 62:211-222. [PMID: 27638424 PMCID: PMC5317018 DOI: 10.1177/0706743716670129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The Dominic Interactive for Adolescents-Revised (DIA-R) is a multimedia self-report screen for 9 mental disorders, borderline personality traits, and suicidality defined by the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM-5). This study aimed to examine the reliability and the validity of this instrument. METHODS French- and English-speaking adolescents aged 12 to 15 years ( N = 447) were recruited from schools and clinical settings in Montreal and were evaluated twice. The internal consistency was estimated by Cronbach alpha coefficients and the test-retest reliability by intraclass correlation coefficients. Cutoff points on the DIA-R scales were determined by using clinically relevant measures for defining external validation criteria: the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Aged Children, the Beck Hopelessness Scale, and the Abbreviated-Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses provided accuracy estimates (area under the ROC curve, sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratio) to evaluate the ability of the DIA-R scales to predict external criteria. RESULTS For most of the DIA-R scales, reliability coefficients were excellent or moderate. High or moderate accuracy estimates from ROC analyses demonstrated the ability of the DIA-R thresholds to predict psychopathological conditions. These thresholds were generally capable to discriminate between clinical and school subsamples. However, the validity of the obsessions/compulsions scale was too low. CONCLUSIONS Findings clearly support the reliability and the validity of the DIA-R. This instrument may be useful to assess a wide range of adolescents' mental health problems in the continuum of services. This conclusion applies to all scales, except the obsessions/compulsions one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Bergeron
- Research Centre, CIUSSS du Nord-de-l’Île-de-Montréal, Rivière-des-Prairies Hospital, Montréal, Québec
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec
- Lise Bergeron, PhD, Research Centre, CIUSSS du Nord-de-l’Île-de-Montréal, Rivière-des-Prairies Hospital, 7070 Perras Boulevard, Montréal, QC H1E 1A4, Canada.
| | - Nicole Smolla
- Research Centre, CIUSSS du Nord-de-l’Île-de-Montréal, Rivière-des-Prairies Hospital, Montréal, Québec
- Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec
| | - Claude Berthiaume
- Research Centre, CIUSSS du Nord-de-l’Île-de-Montréal, Rivière-des-Prairies Hospital, Montréal, Québec
| | - Johanne Renaud
- CIUSSS de l’Ouest-de-l’Île-de-Montréal, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Québec
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec
| | - Jean-Jacques Breton
- Research Centre, CIUSSS du Nord-de-l’Île-de-Montréal, Rivière-des-Prairies Hospital, Montréal, Québec
- Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec
| | - Marie St.-Georges
- Research Centre, CIUSSS du Nord-de-l’Île-de-Montréal, Rivière-des-Prairies Hospital, Montréal, Québec
| | - Pauline Morin
- Research Centre, CIUSSS du Nord-de-l’Île-de-Montréal, Rivière-des-Prairies Hospital, Montréal, Québec
| | - Elissa Zavaglia
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec
| | - Réal Labelle
- Research Centre, CIUSSS du Nord-de-l’Île-de-Montréal, Rivière-des-Prairies Hospital, Montréal, Québec
- Research Centre, CIUSSS de l’Est-de-l’Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Québec
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec
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Lahey BB, Krueger RF, Rathouz PJ, Waldman ID, Zald DH. A hierarchical causal taxonomy of psychopathology across the life span. Psychol Bull 2017; 143:142-186. [PMID: 28004947 PMCID: PMC5269437 DOI: 10.1037/bul0000069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We propose a taxonomy of psychopathology based on patterns of shared causal influences identified in a review of multivariate behavior genetic studies that distinguish genetic and environmental influences that are either common to multiple dimensions of psychopathology or unique to each dimension. At the phenotypic level, first-order dimensions are defined by correlations among symptoms; correlations among first-order dimensions similarly define higher-order domains (e.g., internalizing or externalizing psychopathology). We hypothesize that the robust phenotypic correlations among first-order dimensions reflect a hierarchy of increasingly specific etiologic influences. Some nonspecific etiologic factors increase risk for all first-order dimensions of psychopathology to varying degrees through a general factor of psychopathology. Other nonspecific etiologic factors increase risk only for all first-order dimensions within a more specific higher-order domain. Furthermore, each first-order dimension has its own unique causal influences. Genetic and environmental influences common to family members tend to be nonspecific, whereas environmental influences unique to each individual are more dimension-specific. We posit that these causal influences on psychopathology are moderated by sex and developmental processes. This causal taxonomy also provides a novel framework for understanding the heterogeneity of each first-order dimension: Different persons exhibiting similar symptoms may be influenced by different combinations of etiologic influences from each of the 3 levels of the etiologic hierarchy. Furthermore, we relate the proposed causal taxonomy to transdimensional psychobiological processes, which also impact the heterogeneity of each psychopathology dimension. This causal taxonomy implies the need for changes in strategies for studying the etiology, psychobiology, prevention, and treatment of psychopathology. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul J Rathouz
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine
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Olofsdotter S, Vadlin S, Sonnby K, Furmark T, Nilsson KW. Anxiety Disorders among Adolescents referred to General Psychiatry for Multiple Causes: Clinical Presentation, Prevalence, and Comorbidity. Scand J Child Adolesc Psychiatr Psychol 2016. [DOI: 10.21307/sjcapp-2016-010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Sanner N, Smith L, Wentzel-Larsen T, Moe V. Early identification of social-emotional problems: Applicability of the Infant-Toddler Social Emotional Assessment (ITSEA) at its lower age limit. Infant Behav Dev 2015; 42:69-85. [PMID: 26708234 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ITSEA is an often recommended tool for assessment of social-emotional problems and competence delays in children aged 12-36 months, but concerns have been raised about low variability and age-inappropriate questions for children as young as 12 months. This study explored ITSEA's (1) psychometric properties, (2) properties concerning the detection of clinically significant problems and competence delays and (3) discriminant validity at 12 months. A total of 102 children with high versus low risk scores on marker measures of developmental status and parenting stress obtained at 6 months, were selected from a longitudinal population-based study to participate in the present study. Risk status was operationalized as Bayley III Screening Test (Bayley, 2005a. Bayley scales of infant and toddler development: Screening test manual (3rd ed.). San Antonio, TX: Pearson) Composite Subscale scores and Parenting Stress Index total score (PSI, 3rd edition, Abidin, 1995. Parenting Stress Index. Professional manual. (3rd ed.). Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources). At 12 months, ITSEA was administered to parents as a structured interview to identify guidance needs and to collect qualitative information about the items, and the assessment of developmental level and parenting stress was repeated. All ITSEA domains and subscales were found to be relevant. However, nearly all respondents needed guidance. Moreover, there were substantial floor/ceiling effects on subscale level and one item had to be discarded. ITSEA was used in combination with the Bayley-III Screener and PSI to detect cases with clinically significant scores, with ITSEA making a unique contribution to case detection. Dysregulation problems were the most frequently detected, and the differences between high-risk and low-risk group children and gender differences indicated adequate discriminant validity. The results suggest that ITSEA may be meaningfully applied even among children as young as 12 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Sanner
- National Network for Infant Mental Health, The Center for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Lars Smith
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tore Wentzel-Larsen
- National Network for Infant Mental Health, The Center for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Oslo, Norway; Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vibeke Moe
- National Network for Infant Mental Health, The Center for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Lahey BB, Rathouz PJ, Keenan K, Stepp SD, Loeber R, Hipwell AE. Criterion validity of the general factor of psychopathology in a prospective study of girls. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2015; 56:415-22. [PMID: 25052460 PMCID: PMC4435546 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The best-fitting model of the structure of common psychopathology often includes a general factor on which all dimensions of psychopathology load. Such a general factor would be important if it reflects etiologies and mechanisms shared by all dimensions of psychopathology. Nonetheless, a viable alternative explanation is that the general factor is partly or wholly a result of common method variance or other systematic measurement biases. METHODS To test this alternative explanation, we extracted general, externalizing, and internalizing factor scores using mother-reported symptoms across 5-11 years of age in confirmatory factor analyses of data from a representative longitudinal study of 2,450 girls. Independent associations between the three psychopathology factor scores and teacher-reported criterion variables were estimated in multiple regression, controlling intelligence, and demographic covariates. RESULTS The model including the general factor fit significantly better than a correlated two-factor (internalizing/externalizing) model. The general factor was robustly and independently associated with all measures of teacher-reported school functioning concurrently during childhood and prospectively during adolescence. CONCLUSIONS These findings weaken the hypothesis that the general factor of psychopathology in childhood is solely a measurement artifact and support further research on the substantive meaning of the general factor.
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Polanczyk GV, Salum GA, Sugaya LS, Caye A, Rohde LA. Annual research review: A meta-analysis of the worldwide prevalence of mental disorders in children and adolescents. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2015; 56:345-65. [PMID: 25649325 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2013] [Impact Index Per Article: 223.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The literature on the prevalence of mental disorders affecting children and adolescents has expanded significantly over the last three decades around the world. Despite the field having matured significantly, there has been no meta-analysis to calculate a worldwide-pooled prevalence and to empirically assess the sources of heterogeneity of estimates. METHODS We conducted a systematic review of the literature searching in PubMed, PsycINFO, and EMBASE for prevalence studies of mental disorders investigating probabilistic community samples of children and adolescents with standardized assessments methods that derive diagnoses according to the DSM or ICD. Meta-analytical techniques were used to estimate the prevalence rates of any mental disorder and individual diagnostic groups. A meta-regression analysis was performed to estimate the effect of population and sample characteristics, study methods, assessment procedures, and case definition in determining the heterogeneity of estimates. RESULTS We included 41 studies conducted in 27 countries from every world region. The worldwide-pooled prevalence of mental disorders was 13.4% (CI 95% 11.3-15.9). The worldwide prevalence of any anxiety disorder was 6.5% (CI 95% 4.7-9.1), any depressive disorder was 2.6% (CI 95% 1.7-3.9), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder was 3.4% (CI 95% 2.6-4.5), and any disruptive disorder was 5.7% (CI 95% 4.0-8.1). Significant heterogeneity was detected for all pooled estimates. The multivariate metaregression analyses indicated that sample representativeness, sample frame, and diagnostic interview were significant moderators of prevalence estimates. Estimates did not vary as a function of geographic location of studies and year of data collection. The multivariate model explained 88.89% of prevalence heterogeneity, but residual heterogeneity was still significant. Additional meta-analysis detected significant pooled difference in prevalence rates according to requirement of funcional impairment for the diagnosis of mental disorders. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that mental disorders affect a significant number of children and adolescents worldwide. The pooled prevalence estimates and the identification of sources of heterogeneity have important implications to service, training, and research planning around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme V Polanczyk
- Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil; Research Center on Neurodevelopment and Mental Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INCT-CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil
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Lahey BB, Zald DH, Hakes JK, Krueger RF, Rathouz PJ. Patterns of heterotypic continuity associated with the cross-sectional correlational structure of prevalent mental disorders in adults. JAMA Psychiatry 2014; 71:989-96. [PMID: 24989054 PMCID: PMC4160409 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Mental disorders predict future occurrences of both the same disorder (homotypic continuity) and other disorders (heterotypic continuity). Heterotypic continuity is inconsistent with a view of mental disorders as fixed entities. In contrast, hierarchical-dimensional conceptualizations of psychopathology, in which each form of psychopathology is hypothesized to have both unique and broadly shared etiologies and mechanisms, predict both homotypic and heterotypic continuity. OBJECTIVE To test predictions derived from a hierarchical-dimensional model of psychopathology that (1) heterotypic continuity is widespread, even controlling for homotypic continuity, and that (2) the relative magnitudes of heterotypic continuities recapitulate the relative magnitudes of cross-sectional correlations among diagnoses at baseline. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Ten prevalent diagnoses were assessed in the same person twice (ie, in 2 waves separated by 3 years). We used a representative sample of adults in the United States (i.e., 28,958 participants 18-64 years of age in the National Epidemiologic Study of Alcohol and Related Conditions who were assessed in both waves). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Diagnoses from reliable and valid structured interviews. RESULTS Adjusting for sex and age, we found that bivariate associations of all pairs of diagnoses from wave 1 to wave 2 exceeded chance levels (P < .05) for all homotypic (median tetrachoric correlation of ρ = 0.54 [range, 0.41-0.79]) and for nearly all heterotypic continuities (median tetrachoric correlation of ρ = 0.28 [range, 0.07-0.50]). Significant heterotypic continuity was widespread even when all wave 1 diagnoses (including the same diagnosis) were simultaneous predictors of each wave 2 diagnosis. The rank correlation between age- and sex-adjusted tetrachoric correlation for cross-sectional associations among wave 1 diagnoses and for heterotypic associations from wave 1 to wave 2 diagnoses was ρ = 0.86 (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE For these prevalent mental disorders, heterotypic continuity was nearly universal and not an artifact of failure to control for homotypic continuity. Furthermore, the relative magnitudes of heterotypic continuity closely mirrored the relative magnitudes of cross-sectional associations among these disorders, consistent with the hypothesis that both sets of associations reflect the same factors. Mental disorders are not fixed and independent entities. Rather, each diagnosis is robustly related to other diagnoses in a correlational structure that is manifested both concurrently and in patterns of heterotypic continuity across time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin B Lahey
- Department of Health Studies, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois2Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - David H Zald
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee4Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | | | - Paul J Rathouz
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison
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Bergeron L, Berthiaume C, St-Georges M, Piché G, Smolla N. Reliability, validity, and clinical use of the Dominic Interactive: a DSM-based, self-report screen for school-aged children. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2013; 58:466-75. [PMID: 23972108 DOI: 10.1177/070674371305800805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES As no single informant can be considered the gold standard of child psychopathology, interviewing of children regarding their own symptoms is necessary. Our study focused on the reliability, validity, and clinical use of the Dominic Interactive (DI), a multimedia self-report screen to assess symptoms for the most frequent Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision, mental disorders in school-aged children. METHODS A sample of 585 children aged 6 to 11 years from the community and psychiatric clinics was used to analyze the internal consistency, the test-retest estimate of reliability, and the criterion-related validity of the DI against the referral status. In addition, cross-informant correlation coefficients between this instrument (child report) and the Child Symptom Inventory (parent report) were explored in a subsample of 292 participants. RESULTS For the total sample, Cronbach alpha coefficients ranged from 0.63 to 0.91. Test-retest kappas varied from 0.42 to 0.62 for categories based on cut-off points, except for specific phobias. Intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from 0.70 to 0.81 for symptom scales. The DI discriminated between referred and non-referred children in psychiatric clinics for all symptom scales. Significant cross-informant correlation coefficients were higher for the externalizing symptoms (0.35 to 0.48) than the internalizing symptoms (0.14 to 0.27). CONCLUSIONS Findings of our study reasonably support adequate psychometric properties of the DI. This instrument offers a developmentally sensitive screening method to obtain unique information from young children about their mental health problems in front-line services, psychiatric clinics, and research settings.
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Johnson S, Wolke D. Behavioural outcomes and psychopathology during adolescence. Early Hum Dev 2013; 89:199-207. [PMID: 23455605 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2013.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Preterm birth is associated with a high risk of residual neurodevelopmental disability and cognitive impairment. These problems are closely associated with psychiatric disorders and thus it is unsurprising that preterm birth also confers high risk for poor long term mental health. The risk associated with preterm birth is not a general one, but appears to be specific to symptoms and disorders associated with anxiety, inattention and social and communication problems, and manifest in a significantly higher prevalence of emotional disorders, ADHD and Autism. Adolescence is a key period for mental health and studies have shown that problems evident in childhood persist over this time and are more stable amongst preterm individuals than term-born peers. There is also modest evidence for an increased prevalence of psychotic symptoms in preterm adolescents. The high prevalence of psychiatric disorders, present in around 25% of preterm adolescents, requires long term screening and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Johnson
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, 22-28 Princess Road West, Leicester, UK.
