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Xiao-Qun Z, Xian-Li M, Ariffin NS. The potential of carbonic anhydrase enzymes as a novel target for anti-cancer treatment. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 976:176677. [PMID: 38825301 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase (CA) is a zinc-dependent metal enzyme that maintains the pH and carbon dioxide (CO2) homeostasis in cells by catalyzing the reversible hydration and dehydration of CO2 and bicarbonate (HCO3-). In mammals, there are 16 isozymes of CA existed, namely CAI to CAXIV, but only 15 isozymes are found in humans except CAXV. Human CAs have highly conserved catalytic domains, all of which are distributed in different tissues and play important physiological roles. Changes in their functions may disrupt the typical distribution of CAs throughout human body and therefore CAs can be used as diagnostic biomarkers for many diseases. Furthermore, the expression of CAs is correlated to the progression of numerous tumors, therapeutic sensitivity and patient prognosis. In this review, we discuss thoroughly the structure of CAs, their functional activities in human physiology, dysregulations and diseases related to CAs, and different types of CA inhibitors that can reverse their dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Xiao-Qun
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 42300, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia; Guilin Medical University, GuiLin, China
| | | | - Nur Syamimi Ariffin
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 42300, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.
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2
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de Souza TR, Zancope BR, de Sousa ET, Parisotto TM, Rocha Marques M, Nobre dos Santos M. Sucrose rinse modulates the salivary behavior of carbonic anhydrase VI and its buffering capacity: a longitudinal study in 4 to 6.5-year-old children. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17429. [PMID: 38827285 PMCID: PMC11144396 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Carbonic anhydrase VI (CA VI) is crucial in regulating oral pH and predicting susceptibility to dental caries. The hypothesis posits that caries activity may alter the CA VI function, diminishing its capacity to regulate pH effectively and potentially exacerbating cariogenic challenges. This 1-year cohort study sought to investigate the enzymatic activity of salivary CA VI and buffering capacity following a 20% sucrose rinse in 4 to 6.5-year-old children. Method This research involved 46 volunteers categorized into three groups based on their caries status after follow-up: caries-free (CFee), arrested caries (CArrested), and caries active (CActive). Children underwent visible biofilm examination and saliva collection for salivary flow rate, buffering capacity, and CA VI analyses before and after a 20% sucrose rinse. Results A reduction in the buffering capacity was observed after sucrose rinse in all groups. The CA VI activity decreased significantly in CFee and CArrested groups after sucrose rinse, although it did not change in the CActive group. An improvement in the buffering capacity and salivary flow rate was found at follow-up when compared with the baseline. After 1-year follow-up, buffering capacity and salivary flow rate increased in all groups, whilst the CA VI activity reduced only in CFree and CArrested children. Conclusion Sucrose rinse universally reduces the salivary buffering capacity, while caries activity may disrupt CA VI activity response during a cariogenic challenge. After a year, increased salivary flow enhances buffering capacity but not CA VI activity in caries-active children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thayse Rodrigues de Souza
- Department of Health Sciences and Pediatric Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, Universidade de Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna Raquel Zancope
- Department of Health Sciences and Pediatric Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, Universidade de Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Emerson Tavares de Sousa
- Department of Health Sciences and Pediatric Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, Universidade de Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thais Manzano Parisotto
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, São Francisco University Dental School, Bragança Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Rocha Marques
- Department of Morphology, Piracicaba Dental School, Universidade de Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marinês Nobre dos Santos
- Department of Health Sciences and Pediatric Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, Universidade de Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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3
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Fiorentino F, Nocentini A, Rotili D, Supuran CT, Mai A. Antihistamines, phenothiazine-based antipsychotics, and tricyclic antidepressants potently activate pharmacologically relevant human carbonic anhydrase isoforms II and VII. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2023; 38:2188147. [PMID: 36912265 PMCID: PMC10013323 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2023.2188147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are important regulators of pH homeostasis and participate in many physiological and pathological processes. CA activators (CAAs) are becoming increasingly important in the biomedical field since enhancing CA activity may have beneficial effects at neurological level. Here, we investigate selected antihistamines, phenothiazine-based antipsychotics, and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) as potential activators of human CAs I, II, IV, and VII. Our findings indicate that these compounds are more effective at activating hCA II and VII compared to hCA I and IV. Overall, hCA VII was the most efficiently activated isoform, particularly by phenothiazines and TCAs. This is especially relevant since hCA VII is the most abundant isoform in the central nervous system (CNS) and is implicated in neuronal signalling and bicarbonate balance regulation. This study offers additional insights into the pharmacological profiles of clinically employed drugs and sets the ground for the development of novel optimised CAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Fiorentino
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessio Nocentini
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Polo Scientifico, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Dante Rotili
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Polo Scientifico, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Antonello Mai
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Pasteur Institute, Cenci-Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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4
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Akula S, Welinder C, Fu Z, Olsson AK, Hellman L. Identification of the Major Protein Components of Human and Cow Saliva. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16838. [PMID: 38069163 PMCID: PMC10705902 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cows produce saliva in very large quantities to lubricate and facilitate food processing. Estimates indicate an amount of 50-150 L per day. Human saliva has previously been found to contain numerous antibacterial components, such as lysozyme, histatins, members of the S-100 family and lactoferrin, to limit pathogen colonization. Cows depend on a complex microbial community in their digestive system for food digestion. Our aim here was to analyze how this would influence the content of their saliva. We therefore sampled saliva from five humans and both nose secretions and saliva from six cows and separated the saliva on SDS-PAGE gradient gels and analyzed the major protein bands with LC-MS/MS. The cow saliva was found to be dominated by a few major proteins only, carbonic anhydrase 6, a pH-stabilizing enzyme and the short palate, lung and nasal epithelium carcinoma-associated protein 2A (SPLUNC2A), also named bovine salivary protein 30 kDa (BSP30) or BPIFA2B. This latter protein has been proposed to play a role in local antibacterial response by binding bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) and inhibiting bacterial growth but may instead, according to more recent data, primarily have surfactant activity. Numerous peptide fragments of mucin-5B were also detected in different regions of the gel in the MS analysis. Interestingly, no major band on gel was detected representing any of the antibacterial proteins, indicating that cows may produce them at very low levels that do not harm the microbial flora of their digestive system. The nose secretions of the cows primarily contained the odorant protein, a protein thought to be involved in enhancing the sense of smell of the olfactory receptors and the possibility of quickly sensing potential poisonous food components. High levels of secretory IgA were also found in one sample of cow mouth drippings, indicating a strong upregulation during an infection. The human saliva was more complex, containing secretory IgA, amylase, carbonic anhydrase 6, lysozyme, histatins and a number of other less abundant proteins, indicating a major difference to the saliva of cows that show very low levels of antibacterial components, most likely to not harm the microbial flora of the rumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Akula
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, The Biomedical Center, Box 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden; (S.A.); (Z.F.)
| | - Charlotte Welinder
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Mass Spectrometry, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden;
| | - Zhirong Fu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, The Biomedical Center, Box 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden; (S.A.); (Z.F.)
| | - Anna-Karin Olsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, The Biomedical Center, Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Lars Hellman
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, The Biomedical Center, Box 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden; (S.A.); (Z.F.)
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5
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Hu H, Leung WK. Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics for Discovering Salivary Biomarkers in Periodontitis: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14599. [PMID: 37834046 PMCID: PMC10572407 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is one of the primary causes of tooth loss, and is also related to various systemic diseases. Early detection of this condition is crucial when it comes to preventing further oral damage and the associated health complications. This study offers a systematic review of the literature published up to April 2023, and aims to clearly explain the role of proteomics in identifying salivary biomarkers for periodontitis. Comprehensive searches were conducted on PubMed and Web of Science to shortlist pertinent studies. The inclusion criterion was those that reported on mass spectrometry-driven proteomic analyses of saliva samples from periodontitis cohorts, while those on gingivitis or other oral diseases were excluded. An assessment for risk of bias was carried out using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies or the NIH quality assessment tool, and a meta-analysis was performed for replicable candidate biomarkers, i.e., consistently reported candidate biomarkers (in specific saliva samples, and periodontitis subgroups, reported in ≥2 independent cohorts/reports) were identified. A Gene Ontology enrichment analysis was conducted using the Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery bioinformatics resources, which consistently expressed candidate biomarkers, to explore the predominant pathway wherein salivary biomarkers consistently manifested. Of the 15 studies included, 13 were case-control studies targeting diagnostic biomarkers for periodontitis participants (periodontally healthy/diseased, n = 342/432), while two focused on biomarkers responsive to periodontal treatment (n = 26 participants). The case-control studies were considered to have a low risk of bias, while the periodontitis treatment studies were deemed fair. Summary estimate and confidence/credible interval, etc. determination for the identified putative salivary biomarkers could not be ascertained due to the low number of studies in each case. The results from the included case-control studies identified nine consistently expressed candidate biomarkers (from nine studies with 230/297 periodontally healthy/diseased participants): (i) those that were upregulated: alpha-amylase, serum albumin, complement C3, neutrophil defensin, profilin-1, and S100-P; and (ii) those that were downregulated: carbonic anhydrase 6, immunoglobulin J chain, and lactoferrin. All putative biomarkers exhibited consistent regulation patterns. The implications of the current putative marker proteins identified were reviewed, with a focus on their potential roles in periodontitis diagnosis and pathogenesis, and as putative therapeutic targets. Although in its early stages, mass spectrometry-based salivary periodontal disease biomarker proteomics detection appeared promising. More mass spectrometry-based proteomics studies, with or without the aid of already available clinical biochemical approaches, are warranted to aid the discovery, identification, and validation of periodontal health/disease indicator molecule(s). Protocol registration number: CRD42023447722; supported by RD-02-202410 and GRF17119917.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongying Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Medical Imaging, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China;
