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Wang J, Shi F, Yu L. Effects of acute stress on biological motion perception. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0310502. [PMID: 39292714 PMCID: PMC11410201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0310502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Biological motion perception is an essential part of the cognitive process. Stress can affect the cognitive process. The present study explored the intrinsic ERP features of the effects of acute psychological stress on biological motion perception. The results contributed scientific evidence for the adaptive behavior changes under acute stress. After a mental arithmetic task was used to induce stress, the paradigm of point-light displays was used to evaluate biological motion perception. Longer reaction time and lower accuracy were found in the inverted walking condition than in the upright walking condition, which was called the "inversion effect". The P2 peak amplitude and the LPP mean amplitude were significantly higher in the local inverted perception than in the local upright walking condition. Compared to the control condition, the stress condition induced lower RT, shorter P1 peak latency of biological motion perception, lower P2 peak amplitude and LPP mean amplitude, and higher N330 peak amplitude. There was an "inversion effect" in biological motion perception. This effect was related to the structural characteristics of biological motion perception but unrelated to the state of acute psychological stress. Acute psychological stress accelerated the reaction time and enhanced attention control of biological motion perception. Attention resources were used earlier, and less attentional investment was made in the early stage of biological motion perception processing. In the late stage, a continuous weakening of inhibition was shown in the parieto-occipital area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jifu Wang
- College of Education and Physical Education, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Fang Shi
- College of Education and Physical Education, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Lin Yu
- Neurocognition and Action-Biomechanics Research Group, Faculty of Psychology and Sports Science, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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2
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Zarubin VC, Damme KSF, Vargas T, Osborne KJ, Norton ES, Briggs-Gowan M, Allen NB, Wakschlag L, Mittal VA. Neurodevelopmental vulnerability to psychosis: developmentally-based methods enable detection of early life inhibitory control deficits that predict psychotic-like experiences at the transition to adolescence. Psychol Med 2023; 53:7746-7755. [PMID: 37395596 PMCID: PMC10761594 DOI: 10.1017/s003329172300171x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhibitory control develops in early childhood, and atypical development may be a measurable marker of risk for the later development of psychosis. Additionally, inhibitory control may be a target for intervention. METHODS Behavioral performance on a developmentally appropriate Go/No-Go task including a frustration manipulation completed by children ages 3-5 years (early childhood; n = 107) was examined in relation to psychotic-like experiences (PLEs; 'tween'; ages 9-12), internalizing symptoms, and externalizing symptoms self-reported at long-term follow-up (pre-adolescence; ages 8-11). ERP N200 amplitude for a subset of these children (n = 34) with electrophysiological data during the task was examined as an index of inhibitory control. RESULTS Children with lower accuracy on No-Go trials compared to Go trials in early childhood (F(1,101) = 3.976, p = 0.049), evidenced higher PLEs at the transition to adolescence 4-9 years later, reflecting a specific deficit in inhibitory control. No association was observed with internalizing or externalizing symptoms. Decreased accuracy during the frustration manipulation predicted higher internalizing, F(2,202) = 5.618, p = 0.004, and externalizing symptoms, F(2,202) = 4.663, p = 0.010. Smaller N200 amplitudes were observed on No-Go trials for those with higher PLEs, F(1,101) = 6.075, p = 0.020; no relationship was observed for internalizing or externalizing symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Long-term follow-up demonstrates for the first time a specific deficit in inhibitory control behaviorally and electrophysiology, for individuals who later report more PLEs. Decreases in task performance under frustration induction indicated risk for internalizing and externalizing symptoms. These findings suggest that pathophysiological mechanisms for psychosis are relevant and discriminable in early childhood, and further, suggest an identifiable and potentially modifiable target for early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa C Zarubin
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Katherine S F Damme
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences (DevSci), Northwestern University, Evanston and Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Teresa Vargas
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - K Juston Osborne
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Elizabeth S Norton
- Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences (DevSci), Northwestern University, Evanston and Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Communication Sciences & Disorders, School of Communication, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Margaret Briggs-Gowan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Norrina B Allen
- Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences (DevSci), Northwestern University, Evanston and Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Laurie Wakschlag
- Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences (DevSci), Northwestern University, Evanston and Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Institute for Policy Research (IPR), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Vijay A Mittal
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Institute for Policy Research (IPR), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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3
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Effect of Acute Psychological Stress on Speed Perception: An Event-Related Potential Study. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13030423. [PMID: 36979233 PMCID: PMC10046828 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13030423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study tested the intrinsic ERP features of the effects of acute psychological stress on speed perception. A mental arithmetic task was used to induce acute psychological stress, and the light spot task was used to evaluate speed perception. Compared with judgments in the constant speed and uniform acceleration motion, judgments in the uniform deceleration motion were made more quickly and with higher accuracy; attention control was higher and peaked later; and there was longer N2 peak latency, larger N2 peak amplitude, and lower mean amplitude of the late negative slow wave (SW). Under stress, the reaction time was significantly shorter. The N2 peak amplitude and SW mean amplitude were significantly higher, attention control was higher and appeared earlier, and there was a greater investment of cognitive resources. The type of movement and evoked stress also interacted to predict behavioral and ERP measures. Under acute stress, judgments made in the uniform deceleration motion condition elicited lower N2 peak latency, higher attention control, and later peak attention. The results suggest that judgments of the speed of decelerating motion require a lower investment of cognitive resources than judgments of other kinds of motion, especially under acute stress. These findings are best interpreted in terms of the interaction of arousal and attention.
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Rayson H, Ryan ZJ, Dodd HF. Behavioural inhibition and early neural processing of happy and angry faces interact to predict anxiety: a longitudinal ERP study. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2023; 60:101207. [PMID: 36764038 PMCID: PMC9929676 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2023.101207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Limited prospective research has examined whether attention biases to emotion moderate associations between Behavioural Inhibition (BI) and anxiety in preschool-aged children. Furthermore, there has been an over-reliance on behavioral measures in previous studies. Accordingly, we assessed anxiety in a sample of preschool-aged children (3-4 years) at baseline, and again approximately 6 and 11 months later, after they started school. At baseline, children completed an assessment of BI and an EEG task where they were presented with angry, happy, and neutral faces. EEG analyses focused on ERPs (P1, P2, N2) associated with specific stages of attention allocation. Interactions between BI and emotion bias (ERP amplitude for emotional versus neutral faces) were found for N2 and P1. For N2, BI was significantly associated with higher overall anxiety when an angry bias was present. Interestingly for P1, BI was associated with higher overall anxiety when a happy bias was absent. Finally, interactions were found between linear time and happy and angry bias for P1, with a greater linear decrease in anxiety over time when biases were high. These results suggest that attention to emotional stimuli moderates the BI-anxiety relationship across early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Rayson
- Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, CNRS / Université Claude Bernard Lyon, France.
| | - Zoe J Ryan
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, UK
| | - Helen F Dodd
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, UK; Children and Young People's Mental Health Research Collaboration (ChYMe), Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, UK
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Shi H. Inhibition modulated by self-efficacy: An event-related potential study. Front Psychol 2022; 13:904132. [PMID: 36237702 PMCID: PMC9552172 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.904132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition, associated with self-efficacy, enables people to control thought and action and inhibit disturbing stimulus and impulsion and has certain evolutionary significance. This study analyzed the neural correlates of inhibition modulated by self-efficacy. Self-efficacy was assessed by using the survey adapted from the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire. Fifty college students divided into low and high self-efficacy groups participated in the experiments. Their ability to conduct inhibitory control was studied through Go/No-Go tasks. During the tasks, we recorded students’ brain activity, focusing on N2 and P3 components in the event-related potential (ERP). Larger No-Go N2 amplitudes for the high self-efficacy group were found compared with the low self-efficacy group. Conflict detection as represented by N2 was modulated by self-efficacy, whereas conflict inhibition as represented by P3 was not modulated by self-efficacy. The highly self-efficacious students were more capable of detecting conflicts but not necessarily more capable of inhibiting action given that conflict was detected. Taken together, these findings offer neurophysiological evidence of the important regulatory role of self-efficacy in inhibitory control ability development.