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Jaekel J, Wolke D, Bartmann P. Poor attention rather than hyperactivity/impulsivity predicts academic achievement in very preterm and full-term adolescents. Psychol Med 2013; 43:183-196. [PMID: 22608065 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291712001031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Very preterm (VP) children are at particular risk for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) of the inattentive subtype. It is unknown whether the neurodevelopmental pathways to academic underachievement are the same as in the general population. This study investigated whether middle childhood attention or hyperactivity/impulsivity problems are better predictors of VP adolescents' academic achievement. METHOD In a geographically defined prospective whole-population sample of VP (<32 weeks gestation) and/or very low birth weight (<1500 g birth weight) (VLBW/VP; n = 281) and full-term control children (n = 286) in South Germany, ADHD subtypes were assessed at 6 years 3 months and 8 years 5 months using multiple data sources. Academic achievement was assessed at 13 years of age. RESULTS Compared with full-term controls, VLBW/VP children were at higher risk for ADHD inattentive subtype [6 years 3 months: odds ratio (OR) 2.8, p < 0.001; 8 years 5 months: OR 1.7, p = 0.020] but not for ADHD hyperactive-impulsive subtype (6 years 3 months: OR 1.4, p = 0.396; 8 years 5 months: OR 0.9, p = 0.820). Childhood attention measures predicted academic achievement in VLBW/VP and also full-term adolescents, whereas hyperactive/impulsive behaviour did not. CONCLUSIONS Attention is an important prerequisite for learning and predicts long-term academic underachievement. As ADHD inattentive subtype and cognitive impairments are frequent in VLBW/VP children, their study may help to identify the neurofunctional pathways from early brain development and dysfunction to attention problems and academic underachievement.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jaekel
- Institute of Neonatology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Krebs G, Liang H, Hilton K, Macdiarmid F, Heyman I. Computer-assisted assessment of obsessive-compulsive disorder in young people: a preliminary evaluation of the Development and Well-Being Assessment. Child Adolesc Ment Health 2012; 17:246-251. [PMID: 32847281 DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-3588.2012.00651.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) often goes undetected, delaying access to evidence-based treatment. This study aimed to assess the utility of a computerised diagnostic tool, the Development and Well-Being Assessment (DAWBA), in detecting OCD and comorbidity in youth. METHOD A total of 51 young people referred to a specialist OCD service between September 2007 and July 2008 completed the DAWBA prior to clinical assessment. Computer-rated and clinician-rated DAWBA diagnoses were compared with those assigned by the specialist clinic. RESULTS The computer-rated and clinician-rated DAWBA correctly classified OCD in 71% and 77% of cases respectively. Compared to consensus diagnoses, the computer-rated DAWBA tended to over-diagnose comorbidity, while the clinician-rated DAWBA diagnoses of comorbidity corresponded well with the consensus. CONCLUSIONS The DAWBA has potential value in detecting OCD as well as comorbid disorders, and could be a cost-effective method for diagnosing OCD and related problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Krebs
- National Clinic for Young People with OCD, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Holan Liang
- National Clinic for Young People with OCD, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Kristina Hilton
- National Clinic for Young People with OCD, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Fiona Macdiarmid
- Child and Adolescent Eating Disorder Service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Isobel Heyman
- National Clinic for Young People with OCD, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
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Esbjørn BH, Reinholdt-Dunne ML, Caspersen ID, Christensen LB, Chorpita BF. Penn State Worry Questionnaire: Findings Form Normative and Clinical Samples in Denmark. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-012-9320-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Estudio de epidemiología psiquiátrica en niños y adolescentes en Chile. Estado actual. REVISTA MÉDICA CLÍNICA LAS CONDES 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0716-8640(12)70346-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Lahey BB, Applegate B, Hakes JK, Zald DH, Hariri AR, Rathouz PJ. Is there a general factor of prevalent psychopathology during adulthood? JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2012; 121:971-7. [PMID: 22845652 DOI: 10.1037/a0028355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 381] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The patterns of comorbidity among prevalent mental disorders in adults lead them to load on "externalizing," "distress," and "fears" factors. These factors are themselves robustly correlated, but little attention has been paid to this fact. As a first step in studying the implications of these interfactor correlations, we conducted confirmatory factor analyses on diagnoses of 11 prevalent Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.) mental disorders in a nationally representative sample. A model specifying correlated externalizing, distress, and fears factors fit well, but an alternative model was tested in which a "general" bifactor was added to capture what these disorders share in common. There was a modest but significant improvement in fit for the bifactor model relative to the 3-factor oblique model, with all disorders loading strongly on the bifactor. Tests of external validity revealed that the fears, distress, and externalizing factors were differentially associated with measures of functioning and potential risk factors. Nonetheless, the general bifactor accounted for significant independent variance in future psychopathology, functioning, and other criteria over and above the fears, distress, and externalizing factors. These findings support the hypothesis that these prevalent forms of psychopathology have both important common and unique features. Future studies should determine whether this is because they share elements of their etiology and neurobiological mechanisms. If so, the existence of common features across diverse forms of prevalent psychopathology could have important implications for understanding the nature, etiology, and outcomes of psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin B Lahey
- Department of Health Studies (MC 2007), University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Abstract
This review focuses on developmental aspects in the epidemiology of anxiety disorders including prevalence, onset, natural course, longitudinal outcome, and correlates and risk factors, with focus on childhood through young adulthood. Anxiety disorders are frequent and early-emerging conditions. They may remit spontaneously; however, the same or other mental disorders often recur. Although risk factors have been identified, more work is needed to identify the most powerful predictors for onset and the progression to more complex forms of psychopathology and to understand the underlying mechanisms and interactions. This identification is crucial to facilitate research prevention, early interventions, and treatment programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Beesdo-Baum
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universitaet Dresden, Chemnitzer Strasse 46, 01187 Dresden, Germany.