| | - Wai Keung Leung
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Ravikumar D, Ramani P, Gayathri R, Hemashree K, Prabhakaran P. Physical and chemical properties of saliva and its role in Early Childhood caries - A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2023; 13:527-538. [PMID: 37351419 PMCID: PMC10282172 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2023.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Early Childhood Caries is a chronic disease of childhood and salivary parameters are considered as one of the prime etiological factors of Early Childhood Caries. Aim To develop a systematic review based on the relation between physical and chemical properties of saliva and Early childhood caries by comparing children with and without Early childhood caries. Methods PubMed, Cochrane, Lilacs, Embase, Scopus, and additional manual search was done up to April 2021 to identify the original cross-sectional observational studies published in English. The risk of bias and quality of the included papers were assessed based on New castle Ottawa guidelines. Results From a total of 1709 identified studies, only 22 articles were included in this systematic review and 10 studies were qualified for meta-analysis. Eight studies were classified as ''moderate risk of bias'' and fourteen studies were classified as ''high risk of bias''. Conclusion There was a significant difference in physical and chemical properties of saliva in children with and without Early childhood caries. Since wide disparity were evident in available studies, further studies are needed to arrive to a definitive conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanalakshmi Ravikumar
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Pratibha Ramani
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - R. Gayathri
- Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - K. Hemashree
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Pranitha Prabhakaran
- Private Practice, Conservative Dentist and Endodontist, Civic Dental and Maxillofacial Clinic, Palakkad, India
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7
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Prims S, Van Ostade X, Ayuso M, Dom M, Van Raemdonck G, Van Cruchten S, Casteleyn C, Van Ginneken C. Chronic exposure to multiple stressors alters the salivary proteome of piglets. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286455. [PMID: 37235602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Monitoring chronic stress in pigs is not only essential in view of animal welfare but is also important for the farmer, given that stress influences the zootechnical performance of the pigs and increases their susceptibility to infectious diseases. To investigate the use of saliva as a non-invasive, objective chronic stress monitoring tool, twenty-four 4-day-old piglets were transferred to artificial brooders. At the age of 7 days, they were assigned to either the control or the stressed group and reared for three weeks. Piglets in the stressed group were exposed to overcrowding, absence of cage enrichment, and frequent mixing of animals between pens. Shotgun analysis using an isobaric labelling method (iTRAQ) for tandem mass spectrometry performed on saliva samples taken after three weeks of chronic stress identified 392 proteins, of which 20 proteins displayed significantly altered concentrations. From these 20 proteins, eight were selected for further validation using parallel reaction monitoring (PRM). For this validation, saliva samples that were taken one week after the start of the experiment and samples that were taken at the end of the experiment were analysed to verify the profile over time. We wanted to investigate whether the candidate biomarkers responded fast or rather slowly to the onset of chronic exposure to multiple stressors. Furthermore, this validation could indicate whether age influenced the baseline concentrations of these salivary proteins, both in healthy and stressed animals. This targeted PRM analysis confirmed that alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein was upregulated in the stressed group after one and three weeks, while odorant-binding protein, chitinase, long palate lung and nasal epithelium protein 5, lipocalin-1, and vomeromodulin-like protein were present in lower concentrations in the saliva of the stressed pigs, albeit only after three weeks. These results indicate that the porcine salivary proteome is altered by chronic exposure to multiple stressors. The affected proteins could be used as salivary biomarkers to identify welfare problems at the farm and facilitate research to optimise rearing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Prims
- Laboratory of Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Xaveer Van Ostade
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signalling (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Center for Proteomics (CfP), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Miriam Ayuso
- Laboratory of Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Martin Dom
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signalling (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Geert Van Raemdonck
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signalling (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Center for Proteomics (CfP), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Steven Van Cruchten
- Laboratory of Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christophe Casteleyn
- Laboratory of Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Chris Van Ginneken
- Laboratory of Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Li Y, Liu J, Guan T, Zhang Y, Cheng Q, Liu H, Liu C, Luo W, Chen H, Chen L, Zhao T. The submandibular and sublingual glands maintain oral microbial homeostasis through multiple antimicrobial proteins. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 12:1057327. [PMID: 36704102 PMCID: PMC9872150 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1057327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Oral microbial homeostasis is a key factor affecting oral health, and saliva plays a significant role in maintaining oral microbial homeostasis. The submandibular gland (SMG) and sublingual gland (SLG) together produce the most saliva at rest. Organic ingredients, including antimicrobial proteins, are rich and distinctive and depend on the type of acinar cells in the SMG and SLG. However, the functions of the SMG and SLG in maintaining oral microbial homeostasis have been difficult to identify and distinguish, given their unique anatomical structures. Methods In this study, we independently removed either the SMG or SLG from mouse models. SMGs were aseptically removed in three mice in the SMG-removal group, and SLGs were aseptically removed in three mice in the SLG-removal group. Three mice from the sham-operated group were only anesthetized and incised the skin. After one month, we analyzed their oral microbiome through 16S rRNA sequencing. And then, we analyzed each gland using proteomics and single-cell RNA sequencing. Results Our study revealed that the microbiome balance was significantly disturbed, with decreased bacterial richness, diversity, and uniformity in the groups with the SMG or SLG removed compared with the sham-operated group. We identified eight secreted proteins in the SMG and two in the SLG that could be involved in maintaining oral microbial homeostasis. Finally, we identified multiple types of cells in the SMG and SLG (including serous acinar, mucinous acinar, ductal epithelial, mesenchymal, and immune cells) that express potential microbiota homeostasis regulatory proteins. Our results suggest that both the SMG and SLG play crucial roles in maintaining oral microbial homeostasis via excretion. Furthermore, the contribution of the SMG in maintaining oral microbial homeostasis appears to be superior to that of the SLG. These findings also revealed the possible antimicrobial function of gland secreta. Discussion Our results suggest that control of oral microbial dysbiosis is necessary when the secretory function of the SMG or SLG is impaired. Our study could be the basis for further research on the prevention of oral diseases caused by microbial dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingming Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tong Guan
- First Clinical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qianyu Cheng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huikai Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenping Luo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,*Correspondence: Tianyu Zhao, ; Liang Chen,
| | - Tianyu Zhao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,*Correspondence: Tianyu Zhao, ; Liang Chen,
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A Mathematical Model of Salivary Gland Duct Cells. Bull Math Biol 2022; 84:84. [PMID: 35799078 PMCID: PMC9262821 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-022-01041-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Saliva is produced in two stages in the salivary glands: the secretion of primary saliva by the acinus and the modification of saliva composition to final saliva by the intercalated and striated ducts. In order to understand the saliva modification process, we develop a mathematical model for the salivary gland duct. The model utilises the realistic 3D structure of the duct reconstructed from an image stack of gland tissue. Immunostaining results show that TMEM16A and aquaporin are expressed in the intercalated duct cells and that ENaC is not. Based on this, the model predicts that the intercalated duct does not absorb Na\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$^-$$\end{document}- like the striated duct but secretes a small amount of water instead. The input to the duct model is the time-dependent primary saliva generated by an acinar cell model. Our duct model produces final saliva output that agrees with the experimental measurements at various stimulation levels. It also shows realistic biological features such as duct cell volume, cellular concentrations and membrane potentials. Simplification of the model by omission of all detailed 3D structures of the duct makes a negligible difference to the final saliva output. This shows that saliva production is not sensitive to structural variation of the duct.
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10
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Saliva changes in composition associated to COVID-19: a preliminary study. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10879. [PMID: 35760827 PMCID: PMC9237082 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14830-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV 2), is usually associated with a wide variety of clinical presentations from asymptomatic to severe cases. The use of saliva as a diagnostic and monitoring fluid has gained importance since it can be used to investigate the immune response and to direct quantification of antibodies against COVID-19. Additionally, the use of proteomics in saliva has allowed to increase our understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of diseases, bringing new perspectives on diagnostics, monitoring, and treatment. In this work, we compared the salivary proteome of 10 patients with COVID-19, (five patients with mild and five patients with severe COVID-19) and ten control healthy patients. Through the application of proteomics, we have identified 30 proteins whose abundance levels differed between the COVID-19 groups and the control group. Two of these proteins (TGM3 and carbonic anhydrase-CA6) were validated by the measurement of gGT and TEA respectively, in 98 additional saliva samples separated into two groups: (1) COVID-19 group, integrated by 66 patients who tested positive for COVID-19 (2) control group, composed of 32 healthy individuals who did not show any sign of disease for at least four weeks and were negative for COVID-19 in RT-PCR. In the proteomic study there were observed upregulations in CAZA1, ACTN4, and ANXA4, which are proteins related to the protective response against the virus disturbance, and the upregulation of TGM3, that is correlated to the oxidative damage in pulmonary tissue. We also showed the downregulation in cystatins and CA6 that can be involved in the sensory response to stimulus and possibly related to the presence of anosmia and dysgeusia during the COVID-19. Additionally, the presence of FGB in patients with severe COVID-19 but not in mild COVID-19 patients could indicate a higher viral aggregation and activation in these cases. In conclusion, the salivary proteome in patients with COVID-19 showed changes in proteins related to the protective response to viral infection, and the altered sensory taste perception that occur during the disease. Moreover, gGT and TEA could be potential biomarkers of respiratory complications that can occurs during COVID 19 although further larger studies should be made to corroborate this.
