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Sartelli M, Tascini C, Coccolini F, Dellai F, Ansaloni L, Antonelli M, Bartoletti M, Bassetti M, Boncagni F, Carlini M, Cattelan AM, Cavaliere A, Ceresoli M, Cipriano A, Cortegiani A, Cortese F, Cristini F, Cucinotta E, Dalfino L, De Pascale G, De Rosa FG, Falcone M, Forfori F, Fugazzola P, Gatti M, Gentile I, Ghiadoni L, Giannella M, Giarratano A, Giordano A, Girardis M, Mastroianni C, Monti G, Montori G, Palmieri M, Pani M, Paolillo C, Parini D, Parruti G, Pasero D, Pea F, Peghin M, Petrosillo N, Podda M, Rizzo C, Rossolini GM, Russo A, Scoccia L, Sganga G, Signorini L, Stefani S, Tumbarello M, Tumietto F, Valentino M, Venditti M, Viaggi B, Vivaldi F, Zaghi C, Labricciosa FM, Abu-Zidan F, Catena F, Viale P. Management of intra-abdominal infections: recommendations by the Italian council for the optimization of antimicrobial use. World J Emerg Surg 2024; 19:23. [PMID: 38851757 PMCID: PMC11162065 DOI: 10.1186/s13017-024-00551-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Intra-abdominal infections (IAIs) are common surgical emergencies and are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in hospital settings, particularly if poorly managed. The cornerstones of effective IAIs management include early diagnosis, adequate source control, appropriate antimicrobial therapy, and early physiologic stabilization using intravenous fluids and vasopressor agents in critically ill patients. Adequate empiric antimicrobial therapy in patients with IAIs is of paramount importance because inappropriate antimicrobial therapy is associated with poor outcomes. Optimizing antimicrobial prescriptions improves treatment effectiveness, increases patients' safety, and minimizes the risk of opportunistic infections (such as Clostridioides difficile) and antimicrobial resistance selection. The growing emergence of multi-drug resistant organisms has caused an impending crisis with alarming implications, especially regarding Gram-negative bacteria. The Multidisciplinary and Intersociety Italian Council for the Optimization of Antimicrobial Use promoted a consensus conference on the antimicrobial management of IAIs, including emergency medicine specialists, radiologists, surgeons, intensivists, infectious disease specialists, clinical pharmacologists, hospital pharmacists, microbiologists and public health specialists. Relevant clinical questions were constructed by the Organizational Committee in order to investigate the topic. The expert panel produced recommendation statements based on the best scientific evidence from PubMed and EMBASE Library and experts' opinions. The statements were planned and graded according to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) hierarchy of evidence. On November 10, 2023, the experts met in Mestre (Italy) to debate the statements. After the approval of the statements, the expert panel met via email and virtual meetings to prepare and revise the definitive document. This document represents the executive summary of the consensus conference and comprises three sections. The first section focuses on the general principles of diagnosis and treatment of IAIs. The second section provides twenty-three evidence-based recommendations for the antimicrobial therapy of IAIs. The third section presents eight clinical diagnostic-therapeutic pathways for the most common IAIs. The document has been endorsed by the Italian Society of Surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Sartelli
- Department of Surgery, Macerata Hospital, Via Santa Lucia 2, 62100, Macerata, Italy.
| | - Carlo Tascini
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Santa Maria Della Misericordia University Hospital of Udine, ASUFC, Udine, Italy
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Federico Coccolini
- Department of General, Emergency and Trauma Surgery, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabiana Dellai
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Luca Ansaloni
- Division of General Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Clinical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Massimo Antonelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Dell'Emergenza, Anestesiologiche e Della Rianimazione, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Bartoletti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
- Infectious Disease Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Bassetti
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Health Sciences, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Federico Boncagni
- Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Unit, Macerata Hospital, Macerata, Italy
| | - Massimo Carlini
- Department of General Surgery, S. Eugenio Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Cattelan
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Arturo Cavaliere
- Unit of Hospital Pharmacy, Viterbo Local Health Authority, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Marco Ceresoli
- General and Emergency Surgery, Milano-Bicocca University, School of Medicine and Surgery, Monza, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cipriano
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Cortegiani
- Department of Precision Medicine in Medical Surgical and Critical Care, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Cristini
- Infectious Diseases Unit, AUSL Romagna, Forlì and Cesena Hospitals, Forlì, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Eugenio Cucinotta
- Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Evolutive Age "Gaetano Barresi", Section of General Surgery, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Lidia Dalfino
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Polyclinic of Bari, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Gennaro De Pascale
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Dell'Emergenza, Anestesiologiche e Della Rianimazione, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Marco Falcone
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Forfori
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Anesthesia and Resuscitation Department, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paola Fugazzola
- Division of General Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Clinical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Milo Gatti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Department for Integrated Infectious Risk Management, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ivan Gentile
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Ghiadoni
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Department on Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maddalena Giannella
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department for Integrated Infectious Risk Management, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonino Giarratano
- Department of Precision Medicine in Medical Surgical and Critical Care, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessio Giordano
- Unit of Emergency Surgery, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Massimo Girardis
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Policlinico di Modena, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Claudio Mastroianni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, AOU Policlinico Umberto 1, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianpaola Monti
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, ASST GOM Niguarda Ca' Granda, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Montori
- Unit of General and Emergency Surgery, Vittorio Veneto Hospital, Vittorio Veneto, Italy
| | - Miriam Palmieri
- Department of Surgery, Macerata Hospital, Via Santa Lucia 2, 62100, Macerata, Italy
| | - Marcello Pani
- Hospital Pharmacy Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Ciro Paolillo
- Emergency Department, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Dario Parini
- General Surgery Department, Santa Maria Della Misericordia Hospital, Rovigo, Italy
| | - Giustino Parruti
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Pescara General Hospital, Pescara, Italy
| | - Daniela Pasero
- Department of Emergency, Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, ASL1 Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Federico Pea
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Department for Integrated Infectious Risk Management, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maddalena Peghin
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria-ASST-Sette Laghi, Varese, Italy
| | - Nicola Petrosillo
- Infection Prevention and Control Service, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Podda
- Department of Surgical Science, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Caterina Rizzo
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gian Maria Rossolini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Florence Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Russo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, "Magna Graecia" University, Catanzaro, Italy