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Dollar JM, Calkins SD, Shriver L, Keane SP, Shanahan L, Wideman L. Emerging self-regulatory skills in childhood predict cardiometabolic risk in adolescence. COMPREHENSIVE PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINOLOGY 2022; 7. [PMID: 35509493 PMCID: PMC9063855 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpnec.2021.100070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiometabolic risk (CMR) has increased among adolescents. A growing literature shows that childhood self-regulatory skills are associated with obesity and CMR. However, the developmental nature of self-regulation has not been considered in existing studies. Therefore, it is unclear how specific types of self-regulation (i.e., attentional, emotional, behavioral, cognitive) at different points in development, may differentially predict CMR. Using a multi-method longitudinal design, we assessed a sample of 117 children repeatedly between ages 2 and 16. At ages 2, 4, and 7 years, self-regulation (emotional, attentional, behavioral, and cognitive) skills that were hypothesized to have emerged were assessed. Adolescent CMR indicators were assessed at age 16. Latent profile analyses identified three profiles of adolescent CMR: Low Risk (41%), Dyslipidemia Risk (49.6%), and High Risk (9.4%). Distinct self-regulation skills at each childhood age predicted CMR during adolescence. Specifically, emotional regulation skills at ages 2 and 4, food-related behavioral regulation and attentional regulation at age 4, and attentional and cognitive regulation skills at age 7 predicted adolescent CMR. Self-regulation skills are modifiable, and thus, childhood interventions aimed at improving self-regulation could reduce CMR for decades to come. However, these results suggest that the multifaceted, developmental nature of self-regulation must be considered to most effectively inform preventive interventions aimed at lowering CMR. Additionally, our study highlights the need for additional research on adolescents who show elevations of CMR without meeting criteria for obesity. Three person-centered profiles of cardiometabolic risk were identified. Four domains of childhood self-regulation predicted adolescent cardiometabolic risk. Research is needed on adolescents with high cardiometabolic risk without obesity. Childhood self-regulation interventions could ultimately reduce cardiometabolic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M. Dollar
- Departments of Human Development and Family Studies and Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, USA
- Corresponding author. The University of North Carolina at Greensboro 248 Stone Building Greensboro, NC 27402, USA.
| | - Susan D. Calkins
- Office of Research and Engagement, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, USA
| | - Lenka Shriver
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, USA
| | - Susan P. Keane
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, USA
| | - Lilly Shanahan
- Department of Psychology and Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, USA
| | - Laurie Wideman
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, USA
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Key AP, Jones D, Corbett BA. Sex differences in automatic emotion regulation in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Autism Res 2022; 15:712-728. [PMID: 35103402 PMCID: PMC9060299 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Autism may be underdiagnosed in females because their social difficulties are often less noticeable. This study explored sex differences in automatic facial emotion processing in 45 adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (22 female, 23 male), age 10-16 years, performing active target detection task and Go/NoGo tasks where faces with positive and negative emotional expressions served as irrelevant distractors. The combined sample demonstrated more accurate performance on the target detection (response initiation) than the Go/NoGo task (response inhibition), replicating findings previously reported in typical participants. Females exhibited greater difficulty than males with response initiation in the target detection task, especially in the context of angry faces, while males found withholding a response in the Go/NoGo block with happy faces more challenging. Electrophysiological data revealed no sex differences or emotion discrimination effects during the early perceptual processing of faces indexed by the occipitotemporal N170. Autistic males demonstrated increased frontal N2 and parietal P3 amplitudes compared to females, suggesting greater neural resource allocation to automatic emotion regulation processes. The associations between standardized behavioral measures (autism severity, theory of mind skills) and brain responses also varied by sex: more adaptive social functioning was related to the speed of perceptual processing (N170 latency) in females and the extent of deliberate attention allocation (P3 amplitudes) in males. Together, these findings suggest that males and females with autism may rely on different strategies for social functioning and highlight the importance of considering sex differences in autism. LAY SUMMARY: Females with autism may exhibit less noticeable social difficulties than males. This study demonstrates that autistic females are more successful than males at inhibiting behavioral responses in emotional contexts, while males are more likely to initiate a response. At the neural level, social functioning in females is related to the speed of automatic perceptual processing of facial cues, and in males, to the extent of active attention allocation to the stimuli. These findings highlight the importance of considering sex differences in autism diagnosis and treatment selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra P. Key
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | - Dorita Jones
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | - Blythe A. Corbett
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
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Boen R, Quintana DS, Ladouceur CD, Tamnes CK. Age‐related differences in the error‐related negativity and error positivity in children and adolescents are moderated by sample and methodological characteristics: A meta‐analysis. Psychophysiology 2022; 59:e14003. [PMID: 35128651 PMCID: PMC9285728 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rune Boen
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo Oslo Norway
- PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Daniel S. Quintana
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo Oslo Norway
- Department of Psychology University of Oslo Oslo Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders University of Oslo Oslo Norway
- NevSom, Department of Rare Disorders Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway
| | - Cecile D. Ladouceur
- Department of Psychiatry University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
| | - Christian K. Tamnes
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo Oslo Norway
- PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology University of Oslo Oslo Norway
- Department of Psychiatric Research Diakonhjemmet Hospital Oslo Norway
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Development of emotion processing and regulation: Insights from event-related potentials and implications for internalizing disorders. Int J Psychophysiol 2021; 170:121-132. [PMID: 34656703 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Emotionally-salient stimuli receive selective attention and elicit complex neural responses that evolve considerably across development. Event-related potentials (ERPs) optimally capture the dynamics of emotion processing and regulation, with sensitivity to detect changes in magnitude, latency, and maximal location across development. In this selective qualitative review, we summarize evidence of developmental changes in neural reactivity to emotional stimuli and modulation of neural responses during emotion regulation indexed by ERPs across infancy, childhood, and adolescence. The cumulative ERP literature suggests the transition from childhood to adulthood is characterized by a gradual decrease in neural reactivity to emotional stimuli and increased efficiency in attentional allocation towards emotional stimuli. Some studies show sensitivity to emotional stimuli peaks in adolescence, but the evidence is mixed. While both early (<300 ms) and late (>300 ms) ERPs demonstrate sensitivity to emotional stimuli, emotional modulation is more consistently observed in relatively later ERPs across development. The literature additionally shows improvements in regulation abilities across development, though ERP research on developmental changes in emotion regulation is still relatively limited, highlighting a critical direction for future research. Finally, we briefly discuss changes in emotion-related ERPs relevant to the emergence of depression and anxiety. Findings from this review indicate that ERPs provide abundant information about the development of emotion processing and regulation, with potential clinical utility for detecting early-emerging vulnerabilities for internalizing forms of psychopathology.