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11
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Dos Santos DR, Fiais GA, de Oliveira Passos A, Dos Santos LFG, Kayahara GM, Crivelini MM, Matsushita DH, Antoniali C, Nakamune ACDMS, Dornelles RCM, Chaves-Neto AH. Effects of orchiectomy and testosterone replacement therapy on redox balance and salivary gland function in Wistar rats. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 218:106048. [PMID: 34973376 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.106048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of orchiectomy (ORX) and testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) on redox balance and function of salivary glands. Forty-five young adult male Wistar rats (3 months old) were either castrated bilaterally or underwent fictitious surgery (SHAM) and were subsequently distributed into 3 groups: SHAM, ORX, and TRT (castrated rats that received an intramuscular injection of testosterone cypionate 10 mg/kg/weekly). All treatments started 4 weeks after castration (4 months old) and lasted 4 weeks (5 months old). At the end of treatment, pilocarpine-induced salivary secretion was collected to analyze salivary flow rate and biochemistry composition, and the parotid (PG) and submandibular (SMG) glands were sampled for redox balance markers and histomorphometric analyses. ORX increased salivary flow rate, calcium, phosphate, and chloride, and decreased total protein and amylase, while not changing the salivary buffer capacity, pH, sodium, and potassium compared to SHAM. TRT restored all salivary parameters to SHAM values. ORX increased oxidative lipid and protein damage, total antioxidant capacity, and uric acid in both salivary glands compared to SHAM. Superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities were greater only in the SMG of the ORX group in relation to SHAM. ORX decreased duct and acini area, while increasing connective tissue in the PG. On the other hand, ORX reduced duct area and increased acini area in the SMG compared to SHAM. TRT restored the redox balance and histomorphometric parameters to close to SHAM values in both salivary glands. Orchiectomy-induced salivary gland dysfunction was characterized by an increase in the salivary flow rate and changes in the secretion of total protein, amylase, and electrolytes, which are key factors, considered important for maintaining oral health status. To sum up, orchiectomy impaired the redox balance of the salivary glands. Our results also showed that TRT reversed the oxidative damage, morphological alterations, and salivary gland dysfunction induced by orchiectomy. Therefore, these results suggest an important action of testosterone on the redox balance and secretory ability of salivary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damáris Raissa Dos Santos
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Alice Fiais
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Arthur de Oliveira Passos
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis Fernando Gadioli Dos Santos
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giseli Mitsuy Kayahara
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Macedo Crivelini
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Doris Hissako Matsushita
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristina Antoniali
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia de Melo Stevanato Nakamune
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rita Cássia Menegati Dornelles
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Hernandes Chaves-Neto
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
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12
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Cerón JJ, Contreras-Aguilar MD, Escribano D, Martínez-Miró S, López-Martínez MJ, Ortín-Bustillo A, Franco-Martínez L, Rubio CP, Muñoz-Prieto A, Tvarijonaviciute A, López-Arjona M, Martínez-Subiela S, Tecles F. Basics for the potential use of saliva to evaluate stress, inflammation, immune system, and redox homeostasis in pigs. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:81. [PMID: 35227252 PMCID: PMC8883734 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03176-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of saliva as a biological sample has many advantages, being especially relevant in pigs where the blood collection is highly stressful and painful, both for the animal and the staff in charge of the sampling. Currently one of the main uses of saliva is for diagnosis and detection of infectious diseases, but the saliva can also be used to measure biomarkers that can provide information of stress, inflammation, immune response and redox homeostasis. This review will be focused on the analytes that can be used for such evaluations. Emphasis will be given in providing data of practical use about their physiological basis, how they can be measured, and their interpretation. In addition, some general rules regarding sampling and saliva storage are provided and the concept of sialochemistry will be addressed. There is still a need for more data and knowledge for most of these biomarkers to optimize their use, application, and interpretation. However, this review provides updated data to illustrate that besides the detection of pathogens in saliva, additional interesting applicative information regarding pigs´ welfare and health can be obtained from this fluid. Information that can potentially be applied to other animal species as well as to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - M D Contreras-Aguilar
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - D Escribano
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.,Department of Animal Production, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - S Martínez-Miró
- Department of Animal Production, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - M J López-Martínez
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - A Ortín-Bustillo
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - L Franco-Martínez
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - C P Rubio
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - A Muñoz-Prieto
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - A Tvarijonaviciute
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - M López-Arjona
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - S Martínez-Subiela
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - F Tecles
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
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13
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Aspatwar A, Tolvanen MEE, Barker H, Syrjänen L, Valanne S, Purmonen S, Waheed A, Sly WS, Parkkila S. Carbonic Anhydrases in Metazoan Model Organisms: Molecules, Mechanisms, and Physiology. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:1327-1383. [PMID: 35166161 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00018.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past three decades, mice, zebrafish, fruit flies, and Caenorhabditis elegans have been the primary model organisms used for the study of various biological phenomena. These models have also been adopted and developed to investigate the physiological roles of carbonic anhydrases (CAs) and carbonic anhydrase-related proteins (CARPs). These proteins belong to eight CA families and are identified by Greek letters: α, β, γ, δ, ζ, η, θ, and ι. Studies using model organisms have focused on two CA families, α-CAs and β-CAs, which are expressed in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms with species-specific distribution patterns and unique functions. This review covers the biological roles of CAs and CARPs in light of investigations performed in model organisms. Functional studies demonstrate that CAs are not only linked to the regulation of pH homeostasis, the classical role of CAs but also contribute to a plethora of previously undescribed functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Aspatwar
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Harlan Barker
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Fimlab Ltd and TAYS Cancer Centre, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Leo Syrjänen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Susanna Valanne
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sami Purmonen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Abdul Waheed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Edward A. Doisy Research Center, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - William S Sly
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Edward A. Doisy Research Center, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Fimlab Ltd and TAYS Cancer Centre, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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14
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Bhatti G, Romero R, Gomez-Lopez N, Chaiworapongsa T, Jung E, Gotsch F, Pique-Regi R, Pacora P, Hsu CD, Kavdia M, Tarca AL. The amniotic fluid proteome changes with gestational age in normal pregnancy: a cross-sectional study. Sci Rep 2022; 12:601. [PMID: 35022423 PMCID: PMC8755742 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04050-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell-free transcriptome in amniotic fluid (AF) has been shown to be informative of physiologic and pathologic processes in pregnancy; however, the change in AF proteome with gestational age has mostly been studied by targeted approaches. The objective of this study was to describe the gestational age-dependent changes in the AF proteome during normal pregnancy by using an omics platform. The abundance of 1310 proteins was measured on a high-throughput aptamer-based proteomics platform in AF samples collected from women during midtrimester (16-24 weeks of gestation, n = 15) and at term without labor (37-42 weeks of gestation, n = 13). Only pregnancies without obstetrical complications were included in the study. Almost 25% (320) of AF proteins significantly changed in abundance between the midtrimester and term gestation. Of these, 154 (48.1%) proteins increased, and 166 (51.9%) decreased in abundance at term compared to midtrimester. Tissue-specific signatures of the trachea, salivary glands, brain regions, and immune system were increased while those of the gestational tissues (uterus, placenta, and ovary), cardiac myocytes, and fetal liver were decreased at term compared to midtrimester. The changes in AF protein abundance were correlated with those previously reported in the cell-free AF transcriptome. Intersecting gestational age-modulated AF proteins and their corresponding mRNAs previously reported in the maternal blood identified neutrophil-related protein/mRNA pairs that were modulated in the same direction. The first study to utilize an aptamer-based assay to profile the AF proteome modulation with gestational age, it reveals that almost one-quarter of the proteins are modulated as gestation advances, which is more than twice the fraction of altered plasma proteins (~ 10%). The results reported herein have implications for future studies focused on discovering biomarkers to predict, monitor, and diagnose obstetrical diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Bhatti
- Perinatology Research Branch, US Department of Health and Human Services, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University College of Engineering, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, US Department of Health and Human Services, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Detroit, MI, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
- Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Nardhy Gomez-Lopez
- Perinatology Research Branch, US Department of Health and Human Services, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Tinnakorn Chaiworapongsa
- Perinatology Research Branch, US Department of Health and Human Services, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Eunjung Jung
- Perinatology Research Branch, US Department of Health and Human Services, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Francesca Gotsch
- Perinatology Research Branch, US Department of Health and Human Services, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Office of Women's Health, Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Roger Pique-Regi
- Perinatology Research Branch, US Department of Health and Human Services, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Percy Pacora
- Perinatology Research Branch, US Department of Health and Human Services, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chaur-Dong Hsu
- Perinatology Research Branch, US Department of Health and Human Services, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Arizona College of Medicine -Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Mahendra Kavdia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University College of Engineering, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Adi L Tarca
- Perinatology Research Branch, US Department of Health and Human Services, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Detroit, MI, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
- Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University College of Engineering, Detroit, MI, USA.
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15
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Khramova DS, Popov SV. A secret of salivary secretions: Multimodal effect of saliva in sensory perception of food. Eur J Oral Sci 2021; 130:e12846. [PMID: 34935208 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Saliva plays multifunctional roles in oral cavity. Even though its importance for the maintenance of oral health has long been established, the role of saliva in food perception has attracted increasing attention in recent years. We encourage researchers to discover the peculiarity of this biological fluid and aim to combine the data concerning all aspects of the saliva influence on the sensory perception of food. This review presents saliva as a unique material, which modulates food perception due to constant presence of saliva in the mouth and thanks to its composition. Therefore, we highlight the salivary components that contribute to these effects. Moreover, this review is an attempt to structure the effects of saliva on perception of different food categories, where the mechanisms of salivary impact in perception of liquid, semi-solid, and solid foods are revealed. Finally, we emphasize that the large inter-individual variability in salivary composition and secretion appear to contribute to the fact that everyone experiences food in their own way. Therefore, the design of the sensory studies should consider the properties of volunteers' saliva and also carefully monitor the experimental conditions that affect salivary composition and flow rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria S Khramova
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Biotechnology, Institute of Physiology of Коmi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, FRC Komi SC UB RAS, Syktyvkar, Russia
| | - Sergey V Popov
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Biotechnology, Institute of Physiology of Коmi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, FRC Komi SC UB RAS, Syktyvkar, Russia
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16
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Cypriano ML, Dos Santos Ramos GHA, de Oliveira ACF, Dos Santos DR, Fiais GA, de Oliveira AP, Antoniali C, Dornelles RCM, de Melo Stevanato Nakamune AC, Chaves-Neto AH. Effect of testosterone replacement therapy and mate tea (Ilex paraguariensis) on biochemical, functional and redox parameters of saliva in orchiectomized rats. Arch Oral Biol 2021; 132:105289. [PMID: 34695671 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evaluate the effects of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) and mate tea (MT) [Ilex paraguariensis] on biochemical, functional, and redox parameters of saliva in orchiectomized rats (ORX) DESIGN: Sixty young adult male Wistar rats (3 months old) were either castrated bilaterally or underwent fictitious surgery (SHAM) and were distributed into 5 groups: SHAM, ORX, TU (castrated rats that received a single intramuscular injection of testosterone undecanoate 100 mg/kg), MT (castrated rats that received MT 20 mg/kg, via intragastric gavage, daily), and TU + MT. All treatments started 4 weeks after castration (4 months old) and lasted 4 weeks (5 months old). At the end of treatment, pilocarpine-induced salivary secretion was collected to analyze salivary flow rate (SFR) and biochemistry composition through determination of total protein (TP), amylase (AMY), electrolyte, and biomarkers of oxidative stress. RESULTS ORX increased SFR, salivary buffering capacity, calcium, phosphate, chloride, total antioxidant capacity, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs), and carbonyl protein, reduced TP and AMY activity, and did not change pH, sodium, and potassium compared to SHAM. TU and TU+MT restored all salivary parameters to values of SHAM, while only TBARs and AMY returned to SHAM levels in the MT group. CONCLUSIONS TRT with long-acting TU restored the biochemical, functional, and redox parameters of saliva in orchiectomized rats. Although MT did not have a TRT-like effect on salivary gland function, the more effective reduction in lipid oxidative damage in the MT and TU + MT groups could be considered as adjuvant to alleviate the salivary oxidative stress induced by orchiectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Lima Cypriano
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Damáris Raissa Dos Santos
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Alice Fiais
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Arthur Passos de Oliveira
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristina Antoniali
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rita Cássia Menegati Dornelles
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia de Melo Stevanato Nakamune
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Hernandes Chaves-Neto
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
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17
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Schwartz M, Neiers F, Charles JP, Heydel JM, Muñoz-González C, Feron G, Canon F. Oral enzymatic detoxification system: Insights obtained from proteome analysis to understand its potential impact on aroma metabolization. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:5516-5547. [PMID: 34653315 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The oral cavity is an entry path into the body, enabling the intake of nutrients but also leading to the ingestion of harmful substances. Thus, saliva and oral tissues contain enzyme systems that enable the early neutralization of xenobiotics as soon as they enter the body. Based on recently published oral proteomic data from several research groups, this review identifies and compiles the primary detoxification enzymes (also known as xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes) present in saliva and the oral epithelium. The functions and the metabolic activity of these enzymes are presented. Then, the activity of these enzymes in saliva, which is an extracellular fluid, is discussed with regard to the salivary parameters. The next part of the review presents research evidencing oral metabolization of aroma compounds and the putative involved enzymes. The last part discusses the potential role of these enzymatic reactions on the perception of aroma compounds in light of recent pieces of evidence of in vivo oral metabolization of aroma compounds affecting their release in mouth and their perception. Thus, this review highlights different enzymes appearing as relevant to explain aroma metabolism in the oral cavity. It also points out that further works are needed to unravel the effect of the oral enzymatic detoxification system on the perception of food flavor in the context of the consumption of complex food matrices, while considering the impact of food oral processing. Thus, it constitutes a basis to explore these biochemical mechanisms and their impact on flavor perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Schwartz
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation (CSGA), AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Fabrice Neiers
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation (CSGA), AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Charles
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation (CSGA), AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Jean-Marie Heydel
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation (CSGA), AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Carolina Muñoz-González
- Instituto de investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL), (CSIC-UAM), C/ Nicolás Cabrera, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gilles Feron
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation (CSGA), AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Francis Canon
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation (CSGA), AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, Dijon, France
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Iacovelli NA, Ingargiola R, Facchinetti N, Franceschini M, Romanello DA, Bossi P, Bergamini C, Alfieri S, Cavalieri S, Baron G, Aldini G, Locati L, Orlandi E. A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Cross-Over Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of Aqualief TM Mucoadhesive Tablets in Head and Neck Cancer Patients Who Developed Radiation-Induced Xerostomia. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13143456. [PMID: 34298670 PMCID: PMC8303446 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Xerostomia, the subjective complaint of dry mouth, is caused by therapeutic interventions or diseases. Nowadays, radiotherapy (RT) in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) stands out as one of the most important causes of xerostomia. Currently available therapies for the treatment of xerostomia are still less than optimal and xerostomia still represents an unmet clinical need. In this article, we present the results of a prospective clinical study with a new product, AqualiefTM, in patients treated with curative RT with or without chemotherapy for HNC. AqualiefTM is based on two main ingredients, carnosine and karkadé, which have acid buffering and antioxidant properties. The study was performed on 30 patients, with 4 of the patients being lost during the study period. Each patient received randomly one of the two treatments, AqualiefTM or placebo, for 8 days. After a 10-day wash-out period, each patient received the other treatment for a further 8 days. The results show that AqualiefTM stimulated salivation in these patients and reduced the pH drop that was observed in an equivalent placebo-treated population of patients. Moreover, no serious, treatment-related adverse events were observed. AqualiefTM has shown positive results, although with limitations due to unsuccessful trial accrual. Therefore, it may be further investigated as a tool for the treatment of RT-related xerostomia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Alessandro Iacovelli
- Radiation Oncology Unit 2, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy; (R.I.); (N.F.); (M.F.); (D.A.R.); (E.O.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Rossana Ingargiola
- Radiation Oncology Unit 2, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy; (R.I.); (N.F.); (M.F.); (D.A.R.); (E.O.)