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Unit, "Renato Dulbecco" Teaching Hospital, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Loredana Scoccia
- Hospital Pharmacy Unit, Macerata Hospital, AST Macerata, Macerata, Italy
| | - Gabriele Sganga
- Emergency and Trauma Surgery Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Liana Signorini
- Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, ASST Spedali Civili Di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefania Stefani
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Mario Tumbarello
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Fabio Tumietto
- UO Antimicrobial Stewardship-AUSL Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Mario Venditti
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Bruno Viaggi
- Intensive Care Department, Careggi Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Claudia Zaghi
- General, Emergency and Trauma Surgery Department, Vicenza Hospital, Vicenza, Italy
| | | | - Fikri Abu-Zidan
- Statistics and Research Methodology, The Research Office, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fausto Catena
- Emergency and General Surgery Department, Bufalini Hospital, Cesena, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Viale
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department for Integrated Infectious Risk Management, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Pešić D, Đukić MM, Stanojević I, Živkovć V, Bolevich S, Bolevich S, Jakovljević V. Cardiorespiratory fitness mediates cortisol and lactate responses to winter and summer marches. J Med Biochem 2024; 43:72-85. [PMID: 38496029 PMCID: PMC10943469 DOI: 10.5937/jomb0-44369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The influence of homeostatically regulated physiological processes, including cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max), on the response to physical stressors such as acclimatisation and marching, remains understudied. We aimed to investigate the effects of summer and winter acclimatisation and marching on cortisol levels and blood lactate, to gain insight into the role of these physiological processes in the stress response. Methods Two groups of young Europeans, classified as poor (PCF; n=9) and good physical condition (GCF; n=21), based on a VO2MAX threshold of 40 mL O2/ kg/min, underwent 2-h March (6-7 km/h) in winter (5˚C) and summer (32˚C). Commercial tests, UniCel DxI Access Cortisol assay and EKF Biosen Clinic/GP assay were used for cortisol and lactate blood measurements (morning samples and those taken immediately after marches), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniel Pešić
- Military Medical Academy, Institute of Hygiene, Department of Exercise Physiology, Belgrade
| | - Mirjana M. Đukić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Belgrade
| | - Ivan Stanojević
- Military Medical Academy, Institute of Medical Research, Belgrade
| | - Vladimir Živkovć
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Kragujevac
| | - Sergey Bolevich
- First Moscow State Medical University I. M. Sechenov, Department of Pharmacology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Stefani Bolevich
- First Moscow State Medical University I. M. Sechenov, Department of Pharmacology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Jakovljević
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Kragujevac
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Gautam A, Haldar R, Srivastava S, Gupta D, Jaiswal AK, Mishra P. Comparison of Cardiac Indices Using Two Different Concentrations of Topical Adrenaline during Endoscopic Transsphenoidal Pituitary Surgery: A Prospective Randomized Observational Study. Asian J Neurosurg 2023; 18:734-741. [PMID: 38161619 PMCID: PMC10756811 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1775585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Adrenaline-soaked wicks are often employed to decongest nasal mucosa during transsphenoidal pituitary surgeries to ensure proper hemostasis and visibility of the operating field. Considerable debate exists regarding the optimum concentration of adrenaline that strikes a balance between hemostasis as well as the hemodynamic side effects of adrenaline. This study assessed cardiac indices like cardiac output and cardiac index using a FloTrac Vigileo cardiac output monitor to compare two different concentrations of adrenaline used for topical instillation. Materials and Methods 60 adult patients undergoing transsphenoidal pituitary surgery were randomly assigned to receive cotton wicks soaked in adrenaline solution (either 1:100,000 or 1:200,000) for nasal decongestion. Following a standardized anesthetic regime, a FloTrac Vigileo cardiac output monitor was attached with the invasive arterial line for precise monitoring and recording of cardiac indices (cardiac output and cardiac index). Additionally, quality of surgical field (as reported by the operating surgeon) blood loss, incidences of adverse hemodynamic events, and rescue drug usage were recorded. Results No difference in cardiac outputs and cardiac indexes of the patients was observed during baseline to 55 minutes and at 80 minutes and onward, whereas difference rose to statistical significance at the time points of 60 minutes and 70 minutes ( p < 0.05). Other parameters like stroke volume, stroke volume variation, and hemodynamic parameters were similar. Quality of the surgical fields (as reported by the surgeon), intraoperative bleeding, incidences of adverse effects, and frequency of rescue drugs usage were similar. Conclusion Instillation of 1:100,000 dilution of adrenaline solution compared with 1:200,000 for nasal decongestion is associated with significant rise in cardiac output and cardiac index at 60 and 70 minutes of the surgery with similar blood loss and hemodynamic variables. Therefore, the lower concentration of adrenaline can be recommended for usage during transsphenoidal pituitary surgeries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Gautam
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rudrashish Haldar
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shashi Srivastava
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Devendra Gupta
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Awadhesh Kumar Jaiswal
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Prabhaker Mishra
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Tracing the lactate shuttle to the mitochondrial reticulum. EXPERIMENTAL & MOLECULAR MEDICINE 2022; 54:1332-1347. [PMID: 36075947 PMCID: PMC9534995 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00802-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Isotope tracer infusion studies employing lactate, glucose, glycerol, and fatty acid isotope tracers were central to the deduction and demonstration of the Lactate Shuttle at the whole-body level. In concert with the ability to perform tissue metabolite concentration measurements, as well as determinations of unidirectional and net metabolite exchanges by means of arterial–venous difference (a-v) and blood flow measurements across tissue beds including skeletal muscle, the heart and the brain, lactate shuttling within organs and tissues was made evident. From an extensive body of work on men and women, resting or exercising, before or after endurance training, at sea level or high altitude, we now know that Organ–Organ, Cell–Cell, and Intracellular Lactate Shuttles operate continuously. By means of lactate shuttling, fuel-energy substrates can be exchanged between producer (driver) cells, such as those in skeletal muscle, and consumer (recipient) cells, such as those in the brain, heart, muscle, liver and kidneys. Within tissues, lactate can be exchanged between white and red fibers within a muscle bed and between astrocytes and neurons in the brain. Within cells, lactate can be exchanged between the cytosol and mitochondria and between the cytosol and peroxisomes. Lactate shuttling between driver and recipient cells depends on concentration gradients created by the mitochondrial respiratory apparatus in recipient cells for oxidative disposal of lactate. Studies using isotope tracer technologies have significantly improved understanding of how lactate, a metabolite produced as fuel during normal metabolism and in response to exercise, moves or ‘shuttles’ throughout the body. George Brooks and colleagues at the University of California, Berkeley, USA, reviewed the history of the understanding of lactate shuttling, which has largely been informed by human studies using isotope tracer infusions during rest and exercise. Such research highlights continuous organ–organ, cell–cell, and intracellular lactate shuttling. Lactate moves between producer cells such as skeletal muscle cells and consumer cells in tissues including the heart and brain, where it is preferred over glucose as an energy source. Shuttling depends on lactate concentration gradients created by mitochondrial networks in recipient cells. Lactate is disposed of via oxidation.