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10
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Bigelow FJ, Clark GM, Lum JAG, Enticott PG. The development of neural responses to emotional faces: A review of evidence from event-related potentials during early and middle childhood. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2021; 51:100992. [PMID: 34329806 PMCID: PMC8339225 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2021.100992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Facial emotion processing (FEP) develops throughout childhood and provides crucial social information necessary for the interpretation and prediction of others' behaviour. This systematic review, which includes a meta-regression component, sought to explore the development of FEP event-related potentials (P100, N170, and late positive potential [LPP]) in children aged three to twelve years. Thirty-four studies, representing data from 1511 children, were included in the review. The combination of meta-regression and systematic review suggest that P100 amplitude decreases with increasing age in response to emotional facial stimuli. P100 latency may show a gradual decrease around the age of ten. In terms of the N170, it is suggested that amplitude follows a non-linear trend with age, and latency may decrease in early childhood before plateauing during middle childhood. Of note, review of the literature indicates that substantial methodological differences and high levels of heterogeneity exist. We suggest future research considers these results within the context of emotion-specific development, whilst also acknowledging how this may relate to individual social functioning skills across early-to-middle childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicity J Bigelow
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
| | - Gillian M Clark
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Jarrad A G Lum
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Peter G Enticott
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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11
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Michael JA, Wang M, Kaur M, Fitzgerald PB, Fitzgibbon BM, Hoy KE. EEG correlates of attentional control in anxiety disorders: A systematic review of error-related negativity and correct-response negativity findings. J Affect Disord 2021; 291:140-153. [PMID: 34038831 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anxiety disorders are highly prevalent and cause substantial personal, social and economic burden. Altered attentional control has been shown to be present across anxiety disorders and is associated with specific changes in brain activity which can be recorded by electroencephalogram (EEG). These include changes in the EEG markers of error-related negativity (ERN) and correct-response negativity (CRN), both believed to reflect response monitoring and attentional control pathophysiology in anxiety. The aim of this review was to systematically assess the research on ERN and CRN in attentional control in individuals with clinical anxiety and healthy controls, across emotional and non-emotional attentional control. METHODS A comprehensive literature search was conducted for studies published prior to October 22nd, 2020. Details of the protocol for this systematic review were registered on PROSPERO (CRD42019144885). RESULTS 66 studies had their data extracted. All 66 studies measured ERN, with 85% finding significantly increased ERN amplitudes associated with clinical anxiety. Only 44 of the extracted studies analysed CRN and only ~20% of these found significant changes in CRN amplitude associated with individuals with clinical anxiety. LIMITATIONS There were several anxiety disorders that had either limited literature (i.e. specific phobia, separation anxiety disorder or agoraphobia) or nil literature (i.e. selective mutism) available. No extracted studies included samples of older adults (i.e. aged 60+ years), and only six extracted studies included measures of emotional attentional control. CONCLUSIONS Findings indicate the promising utility of ERN of attentional control as a robust, transdiagnostic trait marker of clinical anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Michael
- Epworth Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, Epworth Healthcare and Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, 888 Toorak Rd, Camberwell, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Michael Wang
- Epworth Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, Epworth Healthcare and Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, 888 Toorak Rd, Camberwell, Victoria, Australia
| | - Manreena Kaur
- Epworth Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, Epworth Healthcare and Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, 888 Toorak Rd, Camberwell, Victoria, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul B Fitzgerald
- Epworth Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, Epworth Healthcare and Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, 888 Toorak Rd, Camberwell, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bernadette M Fitzgibbon
- Epworth Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, Epworth Healthcare and Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, 888 Toorak Rd, Camberwell, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kate E Hoy
- Epworth Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, Epworth Healthcare and Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, 888 Toorak Rd, Camberwell, Victoria, Australia
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Jetha MK, Segalowitz SJ, Gatzke-Kopp LM. The reliability of visual ERP components in children across the first year of school. Dev Psychobiol 2021; 63:e22150. [PMID: 34110630 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Event-related potentials (ERPs) are increasingly used as neurophysiological markers of perceptual and cognitive processes conveying risk for psychopathology. However, little is known about the reliability of ERP components during childhood, a time of substantial brain maturation. In the present study, we examine the early visual ERP components (P1, N170, VPP), frequently examined as indicators of attentional bias, for 110 children at kindergarten (T1) and first grade (T2). Children performed a Go/Nogo task at both time points, with exact stimuli changed to reduce habituation. All components showed increases in absolute amplitude and the P1 and VPP also showed decreases in latency. Retest reliability across time was good to very good for amplitude measures (Pearson rs ranging from .54 for N170 to .69 for P1) and low to very good for latencies (rs from .34 for P1 to .60 for N170), despite the change in visual stimuli. Although there was some evidence of moderation by sex, early visual ERP components appear to be a reliable measure of individual differences in attention processing in middle childhood. This has implications for the use of early visual ERP components as trait-like markers for individual differences in perceptual processes in developmental research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle K Jetha
- Department of Psychology, Cape Breton University, Sydney, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | - Lisa M Gatzke-Kopp
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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Woltering S, Chen S, Jia Y. Neural Correlates of Attentional Bias to Food Stimuli in Obese Adolescents. Brain Topogr 2021; 34:182-191. [PMID: 33438112 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-020-00812-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Adolescent obesity is an increasingly prevalent problem in several societies. Researchers have begun to focus on neurocognitive processes that may help explain how unhealthy food habits form and are maintained. The present study compared attentional bias to food stimuli in a sample of obese (n = 22) and Normal-weight (n = 18) adolescents utilizing an Attention Blink (AB) paradigm while electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded. We found lower accuracy and Event-Related Potential (ERP) P3 amplitudes during the presentation of food stimuli in AB trials for obese adolescents. These findings suggest an impaired ability of their brains to flexibly relocate attentional resources in the face of food stimuli. The results were corroborated by lower P3s also being associated with higher body mass index (BMI) values and poorer self-reported self-efficacy in controlling food intake. The study is among the few examining neural correlates of attentional control in obese adolescents and suggests automatic attentional bias to food is an important aspect to consider in tackling the obesity crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Woltering
- Department of Educational Psychology, Texas A&M University, 718B Harrington Tower, TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843-4225, USA.
| | - Siqi Chen
- Department of Educational Psychology, Texas A&M University, 718B Harrington Tower, TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843-4225, USA
| | - Yajun Jia
- Department of Educational Psychology, Texas A&M University, 718B Harrington Tower, TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843-4225, USA
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Klymkiw DF, Milligan K, Lackner C, Phillips M, Schmidt LA, Segalowitz SJ. Does Anxiety Enhance or Hinder Attentional and Impulse Control in Youth With ADHD? An ERP Analysis. J Atten Disord 2020; 24:1746-1756. [PMID: 28494637 DOI: 10.1177/1087054717707297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Youth with ADHD and comorbid anxiety (ADHD+ANX) experience increased social and academic impairment compared with youth with ADHD without anxiety (ADHD). Group differences in attentional and impulse control may underlie this increased impairment. Examination of group differences using behavioral measures of attentional and impulse control has yielded inconsistent findings. This study explored group differences using event-related potentials (ERPs), which provide neural information concerning early information processing. Method: ERPs (early frontal positivity [EFP], N2) were collected while youth aged 11 to 17 with ADHD (n = 31) and ADHD+ANX (n = 35) completed a visual and an auditory computer task. Results: Compared with the ADHD group, the ADHD+ANX group exhibited larger N2 amplitudes to no-go stimuli and larger EFP amplitudes to target auditory stimuli, with variable attention allocation to nontarget stimuli. Conclusion: The addition of anxiety to ADHD appears to alter early attentional processing, which may be an important aspect of this comorbidity.