| | - Nadia Facchinetti
- Radiation Oncology Unit 2, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy; (R.I.); (N.F.); (M.F.); (D.A.R.); (E.O.)
| | - Marzia Franceschini
- Radiation Oncology Unit 2, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy; (R.I.); (N.F.); (M.F.); (D.A.R.); (E.O.)
| | - Domenico Attilio Romanello
- Radiation Oncology Unit 2, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy; (R.I.); (N.F.); (M.F.); (D.A.R.); (E.O.)
| | - Paolo Bossi
- Head and Neck Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy; (P.B.); (C.B.); (S.A.); (S.C.); (L.L.)
| | - Cristiana Bergamini
- Head and Neck Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy; (P.B.); (C.B.); (S.A.); (S.C.); (L.L.)
| | - Salvatore Alfieri
- Head and Neck Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy; (P.B.); (C.B.); (S.A.); (S.C.); (L.L.)
| | - Stefano Cavalieri
- Head and Neck Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy; (P.B.); (C.B.); (S.A.); (S.C.); (L.L.)
| | - Giovanna Baron
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.B.); (G.A.)
| | - Giancarlo Aldini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.B.); (G.A.)
| | - Laura Locati
- Head and Neck Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy; (P.B.); (C.B.); (S.A.); (S.C.); (L.L.)
| | - Ester Orlandi
- Radiation Oncology Unit 2, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy; (R.I.); (N.F.); (M.F.); (D.A.R.); (E.O.)
- Radiation Oncology Unit 1, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
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The dose-dependent pteryxin-mediated molecular mechanisms in suppressing adipogenesis in vitro. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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de-Sousa ET, Lima-Holanda AT, Nobre-Dos-Santos M. Carbonic anhydrase VI activity in saliva and biofilm can predict early childhood caries: A preliminary study. Int J Paediatr Dent 2021; 31:361-371. [PMID: 32815217 DOI: 10.1111/ipd.12717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to investigate whether carbonic anhydrase VI activity (CA VIACT ), pH, and buffering capacity (BC) in saliva and biofilm could predict the number of lesion occurrence and early childhood caries (ECC). DESIGN A cross-sectional study was performed in a sample of 44 children aged 4 to 5 years who were examined regarding their caries status (dmfs + active white spot lesions-WSL) and allocated into two groups: ECC and caries-free (CF). Saliva and biofilm were collected to determine pH, BC, and CA VIACT . Data were analyzed using the Student t test, and multiple linear regression and logistic regression analyses followed by the ROC curve. RESULTS Children with ECC exhibited lower pH and BC in saliva and a higher CA VIACT in both saliva and biofilm. Only saliva pH could predict the dmfs + active WSL. In biofilm, if CA VIACT is increased by one pixel/µg, 0.85 ± 0.28 increase is expected in the number of active WSL. Salivary pH and CA VIACT in saliva and biofilm had the power to predict ECC occurrence. CONCLUSION Changes in saliva pH and CA VIACT in biofilm predicted the number of lesion occurrence. Furthermore, CA VIACT in both saliva and biofilm can predict propensity for ECC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emerson Tavares de-Sousa
- Department of Health Sciences and Pediatric Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Piracicaba-SP, Brazil
| | - Aline Tavares Lima-Holanda
- Department of Health Sciences and Pediatric Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Piracicaba-SP, Brazil
| | - Marinês Nobre-Dos-Santos
- Department of Health Sciences and Pediatric Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Piracicaba-SP, Brazil
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The role of mechanical control of biofilm in the salivary pH after sucrose exposure in children with early childhood caries. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7496. [PMID: 33820926 PMCID: PMC8021547 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86861-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This quasi-experimental study sought to investigate if the mechanical control of biofilm (3-times-a-day) modifies the saliva’s ability to buffer the oral environment after 20% sucrose rinse (SR20%) in children with early childhood caries (ECC). Here, SR20% reduced the saliva’s pH in both groups and the mechanical control of biofilm had a greater effect on this parameter after SR20% in CF children. The mechanical control of biofilm evidenced a higher buffering capacity in CF children before SR20%, which was not observed after SR20%. Otherwise, the absence of mechanical control of biofilm showed that buffering capacity was comparable in the two groups before SR20%, whereas after SR20% the saliva’s buffering capacity of CF children was higher than ECC children. When biofilm was mechanically controlled, carbonic anhydrase VI activity did not change after SR20% whereas the absence of mechanical control of biofilm reduced this enzyme activity after SR20%. In conclusion, the mechanical control of biofilm did not change saliva’s ability to buffer the oral environment after SR20% in children with ECC. On the other hand, CF children appeared to regulate more effectively the saliva’s pH than ECC children while the absence of mechanical control of biofilm mediated their pH-modifying ability after SR20%.
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Changes in Saliva Analytes in Dairy Cows during Peripartum: A Pilot Study. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030749. [PMID: 33803247 PMCID: PMC8000156 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The use of saliva as a biological fluid to assess welfare and health status is gaining interest nowadays since it can be collected by non-invasive methods without specialized staff. The possibility of measuring analytes in saliva by techniques adapted to automated analyzers is cost-effective, reliable, and replicable. These analytes can provide information useful for the evaluation of welfare and health in dairy cows. In this pilot study, a total of 26 salivary analytes were measured in healthy dairy cows along their peripartum period to assess possible changes and associations with their inflammatory, energy, and milk yield status. Salivary analytes related to stress (cortisol, salivary alpha-amylase, butyrylcholinesterase, and total esterase), immunity (adenosine deaminase), oxidative status (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity and the advanced oxidation protein products), and general metabolism (creatine kinase, γ-glutamyl transferase, urea, triglycerides, glucose, and lactate) had significant changes throughout this period. This study indicated that the saliva of dairy cows shows changes in its composition during the transition period and potentially can be a source of biomarkers for monitoring health and welfare. Abstract This pilot study aimed to study the possible changes in a profile of 26 salivary analytes in thirteen healthy dairy cows along their peripartum period. Analytes associated with the stress (salivary cortisol, salivary alpha-amylase, butyrylcholinesterase, and total esterase), inflammation (adenosine deaminase), oxidative status (total antioxidant capacity and the advanced oxidation protein products), and general metabolism (creatine kinase, γ-glutamyl transferase, urea, triglycerides, glucose, and lactate) varied along the sampling times. A positive correlation between the white blood cells counts, and the lipase, Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, advanced oxidation protein products, and lactate levels in saliva were observed at the delivery. A linear association between selected salivary analytes at different sampling times and the milk yield after calving was observed. In conclusion, in our experimental conditions, it was observed that the peripartum period in dairy cows can induce changes in salivary analytes. Some of them were associated with inflammatory status and the capacity of milk production after calving.
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Hauser BR, Aure MH, Kelly MC, Hoffman MP, Chibly AM. Generation of a Single-Cell RNAseq Atlas of Murine Salivary Gland Development. iScience 2020; 23:101838. [PMID: 33305192 PMCID: PMC7718488 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the dynamic transcriptional landscape throughout organ development will provide a template for regenerative therapies. Here, we generated a single-cell RNA sequencing atlas of murine submandibular glands identifying transcriptional profiles that revealed cellular heterogeneity during landmark developmental events: end bud formation, branching morphogenesis, cytodifferentiation, maturation, and homeostasis. Trajectory inference analysis suggests plasticity among acinar and duct populations. We identify transcription factors correlated with acinar differentiation including Spdef, Etv1, and Xbp1, and loss of Ybx1, Eno1, Sox11, and Atf4. Furthermore, we characterize two intercalated duct populations defined by either Gfra3 and Kit, or Gstt1. This atlas can be used to investigate specific cell functions and comparative studies predicting common mechanisms involved in development of branching organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda R. Hauser
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marit H. Aure
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael C. Kelly
- Genomics and Computational Biology Core, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Genomics and Computational Biology Core
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Genomics and Computational Biology Core, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Matthew P. Hoffman
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alejandro M. Chibly
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Changes in Saliva Analytes Associated with Lameness in Cows: A Pilot Study. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10112078. [PMID: 33182458 PMCID: PMC7696794 DOI: 10.3390/ani10112078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Saliva may contain useful biomarkers which provide information about animal welfare using convenient and non-invasive sampling methods. In addition, the development of automated techniques of measuring analytes in saliva provides advantages from the technical point of view since they are cost-effective, reliable, and replicable. In this study, 21 salivary analytes measured by automated assays were tested as potential biomarkers of lameness, one of the most prevalent diseases in dairy cows producing significant economic losses. As a result, total esterase (TEA) showed increases in saliva in a group of 11 cows with lameness, decreasing when the lameness was solved after a specific treatment consisting of a hoof trimming and a medical treatment. In addition, TEA activity correlated with the severity of the lameness. Further studies using a larger population of cows with different causes of lameness and severity should be performed to determine the potential of TEA as a biomarker of lameness in cows. Abstract The possible changes in a panel of 21 salivary analytes on a population of cows with lameness before and after treating lameness by hoof trimming were analyzed. Then, the analytes that showed significant changes were studied in a larger population of cows with lameness and compared with healthy cows For this purpose, two groups of cows were made by a specialized veterinarian. One consisted of healthy cows with no external signs of diseases and no hematological or biochemical abnormalities, and showing no signs of lameness according to the numerical rating system of severity (NRS, 5-point scale); and the other composed of cows showing only lameness with a NRS of 3.1 ± 0.87 and a lesion scoring system (LSS, 4-point scale) of 3.3 ± 0.89. Both groups did not differ in parity (p = 0.140), days in milk (DIM) (p = 0.780), and body condition score (BCS) (p = 0.074). Initially, 21 biochemical analytes were determined in the saliva of six cows with lameness at the diagnosis time (T0) and twenty days after hoof trimming that successfully solved the lameness (TF). This exploratory study only showed significantly higher values in lipase (Lip) and total esterase (TEA) at T0 compared to TF (p < 0.001 and p = 0.034, respectively). When both analytes were measured in the additional five lame cows and the results of all the animals of the lame group (n = 11) were compared with the healthy group (n = 11), only TEA showed higher activities in the group of lame cows than healthy cows (p = 0.004). TEA was positively correlated with both NRS and LSS (r = 0.43, p = 0.004 and r = 0.35, p = 0.003). In conclusion, this study showed that cows with lameness in our experimental conditions had higher TEA values than healthy cows, and these values decreased after treatment. This is a pilot study, and further studies using a larger population of cows with lameness due to different causes and severity should be performed to determine the potential of TEA as a biomarker of lameness in cows.