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Hypermetabolism and Substrate Utilization Rates in Pheochromocytoma and Functional Paraganglioma. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081980. [PMID: 36009527 PMCID: PMC9406117 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The overproduction of catecholamines in pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma (PPGL) induces a hypermetabolic state. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of a hypermetabolic state and differences in substrate metabolism in consecutive PPGL patients divided by catecholamine phenotype. Resting energy expenditure (REE) and respiratory quotient (RQ) were measured in 108 consecutive PPGL patients and 70 controls by indirect calorimetry. Hypermetabolic state was defined according to the Mifflin St. Jeor Equation as a ratio above 110%. Hypermetabolic state was confirmed in 70% of PPGL patients, regardless of phenotype. Older age, prevalence of diabetes mellitus and arterial hypertension were correlated with hypermetabolic PPGL as compared to normometabolic form. Analysis according to overproduced catecholamine showed differences in VCO2 (p < 0.05) and RQ (p < 0.01) and thus different substate metabolism between phenotypes in hypermetabolic form of PPGL. Lipid utilization was higher in the adrenergic phenotype (p = 0.001) and positively associated with the percentage of REE ratio (R = 0.48, p < 0.001), whereas the noradrenergic phenotype preferentially oxidizes carbohydrates (P = 0.001) and is correlated with the percentage of REE ratio (R = 0.60, p < 0.001). Hypermetabolic state in PPGL is a common finding in both catecholamine phenotypes. Hypermetabolic PPGL patients are older and suffer more from diabetes mellitus and arterial hypertension. Under basal conditions, the noradrenergic type preferentially metabolizes carbohydrates, whereas the adrenergic phenotype preferentially metabolizes lipids.
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Monnens L. The cause of eyelid ptosis, orthostatic hypotension and exercise intolerance. Acta Paediatr 2022; 111:1134-1136. [PMID: 35202494 DOI: 10.1111/apa.16312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To provide more insight in the delay in diagnosis and expectation of treatment adapted for the paediatrician, the data were collected from patients described with dopamine beta-hydroxylase deficiency are evaluated. More insight in clinical features of dopamine beta-hydroxylase deficiency consisting mainly of eyelid ptosis, orthostatic hypotension, hypoglycaemia and exercise intolerance, explains the delay in diagnosis of this congenital disorder, although all symptoms some more concealed are present. An increasing experience by L-DOPS, a resurrection for the patient, allows recommendations for early treatment. An explanation for the delay in diagnosis is provided together with the advice for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Monnens
- Department of Physiology Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands
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Field A, Naughton RJ, Haines M, Lui S, Corr LD, Russell M, Page RM, Harper LD. The demands of the extra-time period of soccer: A systematic review. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2022; 11:403-414. [PMID: 32445903 PMCID: PMC9189694 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Soccer match-play is typically contested over 90 min; however, in some cup and tournament scenarios, when matches are tied, they proceed to an additional 30 min, which is termed "extra-time" (ET). This systematic review sought to appraise the literature available on 120-min of soccer-specific exercise, with a view to identifying practical recommendations and future research opportunities. METHODS The review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. Independent researchers performed a systematic search of PubMed, CINAHL, and PsycINFO in May 2019, with the following keywords entered in various combinations: "soccer", "football", "extra-time", "extra time", "extratime", "120 minutes", "120 min", "additional 30 minutes", and "additional 30 min". RESULTS The search yielded an initial 73 articles. Following the screening process, 11 articles were accepted for analyses. Articles were subsequently organized into the following 5 categories: movement demands of ET, performance responses to ET, physiological and neuromuscular response during ET, nutritional interventions, and recovery and ET. The results highlighted that during competitive match-play, players cover 5%-12% less distance relative to match duration (i.e., meters per minute) during ET compared to the preceding 90 min. Reductions in technical performance (i.e., shot speed, number of passes and dribbles) were also observed during ET. Additionally, carbohydrate provision may attenuate and improve dribbling performance during ET. Moreover, objective and subjective measures of recovery may be further compromised following ET when compared to 90 min. CONCLUSION Additional investigations are warranted to further substantiate these findings and identify interventions to improve performance during ET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Field
- School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK.
| | - Robert Joseph Naughton
- School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Matthew Haines
- School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Steve Lui
- School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Liam David Corr
- School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Mark Russell
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Brownberrie Lane, Horsforth, Leeds, LS18 5HD, UK
| | - Richard Michael Page
- Department of Sport & Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, St. Helens Road, Ormskirk, Lancashire, L39 4QP, UK
| | - Liam David Harper
- School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
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Nelis JLD, Bose U, Broadbent JA, Hughes J, Sikes A, Anderson A, Caron K, Schmoelzl S, Colgrave ML. Biomarkers and biosensors for the diagnosis of noncompliant pH, dark cutting beef predisposition, and welfare in cattle. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:2391-2432. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Utpal Bose
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food St Lucia Australia
| | | | | | - Anita Sikes
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food Coopers Plains Australia
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Jessen S, Eibye K, Christensen PM, Hostrup M, Bangsbo J. No additive effect of acetaminophen when co-ingested with caffeine on cycling performance in well-trained young men. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 131:238-249. [PMID: 34013747 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00108.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effect of caffeine and acetaminophen on power output during a 6-min performance test, peripheral fatigue, and muscle protein kinase A (PKA) substrate phosphorylation. Fourteen men [age (means ± SD): 26 ± 6 yr; V̇o2max: 63.9 ± 5.0 mL·min-1·kg-1] completed four randomized trials with acetaminophen (1,500 mg), caffeine (5 mg·kg body wt-1), combined caffeine and acetaminophen (caffeine + acetaminophen), or placebo. Mean power output during the 6-min performance test (placebo mean: 312 ± 41 W) was higher with caffeine (+5 W; 95% CI: 1 to 9; P = 0.017) and caffeine + acetaminophen (+6 W; 95% CI: 0 to 12; P = 0.049) than placebo, but not with acetaminophen (+1 W; 95% CI: -4 to 7; P = 0.529). Decline in quadriceps maximal isometric voluntary torque immediately after the performance test was lower (treatment × time; P = 0.035) with acetaminophen (-40 N·m; 95% CI: -53 to -30; P < 0.001) and caffeine + acetaminophen (-44 N·m; 95% CI: -58 to -30; P < 0.001) than placebo (-53 N·m; 95% CI: -71 to -39; P < 0.001) but was similar with caffeine (-54 N·m; 95% CI: -69 to -38; P < 0.001). Muscle phosphocreatine content decreased more during the performance test (treatment × time; P = 0.036) with caffeine + acetaminophen (-55 mmol·kg dry wt-1; 95% CI: -65 to -46; P < 0.001) than placebo (-40 mmol·kg dry wt-1; 95% CI: -52 to -24; P < 0.001). Muscle net lactate accumulation was not different from placebo (+85 mmol·kg dry wt-1; 95% CI: 60 to 110; P < 0.001) for any treatment (treatment × time; P = 0.066), being +75 mmol·kg dry wt-1 (95% CI: 51 to 99; P < 0.001) with caffeine, +76 mmol·kg dry wt-1 (95% CI: 58 to 96; P < 0.001) with acetaminophen, and +103 mmol·kg dry wt-1 (95% CI: 89 to 115; P < 0.001) with caffeine + acetaminophen. Decline in muscle ATP and glycogen content and increase in PKA substrate phosphorylation was not different between treatments (treatment × time; P > 0.1). Thus, acetaminophen provides no additive performance enhancing effect to caffeine during 6-min maximal cycling. In addition, change in PKA activity is likely not a major mechanism of performance improvement with caffeine.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Here, we show that acetaminophen does not provide additive performance improvement to caffeine during a 6-min cycling ergometer performance test, and that acetaminophen does not improve performance on its own. Neither substance affects peripheral fatigue, muscle glycolytic energy production, or phosphorylation of muscle proteins of importance for ion handling. In contrast to previous suggestions, increased epinephrine action on muscle cells does not appear to be a major contributor to the performance enhancement with caffeine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Jessen
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kasper Eibye
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Møller Christensen
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Team Danmark (Danish Elite Sports Organization), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Hostrup