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15
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Neural Correlates of Attentional Processing of Threat in Youth with and without Anxiety Disorders. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 47:119-129. [PMID: 29607460 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-018-0424-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Late-stage attentional processing of threatening stimuli, quantified through event-related potentials (ERPs), differentiates youth with and without anxiety disorders. It is unknown whether early-stage attentional processing of threatening stimuli differentiates these groups. Examining both early and late stage attentional processes in youth may advance knowledge and enhance efforts to identify biomarkers for translational prevention and treatment research. Twenty-one youth with primary DSM-IV-TR anxiety disorders (10 males, ages 8-15 years) and 21 typically developing Controls (15 males, ages 8-16 years) completed a dot probe task while electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded, and ERPs were examined. Youth with anxiety disorders showed significantly larger (more positive) P1 amplitudes for threatening stimuli than for neutral stimuli, and Controls showed the opposite pattern. Youth with anxiety showed larger (more negative) N170 amplitudes compared with Controls. Controls showed significantly larger (more positive) P2 and P3 amplitudes, regardless of stimuli valence, compared with youth with anxiety disorders. ERPs observed during the dot probe task indicate youth with anxiety disorders display distinct neural processing during early stage attentional orienting and processing of faces; this was not the case for Controls. Such results suggest these ERP components may have potential as biomarkers of anxiety disorders in youth.
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16
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Willner CJ, Jetha MK, Segalowitz SJ, Gatzke-Kopp LM. Neurophysiological evidence for distinct biases in emotional face processing associated with internalizing and externalizing symptoms in children. Biol Psychol 2020; 150:107829. [PMID: 31790713 PMCID: PMC7007849 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.107829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Attentional bias to threat has been implicated in both internalizing and externalizing disorders. This study utilizes event-related potentials to examine early stages of perceptual attention to threatening (angry or fearful) versus neutral faces among a sample of 200 children ages 6-8 years from a low-income, urban community. Although both internalizing and externalizing symptoms were associated with processing biases, the nature of the bias differed between these two symptom domains. Internalizing symptoms were associated with heightened early attentional selection (P1) and later perceptual processing (P2) of fearful faces. In contrast, externalizing symptoms were associated with reduced early attentional selection (P1) of fearful faces and enhanced perceptual processing (P2) of neutral faces, possibly indicative of a hostile interpretation bias for ambiguous social cues. These results provide insight into the distinct cognitive-affective processes that may contribute to the etiology and maintenance of internalizing and externalizing psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia J Willner
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, 228 Health and Human Development Building, University Park, PA, 16802, United States.
| | - Michelle K Jetha
- Cape Breton University, Department of Psychology, 1250 Grand Lake Road, Sydney, Nova Scotia, B1P 6L2, Canada.
| | - Sidney J Segalowitz
- Brock University, Department of Psychology, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada.
| | - Lisa M Gatzke-Kopp
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, 228 Health and Human Development Building, University Park, PA, 16802, United States.
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Rumination in Early Adolescent Girls: An EEG Study of Cognitive Control and Emotional Responding in an Emotional Go/NoGo Task. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2019; 20:181-194. [DOI: 10.3758/s13415-019-00761-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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18
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Hoyniak CP, Petersen IT. A meta-analytic evaluation of the N2 component as an endophenotype of response inhibition and externalizing psychopathology in childhood. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 103:200-215. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Connell AM, Danzo S, Magee K, Uhlman R. Children's appraisals of maternal depression and responses to emotional faces in early-adolescence: An Event Related Potential (ERP) study. J Affect Disord 2019; 250:241-248. [PMID: 30870774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parental depression represents a significant risk for depression development in offspring. While cognitive mechanisms represent a central risk pathway, children's appraisals of parental symptoms have been understudied. This study examined associations between children's self-blame, threat, and frequency/duration appraisals for maternal symptoms in relation to cognitive control and emotional response processes. METHODS Sixty mother-daughter (aged 10-14-years) pairs participated. Affective processing was assessed by three Event Related Potential (ERP) components, the N2, P3, and LPP, during an emotional Go/NoGo task. RESULTS Threat-appraisals were associated with alterations in all three ERP components, independently of maternal diagnostic histories or youth depressive symptoms. Self-blame was associated with early attentional engagement towards calm faces. Independent effects of maternal depression history and youth symptoms were also observed. CONCLUSIONS Results highlight the importance of youth perceptions of maternal depressive symptoms in models of depression-risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arin M Connell
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44016, United States.
| | - Sarah Danzo
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44016, United States
| | - Kelsey Magee
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44016, United States
| | - Rana Uhlman
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44016, United States
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20
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Liu B, Wang Y, Li X. Implicit Emotion Regulation Deficits in Trait Anxiety: An ERP Study. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:382. [PMID: 30323748 PMCID: PMC6172322 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the framework of emotion regulation (ER), both explicit and implicit forms are essential to our well-being. It is the interaction between these two processes that ensures adaptive emotional responses. Although many studies have focused on explicit ER deficits in anxiety, there is still a lack of awareness about the implicit form and its role in anxiety. To address this issue, we explored the time course of implicit ER processes in individuals with high and low trait anxiety (LTA). To do this, we employed the newly developed Priming-Identify (PI) paradigm, which includes a word-matching task (externally-generated implicit goals) and a facial expression identification task (emotion processing). We aimed to modulate the implicit ER goals of individuals through the application of different priming conditions (ER-related and -unrelated words). In addition to their behavioral effects, we recorded the influence of these priming conditions through event-related potentials (ERPs) during the facial expression identification task. Three ERP components were chosen as indexes of three stages of implicit ER processing: N170, early posterior negativity (EPN) and late positive potential (LPP). In individuals with LTA, the early N170 and the middle EPN were enlarged under the ER-related priming condition, while the LPP was not influenced. However, in individuals with high trait anxiety (HTA), we observed an absence of any significant differences between the ER-related and -unrelated priming conditions across all three ERP components. Furthermore, enlargements of N170 and EPN amplitudes were significantly correlated with a decrease in negative emotion experience scores. Our results suggest that HTA individuals experience implicit ER deficits during the early and middle stages of ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqian Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuebing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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21
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Perry NB, Dollar JM, Calkins SD, Keane SP, Shanahan L. Childhood self-regulation as a mechanism through which early overcontrolling parenting is associated with adjustment in preadolescence. Dev Psychol 2018; 54:1542-1554. [PMID: 29911876 PMCID: PMC6062452 DOI: 10.1037/dev0000536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We examined longitudinal associations across an 8-year time span between overcontrolling parenting during toddlerhood, self-regulation during early childhood, and social, emotional, and academic adjustment in preadolescence (N = 422). Overcontrolling parenting, emotion regulation (ER), and inhibitory control (IC) were observed in the laboratory; preadolescent adjustment was teacher-reported and child self-reported. Results from path analysis indicated that overcontrolling parenting at age 2 was associated negatively with ER and IC at age 5, which, in turn, were associated with more child-reported emotional and school problems, fewer teacher-reported social skills, and less teacher-reported academic productivity at age 10. These effects held even when controlling for prior levels of adjustment at age 5, suggesting that ER and IC in early childhood may be associated with increases and decreases in social, emotional, and academic functioning from childhood to preadolescence. Finally, indirect effects from overcontrolling parenting at age 2 to preadolescent outcomes at age 10 were significant, both through IC and ER at age 5. These results support the notion that parenting during toddlerhood is associated with child adjustment into adolescence through its relation with early developing self-regulatory skills. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica M Dollar
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of North Carolina
| | - Susan D Calkins
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of North Carolina
| | - Susan P Keane
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina
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22
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Lo SL. A meta-analytic review of the event-related potentials (ERN and N2) in childhood and adolescence: Providing a developmental perspective on the conflict monitoring theory. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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23