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de Sousa ET, Lima-Holanda AT, Sales LS, Nobre-Dos-Santos M. Combined effect of starch and sucrose on carbonic anhydrase VI activity in saliva and biofilm of children with early childhood caries. Exposure to starch and sucrose alters carbonic anhydrase VI activity in saliva and biofilm. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 25:2555-2568. [PMID: 32918121 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03567-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate whether combined exposure to starch and sucrose modifies the activity of carbonic anhydrase VI (CA VI) in saliva (Study 1) and biofilm (Study 2) of children with early childhood caries (ECC). MATERIAL AND METHODS For Study 1 and Study 2, respectively, 54 and 46 preschoolers aged 4 to 5 were allocated into two groups: caries-free (CF) and with ECC. Children were exposed to rinses with sucrose, starch, and sucrose plus starch solutions. CA VI activity, pH, and buffering capacity (BC) were evaluated in saliva and biofilm. RESULTS In Study 1, a significant reduction in saliva pH was observed after sucrose and sucrose plus starch rinses. CA VI activity was influenced by ECC independently of the type of carbohydrate to which children were exposed. CA VI activity was higher in children with ECC; however, after rinses, CA VI activity was reduced. In Study 2, biofilm pH and BC were reduced after rinses with sucrose and sucrose plus starch. CA VI activity was significantly high before rinse in ECC group when compared with CF group; however, no difference was observed between groups after rinses. CONCLUSIONS In saliva, exposure to starch and sucrose (isolated or combined) induced a reduction in CA VI activity in children with ECC. In biofilm, the combination of starch and sucrose did not modify CA VI activity in ECC children. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The responsivity of the CA VI reflects directly in important parameters related to the pH maintenance on the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emerson Tavares de Sousa
- Department of Health Sciences and Pediatric Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Av. Limeira 901, Piracicaba, SP, 13414-903, Brazil
| | - Aline Tavares Lima-Holanda
- Department of Health Sciences and Pediatric Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Av. Limeira 901, Piracicaba, SP, 13414-903, Brazil
| | - Luciana Solera Sales
- Department of Health Sciences and Pediatric Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Av. Limeira 901, Piracicaba, SP, 13414-903, Brazil
| | - Marinês Nobre-Dos-Santos
- Department of Health Sciences and Pediatric Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Av. Limeira 901, Piracicaba, SP, 13414-903, Brazil.
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Espinosa-Gómez FC, Ruíz-May E, Serio-Silva JC, Chapman CA. Salivary proteome of a Neotropical primate: potential roles in host defense and oral food perception. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9489. [PMID: 32765966 PMCID: PMC7382365 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Saliva contains a very complex mixture of proteins for defense against microbiological pathogens and for oral food perception. Howler monkeys are Neotropical primates that can consume a mostly leaf diet. They are well known to thrive in highly disturbed habitats where they may cope with a diversity of dietary challenges and infection risks. We aimed to describe the salivary proteome of howlers to contribute to better understanding of their physiology. METHODS We analyzed the salivary proteins of wild black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra), by SDS-PAGE-1-D and Nano LC-MS/MS and categorized them by their function involved in host defense and oral food perception. RESULTS Our proteomic analysis identified 156 proteins in howler saliva including a number of host defense peptides that are the first line of defense in mammals, such as defensin, cathelicidin, dermcidin, and lactotransferrin, and proteins with anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, and anti-viral capacity, such as IgA, IgG, IgM, BPI, salivary heat shock 70 kDa protein, beta-2-microbulin, and protein S-100. We also identified key proteins necessary for taste perception, including salivary carbonic anhydrase VI, cystatin D, IgA, and fatty acid-binding protein. Proteins to detect astringent foods were identifying, including four members of cystatins (A, B, C and D), lactoperoxidase, and histidine-rich proteins. No chitinase and amylase were identified as would be expected because howlers do not eat insects and little starch. These findings provide basic information to future studies in oral biology, ingestive physiology, and physiological ecology of mammals and non-human primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Carolina Espinosa-Gómez
- Department of Anthropology and McGill School of Environment, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Red de Biología y Conservación de Vertebrados, Instituto de Ecología AC, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Popular Autónoma del Estado de Puebla, Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Eliel Ruíz-May
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología AC, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Juan Carlos Serio-Silva
- Red de Biología y Conservación de Vertebrados, Instituto de Ecología AC, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Colin A. Chapman
- Department of Anthropology and McGill School of Environment, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Anthropology, Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, George Washington University, Washington DC, Washington DC, United States of America
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi’an, Xi’an, China
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Engineered Carbonic Anhydrase VI-Mimic Enzyme Switched the Structure and Affinities of Inhibitors. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12710. [PMID: 31481705 PMCID: PMC6722136 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49094-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Secretory human carbonic anhydrase VI (CA VI) has emerged as a potential drug target due to its role in pathological states, such as excess acidity-caused dental caries and injuries of gastric epithelium. Currently, there are no available CA VI-selective inhibitors or crystallographic structures of inhibitors bound to CA VI. The present study focuses on the site-directed CA II mutant mimicking the active site of CA VI for inhibitor screening. The interactions between CA VI-mimic and a series of benzenesulfonamides were evaluated by fluorescent thermal shift assay, stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay, isothermal titration calorimetry, and X-ray crystallography. Kinetic parameters showed that A65T, N67Q, F130Y, V134Q, L203T mutations did not influence catalytic properties of CA II, but inhibitor affinities resembled CA VI, exhibiting up to 0.16 nM intrinsic affinity for CA VI-mimic. Structurally, binding site of CA VI-mimic was found to be similar to CA VI. The ligand interactions with mutated side chains observed in three crystallographic structures allowed to rationalize observed variation of binding modes and experimental binding affinities to CA VI. This integrative set of kinetic, thermodynamic, and structural data revealed CA VI-mimic as a useful model to design CA VI-specific inhibitors which could be beneficial for novel therapeutic applications.
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Kaczor-Urbanowicz KE, Wei F, Rao SL, Kim J, Shin H, Cheng J, Tu M, Wong DTW, Kim Y. Clinical validity of saliva and novel technology for cancer detection. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2019; 1872:49-59. [PMID: 31152821 PMCID: PMC6692231 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cancer, a local disease at an early stage, systemically evolves as it progresses by triggering alterations in surrounding microenvironment, disturbing immune surveillance and further disseminating its molecular contents into circulation. This pathogenic characteristic of cancer makes the use of biofluids such as blood/serum/plasma, urine, tear and cerebrospinal fluids credible surrogates harboring tumor tissue-derived molecular alterations for the detection of cancer. Most importantly, a number of recent reports have credentialed the clinical validity of saliva for the detection of systemic diseases including cancers. In this review, we discussed the validity of saliva as credible biofluid and clinical sample type for the detection of cancers. We have presented the molecular constituents of saliva that could mirror the systemic status of our body and recent findings of salivaomics associated with cancers. Recently, liquid biopsy to detect cancer-derived circulating tumor DNA has emerged as a credible cancer-detection tool with potential benefits in screening, diagnosis and also risk management of cancers. We have further presented the clinical validity of saliva for liquid biopsy of cancers and a new technology platform based on electrochemical detection of cancer-derived ctDNA in saliva with superior sensitivity and point-of-care potential. The clinical utilities of saliva for the detection of cancers have been evidenced, but biological underpinning on the existence of molecular signatures of cancer-origin in saliva, such as via exosomal distribution, should be addressed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Elżbieta Kaczor-Urbanowicz
- Center for Oral and Head/Neck Oncology Research, School of Dentistry, University of California at Los Angeles, United States of America; UCLA's Section of Orthodontics, UCLA School of Dentistry, University of California at Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - Fang Wei
- Center for Oral and Head/Neck Oncology Research, School of Dentistry, University of California at Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - Shannon Liu Rao
- Center for Oral and Head/Neck Oncology Research, School of Dentistry, University of California at Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - Jinseok Kim
- Center for Oral and Head/Neck Oncology Research, School of Dentistry, University of California at Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - Heebum Shin
- Center for Oral and Head/Neck Oncology Research, School of Dentistry, University of California at Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - Jordan Cheng
- Center for Oral and Head/Neck Oncology Research, School of Dentistry, University of California at Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - Michael Tu
- EZLife Bio Inc., 21250 Califa St #101, Woodland Hills, CA 9367, United States of America
| | - David T W Wong
- Center for Oral and Head/Neck Oncology Research, School of Dentistry, University of California at Los Angeles, United States of America; UCLA's Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, United States of America.
| | - Yong Kim
- Center for Oral and Head/Neck Oncology Research, School of Dentistry, University of California at Los Angeles, United States of America; UCLA's Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, United States of America.