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Bangsbo
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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10
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Regulation of Energy Substrate Metabolism in Endurance Exercise. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18094963. [PMID: 34066984 PMCID: PMC8124511 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The human body requires energy to function. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the cellular currency for energy-requiring processes including mechanical work (i.e., exercise). ATP used by the cells is ultimately derived from the catabolism of energy substrate molecules—carbohydrates, fat, and protein. In prolonged moderate to high-intensity exercise, there is a delicate interplay between carbohydrate and fat metabolism, and this bioenergetic process is tightly regulated by numerous physiological, nutritional, and environmental factors such as exercise intensity and duration, body mass and feeding state. Carbohydrate metabolism is of critical importance during prolonged endurance-type exercise, reflecting the physiological need to regulate glucose homeostasis, assuring optimal glycogen storage, proper muscle fuelling, and delaying the onset of fatigue. Fat metabolism represents a sustainable source of energy to meet energy demands and preserve the ‘limited’ carbohydrate stores. Coordinated neural, hormonal and circulatory events occur during prolonged endurance-type exercise, facilitating the delivery of fatty acids from adipose tissue to the working muscle for oxidation. However, with increasing exercise intensity, fat oxidation declines and is unable to supply ATP at the rate of the exercise demand. Protein is considered a subsidiary source of energy supporting carbohydrates and fat metabolism, contributing to approximately 10% of total ATP turnover during prolonged endurance-type exercise. In this review we present an overview of substrate metabolism during prolonged endurance-type exercise and the regulatory mechanisms involved in ATP turnover to meet the energetic demands of exercise.
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11
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Malone JJ, Hulton AT, MacLaren DPM. Exogenous carbohydrate and regulation of muscle carbohydrate utilisation during exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:1255-1269. [PMID: 33544230 PMCID: PMC8064975 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04609-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Carbohydrates (CHO) are one of the fundamental energy sources during prolonged steady state and intermittent exercise. The consumption of exogenous CHO during exercise is common place, with the aim to enhance sporting performance. Despite the popularity around exogenous CHO use, the process by which CHO is regulated from intake to its use in the working muscle is still not fully appreciated. Recent studies utilizing the hyperglycaemic glucose clamp technique have shed light on some of the potential barriers to CHO utilisation during exercise. The present review addresses the role of exogenous CHO utilisation during exercise, with a focus on potential mechanisms involved, from glucose uptake to glucose delivery and oxidation at the different stages of regulation. METHODS Narrative review. RESULTS A number of potential barriers were identified, including gastric emptying, intestinal absorption, blood flow (splanchnic and muscle), muscle uptake and oxidation. The relocation of glucose transporters plays a key role in the regulation of CHO, particularly in epithelial cells and subsequent transport into the blood. Limitations are also apparent when CHO is infused, particularly with regards to blood flow and uptake within the muscle. CONCLUSION We highlight a number of potential barriers involved with the regulation of both ingested and infused CHO during exercise. Future work on the influence of longitudinal training within the regulation processes (such as the gut) is warranted to further understand the optimal type, dose and method of CHO delivery to enhance sporting performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Malone
- School of Health Sciences, Liverpool Hope University, Taggart Avenue, Liverpool, L16 9JD, UK.
| | - Andrew T Hulton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Don P M MacLaren
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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12
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Carsetti A, Bignami E, Cortegiani A, Donadello K, Donati A, Foti G, Grasselli G, Romagnoli S, Antonelli M, DE Blasio E, Forfori F, Guarracino F, Scolletta S, Tritapepe L, Scudeller L, Cecconi M, Girardis M. Good clinical practice for the use of vasopressor and inotropic drugs in critically ill patients: state-of-the-art and expert consensus. Minerva Anestesiol 2021; 87:714-732. [PMID: 33432794 DOI: 10.23736/s0375-9393.20.14866-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Vasopressors and inotropic agents are widely used in critical care. However, strong evidence supporting their use in critically ill patients is lacking in many clinical scenarios. Thus, the Italian Society of Anesthesia and Intensive Care (SIAARTI) promoted a project aimed to provide indications for good clinical practice on the use of vasopressors and inotropes, and on the management of critically ill patients with shock. A panel of 16 experts in the field of intensive care medicine and hemodynamics has been established. Systematic review of the available literature was performed based on PICO questions. Basing on available evidence, the panel prepared a summary of evidence and then wrote the clinical questions. A modified semi-quantitative RAND/UCLA appropriateness method has been used to determine the appropriateness of specific clinical scenarios. The panel identified 29 clinical questions for the use of vasopressors and inotropes in patients with septic shock and cardiogenic shock. High level of agreement exists among the panel members about appropriateness of inotropes/vasopressors' use in patients with septic shock and cardiogenic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Carsetti
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, Ospedali Riuniti University Hospital, Ancona, Italy - .,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy -
| | - Elena Bignami
- Division of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea Cortegiani
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Science, Section of Anesthesia, Analgesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, Paolo Giaccone Polyclinic Hospital, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Katia Donadello
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care B Unit, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Pediatrics and Gynecology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Abele Donati
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, Ospedali Riuniti University Hospital, Ancona, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Foti
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, ASST Monza, San Gerardo Hospital, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Giacomo Grasselli
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Emergency, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Romagnoli
- Section of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Department of Health Science, University of Florence, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Massimo Antonelli
- Department of Anesthesiology Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, IRCCS A. Gemelli University Polyclinic Foundation, Rome, Italy.,Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Forfori
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Pisa, Pisa Italy
| | - Fabio Guarracino
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Pisana University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Sabino Scolletta
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Luigi Tritapepe
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigia Scudeller
- Scientific Direction, IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Cecconi
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Units, Humanitas Clinical and Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy and Department of Biomedical Science, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Girardis
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Modena University Hospital, Modena, Italy
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13
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Understanding the Determination of Meat Quality Using Biochemical Characteristics of the Muscle: Stress at Slaughter and Other Missing Keys. Foods 2021; 10:foods10010084. [PMID: 33406632 PMCID: PMC7823487 DOI: 10.3390/foods10010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite increasingly detailed knowledge of the biochemical processes involved in the determination of meat quality traits, robust models, using biochemical characteristics of the muscle to predict future meat quality, lack. The neglecting of various aspects of the model paradigm may explain this. First, preslaughter stress has a major impact on meat quality and varies according to slaughter context and individuals. Yet, it is rarely taken into account in meat quality models. Second, phenotypic similarity does not imply similarity in the underlying biological causes, and several models may be needed to explain a given phenotype. Finally, the implications of the complexity of biological systems are discussed: a homeostatic equilibrium can be reached in countless ways, involving thousands of interacting processes and molecules at different levels of the organism, changing over time and differing between animals. Consequently, even a robust model may explain a significant part, but not all of the variability between individuals.