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Assessing the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS) in a National Sample of Danish Youth Aged 8–16 Years. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37339. [PMID: 22649520 PMCID: PMC3359357 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Early identification of anxiety among youth is required to prevent them from going unrecognised and untreated by mental health professionals. A precise identification of the young person’s primary difficulty is also required to guide treatment programs. Availability of a valid and easily administrable assessment tool is crucial for identifying youth suffering from anxiety disorders. The purpose of the present study was therefore to examine the psychometric properties of the Danish version of the Revised Children’s Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS). A total of 667 youth from community schools (4th through 9th grade) across Denmark participated in the study. The psychometric properties of the RCADS-DAN resembled those reported in US and Europe. Within scale reliability was excellent with Chronbach’s alpha of.96. All subscales also showed good to excellent internal reliability. The study provides convincing evidence that the RCADS-DAN is a valid assessment tool for screening anxiety in Danish youth.
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Barra-Jover M. Trouble de l'acquisition de la coordination et troubles de l'écriture : peut-on parler de comorbidité ? DÉVELOPPEMENTS 2012; n° 12:18-24. [DOI: 10.3917/devel.012.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Dirks MA, Reyes ADL, Briggs-Gowan M, Cella D, Wakschlag LS. Annual research review: embracing not erasing contextual variability in children's behavior--theory and utility in the selection and use of methods and informants in developmental psychopathology. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2012; 53:558-74. [PMID: 22360546 PMCID: PMC4720148 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02537.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This paper examines the selection and use of multiple methods and informants for the assessment of disruptive behavior syndromes and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, providing a critical discussion of (a) the bidirectional linkages between theoretical models of childhood psychopathology and current assessment techniques; and (b) current knowledge concerning the utility of different methods and informants for key clinical goals. There is growing recognition that children's behavior varies meaningfully across situations, and evidence indicates that these differences, in combination with informants' unique perspectives, are at least partly responsible for inter-rater discrepancies in reports of symptomatology. Such data suggest that we should embrace this contextual variability as clinically meaningful information, moving away from models of psychopathology as generalized traits that manifest uniformly across situations and settings, and toward theoretical conceptualizations that explicitly incorporate contextual features, such as considering clinical syndromes identified by different informants to be discrete phenomena. We highlight different approaches to measurement that embrace contextual variability in children's behavior and describe how the use of such tools and techniques may yield significant gains clinically (e.g., for treatment planning and monitoring). The continued development of a variety of feasible, contextually sensitive methods for assessing children's behavior will allow us to determine further the validity of incorporating contextual features into models of developmental psychopathology and nosological frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - David Cella
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Lauren S. Wakschlag
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
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Lahey BB, Waldman ID. Annual research review: phenotypic and causal structure of conduct disorder in the broader context of prevalent forms of psychopathology. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2012; 53:536-57. [PMID: 22211395 PMCID: PMC3323729 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02509.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A better understanding of the nature and etiology of conduct disorder (CD) can inform nosology and vice versa. We posit that any prevalent form of psychopathology, including CD, can be best understood if it is studied in the context of other correlated forms of child and adolescent psychopathology using formal models to guide inquiry. METHODS Review of both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of the place of CD in the phenotypic and causal structure of prevalent psychopathology, with an emphasis on similarities and differences between CD and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). Papers were located using Web of Science by topic searches with no restriction on year of publication. RESULTS Although some important nosologic questions remain unanswered, the dimensional phenotype of CD is well defined. CD differs from other disorders in its correlates, associated impairment, and course. Nonetheless, it is robustly correlated with many other prevalent dimensions of psychopathology both concurrently and predictively, including both other 'externalizing' disorders and some 'internalizing' disorders. Based on emerging evidence, we hypothesize that these concurrent and predictive correlations result primarily from widespread genetic pleiotropy, with some genetic factors nonspecifically influencing risk for multiple correlated dimensions of psychopathology. In contrast, environmental influences mostly act to differentiate dimensions of psychopathology from one another both concurrently and over time. CD and ODD share half of their genetic influences, but their genetic etiologies are distinct in other ways. Unlike most other dimensions of psychopathology, half of the genetic influences on CD appear to be unique to CD. In contrast, ODD broadly shares nearly all of its genetic influences with other disorders and has little unique genetic variance. CONCLUSIONS Conduct disorder is a relatively distinct syndrome at both phenotypic and etiologic levels, but much is revealed by studying CD in the context of its causal and phenotypic associations with other disorders over time. Advancing and refining formal causal models that specify the common and unique causes and biological mechanisms underlying each correlated dimension of psychopathology should facilitate research on the fundamental nature and nosology of CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin B. Lahey
- Departments of Health Studies and Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Irwin D. Waldman