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Picco DCR, Marangoni-Lopes L, Parisotto TM, Mattos-Graner R, Nobre-Dos-Santos M. Activity of Carbonic Anhydrase VI is Higher in Dental Biofilm of Children with Caries. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112673. [PMID: 31151296 PMCID: PMC6600353 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated pH, activity and concentration of carbonic anhydrase VI (CA VI) in dental biofilm of caries and caries-free children of 7–9 years old. Seventy-four children were selected and divided into two groups. The caries diagnosis was performed according to the WHO criteria, including the early caries lesion. After biofilm collection and pH determination, CA VI concentration and activity were determined by ELISA and Zimography respectively. The data were submitted to a Mann-Whitney test and to Pearson and Spearman correlation analyses. Means and standard deviations of dental caries for the caries group were of 3.162 ± 1.385. The biofilm pH was significantly higher in the caries-free group. The CA VI activity was significantly higher in biofilm of children with caries. The CA VI concentration was significantly higher in biofilm of caries-free children. In caries-free children, there was a moderate negative correlation between CA VI activity and concentration in dental biofilm as well as between pH and CA VI activity. A negative correlation between biofilm pH and CA VI concentration was found in the caries group. In conclusion, CA VI was shown to be more active in the biofilm of school children with caries in order to contribute to neutralization of biofilm acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele C R Picco
- Piracicaba Dental School, Pediatric Dentistry Department, University of Campinas, 901 Limeira Av, 13414-903 Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Lenita Marangoni-Lopes
- Piracicaba Dental School, Pediatric Dentistry Department, University of Campinas, 901 Limeira Av, 13414-903 Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Thaís M Parisotto
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University São Francisco, 218 São Francisco de Assis Av, 12916-900 Bragança Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Renata Mattos-Graner
- Piracicaba Dental School, Microbiology Department, University of Campinas, 901 Limeira Av, 13414-903 Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Marinês Nobre-Dos-Santos
- Piracicaba Dental School, Pediatric Dentistry Department, University of Campinas, 901 Limeira Av, 13414-903 Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Esberg A, Haworth S, Brunius C, Lif Holgerson P, Johansson I. Carbonic Anhydrase 6 Gene Variation influences Oral Microbiota Composition and Caries Risk in Swedish adolescents. Sci Rep 2019; 9:452. [PMID: 30679524 PMCID: PMC6345836 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36832-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase VI (CA6) catalyses the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide in saliva with possible pH regulation, taste perception, and tooth formation effects. This study assessed effects of variation in the CA6 gene on oral microbiota and specifically the acidophilic and caries-associated Streptococcus mutans in 17-year old Swedish adolescents (n = 154). Associations with caries status and secreted CA6 protein were also evaluated. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (27 SNPs in 5 haploblocks) and saliva and tooth biofilm microbiota from Illumina MiSeq 16S rDNA (V3-V4) sequencing and culturing were analysed. Haploblock 4 (rs10864376, rs3737665, rs12138897) CCC associated with low prevalence of S. mutans (OR (95% CI): 0.5 (0.3, 0.8)), and caries (OR 0.6 (0.3, 0.9)), whereas haploblock 4 TTG associated with high prevalence of S. mutans (OR: 2.7 (1.2, 5.9)) and caries (OR: 2.3 (1.2, 4.4)). The TTG-haploblock 4 (represented by rs12138897(G)) was characterized by S. mutans, Scardovia wiggsiae, Treponema sp. HOT268, Tannerella sp. HOT286, Veillonella gp.1 compared with the CCC-haploblock 4 (represented by rs12138897(C)). Secreted CA6 in saliva was weakly linked to CA6 gene variation. In conclusion, the results indicate that CA6 gene polymorphisms influence S. mutans colonization, tooth biofilm microbiota composition and risk of dental caries in Swedish adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Esberg
- Department of Odontology/Section of Cariology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - S Haworth
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.,Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - C Brunius
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - P Lif Holgerson
- Department of Odontology/Section of Pedodontics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - I Johansson
- Department of Odontology/Section of Cariology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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31
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Monballiu A, Desmidt E, Ghyselbrecht K, Meesschaert B. The inhibitory effect of inorganic carbon on phosphate recovery from upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor (UASB) effluent as calcium phosphate. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2018; 78:2608-2615. [PMID: 30767925 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2019.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
After treatment of the wastewater from the potato processing industry in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor (UASB) the effluent is rich in phosphate and dissolved inorganic carbon (IC). Increasing the pH of the UASB effluent with NaOH to precipitate phosphate as calcium phosphate leads to contamination with magnesium phosphate. Increasing the pH with Ca(OH)2 had a positive effect on phosphate precipitation, but after increasing the pH with Na2CO3 no precipitate was formed. After prior nitrification of the UASB effluent to remove IC, less NaOH was needed to increase the pH and the ions precipitated in a ratio that agreed with calcium phosphate formation. When the pH of the nitrified effluent was increased with Na2CO3 neither calcium nor phosphate precipitated. This inhibitory effect of IC on phosphate precipitation as calcium phosphate could not be derived from the saturation indexes calculated by the geochemical modelling program PHREEQC.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Monballiu
- Laboratory for Microbial and Bio-Chemical Technology, Cluster for Bio-engineering, Faculty of Engineering Technology, KU Leuven Bruges Campus, Spoorwegstraat 12, 8200 Brugge, Belgium E-mail:
| | - E Desmidt
- Laboratory for Microbial and Bio-Chemical Technology, Cluster for Bio-engineering, Faculty of Engineering Technology, KU Leuven Bruges Campus, Spoorwegstraat 12, 8200 Brugge, Belgium E-mail:
| | - K Ghyselbrecht
- Laboratory for Microbial and Bio-Chemical Technology, Cluster for Bio-engineering, Faculty of Engineering Technology, KU Leuven Bruges Campus, Spoorwegstraat 12, 8200 Brugge, Belgium E-mail:
| | - B Meesschaert
- Laboratory for Microbial and Bio-Chemical Technology, Cluster for Bio-engineering, Faculty of Engineering Technology, KU Leuven Bruges Campus, Spoorwegstraat 12, 8200 Brugge, Belgium E-mail:
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32
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Pedersen AML, Sørensen CE, Proctor GB, Carpenter GH, Ekström J. Salivary secretion in health and disease. J Oral Rehabil 2018; 45:730-746. [PMID: 29878444 DOI: 10.1111/joor.12664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Saliva is a complex fluid produced by 3 pairs of major salivary glands and by hundreds of minor salivary glands. It comprises a large variety of constituents and physicochemical properties, which are important for the maintenance of oral health. Saliva not only protects the teeth and the oropharyngeal mucosa, it also facilitates articulation of speech, and is imperative for mastication and swallowing. Furthermore, saliva plays an important role in maintaining a balanced microbiota. Thus, the multiple functions provided by saliva are essential for proper protection and functioning of the body as a whole and for the general health. A large number of diseases and medications can affect salivary secretion through different mechanisms, leading to salivary gland dysfunction and associated oral problems, including xerostomia, dental caries and fungal infections. The first part of this review article provides an updated insight into our understanding of salivary gland structure, the neural regulation of salivary gland secretion, the mechanisms underlying the formation of saliva, the various functions of saliva and factors that influence salivary secretion under normal physiological conditions. The second part focuses on how various diseases and medical treatment including commonly prescribed medications and cancer therapies can affect salivary gland structure and function. We also provide a brief insight into how to diagnose salivary gland dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M L Pedersen
- Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology & Clinical Oral Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C E Sørensen
- Oral Biochemistry, Cariology & Endodontics, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - G B Proctor
- Mucosal & Salivary Biology Division, King's College London Dental Institute, London, UK
| | - G H Carpenter
- Mucosal & Salivary Biology Division, King's College London Dental Institute, London, UK
| | - J Ekström
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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33
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Talungchit S, Buajeeb W, Lerdtripop C, Surarit R, Chairatvit K, Roytrakul S, Kobayashi H, Izumi Y, Khovidhunkit SOP. Putative salivary protein biomarkers for the diagnosis of oral lichen planus: a case-control study. BMC Oral Health 2018. [PMID: 29534707 PMCID: PMC5851270 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-018-0504-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salivary protein biomarkers for screening and diagnosis of oral lichen planus (OLP) are not well-defined. The objective of this study was to identify putative protein biomarkers for OLP using proteomic approaches. METHODS Pooled unstimulated whole saliva was collected from five OLP patients and five healthy control participants. Saliva samples were then subjected to two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, followed by mass spectrometry to identify putative protein biomarkers. Subsequently, a subset of these putative biomarkers were validated in 24 OLP patients and 24 age-matched healthy control subjects, using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Immunoblotting analyses were then performed in 3 pairs of age- and sex-matched OLP patients and healthy controls to confirm results from the ELISA study. RESULTS Thirty-one protein spots were identified, corresponding to 20 unique proteins. Notably, fibrinogen fragment D and complement component C3c exhibited increased expression in OLP patients, while cystatin SA exhibited decreased expression in OLP patients, compared with healthy control subjects. ELISA analyses indicated increased expression of fibrinogen fragment D and complement component C3c, and decreased expression of cystatin SA, in the saliva of OLP patients. Statistical differences in the expression of salivary complement C3c were observed between OLP patients and healthy control subjects. Immunoblotting analyses confirmed the results of our ELISA study. CONCLUSION Complement C3c, fibrinogen fragment D and cystatin SA may serve as salivary biomarkers for screening and/or diagnosis of OLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sineepat Talungchit
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Waranun Buajeeb
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chotima Lerdtripop
- Department of Advanced General Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, 6 Yodhi St., Rajthewee, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Rudee Surarit
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kongthawat Chairatvit
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Hiroaki Kobayashi
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Izumi
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Global Center of Excellence Program for Tooth and Bone Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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34
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Mboge MY, Mahon BP, McKenna R, Frost SC. Carbonic Anhydrases: Role in pH Control and Cancer. Metabolites 2018; 8:E19. [PMID: 29495652 PMCID: PMC5876008 DOI: 10.3390/metabo8010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The pH of the tumor microenvironment drives the metastatic phenotype and chemotherapeutic resistance of tumors. Understanding the mechanisms underlying this pH-dependent phenomenon will lead to improved drug delivery and allow the identification of new therapeutic targets. This includes an understanding of the role pH plays in primary tumor cells, and the regulatory factors that permit cancer cells to thrive. Over the last decade, carbonic anhydrases (CAs) have been shown to be important mediators of tumor cell pH by modulating the bicarbonate and proton concentrations for cell survival and proliferation. This has prompted an effort to inhibit specific CA isoforms, as an anti-cancer therapeutic strategy. Of the 12 active CA isoforms, two, CA IX and XII, have been considered anti-cancer targets. However, other CA isoforms also show similar activity and tissue distribution in cancers and have not been considered as therapeutic targets for cancer treatment. In this review, we consider all the CA isoforms and their possible role in tumors and their potential as targets for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mam Y Mboge
- University of Florida, College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, P.O. Box 100245, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Brian P Mahon
- University of Florida, College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, P.O. Box 100245, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Robert McKenna
- University of Florida, College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, P.O. Box 100245, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Susan C Frost
- University of Florida, College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, P.O. Box 100245, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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35
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Ngamchuea K, Chaisiwamongkhol K, Batchelor-McAuley C, Compton RG. Chemical analysis in saliva and the search for salivary biomarkers – a tutorial review. Analyst 2018; 143:81-99. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an01571b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A review of the uses of saliva biomarkers, detection methods and requirements for new biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamonwad Ngamchuea
- Department of Chemistry
- Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory
- University of Oxford
- Oxford
- UK
| | - Korbua Chaisiwamongkhol
- Department of Chemistry
- Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory
- University of Oxford