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14
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Steiner JL, Johnson BR, Hickner RC, Ormsbee MJ, Williamson DL, Gordon BS. Adrenal stress hormone action in skeletal muscle during exercise training: An old dog with new tricks? Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 231:e13522. [PMID: 32506657 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exercise is a key component of a healthy lifestyle as it helps maintain a healthy body weight and reduces the risk of various morbidities and co-morbidities. Exercise is an acute physiological stress that initiates a multitude of processes that attempt to restore physiological homeostasis and promote adaptation. A component of the stress response to exercise is the rapid release of hormones from the adrenal gland including glucocorticoids, the catecholamines and aldosterone. While each hormone targets several tissues throughout the body, skeletal muscle is of interest as it is central to physical function and various metabolic processes. Indeed, adrenal stress hormones have been shown to elicit specific performance benefits on the muscle. However, how the acute, short-lived release of these stress hormones during exercise influences adaptations of skeletal muscle to long-term training remains largely unknown. Thus, the objective of this review was to briefly highlight the known impact of adrenal stress hormones on skeletal muscle metabolism and function (Old Dog), and critically examine the current evidence supporting a role for these endogenous hormones in mediating long-term training adaptations in skeletal muscle (New Tricks).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Steiner
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences Florida State University Tallahassee FL USA
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine Florida State University Tallahassee FL USA
| | - Bonde R. Johnson
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences Florida State University Tallahassee FL USA
| | - Robert C. Hickner
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences Florida State University Tallahassee FL USA
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine Florida State University Tallahassee FL USA
- Department of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences University of KwaZulu‐Natal Durban South Africa
| | - Michael J. Ormsbee
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences Florida State University Tallahassee FL USA
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine Florida State University Tallahassee FL USA
- Department of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences University of KwaZulu‐Natal Durban South Africa
| | - David L. Williamson
- Kinesiology Program School of Behavioral Sciences and Education Pennsylvania State University at Harrisburg Middletown PA USA
| | - Bradley S. Gordon
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences Florida State University Tallahassee FL USA
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine Florida State University Tallahassee FL USA
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15
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Hegewald MJ, Horne BD, Trudo F, Kreindler JL, Chung Y, Rea S, Blagev DP. Blood Eosinophil Count and Hospital Readmission in Patients with Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2020; 15:2629-2641. [PMID: 33122901 PMCID: PMC7591040 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s251115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose This retrospective, observational cohort study investigated the association of blood eosinophil counts within 1 week of hospitalization for acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD) with subsequent risk of all-cause and COPD-related readmission from a large integrated health system. Patients and Methods Electronic medical records were extracted for index hospitalization for AECOPD at all Intermountain Healthcare hospitals. The primary outcome was the relationship of blood eosinophil count to 30-day all-cause readmission; secondary outcomes were 60-day, 90-day, and 12-month all-cause readmission, COPD-related readmission, and empiric derivation of the eosinophil count with the highest area under the curve (AUC) for predicting 30-day all-cause readmission. Results Of 2445 included patients, 1935 (79%) had a blood eosinophil count <300 cells/µL and 510 (21%) had a count ≥300 cells/µL. Using a 300-cells/μL threshold, there was no significant difference between high and low eosinophil groups in 30-day (odds ratio [OR]=1.05, 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.75–1.47) or 60-day (OR=1.15, 95% CI=0.88–1.51) all-cause readmissions. However, patients with greater (versus lesser) eosinophil counts had increased 90-day and 12-month all-cause readmissions (OR=1.35, 95% CI=1.06–1.72, and OR=1.32, 95% CI=1.07–1.62). COPD-related readmission rates were significantly greater for patients with greater (versus lesser) eosinophil counts at 30, 60, and 90 days and 12 months (OR range=1.52–1.97). A total of 70 cells/µL had the most discriminatory power to predict 30-day all-cause readmission (highest AUC). Conclusion Eosinophil counts in patients with COPD were not associated with a difference in 30-day all-cause readmissions. However, greater eosinophil counts were associated with increased risk of all-cause readmission at 90 days and 12 months and COPD-related readmission at 30, 60, and 90 days and 12 months. Patients with eosinophils <70 cells/μL had the lowest risk for 30-day all-cause readmission. Blood eosinophils in patients hospitalized with AECOPD may be a useful biomarker for the risk of hospital readmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Hegewald
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, UT, USA.,Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Benjamin D Horne
- Intermountain Heart Institute at Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Frank Trudo
- Health Economics Outcomes Research, AstraZeneca, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - James L Kreindler
- Health Economics Outcomes Research, AstraZeneca, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Yen Chung
- Health Economics Outcomes Research, AstraZeneca, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Susan Rea
- Enterprise Analytics, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Denitza P Blagev
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, UT, USA.,Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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16