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review evidence of trauma and exile-related mental health in young refugees from the Middle East. METHOD A review of four empirical studies: i) a qualitative study of 11 children from torture surviving families, ii) a cohort study of 311 3-15-year-old asylum-seeking children, iii) a qualitative study of 14 members of torture surviving families and iv) a follow-up study of 131 11-23-year-old refugees. RESULTS The reactions of the children were not necessarily post-traumatic stress disorder specific. Seventy-seven per cent suffered from anxiety, sleep disturbance and/or depressed mood at arrival. Sleep disturbance (prevalence 34%) was primarily predicted by a family history of violence. At follow-up, 25.9% suffered from clinically relevant psychological symptoms. Traumatic experiences before arrival and stressful events in exile predicted internalizing behaviour, witnessing violence and frequent school changes in exile predicted externalizing behaviour. School participation, Danish friends, language proficiency and mother's education predicted less long-term psychological problems. CONCLUSION Psychological problems are frequent in refugee children, but the extents are reduced over time in exile. Traumatic experience before arrival is most important for the short-term reaction of the children while aspects of life in exile are important for the children's ability to recover from early traumatization.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Montgomery
- Rehabilitation and Research Centre for Torture Victims, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Rees CS, Smith AJ, O'Sullivan PB, Kendall GE, Straker LM. Back and neck pain are related to mental health problems in adolescence. BMC Public Health 2011; 11:382. [PMID: 21609488 PMCID: PMC3123209 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is a high prevalence of mental health problems amongst adolescents. In addition there is a high prevalence of spinal pain in this population. Evidence suggests that these conditions are related. This study sought to extend earlier findings by examining the relationship between mental health problems as measured by the Child Behaviour Check List (CBCL) and the experience of back and neck pain in adolescents. Methods One thousand five hundred and eighty participants (mean age 14.1 years) from the Western Australian Pregnancy (Raine) Study provided cross-sectional spinal pain and CBCL data. Results As predicted, there was a high prevalence of back and neck pain in this cohort. On the whole, females reported more mental health difficulties than males. There were strong relationships between the majority of symptom scales of the CBCL and back and neck pain. Scores on the CBCL were associated with higher odds of comorbid back and neck pain. Conclusions These findings strongly support the need to consider both psychological and pain symptoms when providing assessments and treatment for adolescents. Further research is required to inform causal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare S Rees
- School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
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38
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Rowe R, Costello EJ, Angold A, Copeland WE, Maughan B. Developmental pathways in oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2011; 119:726-38. [PMID: 21090876 DOI: 10.1037/a0020798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) specifies a developmental relationship between oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD). Evidence for this link is mixed, however, and recent studies suggest that different symptom dimensions in ODD may have different outcomes. The authors examined links between ODD, CD, and their young adult outcomes in the Great Smoky Mountains Study (E. J. Costello et al., 1996), a longitudinal data set with over 8,000 observations of 1,420 individuals (56% male) covering ages 9-21 years. ODD was a significant predictor of later CD in boys but not in girls after control for comorbid CD and subthreshold CD symptomatology. Transitions between ODD and CD were less common than anticipated, however, particularly during adolescence. The authors examined characteristics and outcomes of children with pure ODD, pure CD, and combined CD/ODD. Alongside many similarities in childhood and adolescent correlates, key differences were also identified: CD largely predicted behavioral outcomes, whereas ODD showed stronger prediction to emotional disorders in early adult life. Factor analysis identified irritable and headstrong dimensions in ODD symptoms that showed differential prediction to later behavioral and emotional disorders. Overall, the results underscore the utility of retaining separate ODD and CD diagnoses in DSM-V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Rowe
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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Follan M, Anderson S, Huline-Dickens S, Lidstone E, Young D, Brown G, Minnis H. Discrimination between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and reactive attachment disorder in school aged children. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2011; 32:520-526. [PMID: 21257287 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2010.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to determine whether it is possible to discriminate between children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and children with reactive attachment disorder (RAD) using standardized assessment tools for RAD. The study involved 107 children: 38 with a diagnosis of RAD and 30 with ADHD were recruited through community child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS) and specialist ADHD clinics. In addition, 39 typically developing children were recruited through family practice. Clinicians were trained to use a standardized assessment package for RAD using a DVD with brief follow-up support. Discriminant function analysis was used to identify the items in the standardized assessment package that best discriminated between children with ADHD and children with RAD. Clinicians' ratings of RAD symptoms were reliable, particularly when focusing on eight core DSM-IV symptoms of RAD. Certain parent-report symptoms were highly discriminatory between children with ADHD and children with RAD. These symptoms included "cuddliness with strangers" and "comfort-seeking with strangers". A semi-structured interview with parents, observation of the child in the waiting room and teacher report of RAD symptoms aided diagnostic discrimination between the groups. Clinical diagnosis of RAD can be made reliably by clinicians, especially when focusing on eight core RAD symptoms. Clear discrimination can be made between children with RAD and children with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Follan
- NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Specialist Childrens Services, Templeton Business Centre, Templeton Street, Glasgow G40 4ED, United Kingdom.