- Oxford
- UK
| | | | - Richard G. Compton
- Department of Chemistry
- Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory
- University of Oxford
- Oxford
- UK
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36
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Gutiérrez A, Cerón JJ, Razzazi-Fazeli E, Schlosser S, Tecles F. Influence of different sample preparation strategies on the proteomic identification of stress biomarkers in porcine saliva. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:375. [PMID: 29202764 PMCID: PMC5716369 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1296-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The influence of two different sample treatments comprising the enrichment of glycoproteins by boronic acid and dynamic range compression by hexapeptide libraries, on the detection of stress markers in saliva of pigs was evaluated in this study. For this purpose, saliva samples collected before and after the application of an acute stress model consisting of nasal restraining in pigs were processed without any treatment and with the two different treatments mentioned above. Protein separation by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) followed by identification of proteins using MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry (MS) was used as proteomic technique. Results The application of each of the two different sample treatment protocols allowed the identification of unique proteins that could be potential salivary acute stress markers in pigs: lipocalin 1, protein S100-A8 and immunoglobulin M by enrichment of glycoproteins; protein S100-A9, double headed protease inhibitor submandibular gland, and haemoglobin by dynamic range compression; and protein S100-A12 by both protocols. Salivary lipocalin, prolactin inducible protein, light chain of immunoglobulins, adenosine deaminase and carbonic anhydrase VI were identified as potential markers in untreated saliva as well as one of the other treatments. Conclusion The use of different procedures allowed the detection of different potential stress markers. Although from a practical point of view, the use of saliva without further treatment as well as the enrichment of glycoproteins are less expensive and easy to do procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Gutiérrez
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Hospital Veterinario 4 planta, University of Murcia, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Joaquín Cerón
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Hospital Veterinario 4 planta, University of Murcia, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ebrahim Razzazi-Fazeli
- VetCore Facility for Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sarah Schlosser
- VetCore Facility for Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fernando Tecles
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Hospital Veterinario 4 planta, University of Murcia, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
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Kiripolsky J, Shen L, Liang Y, Li A, Suresh L, Lian Y, Li QZ, Gaile DP, Kramer JM. Systemic manifestations of primary Sjögren's syndrome in the NOD.B10Sn-H2 b/J mouse model. Clin Immunol 2017; 183:225-232. [PMID: 28526333 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Animal models that recapitulate human disease are crucial for the study of Sjögren's Syndrome (SS). While several SS mouse models exist, there are few primary SS (pSS) models that mimic systemic disease manifestations seen in humans. Similar to pSS patients, NOD.B10Sn-H2b/J (NOD.B10) mice develop exocrine gland disease and anti-nuclear autoantibodies. However, the disease kinetics and spectrum of extra-glandular disease remain poorly characterized in this model. Our objective was to characterize local and systemic SS manifestations in depth in NOD.B10 female mice at early and late disease time points. To this end, sera, exocrine tissue, lung, and kidney were analyzed. NOD.B10 mice have robust lymphocytic infiltration of salivary and lacrimal tissue. In addition, they exhibit significant renal and pulmonary inflammation. We identified numerous autoantibodies, including those directed against salivary proteins. In conclusion, the NOD.B10 model recapitulates both local and systemic pSS disease and represents an excellent model for translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Kiripolsky
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Long Shen
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361003, China; Autoimmune Division, Trinity Biotech, 60 Pineview Drive, Buffalo, NY 14228, USA
| | - Yichen Liang
- Autoimmune Division, Trinity Biotech, 60 Pineview Drive, Buffalo, NY 14228, USA
| | - Alisa Li
- Autoimmune Division, Trinity Biotech, 60 Pineview Drive, Buffalo, NY 14228, USA
| | - Lakshmanan Suresh
- Autoimmune Division, Trinity Biotech, 60 Pineview Drive, Buffalo, NY 14228, USA; Department of Oral Diagnostics Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Yun Lian
- Microarray Core Facility, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Quan-Zhen Li
- Microarray Core Facility, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Daniel P Gaile
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Buffalo, The State University of New York, 3435 Main Street, 718 Kimball Tower, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Jill M Kramer
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA; Autoimmune Division, Trinity Biotech, 60 Pineview Drive, Buffalo, NY 14228, USA; Department of Oral Diagnostics Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA.
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38
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Borghi GN, Rodrigues LP, Lopes LM, Parisotto TM, Steiner-Oliveira C, Nobre-Dos-Santos M. Relationship among α amylase and carbonic anhydrase VI in saliva, visible biofilm, and early childhood caries: a longitudinal study. Int J Paediatr Dent 2017; 27:174-182. [PMID: 27430359 DOI: 10.1111/ipd.12249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM This longitudinal study investigated the relationship among early childhood caries (ECC), α amylase, carbonic anhydrase VI (CA VI), and the presence of visible biofilm, besides detecting if these variables could predict risk for ECC. DESIGN One hundred children were divided into two groups: caries group (n = 45) and caries-free group (n = 55). Visible biofilm on maxillary incisors was recorded, followed by caries diagnosis in preschoolers at baseline and at follow-up. Saliva samples were collected, and activities of CA VI and α amylase were determined. Data normality was assessed by Shapiro-Wilk test and then Mann-Whitney, Spearman correlation, and chi-square tests followed by multiple logistic regression analysis (α = 0.05, 95% confidence interval). RESULTS CA VI activity was significantly higher in saliva of children with caries (P ≤ 0.05), and α amylase activity was significantly higher in saliva of caries-free children (P < 0.0001). Children with α amylase activity in saliva lower than 122.8 U/mL (OR = 3.33 P = 0.042) and visible biofilm on maxillary incisors (OR = 3.6 P = 0.009) were more likely to develop ECC than caries-free children. A negative correlation between caries and α amylase activity was found (P = 0.0008). CONCLUSIONS The presence of visible biofilm and low salivary activity of α amylase may be considered risk predictors for ECC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela N Borghi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Lívia P Rodrigues
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Lenita M Lopes
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Thais M Parisotto
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Sao Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Carolina Steiner-Oliveira
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Marinês Nobre-Dos-Santos
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Piracicaba, Brazil
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39
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Tecles F, Contreras-Aguilar MD, Martínez-Miró S, Tvarijonaviciute A, Martínez-Subiela S, Escribano D, Cerón JJ. Total esterase measurement in saliva of pigs: Validation of an automated assay, characterization and changes in stress and disease conditions. Res Vet Sci 2017; 114:170-176. [PMID: 28441610 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
An automated spectrophotometric method for total esterase activity (TEA) measurement in porcine saliva has been developed and validated, using 4-nitrophenyl acetate (4-NA) as substrate. The method was precise and accurate, with low limit of detection, and was able to measure samples with TEA activities up to 400IU/L without any dilution. In addition, the different enzymes contributing to TEA were characterized, being identified carbonic anhydrase VI (CA-VI), lipase, cholinesterase (ChE) and cholesterol esterase (CEL). TEA significantly increased (1.49-fold, P<0.01) in healthy pigs just after applying an acute stress stimulus consisting of nasal restraint, being lipase and cholinesterase the main responsible of this increase. TEA was significantly increased (1.83-fold, P<0.001) in a group of pigs with lameness; in this case, in addition to lipase and ChE, CA-VI also increased. The results found in this report indicate that TEA can be easily measured in porcine saliva with an accurate and highly reproducible automated method. Salivary TEA is mainly due to the activity of four enzymes: CA-VI, lipase, ChE and CEL, and these enzymes can change in a different way in situations of stress or disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Tecles
- Interlab-UMU, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | | | - Silvia Martínez-Miró
- Animal Production Department, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | | | | | - Damián Escribano
- Interlab-UMU, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - José J Cerón
- Interlab-UMU, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100, Spain.
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Hall SC, Hassis ME, Williams KE, Albertolle ME, Prakobphol A, Dykstra AB, Laurance M, Ona K, Niles RK, Prasad N, Gormley M, Shiboski C, Criswell LA, Witkowska HE, Fisher SJ. Alterations in the Salivary Proteome and N-Glycome of Sjögren’s Syndrome Patients. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:1693-1705. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b01051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven C. Hall
- Department
of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
- Sandler-Moore
Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Maria E. Hassis
- Department
of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
- Sandler-Moore
Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Katherine E. Williams
- Department
of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
- Sandler-Moore
Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Matthew E. Albertolle
- Department
of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
- Sandler-Moore
Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Akraporn Prakobphol
- Department
of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Andrew B. Dykstra
- Department
of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
- Sandler-Moore
Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Megan Laurance
- Library
and Center for Knowledge Management, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Katherine Ona
- Department
of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Richard K. Niles
- Department
of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
- Sandler-Moore
Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Namrata Prasad
- Department
of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
- Sandler-Moore
Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Matthew Gormley
- Department
of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Caroline Shiboski
- Department
of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Lindsey A. Criswell
- Department
of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
- Russel/Engleman
Rheumatology Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - H. Ewa Witkowska
- Department
of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
- Sandler-Moore
Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Susan J. Fisher
- Department
of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
- Sandler-Moore
Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
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Xin W, Leung KCM, Lo ECM, Mok MY, Leung MH. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of fluoride varnish in preventing dental caries of Sjögren's syndrome patients. BMC Oral Health 2016; 16:102. [PMID: 27664129 PMCID: PMC5034648 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-016-0296-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sjögren's syndrome (SS) patients are prone to caries development due to reduction of salivary flow. Topical fluoride is commonly prescribed for caries prevention. METHODS In this 24-month randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, SS patients were randomly assigned to receive either fluoride varnish or placebo gel quarterly. Development and arrest of caries at the coronal and root surfaces were recorded at 12-month and 24-month and compared to that of the baseline. Effect of fluoride varnish on oral Candida and lactobacilli colonization was explored by comparing baseline oral microbiological assessments to data obtained at 12-month and 24-month. RESULTS Seventy-eight SS patients (mean age = 50 years, 2 men) completed this trial. At 24-month, the mean new coronal enamel caries were 1.6 surfaces in both groups, and new dentin caries were 1.4 and 2.7 surfaces in the fluoride and placebo group respectively (p > 0.05). Mean arrested caries were 0.6 and 0.7 surfaces for fluoride and placebo groups respectively and that of root caries were 0.3 and 0.1 surfaces (p > 0.05). The mean oral Candida count was reduced by 30 % in the fluoride group but increased 61 % in the placebo group while no change in oral lactobacilli counts in both groups at 24 months (p > 0.05). SS patients receiving fluoride varnish were significantly less likely to develop dentin caries (p < 0.05). In contrast, those with high baseline DMFS scores (p = 0.05), harbored mixed Candida species (p < 0.05), or unstimulated whole saliva at low pH (p < 0.01) were significantly more likely to develop dentin caries. CONCLUSIONS Results of this randomized clinical trial did not provide clear evidence to support or refute that quarterly applications of fluoride varnish can prevent development of dental caries in people with Sjögren's syndrome. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study was retrospectively registered at the ISRCTN registry ( ISRCTN85164658 ) on 9 Sept 2016 and was funded by the Research Grant Council of Hong Kong.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weini Xin
- Dental Care Center, The No.1 Affiliated Hospital of Shantou Medical College, Shantou, China
| | | | - Edward Chin Man Lo
- Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mo Yin Mok
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Moon Ho Leung