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McGee SL, Hargreaves M. Exercise adaptations: molecular mechanisms and potential targets for therapeutic benefit. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2020; 16:495-505. [PMID: 32632275 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-020-0377-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Exercise is fundamental for good health, whereas physical inactivity underpins many chronic diseases of modern society. It is well appreciated that regular exercise improves metabolism and the metabolic phenotype in a number of tissues. The phenotypic alterations observed in skeletal muscle are partly mediated by transcriptional responses that occur following each individual bout of exercise. This adaptive response increases oxidative capacity and influences the function of myokines and extracellular vesicles that signal to other tissues. Our understanding of the epigenetic and transcriptional mechanisms that mediate the skeletal muscle gene expression response to exercise as well as of their upstream signalling pathways has advanced substantially in the past 10 years. With this knowledge also comes the opportunity to design new therapeutic strategies based on the biology of exercise for a variety of chronic conditions where regular exercise might be a challenge. This Review provides an overview of the beneficial adaptive responses to exercise and details the molecular mechanisms involved. The possibility of designing therapeutic interventions based on these molecular mechanisms is addressed, using relevant examples that have exploited this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean L McGee
- Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine and Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (iMPACT), Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Mark Hargreaves
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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17
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Davis MA, Camacho LE, Anderson MJ, Steffens NR, Pendleton AL, Kelly AC, Limesand SW. Chronically elevated norepinephrine concentrations lower glucose uptake in fetal sheep. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2020; 319:R255-R263. [PMID: 32667834 PMCID: PMC7509250 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00365.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fetal conditions associated with placental insufficiency and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) chronically elevate plasma norepinephrine (NE) concentrations. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of chronically elevated NE on insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism in normally grown, non-IUGR fetal sheep, which are independent of other IUGR-related reductions in nutrients and oxygen availability. After surgical placement of catheters, near-term fetuses received either a saline (control) or NE intravenous infusion with controlled euglycemia. In NE fetuses, plasma NE concentrations were 5.5-fold greater than controls, and fetal euglycemia was maintained with a maternal insulin infusion. Insulin secretion was blunted in NE fetuses during an intravenous glucose tolerance test. Weight-specific fluxes for glucose were measured during a euinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (EEC) and a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (HEC). Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were not different between groups within each clamp, but insulin concentrations increased 10-fold between the EEC and the HEC. During the EEC, rates of glucose uptake (umbilical uptake + exogenous infusion) and glucose utilization were 47% and 35% lower (P < 0.05) in NE fetuses compared with controls. During the HEC, rates of glucose uptake were 28% lower (P < 0.05) in NE fetuses than controls. Glucose production was undetectable in either group, and glucose oxidation was unaffected by the NE infusion. These findings indicate that chronic exposure to high plasma NE concentrations lowers rates of net glucose uptake in the fetus without affecting glucose oxidation rates or initiating endogenous glucose production. Lower fetal glucose uptake was independent of insulin, which indicates insulin resistance as a consequence of chronically elevated NE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Davis
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Leticia E Camacho
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Miranda J Anderson
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Nathan R Steffens
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Alexander L Pendleton
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Amy C Kelly
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Sean W Limesand
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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18
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Montanari S, Şahin MA, Lee BJ, Blacker SD, Willems ME. No Effects of New Zealand Blackcurrant Extract on Physiological and Performance Responses in Trained Male Cyclists Undertaking Repeated Testing across a Week Period. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:sports8080114. [PMID: 32823733 PMCID: PMC7466623 DOI: 10.3390/sports8080114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanin supplements are receiving attention due to purported benefits to physiological, metabolic, and exercise responses in trained individuals. However, the efficacy of anthocyanin intake over multiple testing days is not known. We compared a placebo and two doses of anthocyanin-rich New Zealand blackcurrant (NZBC) extract (300 and 600 mg·day−1) on plasma lactate, substrate oxidation, and 16.1 km time trial (TT) performance on three occasions over 7-days in a fed state (day 1 (D1), D4, and D7). Thirteen male cyclists participated in a randomized, crossover, placebo-controlled double-blind design. There was no difference in plasma lactate and substrate oxidation between conditions and between days. A time difference was observed between D1 (1701 ± 163 s) and D4 (1682 ± 162 s) for 600 mg (p = 0.05), with an increment in average speed (D1 = 34.3 ± 3.4 vs. D4 = 34.8 ± 3.4 km·h−1, p = 0.04). However, there was no difference between the other days and between conditions. Overall, one week of intake of NZBC extract did not affect physiological and metabolic responses. Intake of 600 mg of NZBC extract showed inconsistent benefits in improving 16.1 km time trial performance over a week period in trained fed cyclists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Montanari
- Institute of Sport, University of Chichester, College Lane, Chichester PO19 6PE, UK; (S.M.); (M.A.Ş.); (B.J.L.); (S.D.B.)
| | - Mehmet A. Şahin
- Institute of Sport, University of Chichester, College Lane, Chichester PO19 6PE, UK; (S.M.); (M.A.Ş.); (B.J.L.); (S.D.B.)
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Ben J. Lee
- Institute of Sport, University of Chichester, College Lane, Chichester PO19 6PE, UK; (S.M.); (M.A.Ş.); (B.J.L.); (S.D.B.)
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
| | - Sam D. Blacker
- Institute of Sport, University of Chichester, College Lane, Chichester PO19 6PE, UK; (S.M.); (M.A.Ş.); (B.J.L.); (S.D.B.)
| | - Mark E.T. Willems
- Institute of Sport, University of Chichester, College Lane, Chichester PO19 6PE, UK; (S.M.); (M.A.Ş.); (B.J.L.); (S.D.B.)