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Denke G, Rawls E, Lamm C. Attentional Conflict Moderates the Association Between Anxiety and Emotional Eating Behavior: An ERP Study. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:194. [PMID: 29867417 PMCID: PMC5962666 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotional eating is an attempt to avoid, control, or cope with negative emotions through eating a large amount of calorie dense sweet and/or high fat foods. Several factors, including various attentional mechanisms, negative affect, and stress, impact emotional eating behavior. For example, attentional narrowing on negative events may increase attentional stickiness and thereby prevent the processing of more peripheral events, such as eating behavior. This study contributes to the extant literature by examining the neural correlates underlying the attentional conflict between processing negative events and regulating behavior within a task that emulates how negative life experiences might contribute to unrestrained eating behavior. We explore this question within a normative sample that varies in their self-reported anxiety symptoms. Dense-array EEG was collected while participants played the attentional blink game—a task in which excessive attentional resource allocated to one event (e.g., negative picture) interferes with the adequate attentional processing of a second event that requires action. To assess the attentional conflict, we measured N2 activation, an event-related potentials (ERPs; averaged EEG) associated with conflict processing. Results revealed that N2 activation moderates the association between anxiety and emotional-eating behavior. Thus, increased anxiety combined with more negative N2 activation can contribute to emotional-eating behavior. These results are discussed in the context of ineffective conflict processing contributing to poor emotion regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Denke
- School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Casper College, Casper, WY, United States
| | - Eric Rawls
- Department of Psychological Science, J. William Fulbright College of Arts & Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Connie Lamm
- Department of Psychological Science, J. William Fulbright College of Arts & Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
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24
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The effect of mild acute psychological stress on attention processing: an ERP study. Exp Brain Res 2018; 236:2061-2071. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-018-5283-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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25
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Schwab D, Schienle A. Facial emotion processing in pediatric social anxiety disorder: Relevance of situational context. J Anxiety Disord 2017; 50:40-46. [PMID: 28551394 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Social anxiety disorder (SAD) typically begins in childhood. Previous research has demonstrated that adult patients respond with elevated late positivity (LP) to negative facial expressions. In the present study on pediatric SAD, we investigated responses to negative facial expressions and the role of social context information. Fifteen children with SAD and 15 non-anxious controls were first presented with images of negative facial expressions with masked backgrounds. Following this, the complete images which included context information, were shown. The negative expressions were either a result of an emotion-relevant (e.g., social exclusion) or emotion-irrelevant elicitor (e.g., weight lifting). Relative to controls, the clinical group showed elevated parietal LP during face processing with and without context information. Both groups differed in their frontal LP depending on the type of context. In SAD patients, frontal LP was lower in emotion-relevant than emotion-irrelevant contexts. We conclude that SAD patients direct more automatic attention towards negative facial expressions (parietal effect) and are less capable in integrating affective context information (frontal effect).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Schwab
- University of Graz, Institute of Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychology, Universitätsplatz 2/III, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Anne Schienle
- University of Graz, Institute of Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychology, Universitätsplatz 2/III, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
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26
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Reindl V, Job AK, Heinrichs N, Lohaus A, Konrad K. Multimethodale Erfassung der kindlichen Emotionsregulation. KINDHEIT UND ENTWICKLUNG 2017. [DOI: 10.1026/0942-5403/a000228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Die emotionale Go-Nogo Aufgabe ist ein computergestütztes Verfahren, das die kognitive Kontrolle, Emotionsregulation und Emotionserkennung erfassen soll. Ziel der Studie war es zu überprüfen, inwieweit die Kennwerte der Aufgabe relevant sind für die habituellen Emotionsregulationsstrategien und Verhaltensauffälligkeiten von Kindern. Insgesamt wurden 58 Kinder im Alter von 6 bis 8 Jahren in die Studie eingeschlossen. Die im Elternbericht (überwiegend Mütter) erfassten maladaptiven Emotionsregulationsstrategien der Kinder hingen signifikant mit ihren Verhaltensauffälligkeiten (ebenfalls Elternbericht, überwiegend Mütter) zusammen. Hingegen zeigten sich keine Assoziationen zwischen den Go-Nogo Kennwerten und den Fragebogendaten zur Erhebung der Emotionsregulation und der Verhaltensauffälligkeiten. Möglicherweise erfassen die beiden Messmethoden, computergestützte Verfahren und Fragebögen (Eltern-/Mutterbericht), unterschiedliche Aspekte des Konstrukts der Emotionsregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Reindl
- Lehr- und Forschungsgebiet Klinische Neuropsychologie des Kindes- und Jugendalters, Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters, Universitätsklinikum Aachen
- JARA-BRAIN Institute 2: Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Forschungszentrum Jülich and RWTH Aachen University
| | - Ann-Katrin Job
- Abteilung Klinische Psychologie, Psychotherapie und Diagnostik, Technische Universität Braunschweig
| | - Nina Heinrichs
- Abteilung Klinische Psychologie, Psychotherapie und Diagnostik, Technische Universität Braunschweig
| | - Arnold Lohaus
- Arbeitseinheit Entwicklungspsychologie und Entwicklungspsychopathologie, Universität Bielefeld
| | - Kerstin Konrad
- Lehr- und Forschungsgebiet Klinische Neuropsychologie des Kindes- und Jugendalters, Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters, Universitätsklinikum Aachen
- JARA-BRAIN Institute 2: Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Forschungszentrum Jülich and RWTH Aachen University
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27
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Urbain C, Sato J, Pang EW, Taylor MJ. The temporal and spatial brain dynamics of automatic emotion regulation in children. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2017; 26:62-68. [PMID: 28527986 PMCID: PMC6987902 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms for automatic emotion regulation (AER) are essential during childhood as they offset the impact of unwanted or negative emotional responses without drawing on limited attentional resources. Despite the importance of AER in improving the efficiency and flexibility of self-regulation, few research studies have investigated the underlying neurophysiological mechanisms. To fill this gap, we used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to investigate AER-related brain processes in 25 children (∼10 years old) who performed a go/no–go task that included an incidental exposure to faces containing socio-emotional cues. Whole brain results revealed that the inhibition of angry faces (compared with happy faces) was associated with a stronger recruitment of several brain regions from 100 to 425 ms. These activations involved the right angular and occipital gyri from 100 to175 ms, the right orbito-frontal gyrus (OFG) from 250 to 325 ms (pcorr < 0.05), and finally, the left anterior temporal lobe (ATL) from 325 to 425 ms. Our results suggest a specific involvement of these regions in the automatic regulation of negative emotional stimuli in children. In the future, this knowledge may help understand developmental conditions where inhibition impairments are exacerbated by an emotional context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charline Urbain
- UR2NF-Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Group at Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences (CRCN) and ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Julie Sato
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada; Neuroscience & Mental Health Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Elizabeth W Pang
- Neuroscience & Mental Health Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Division of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Margot J Taylor
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada; Neuroscience & Mental Health Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Division of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
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28
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Battaglia M, Michelini G, Pezzica E, Ogliari A, Fagnani C, Stazi MA, Bertoletti E, Scaini S. Shared genetic influences among childhood shyness, social competences, and cortical responses to emotions. J Exp Child Psychol 2017; 160:67-80. [PMID: 28432866 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Visual event-related potentials (ERPs) evoked by facial expressions are useful to map socioemotional responses among shy children and to predict transition into social phobia. We investigated the sources of covariation among childhood shyness, social competences, and ERPs to other children's happy, neutral, and angry expressions. Electrophysiological and twin analyses examined the phenotypic and etiological association among an index of childhood shyness, an index of social competences, and ERP responses to facial expressions in 200 twins (mean age=9.23years). Multivariate twin analyses showed that the covariation among shyness, social competences, and a composite of a frontal late negative component occurring around 200-400ms in response to happy, neutral, and angry expressions could be entirely explained by shared genetic factors. A coherent causal structure links childhood shyness, social competences, and the cortical responses to facial emotions. A common genetic substrate can explain the interrelatedness of individual differences for childhood shyness, social competences, and some associated electrophysiological responses to socioemotional signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Battaglia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M6J 1H4, Canada; Division of Child and Youth Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario M6J 1H4, Canada.