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Egger HL, Emde RN. Developmentally sensitive diagnostic criteria for mental health disorders in early childhood: the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders-IV, the research diagnostic criteria-preschool age, and the diagnostic classification of mental health and developmental disorders of infancy and early childhood-revised. AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGIST 2011; 66:95-106. [PMID: 21142337 PMCID: PMC3064438 DOI: 10.1037/a0021026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
As the infant mental health field has turned its focus to the presentation, course, and treatment of clinically significant mental health disorders, the need for reliable and valid criteria for identifying and assessing mental health symptoms and disorders in early childhood has become urgent. In this article we offer a critical perspective on diagnostic classification of mental health disorders in young children. We place the issue of early childhood diagnosis within the context of classification of psychopathology at other ages and describe, in some detail, diagnostic classifications that have been developed specifically for young children, including the Diagnostic Classification of Mental Health and Developmental Disorders of Infancy and Early Childhood (DC:0-3R; ZERO TO THREE, 2005), a diagnostic classification for mental health symptoms and disorders in infants, toddlers, and preschoolers. We briefly outline the role of diagnostic classification in clinical assessment and treatment planning. Last, we review the limitations of current approaches to the diagnostic classification of mental health disorders in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen L. Egger
- Center for Developmental Epidemiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center
| | - Robert N. Emde
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine
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Lacourse E, Baillargeon R, Dupéré V, Vitaro F, Romano E, Tremblay R. Two-year predictive validity of conduct disorder subtypes in early adolescence: a latent class analysis of a Canadian longitudinal sample. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2010; 51:1386-94. [PMID: 20695929 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02291.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Investigating the latent structure of conduct disorder (CD) can help clarify how symptoms related to aggression, property destruction, theft, and serious violations of rules cluster in individuals with this disorder. Discovering homogeneous subtypes can be useful for etiologic, treatment, and prevention purposes depending on the qualitative or quantitative nature of the symptomatology. The aim of the present study is twofold: identify subtypes of CD in young adolescents based on latent class analysis (LCA) and investigate the two-year predictive validity of CD subtypes on deviant and criminal lifestyles. METHODS Adolescent-reported CD symptoms were collected using the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth. Three cohorts of 12-13-year-olds were assessed during 1994-1995, 1996-1997, and 1998-1999 (N = 4,125). RESULTS Latent class analyses yielded 4 distinct subtypes: No CD (82.4%); Non-Aggressive CD ('NACD', 13.9%); Physically Aggressive CD ('PACD', 2.3%); and Severe-Mixed CD ('SMCD', 1.4%). Predictive validity at age 14-15 was non-specific, although the SMCD type had, by far, the highest odds of deviant and criminal lifestyle outcomes in comparison to youth with PACD or NACD. NACD and PACD had similar odds of deviant outcomes, even if most NACD youth were subthreshold CD (fewer than three symptoms). CONCLUSION In early adolescence, CD is qualitatively and quantitatively heterogeneous, suggesting multiple developmental pathways. However, they appear to predict similarly violent and non-violent outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Lacourse
- Department of Sociology, University of Montreal, Canada.
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Esbjørn BH, Hoeyer M, Dyrborg J, Leth I, Kendall PC. Prevalence and co-morbidity among anxiety disorders in a national cohort of psychiatrically referred children and adolescents. J Anxiety Disord 2010; 24:866-72. [PMID: 20621438 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Revised: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The paper provides prevalence estimates of anxiety disorders as well as homotypic (e.g., other anxiety disorders) and heterotypic (e.g., mood, externalizing) co-morbidity in a national sample of children and adolescents referred to the psychiatric system in Denmark. Data were gathered from a database containing 83% of all youth referred from 2004 to 2007 (N=13,241). A prevalence of 5.7% of anxiety disorder was found in the sample. Homotypic co-morbidity was found in only 2.8%, whereas heterotypic co-morbidity was found in 42.9% of the cohort. A total of 73.6% had a principal anxiety disorder as opposed to 26.4% who had other principal diagnoses and a secondary anxiety disorder. The national database not only provides a valuable prevalence estimate of anxiety disorders in every-day non-research psychiatric settings, but also highlights the importance of applying standardized screening instruments as routine to increase the precision in recognizing and reporting on childhood anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Hoff Esbjørn
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Psychology, Øster Farimagsgade 2A, 1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
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Dejong M. Some reflections on the use of psychiatric diagnosis in the looked after or "in care" child population. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 2010; 15:589-99. [PMID: 20923905 DOI: 10.1177/1359104510377705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The current classification system, DSM-IV, inadequately captures the range and type of psychopathology seen in the "in care" population of children. A combination of pre-natal influences, early interpersonal trauma involving the primary caregiving relationship, disturbed and disrupted attachment relationships and other significant losses and adverse environmental effects produce a complex constellation of symptoms and a pervasive impact on development that is difficult to categorize. The challenges facing DSM-V are illustrated, highlighting unresolved topics such as quasi-autism, reactive attachment disorder and complex trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Dejong
- Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, and the Institute of Child Health, UK.