- Correspondence:
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19
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Akinmoladun O, Fon F, Mpendulo C. Stress indicators, carcass characteristics and meat quality of Xhosa goats subjected to different watering regimen and vitamin C supplementation. Livest Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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20
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Maffetone P, Laursen PB. Maximum Aerobic Function: Clinical Relevance, Physiological Underpinnings, and Practical Application. Front Physiol 2020; 11:296. [PMID: 32300310 PMCID: PMC7142223 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The earliest humans relied on large quantities of metabolic energy from the oxidation of fatty acids to develop larger brains and bodies, prevent and reduce disease risk, extend longevity, in addition to other benefits. This was enabled through the consumption of a high fat and low-carbohydrate diet (LCD). Increased fat oxidation also supported daily bouts of prolonged, low-intensity, aerobic-based physical activity. Over the past 40-plus years, a clinical program has been developed to help people manage their lifestyles to promote increased fat oxidation as a means to improve various aspects of health and fitness that include reducing excess body fat, preventing disease, and optimizing human performance. This program is referred to as maximum aerobic function, and includes the practical application of a personalized exercise heart rate (HR) formula of low-to-moderate intensity associated with maximal fat oxidation (MFO), and without the need for laboratory evaluations. The relationship between exercise training at this HR and associated laboratory measures of MFO, health outcomes and athletic performance must be verified scientifically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Maffetone
- Independent Researcher, Ormond Beach, FL, United States.,Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paul B Laursen
- Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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21
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Divo MJ, DePietro MR, Horton JR, Maguire CA, Celli BR. Metabolic and cardiorespiratory effects of decreasing lung hyperinflation with budesonide/formoterol in COPD: a randomized, double-crossover, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. Respir Res 2020; 21:26. [PMID: 31959167 PMCID: PMC6972029 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-020-1288-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies suggest that acute decreases in lung hyperinflation at rest improves cardiac function and increases lung vascular perfusion from decompression of a compromised heart. In those studies, changes in resting oxygen uptake induced by medications, an alternative explanation for compensatory increased cardiac function, were not explored. METHODS This double-blind, multicenter, double-crossover study enrolled adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, resting hyperinflation, and > 10% improvement in inspiratory capacity after 2 inhalations of budesonide/formoterol 160/4.5 μg. Metabolic, cardiac, and ventilatory function were measured 60 min pre-/post-dose at each visit. Primary endpoint was change in resting oxygen uptake for budesonide/formoterol versus placebo. RESULTS Fifty-one patients (median age: 63 years) received treatment. Compared with placebo, budesonide/formoterol significantly increased resting oxygen uptake (mean change from baseline: 1.25 vs 11.37 mL/min; P = 0.007) as well as tidal volume and minute ventilation. This occurred despite improvements in the inspiratory capacity, forced vital capacity, and expiratory volume in 1 s. No significant treatment differences were seen for oxygen saturation, respiratory rate, and resting dyspnea. There was a numerical increase in oxygen pulse (oxygen uptake/heart rate). Correlations between inspiratory capacity and oxygen pulse were weak. CONCLUSIONS Budesonide/formoterol treatment in resting hyperinflated patients with COPD results in significant deflation. The increase in oxygen uptake and minute ventilation at lower lung volumes, without changes in heart rate and with minimal improvement in oxygen pulse, suggests increased oxygen demand as a contributor to increased cardiac function. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02533505.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel J Divo
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Michael R DePietro
- AstraZeneca LP, Wilmington, DE, USA.,Current affiliation: Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, PA, USA
| | | | - Cherie A Maguire
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Bartolome R Celli
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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22
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Diurnal Variation of Maximal Fat-Oxidation Rate in Trained Male Athletes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2019; 14:1140-1146. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To analyze the diurnal variation of maximal fat oxidation (MFO) and the intensity that elicits MFO (Fatmax) in trained male athletes. Methods: A total of 12 endurance-trained male athletes age 24.7 (4.1) y participated in the study. The authors measured MFO, Fatmax, maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max), and VO2 percentage at ventilatory threshold 2 with a graded exercise protocol performed on 2 days separated by 1 wk. One test was performed in the morning and the other in the afternoon. The authors assessed the participants’ chronotype using the HÖME questionnaire. Results: MFO and Fatmax were greater in the afternoon than in the morning (Δ = 13%, P < .001 and Δ = 6%, P = .001, respectively), whereas there were similar VO2max and ventilatory threshold 2 in the morning, than in the afternoon test (Δ = 0.2%, P = .158 and Δ = 7%, P = .650, respectively). There was a strong positive association between VO2max and MFO in both morning and afternoon assessments (R2 = .783, P = .001 and R2 = .663, P < .001, respectively). Similarly, there was a positive association between VO2max and Fatmax in both morning and afternoon assessments (R2 = .406, P = .024 and R2 = .414, P = .026, respectively). Conclusion: MFO and Fatmax may partially explain some of the observed diurnal variation in the performance of endurance sports.
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23
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Griffiths A, Deighton K, Shannon OM, Matu J, King R, O'Hara JP. Substrate oxidation and the influence of breakfast in normobaric hypoxia and normoxia. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:1909-1920. [PMID: 31270614 PMCID: PMC6694084 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04179-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous research has reported inconsistent effects of hypoxia on substrate oxidation, which may be due to differences in methodological design, such as pre-exercise nutritional status and exercise intensity. This study investigated the effect of breakfast consumption on substrate oxidation at varying exercise intensities in normobaric hypoxia compared with normoxia. METHODS Twelve participants rested and exercised once after breakfast consumption and once after omission in normobaric hypoxia (4300 m: FiO2 ~ 11.7%) and normoxia. Exercise consisted of walking for 20 min at 40%, 50% and 60% of altitude-specific [Formula: see text]O2max at 10-15% gradient with a 10 kg backpack. Indirect calorimetry was used to calculate carbohydrate and fat oxidation. RESULTS The relative contribution of carbohydrate oxidation to energy expenditure was significantly reduced in hypoxia compared with normoxia during exercise after breakfast omission at 40% (22.4 ± 17.5% vs. 38.5 ± 15.5%, p = 0.03) and 60% [Formula: see text]O2max (35.4 ± 12.4 vs. 50.1 ± 17.6%, p = 0.03), with a trend observed at 50% [Formula: see text]O2max (23.6 ± 17.9% vs. 38.1 ± 17.0%, p = 0.07). The relative contribution of carbohydrate oxidation to energy expenditure was not significantly different in hypoxia compared with normoxia during exercise after breakfast consumption at 40% (42.4 ± 15.7% vs. 48.5 ± 13.3%, p = 0.99), 50% (43.1 ± 11.7% vs. 47.1 ± 14.0%, p = 0.99) and 60% [Formula: see text]O2max (54.6 ± 17.8% vs. 55.1 ± 15.0%, p = 0.99). CONCLUSIONS Relative carbohydrate oxidation was significantly reduced in hypoxia compared with normoxia during exercise after breakfast omission but not during exercise after breakfast consumption. This response remained consistent with increasing exercise intensities. These findings may explain some of the disparity in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Griffiths
- Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK.