| | - Giorgia Michelini
- MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Elettra Pezzica
- Developmental Psychopathology Unit, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Ogliari
- Developmental Psychopathology Unit, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Eleonora Bertoletti
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Scaini
- Developmental Psychopathology Unit, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy; Faculty of Psychology, Sigmund Freud University, 20143 Milan, Italy
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29
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Schwab D, Schienle A. Facial affect processing in social anxiety disorder with early onset: evidence of an intensity amplification bias. Soc Neurosci 2017; 13:318-327. [DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2017.1304990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Schwab
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Anne Schienle
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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30
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Yu F, Zhou X, Qing W, Li D, Li J, Chen X, Ji G, Dong Y, Luo Y, Zhu C, Wang K. Decreased response inhibition to sad faces during explicit and implicit tasks in females with depression: Evidence from an event-related potential study. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2017; 259:42-53. [PMID: 27960148 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate neural substrates of response inhibition to sad faces across explicit and implicit tasks in depressed female patients. Event-related potentials were obtained while participants performed modified explicit and implicit emotional go/no-go tasks. Compared to controls, depressed patients showed decreased discrimination accuracy and amplitudes of original and nogo-go difference waves at the P3 interval in response inhibition to sad faces during explicit and implicit tasks. P3 difference wave were positively correlated with discrimination accuracy and were independent of clinical assessment. The activation of right dorsal prefrontal cortex was larger for the implicit than for the explicit task in sad condition in health controls, but was similar for the two tasks in depressed patients. The present study indicated that selectively impairment in response inhibition to sad faces in depressed female patients occurred at the behavior inhibition stage across implicit and explicit tasks and may be a trait-like marker of depression. Longitudinal studies are required to determine whether decreased response inhibition to sad faces increases the risk for future depressive episodes so that appropriate treatment can be administered to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqiong Yu
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuropsychology, Department of Medical Psychology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Collaborative Innovation Centre of Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Mental Health, Anhui Province, China
| | | | - Wu Qing
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuropsychology, Department of Medical Psychology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Collaborative Innovation Centre of Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Mental Health, Anhui Province, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Collaborative Innovation Centre of Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Mental Health, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jing Li
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuropsychology, Department of Medical Psychology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xingui Chen
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuropsychology, Department of Medical Psychology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Collaborative Innovation Centre of Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Mental Health, Anhui Province, China
| | - Gongjun Ji
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuropsychology, Department of Medical Psychology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Collaborative Innovation Centre of Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Mental Health, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yi Dong
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Mental Health, Anhui Province, China; Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, China
| | - Yuejia Luo
- Institute of Social and affective Neuroscience, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chunyan Zhu
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuropsychology, Department of Medical Psychology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Collaborative Innovation Centre of Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Mental Health, Anhui Province, China.
| | - Kai Wang
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuropsychology, Department of Medical Psychology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Collaborative Innovation Centre of Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Mental Health, Anhui Province, China.
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Wessing I, Romer G, Junghöfer M. Hypervigilance-avoidance in children with anxiety disorders: magnetoencephalographic evidence. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2017; 58:103-112. [PMID: 27605124 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An altered pattern of threat processing is deemed critical for the development of anxiety disorders (AD). According to the hypervigilance-avoidance hypothesis, AD patients show hypervigilance to threat cues at early stages of processing but avoid threat cues at later stages of processing. Consistently, adults with AD show enhanced neurophysiological responses to threat in early time windows and reduced responses to threat in late time windows. The presence of such a hypervigilance-avoidance effect and its underlying neural sources remain to be determined in clinically anxious children. METHODS Twenty-three children diagnosed with an AD and 23 healthy control children aged 8-14 years saw faces with angry and neutral expressions while whole-head magnetoencephalography (MEG) was recorded. Neural sources were estimated based on L2-Minimum Norm inverse source modeling and analyzed in early, midlatency, and late time windows. RESULTS In visual cortical regions, early threat processing was relatively enhanced in patients compared to controls, whereas this relation was inverted in a late interval. Consistent with the idea of affective regulation, the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex revealed relatively reduced inhibition of early threat processing but revealed enhanced inhibition at a late interval in patients. Both visual-sensory and prefrontal effects were correlated with individual trait anxiety. CONCLUSIONS These results support the hypothesis of early sensory hypervigilance followed by later avoidance of threat in anxiety disordered children, presumably modulated by early reduced and later enhanced prefrontal inhibition. This neuronal hypervigilance-avoidance pattern unfolds gradually with increasing trait anxiety, reflecting a progressively biased allocation of attention to threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Wessing
- Department for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.,Institute for Biomagnetism and Biosignalanalysis, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Georg Romer
- Department for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Markus Junghöfer
- Institute for Biomagnetism and Biosignalanalysis, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
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Wauthia E, Rossignol M. Emotional Processing and Attention Control Impairments in Children with Anxiety: An Integrative Review of Event-Related Potentials Findings. Front Psychol 2016; 7:562. [PMID: 27199802 PMCID: PMC4853388 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anxiety disorders in adults have been associated with biased processing of emotional information which may be due to a deficit in attentional control. This deficit leads to an hypervigilance and a selective attention toward threatening information. Event-related potentials (ERPs) have been used to study this topic in anxious adults. Similar biases have been reported in children with anxiety but researches investigating the ERPs components underpinning these biases are more scarce. However, the understanding of the neural correlates of attentional biases in anxious children seem quite important since they could play a role in the etiology and the maintenance of this disorder. This review summarizes the results of researches having used ERPs to index emotional processing and attention control in children suffering from anxiety. We will focus on the P1, indexing basic visual perceptual processing, the N2, thought to reflect cognitive control process, the P3 typically associated with response inhibition, and the late positive potential (LPP) that indicates sustained attention toward motivationally salient stimuli. We will also examine the error-related negativity (ERN) that indexes monitoring system for detecting errors. Electro-physiological studies generally reported increased amplitudes of these components in anxious children, even when they did not differ from typically developing children at a behavioral level. These results suggest diminished cognitive control that influences children's selective attention mechanisms toward threatening information. Theoretical perspectives and implications for future researches will be discussed in the framework of current models of childhood anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Wauthia
- Service of Cognitive Psychology and Neuropsychology, University of MonsMons, Belgium; Fonds pour la Recherche en Sciences Humaines/Fonds National pour la Recherche ScientifiqueBrussels, Belgium
| | - Mandy Rossignol
- Fonds pour la Recherche en Sciences Humaines/Fonds National pour la Recherche Scientifique Brussels, Belgium
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Thai N, Taber-Thomas BC, Pérez-Edgar KE. Neural correlates of attention biases, behavioral inhibition, and social anxiety in children: An ERP study. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2016; 19:200-10. [PMID: 27061248 PMCID: PMC4912890 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral inhibition (BI) is a biologically-based temperament characterized by vigilance toward threat. Over time, many children with BI increasingly fear social circumstances and display maladaptive social behavior. BI is also one of the strongest individual risk factors for developing social anxiety disorder. Although research has established a link between BI and anxiety, its causal mechanism remains unclear. Attention biases may underlie this relation. The current study examined neural markers of the BI-attention-anxiety link in children ages 9-12 years (N=99, Mean=9.97, SD=0.97). ERP measures were collected as children completed an attention-bias (dot-probe) task with neutral and angry faces. P2 and N2 amplitudes were associated with social anxiety and attention bias, respectively. Specifically, augmented P2 was related to decreased symptoms of social anxiety and moderated the relation between BI and social anxiety, suggesting that increasing attention mobilization may serve as a compensatory mechanism that attenuates social anxiety in individuals with high BI. The BI by N2 interaction found that larger N2 related to threat avoidance with increasing levels of BI, consistent with over-controlled socio-emotional functioning. Lastly, children without BI (BN) showed an augmented P1 to probes replacing angry faces, suggesting maintenance of attentional resources in threat-related contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhi Thai
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Psychology, 142 Moore Building, University Park, PA 16802, United States.