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Tremblay RE. Developmental origins of disruptive behaviour problems: the 'original sin' hypothesis, epigenetics and their consequences for prevention. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2010; 51:341-67. [PMID: 20146751 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02211.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews publications on developmental trajectories of disruptive behaviour (DB) problems (aggression, opposition-defiance, rule breaking, and stealing-vandalism) over the past decade. Prior to these studies two theoretical models had strongly influenced research on DB: social learning and disease onset. According to these developmental perspectives, children learn DB from their environment and onset of the disease is triggered by accumulated exposition to disruptive models in the environment, including the media. Most of the evidence came from studies of school age children and adolescents. Longitudinal studies tracing developmental trajectories of DB from early childhood onwards suggest an inversed developmental process. DB are universal during early childhood. With age, children learn socially acceptable behaviours from interactions with their environment. A 'disease' status is given to children who fail to learn the socially acceptable behaviours. The mechanisms that lead to deficits in using socially accepted behaviours are strongly intergenerational, based on complex genetic and environmental contributions, including epigenetic mechanisms. Prevention of these deficits requires early, intensive and long-term support to parents and child. Newly discovered epigenetic mechanisms suggest that intensive perinatal interventions will have impacts on numerous aspects of physical and mental health, including DB. This review also concludes that: a) subtypes of disruptive behaviours should not be aggregated because they have different developmental trajectories and require specific corrective interventions; b) the overt-covert and destructive-nondestructive dimensions appear the most useful to create DB subtypes; c) overt DB onset before covert DB because the latter require more brain maturation; d) DB subtype taxonomies are more useful for clinicians than developmental taxonomies because the latter are post mortem diagnoses and clinicians' retrospective information is unreliable; e) we need large-scale collaborative preventive experimental interventions starting during early pregnancy to advance knowledge on causes and prevention of DB problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Tremblay
- International Network for Early Childhood Health Development, University College Dublin, Ireland.
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Dougherty LR, Klein DN, Durbin CE, Hayden EP, Olino TM. Temperamental Positive and Negative Emotionality and Children's Depressive Symptoms: A Longitudinal Prospective Study from Age Three to Age Ten. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2010.29.4.462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Wakschlag LS, Tolan PH, Leventhal BL. Research Review: 'Ain't misbehavin': Towards a developmentally-specified nosology for preschool disruptive behavior. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2010; 51:3-22. [PMID: 19874427 PMCID: PMC2894620 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02184.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing consensus that disruptive behavior disorders and syndromes (DBDs) are identifiable in preschool children. There is also concomitant recognition of the limitations of the current DBD nosology for distinguishing disruptive behavior symptoms from the normative misbehavior of early childhood. In particular, there appears to be substantial insensitivity to heterotypic manifestations of this developmental period and problems in identifying meaningful heterogeneity. As a result, the developmental basis for much of the current nosology may be called into question. To address these and other critical issues, this paper reviews the foundational elements of clinical and developmental science pertinent to developmental differentiation of disruptive behavior in the preschool period as paradigmatic for developmental specification across the lifespan and generates an agenda for future research. We begin by reviewing evidence of the validity of DBDs in preschool children. This is followed by an outline of key developmental concepts and a review of the corollary evidence from developmental science. These provide a basis for conceptualizing disruptive behavior in reference to developmental deviation in four core dimensions hypothesized to mark the core features of disruptive behavior syndromes. Finally, we propose a program of research to establish an empirical basis for determining the incremental utility of a developmentally specified nosology. Central to this approach is a contention that the benefits of developmental specification are extensive and outweigh any disadvantages. This is because a developmentally specified approach holds substantial promise for increasing sensitivity and specificity for differentiating disruptive behavior from normative misbehavior and from other related syndromes as well as for improving prediction. Further, more precisely defined, developmentally based phenotypes are likely to elucidate distinct mechanisms within translational studies and to serve as a catalyst for the generation of novel treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren S Wakschlag
- Institute for Juvenile Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 60608-1264, USA.
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Hale WW, Raaijmakers QAW, Muris P, van Hoof A, Meeus WHJ. One factor or two parallel processes? Comorbidity and development of adolescent anxiety and depressive disorder symptoms. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2009; 50:1218-26. [PMID: 19570045 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02115.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigates whether anxiety and depressive disorder symptoms of adolescents from the general community are best described by a model that assumes they are indicative of one general factor or by a model that assumes they are two distinct disorders with parallel growth processes. Additional analyses were conducted to explore the comorbidity of adolescent anxiety and depressive disorder symptoms and the effects that adolescent anxiety and depressive disorder symptoms have on each other's symptom severity growth. METHODS Two cohorts of early (N = 923; Age range 10-15 years; Mean age = 12.4, SD = .59; Girls = 49%) and middle adolescent (N = 390; Age range 16-20 years; Mean age = 16.7, SD = .80; Girls = 57%) boys and girls from the general community were prospectively studied annually for five years. These two adolescent cohorts were divided into five groups: one group at-risk for developing a specific anxiety disorder and four additional groups of healthy adolescents that differed in age and sex. Self-reported anxiety and depressive disorder symptoms were analyzed with latent growth modeling. RESULTS Comparison of the fit statistics of the two models clearly demonstrates the superiority of the distinct disorders with parallel growth processes model above the one factor model. It was also demonstrated that the initial symptom severity of either anxiety or depression is predictive of the development of the other, though in different ways for the at-risk and healthy adolescent groups. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study established that the development of anxiety and depressive disorder symptoms of adolescents from the general community occurs as two distinct disorders with parallel growth processes, each with their own unique growth characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- William W Hale
- Research Center Adolescent Development, Utrecht University, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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