- Department of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Patrikainen MS, Pan P, Barker HR, Parkkila S. Altered gene expression in the lower respiratory tract of Car6 (-/-) mice. Transgenic Res 2016; 25:649-64. [PMID: 27209317 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-016-9961-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
From birth, the respiratory tract mucosa is exposed to various chemical, physical, and microbiological stress factors. Efficient defense mechanisms and strictly regulated renewal systems in the mucosa are thus required. Carbonic anhydrase VI (CA VI) is the only secreted isoenzyme of the α-CA gene family. It is transported in high concentrations in saliva and milk into the alimentary tract where it contributes to optimal pH homeostasis. Earlier study of transcriptomic responses of Car6 (-/-) mice has shown changes in the response to oxidative stress and brown fat cell differentiation in the submandibular gland. It has been suggested that CA VI delivered to the mucosal surface of the bronchiolar epithelium is an essential factor in defense and renewal of the lining epithelium. In this study, the transcriptional effects of CA VI deficiency were investigated in both trachea and lung of Car6 (-/-) mice using a cDNA microarray analysis. Functional clustering of the results indicated significant changes of gene transcription in the lower airways. The altered biological processes included antigen transport by M-cells, potassium transport, muscle contraction, and thyroid hormone synthesis. Immunohistochemical staining confirmed the absence of CA VI in the submandibular gland of Car6 (-/-) mice. Immunostaining of the trachea and lung samples revealed no differences between the knockout and wild type groups nor were any morphological changes observed. The present findings can help us to recognize novel functions for CA VI-one of the major protein constituents of saliva and milk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peiwen Pan
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, 33014, Tampere, Finland.,Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Harlan R Barker
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, 33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, 33014, Tampere, Finland.,Fimlab Ltd, Tampere University Hospital, 33520, Tampere, Finland
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Tecles F, Tvarijonaviciute A, De Torre C, Carrillo JM, Rubio M, García M, Cugat R, Cerón JJ. Total esterase activity in human saliva: Validation of an automated assay, characterization and behaviour after physical stress. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2016; 76:324-30. [PMID: 27045801 DOI: 10.3109/00365513.2016.1163417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Although saliva has esterase activity, this activity has not been characterized or studied in individuals subjected to physical stress. The aim of this report was to develop and validate an automated spectrophotometric assay for total esterase activity measurement in human saliva, as well as to study the contribution of different enzymes on this activity and its behaviour under physical stress in healthy subjects. The assay used 4-nitrophenyl acetate as substrate and was precise, accurate and provided low limits of detection and quantification. Inhibition with diisopropylfluorophosphate showed that cholinesterase, carboxylesterase and cholesterol esterase contributions not represented more than 20% of total esterase. Addition of standards of lipase and albumin to saliva samples showed that both proteins significantly contributed to esterase activity only when equal or higher than 11.6 IU/L and 250 μg/mL, respectively. Western blot analyses showed absence of paraoxonase-1 and high amount of carbonic anhydrase-VI. The high affinity of purified carbonic anhydrase-VI for the substrate supported a major contribution of this enzyme. Total esterase activity and alpha-amylase was measured in saliva samples from 12 healthy male students before and after participation in an indoor football match. The activity significantly increased after match and positively correlated with salivary alpha-amylase. This method could be used as a biomarker of physical stress in humans, with carbonic anhydrase-VI being the esterase that contributed more to the activity of the assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Tecles
- a Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU) , Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia , Espinardo-Murcia ;,b Fundación García Cugat , Madrazo 43 , Barcelona
| | - Asta Tvarijonaviciute
- a Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU) , Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia , Espinardo-Murcia ;,b Fundación García Cugat , Madrazo 43 , Barcelona ;,c Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Barcelona
| | - Carlos De Torre
- d Proteomic Unit , Murcia's BioHealth Research Institute IMIB-Arrixaca, Clinical University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca , Murcia
| | - José M Carrillo
- b Fundación García Cugat , Madrazo 43 , Barcelona ;,e Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery , Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Edificio Seminario s/n , Moncada , Valencia , Spain
| | - Mónica Rubio
- b Fundación García Cugat , Madrazo 43 , Barcelona ;,e Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery , Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Edificio Seminario s/n , Moncada , Valencia , Spain
| | | | - Ramón Cugat
- b Fundación García Cugat , Madrazo 43 , Barcelona
| | - José J Cerón
- a Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU) , Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia , Espinardo-Murcia ;,b Fundación García Cugat , Madrazo 43 , Barcelona
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Karim K, Giribabu N, Muniandy S, Salleh N. Estrogen and progesterone differentially regulate carbonic anhydrase II, III, IX, XII, and XIII in ovariectomized rat uteri. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2015; 62:57-68. [PMID: 26709452 DOI: 10.3109/19396368.2015.1112699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the uterus expression of carbonic anhydrase (CA) II, III, IX, XII, and XIII were investigated under the influence of sex-steroids in order to elucidate mechanisms underlying differential effects of these hormones on uterine pH. Uteri of ovariectomised rats receiving over three days either vehicle, estrogen, or progesterone or three days estrogen followed by three days either vehicle or progesterone were harvested. Messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels were quantified by real-time PCR and Western blotting, respectively. The distribution of CA isoenzymes proteins were examined by immunohistochemistry. The levels of CAII, III, XII, and XIII mRNAs and proteins were elevated while levels of CAIX mRNA and protein were reduced following progesterone-only and estrogen plus progesterone treatment, compared to the control and estrogen plus vehicle, respectively. Following estrogen treatment, expression of CAII, IX, XII, and CAXIII mRNAs and proteins were reduced, but remained at a level higher than control, except for CAIX, where its level was higher than the control and following progesterone treatment. Under progesterone-only and estrogen plus progesterone influences, high levels of CAII, III, XII, and XIII were observed in uterine lumenal and glandular epithelia and myometrium. However, a high level of CAIX was observed only under the influence of estrogen at the similar locations. In conclusion, high expression of CAII, III, XII, and XIII under the influence of progesterone and estrogen plus progesterone could result in the reduction of uterine tissue and fluid pH; however, the significance of high levels of CAIX expression under the influence of estrogen remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sekaran Muniandy
- b Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , University of Malaya , Lembah Pantai , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
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Hsieh MS, Jeng YM, Jhuang YL, Chou YH, Lin CY. Carbonic anhydrase VI: a novel marker for salivary serous acinar differentiation and its application to discriminate acinic cell carcinoma from mammary analogue secretory carcinoma of the salivary gland. Histopathology 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/his.12792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Shu Hsieh
- Department of Pathology; National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine; Taipei Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Pathology; National Taiwan University College of Medicine; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Yung-Ming Jeng
- Department of Pathology; National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine; Taipei Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Pathology; National Taiwan University College of Medicine; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lin Jhuang
- Graduate Institute of Pathology; National Taiwan University College of Medicine; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Hung Chou
- Department of Anatomical Pathology; Far Eastern Memorial Hospital; New Taipei City Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Ying Lin
- Department of Dentistry; Taipei Medical University; Taipei Taiwan
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Arabacı T, Çiçek Y, Beydemir Ş, Çanakçı CF, Çanakçı V. Are increased salivary carbonic anhydrase VI levels related to the amount of supragingival dental calculus formation and clinical periodontal scores? J Dent Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2012.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Dawes C, Pedersen A, Villa A, Ekström J, Proctor G, Vissink A, Aframian D, McGowan R, Aliko A, Narayana N, Sia Y, Joshi R, Jensen S, Kerr A, Wolff A. The functions of human saliva: A review sponsored by the World Workshop on Oral Medicine VI. Arch Oral Biol 2015; 60:863-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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de Sousa-Pereira P, Cova M, Abrantes J, Ferreira R, Trindade F, Barros A, Gomes P, Colaço B, Amado F, Esteves PJ, Vitorino R. Cross-species comparison of mammalian saliva using an LC-MALDI based proteomic approach. Proteomics 2015; 15:1598-607. [PMID: 25641928 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Despite the importance of saliva in the regulation of oral cavity homeostasis, few studies have been conducted to quantitatively compare the saliva of different mammal species. Aiming to define a proteome signature of mammals' saliva, an in-depth SDS-PAGE-LC coupled to MS/MS (GeLC-MS/MS) approach was used to characterize the saliva from primates (human), carnivores (dog), glires (rat and rabbit), and ungulates (sheep, cattle, horse). Despite the high variability in the number of distinct proteins identified per species, most protein families were shared by the mammals studied with the exception of cattle and horse. Alpha-amylase is an example that seems to reflect the natural selection related to digestion efficacy and food recognition. Casein protein family was identified in all species but human, suggesting an alternative to statherin in the protection of hard tissues. Overall, data suggest that different proteins might assure a similar role in the regulation of oral cavity homeostasis, potentially explaining the specific mammals' salivary proteome signature. Moreover, some protein families were identified for the first time in the saliva of some species, the presence of proline-rich proteins in rabbit's saliva being a good example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia de Sousa-Pereira
- QOPNA, Mass Spectrometry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal; CIBIO-InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Vairão, Portugal
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Patrikainen M, Pan P, Kulesskaya N, Voikar V, Parkkila S. The role of carbonic anhydrase VI in bitter taste perception: evidence from the Car6⁻/⁻ mouse model. J Biomed Sci 2014; 21:82. [PMID: 25134447 PMCID: PMC4237775 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-014-0082-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Carbonic anhydrase VI (CA VI) is a secretory isozyme of the α-CA gene family. It is highly expressed in the salivary and mammary glands and secreted into saliva and milk. Although CA VI was first described as a gustatory protein, its exact functional roles have remained enigmatic. Interestingly, polymorphism of the CA6 gene was recently linked to bitter taste perception in humans. In this study, we compared the preference of Car6−/− and wild-type mice for different taste modalities in an IntelliCage monitoring environment. Morphologies of taste buds, tongue papillae, and von Ebner’s glands were evaluated by light microscopy. Cell proliferation and rate of apoptosis in tongue specimens were examined by Ki67 immunostaining and fluorescent DNA fragmentation staining, respectively. Results The behavioral follow up of the mice in an IntelliCage system revealed that Car6−/− mice preferred 3 μM quinine (bitter) solution, whereas wild type mice preferred water. When the quinine concentration increased, both groups preferentially selected water. Histological analysis, Ki67 immunostaining and detection of apoptosis did not reveal any significant changes between tongue specimens of the knockout and wild type mice. Conclusions Our knockout mouse model confirms that CA VI is involved in bitter taste perception. CA VI may be one of the factors which contribute to avoidance of bitter, potentially harmful, substances.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Seppo Parkkila
- School of Medicine and BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere FI-33014, Finland.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitors have an impressive safety record despite the multiple functions that CA isozymes serve because they are not fully inhibited with most dosing. While reducing the targeted CA-dependent process sufficiently for disease control, residual activity and uncatalyzed rates in combination with compensations are adequate to avoid lethal consequences. Some drugs have in vitro selectivity differences against the 13 active isozymes, but none are convincingly selective in vivo or clinically. Efforts to synthesize selective inhibitors should result in safer drugs with fewer side effects. AREAS COVERED This review will focus on approved drugs with CA-inhibiting activity, whether used directly for this purpose or others. Side effects are discussed in relation to various organ systems and the disease being treated. Causes of side effects are considered, and strategies for symptom reduction are given. EXPERT OPINION Common side effects of paresthesias, dyspepsia, lassitude and fatigue in 30 - 40% of patients are generally tolerable or abate, but if not can be partially relieved by bicarbonate supplementation. The most important safety concerns are severe acidosis, respiratory failure and encephalopathy in patients with renal, pulmonary and hepatic disease where caution is critical, as is also the case in persons with sulfa drug allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik R Swenson
- University of Washington - Medical Service, VA Puget Sound Health Care System , 1660 S Columbian Way, S-111-PLUM, Seattle, WA 98108 , USA
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