| | - Bradley C Taber-Thomas
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Psychology, 142 Moore Building, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - Koraly E Pérez-Edgar
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Psychology, 142 Moore Building, University Park, PA 16802, United States
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34
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Smulders SF, Soetens E, van der Molen MW. What happens when children encounter an error? Brain Cogn 2016; 104:34-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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35
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Zhang W, Ding Q, Chen N, Wei Q, Zhao C, Zhang P, Li X, Liu Q, Li H. The development of automatic emotion regulation in an implicit emotional Go/NoGo paradigm and the association with depressive symptoms and anhedonia during adolescence. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2016; 11:116-123. [PMID: 26937379 PMCID: PMC4753808 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2016.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Impaired automatic emotion regulation (AER) is closely related to major depressive disorder. Our research in adults has identified two AER-related components, Go N2 and NoGo P3, in an implicit emotional Go/NoGo paradigm. However, it is unclear whether Go N2 and NoGo P3 reflect the development of AER in adolescents and the relationship of these components with subclinical depressive symptoms and trait anhedonia. We collected EEG data from 55 adolescents while they completed the implicit emotional Go/NoGo task. After the experiment, the subjects completed the Chinese version of the Temporal Experience of Pleasure Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory. Consistent with results in adults, we determined that Go N2 represents automatic top-down attention to emotions in Go trials, whereas NoGo P3 represents automatic response inhibition in NoGo trials. These AER components exhibited age-dependent improvement during adolescence. Additionally, NoGo P3 amplitudes elicited by viewing positive faces were positively correlated with trait anhedonia, whereas NoGo P3 amplitudes elicited by viewing negative faces were negatively correlated with depressive symptoms. Our observations provide further understanding of the neurodevelopmental mechanism of AER and yield new insight into dissociable impairments in AER in adolescents with major depressive disorder during positive and negative implicit processing. We studied the development of automatic emotion regulation in adolescents. Go N2 reflects automatic top-down attention to emotions in Go trials. NoGo P3 reflects automatic response inhibition in NoGo trials. NoGo P3 amplitudes of positive faces correlate positively with anhedonia. NoGo P3 amplitudes of negative faces correlate negatively with depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhai Zhang
- Mental Health Center, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng City 224051, China; Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian City 116029, China; College of Education Science, Chengdu University, Chengdu City 610106, China
| | - Qiang Ding
- Department of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai City 200234, China
| | - Ning Chen
- Department of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai City 200234, China
| | - Qing Wei
- College of Education Science, Chengdu University, Chengdu City 610106, China
| | - Cancan Zhao
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian City 116029, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian City 116029, China
| | - Xiying Li
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an City 710119, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian City 116029, China
| | - Hong Li
- Psychology & Social College, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen City 518060, China.
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Peterman JS, Carper MM, Elkins RM, Comer JS, Pincus DB, Kendall PC. The effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy for youth anxiety on sleep problems. J Anxiety Disord 2016; 37:78-88. [PMID: 26735330 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined (a) whether sleep related problems (SRPs) improved following cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for youth with anxiety disorders, (b) whether variables that may link anxiety and SRPs (e.g., pre-sleep arousal, family accommodation, sleep hygiene) changed during treatment, and (c) whether such changes predicted SRPs at posttreatment. Youth were diagnosed with anxiety at pretreatment and received weekly CBT that targeted their principal anxiety diagnosis at one of two specialty clinics (N=69 completers, Mage=10.86). Results indicated that parent-reported SRPs improved from pre- to post-treatment and that treatment responders with regard to anxiety yielded greater SRP improvements than nonresponders. Parent report of bedtime resistance and sleep anxiety showed significant improvements. Youth reported lower rates of SRPs compared to their parents and did not demonstrate pre- to post-treatment changes in SRPs. Pre-sleep arousal and family accommodation decreased over treatment but did not predict lower SRPs at posttreatment. Higher accommodation was correlated with greater SRPs. Sleep hygiene evidenced no change and did not mediate links between accommodation and posttreatment SRPs.
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37
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Woltering S, Lishak V, Hodgson N, Granic I, Zelazo PD. Executive function in children with externalizing and comorbid internalizing behavior problems. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2016; 57:30-38. [PMID: 25981677 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The goal of this study is to investigate differences in executive function (EF) in children with different levels of disruptive behavior problems (DBP). METHODS Ninety-three children between 7 and 12 years old with DBP were compared to 63 normally developing peers on a battery of EF tasks that varied in the amount of required emotion regulation ('hot' EF). RESULTS Differences in EF were found between DBP and comparison groups as indexed by hot EF tasks. Self-reported emotion scales, in conjunction with physiological recordings of heart rate, confirmed that emotions were elicited during hot EF. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that difficulties in hot EF underlie externalizing problem behaviors in middle childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Woltering
- Educational Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.,Applied Psychology and Human Development, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Victoria Lishak
- Applied Psychology and Human Development, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nick Hodgson
- Applied Psychology and Human Development, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Isabela Granic
- Developmental Psychopathology Department, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Philip David Zelazo
- College of Education and Human Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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38
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Skogan AH, Zeiner P, Egeland J, Urnes AG, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Aase H. Parent ratings of executive function in young preschool children with symptoms of attention-deficit/-hyperactivity disorder. BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN FUNCTIONS : BBF 2015; 11:16. [PMID: 25889243 PMCID: PMC4399220 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-015-0060-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent research has demonstrated that deficits in basic, self-regulatory processes, or executive function (EF), may be related to symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) already during the preschool period. As the majority of studies investigating these relations in young children have been based primarily on clinically administered tests, it is not clear how early symptoms of ADHD may be related to observations of EF in an everyday context. The preschool version of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF-P) was developed to provide information about EF through observable, behavioral manifestations of self-regulation, and is the most commonly used rating scale for EF assessment in children. METHODS Relations between symptoms of ADHD reported in the Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment interview (PAPA), and EF as measured by the BRIEF-P (parent form), were investigated in a large, nonreferred sample of preschool children (37-47 months, n = 1134) recruited from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. The inventory's discriminative ability was examined in a subsample consisting of children who met the diagnostic criteria for either ADHD, oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) or anxiety disorder, and typically developing controls (n = 308). The four groups were also compared with regard to patterns of EF difficulties reported in the BRIEF-P. RESULTS Of the five BRIEF-P subscales, Inhibit and Working Memory were the two most closely related to ADHD symptoms, together explaining 38.5% of the variance in PAPA symptom ratings. Based on their scores on the Inhibit and Working Memory subscales (combined), 86.4% of the children in the ADHD and TD groups were correctly classified. ADHD symptoms were associated with more severe difficulties across EF domains, and a different EF profile in comparison to children with other symptoms (anxiety, ODD) and to typically developing controls. CONCLUSIONS Early symptoms of ADHD were linked to parent-reported difficulties primarily within inhibition and working memory, suggesting that deficiencies within these two EF domains characterize early forms of ADHD. Our findings support the clinical utility of the BRIEF-P as a measure of EF in young preschool children with symptoms of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Holth Skogan
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Pb 4959, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Pål Zeiner
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Pb 4959, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Jens Egeland
- Institute of Psychology, University of Oslo, Pb 1094, Blindern, 0317, Oslo, Norway.
- Vestfold Hospital Trust, Pb 2267, 3103, Tønsberg, Norway.
| | - Anne-Grethe Urnes
- Regional Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Eastern and Southern Norway (RBUP), Pb 4623, Nydalen, 0405, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Ted Reichborn-Kjennerud
- Division of Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Pb 4404, Nydalen, 0403, Oslo, Norway.
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Pb 1094, Blindern, 0317, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Heidi Aase
- Division of Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Pb 4404, Nydalen, 0403, Oslo, Norway.
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39
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Yu F, Zhu C, Zhang L, Chen X, Li D, Zhang L, Ye R, Dong Y, Luo Y, Hu X, Wang K. The neural substrates of response inhibition to negative information across explicit and implicit tasks in GAD patients: electrophysiological evidence from an ERP study. Front Psychol 2015; 6:275. [PMID: 25852597 PMCID: PMC4367533 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: It has been established that the inability to inhibit a response to negative stimuli is the genesis of anxiety. However, the neural substrates of response inhibition to sad faces across explicit and implicit tasks in general anxiety disorder (GAD) patients remain unclear. Methods: Electrophysiological data were recorded when subjects performed two modified emotional go/no-go tasks in which neutral and sad faces were presented: one task was explicit (emotion categorization), and the other task was implicit (gender categorization). Results: In the explicit task, electrophysiological evidence showed decreased amplitudes of no-go/go difference waves at the N2 interval in the GAD group compared to the control group. However, in the implicit task, the amplitudes of no-go/go difference waves at the N2 interval showed a reversed trend. Source localization analysis on no-go/N2 components revealed a decreased current source density (CSD) in the right dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex in GAD individuals relative to controls. In the implicit task, the left superior temporal gyrus and the left inferior parietal lobe showed enhanced activation in GAD individuals and may compensate for the dysfunction of the right dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex. Conclusion: These findings indicated that the processing of response inhibition to socially sad faces in GAD individuals was interrupted in the explicit task. However, this processing was preserved in the implicit task. The neural substrates of response inhibition to sad faces were dissociated between implicit and explicit tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqiong Yu
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuropsychology, Department of Medical Psychology, Anhui Medical University Hefei, China
| | - Chunyan Zhu
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuropsychology, Department of Medical Psychology, Anhui Medical University Hefei, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuropsychology, Department of Medical Psychology, Anhui Medical University Hefei, China
| | - Xingui Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University Hefei, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University Hefei, China
| | - Long Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University Hefei, China
| | - Rong Ye
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuropsychology, Department of Medical Psychology, Anhui Medical University Hefei, China
| | - Yi Dong
- Anhui Mental Health Center Hefei, China
| | - Yuejia Luo
- Institute of Social and affective Neuroscience, Shenzhen University Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Kai Wang
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuropsychology, Department of Medical Psychology, Anhui Medical University Hefei, China ; Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University Hefei, China
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40
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Lamm C, Walker OL, Degnan KA, Henderson HA, Pine DS, McDermott JM, Fox NA. Cognitive control moderates early childhood temperament in predicting social behavior in 7-year-old children: an ERP study. Dev Sci 2014; 17:667-81. [PMID: 24754610 PMCID: PMC4334573 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral inhibition (BI) is a temperament associated with heightened vigilance and fear of novelty in early childhood, and social reticence and increased risk for anxiety problems later in development. However, not all behaviorally inhibited children develop signs of anxiety. One mechanism that might contribute to the variability in developmental trajectories is the recruitment of cognitive-control resources. The current study measured N2 activation, an ERP (event-related potential) associated with cognitive control, and modeled source-space activation (LORETA; Low Resolution Brain Electromagnetic Tomography) at 7 years of age while children performed a go/no-go task. Activation was estimated for the entire cortex and then exported for four regions of interest: ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC), ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC), dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dorsal ACC), and dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). BI was measured in early childhood (ages 2 and 3 years). Anxiety problems and social reticence were measured at 7 years of age to ascertain stability of temperamental style. Results revealed that BI was associated with increased performance accuracy, longer reaction times, greater (more negative) N2 activation, and higher estimated dorsal ACC and DLPFC activation. Furthermore, early BI was only associated with social reticence at age 7 at higher (more negative) levels of N2 activation or higher estimated dorsal ACC or DLPFC activation. Results are discussed in the context of overcontrolled behavior contributing to social reticence and signs of anxiety in middle childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie Lamm
- Department of Psychology, University of New Orleans
| | - Olga L. Walker
- Child Development Laboratory, Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland
| | - Kathryn A. Degnan
- Child Development Laboratory, Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland
| | | | | | | | - Nathan A. Fox
- Child Development Laboratory, Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland
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Neurophysiological markers that predict and track treatment outcomes in childhood anxiety. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2014; 41:1243-55. [PMID: 23690280 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-013-9755-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the cortical processes that mediate cognitive regulation in response to emotion-eliciting stimuli, before and after anxious children participated in a cognitive behavioral therapy program. Electroencephalographic activity was recorded from anxious children (n = 24, 8 males) and comparison children (n = 16, 7 males) at pre-and post-treatment sessions. The change in anxiety T-scores from pre- to post-treatment was used to signify clinical improvement among anxious children (Improvers: n = 11 vs. Non-improvers: n = 13). Event-related potential components were recorded while children performed a Go/No-go task using emotional facial expressions. For the P1 component, believed to reflect attention and/or arousal processes, Non-improvers had greater activation levels relative to Improver and comparison groups at both sessions. Greater P1 amplitudes at pre-treatment predicted non-improvement following treatment. For the frontal N2 component, thought to reflect cognitive control processing, Improvers recruited greater activation from pre- to post-treatment, a change in activation that was predictive of treatment outcome. Non-improvers showed increased cortical activation within the time window of the P1, whether at pre- or post-treatment. These data suggest that heightened perceptual vigilance may have led to poorer outcomes. Improvers showed increased prefrontal activation within the time window of the N2 from pre- to post-treatment. These data suggest that increased cognitive control may have led to improved treatment outcomes. In sum, P1 activation may serve as a predictor of treatment outcome, while N2 activation may serve as an indicator of treatment response.
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