| | - Kevin Deighton
- Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK
| | - Oliver M Shannon
- Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK.,Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Leech Building, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Jamie Matu
- Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK
| | - Roderick King
- Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK
| | - John P O'Hara
- Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK
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24
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Sumi D, Kasai N, Ito H, Goto K. The Effects of Endurance Exercise in Hypoxia on Acid-Base Balance, Potassium Kinetics, and Exogenous Glucose Oxidation. Front Physiol 2019; 10:504. [PMID: 31156445 PMCID: PMC6531820 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the carbohydrate metabolism, acid–base balance, and potassium kinetics in response to exercise in moderate hypoxia among endurance athletes. Methods Nine trained endurance athletes [maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max): 62.5 ± 1.2 mL/kg/min] completed two different trials on different days: either exercise in moderate hypoxia [fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) = 14.5%, HYPO] or exercise in normoxia (FiO2 = 20.9%, NOR). They performed a high-intensity interval-type endurance exercise consisting of 10 × 3 min runs at 90% of VO2max with 60 s of running (active rest) at 50% of VO2max between sets in hypoxia (HYPO) or normoxia (NOR). Venous blood samples were obtained before exercise and during the post-exercise. The subjects consumed 13C-labeled glucose immediately before exercise, and we collected expired gas samples during exercise to determine the 13C-excretion (calculated as 13CO2/12CO2). Results The running velocities were significantly lower in HYPO (15.0 ± 0.2 km/h) than in NOR (16.4 ± 0.3 km/h, P < 0.0001). Despite the lower running velocity, we found a significantly greater exercise-induced blood lactate elevation in HYPO compared with in NOR (P = 0.002). The bicarbonate ion concentration (P = 0.002) and blood pH (P = 0.002) were significantly lower in HYPO than in NOR. There were no significant differences between the two trials regarding the exercise-induced blood potassium elevation (P = 0.87) or 13C-excretion (HYPO, 0.21 ± 0.02 mmol⋅39 min; NOR, 0.14 ± 0.03 mmol⋅39 min; P = 0.10). Conclusion Endurance exercise in moderate hypoxia elicited a decline in blood pH. However, it did not augment the exercise-induced blood K+ elevation or exogenous glucose oxidation (13C-excretion) compared with the equivalent exercise in normoxia among endurance athletes. The findings suggest that endurance exercise in moderate hypoxia causes greater metabolic stress and similar exercise-induced elevation of blood K+ and exogenous glucose oxidation compared with the same exercise in normoxia, despite lower mechanical stress (i.e., lower running velocity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Sumi
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Nobukazu Kasai
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Hiroto Ito
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Kazushige Goto
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan.,Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
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25
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Sacha GL, Bauer SR, Lat I. Vasoactive Agent Use in Septic Shock: Beyond First-Line Recommendations. Pharmacotherapy 2019; 39:369-381. [PMID: 30644586 DOI: 10.1002/phar.2220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Septic shock is a life-threatening disorder associated with high mortality rates requiring rapid identification and intervention. Vasoactive agents are often required to maintain goal hemodynamics and preserve tissue perfusion. However, guidance regarding the proper administration of adjunct agents for the management of septic shock is limited in patients who are refractory to norepinephrine. This review summarizes vasopressor agents and describes the nuanced application of these agents in patients with septic shock, specifically focusing on clinical scenarios with limited guidance including patients who are nonresponsive to first-line agents and individuals with mixed shock states, tachyarrhythmias, obesity, valvular abnormalities, or other comorbid conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seth R Bauer
- Department of Pharmacy, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Ishaq Lat
- Department of Pharmacy, Shirley Ryan Ability Lab, Chicago, Illinois
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26
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Onslev J, Jensen J, Bangsbo J, Wojtaszewski J, Hostrup M. β2-Agonist Induces Net Leg Glucose Uptake and Free Fatty Acid Release at Rest but Not During Exercise in Young Men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:647-657. [PMID: 30285125 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-01349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The role of selective β2-adrenergic stimulation in regulation of leg glucose uptake and free fatty acid (FFA) balance is inadequately explored in humans. The objective of this study was to investigate β2-adrenergic effects on net leg glucose uptake and clearance, as well as FFA balance at rest and during exercise. DESIGN The study was a randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial where 10 healthy men received either infusion of β2-agonist terbutaline (0.2 to 0.4 mg) or placebo. Net leg glucose uptake and clearance and FFA balance were determined at rest and during 8 minutes of knee extensor exercise using Fick's principle. Vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were collected at rest and at cessation of exercise. The primary outcome measure was net leg glucose uptake. RESULTS At rest, net leg glucose uptake and clearance were 0.35 (±0.16) mmol/min and 41 (±17) mL/min (mean ± 95% CI) higher (P < 0.001) for terbutaline than placebo, corresponding to increases of 84% and 70%. During exercise, no treatment differences were observed in net leg glucose uptake, whereas clearance was 101 (±86) mL/min lower (P < 0.05) for terbutaline than placebo. At rest, terbutaline induced a net leg FFA release of 21 (±14) µmol/min, being different from placebo (P = 0.04). During exercise, net leg FFA uptake was not different between the treatments. CONCLUSIONS These observations indicate that β2-agonist alters net leg glucose uptake and clearance, as well as FFA balance in humans, which is associated with myocellular β2-adrenergic and insulin-dependent signaling. Furthermore, the study shows that exercise confounds the β2-adrenergic effect on net leg glucose uptake and FFA balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Onslev
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Jensen
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jens Bangsbo
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Wojtaszewski
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Hostrup
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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27
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Griffiths A, Shannon OM, Matu J, King R, Deighton K, O'Hara JP. The effects of environmental hypoxia on substrate utilisation during exercise: a meta-analysis. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2019; 16:10. [PMID: 30813949 PMCID: PMC6391781 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-019-0277-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A better understanding of hypoxia-induced changes in substrate utilisation can facilitate the development of nutritional strategies for mountaineers, military personnel and athletes during exposure to altitude. However, reported metabolic responses are currently divergent. As such, this systematic review and meta-analysis aims to determine the changes in substrate utilisation during exercise in hypoxia compared with normoxia and identify study characteristics responsible for the heterogeneity in findings. Methods A total of six databases (PubMed, the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, PsychINFO, and CINAHL via EBSCOhost) were searched for published original studies, conference proceedings, abstracts, dissertations and theses. Studies were included if they evaluated respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and/or carbohydrate or fat oxidation during steady state exercise matched for relative intensities in normoxia and hypoxia (normobaric or hypobaric). A random-effects meta-analysis was performed on outcome variables. Meta-regression analysis was performed to investigate potential sources of heterogeneity. Results In total, 18 studies were included in the meta-analysis. There was no significant change in RER during exercise matched for relative exercise intensities in hypoxia, compared with normoxia (mean difference: 0.01, 95% CI: -0.02 to 0.05; n = 31, p = 0.45). Meta-regression analysis suggests that consumption of a pre-exercise meal (p < 0.01) and a higher exercise intensity (p = 0.04) when exposed to hypoxia may increase carbohydrate oxidation compared with normoxia. Conclusions Exposure to hypoxia did not induce a consistent change in the relative contribution of carbohydrate or fat to the total energy yield during exercise matched for relative intensities, compared with normoxia. The direction of these responses appears to be mediated by the consumption of a pre-exercise meal and exercise intensity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12970-019-0277-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Griffiths
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK.
| | - Oliver M Shannon
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK.,Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Leech Building, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Jamie Matu
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK.,Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, 2nd floor Chapel Allerton Hospital, Chapeltown Road, Leeds, LS7 4SA, UK
| | - Roderick King
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK
| | - Kevin Deighton
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK
| | - John P O'Hara
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK
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28
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Rosenstein PG, Tennent-Brown BS, Hughes D. Clinical use of plasma lactate concentration. Part 1: Physiology, pathophysiology, and measurement. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2018. [PMID: 29533512 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the current literature with respect to the physiology, pathophysiology, and measurement of lactate. DATA SOURCES Data were sourced from veterinary and human clinical trials, retrospective studies, experimental studies, and review articles. Articles were retrieved without date restrictions and were sourced primarily via PubMed, Scopus, and CAB Abstracts as well as by manual selection. HUMAN AND VETERINARY DATA SYNTHESIS Lactate is an important energy storage molecule, the production of which preserves cellular energy production and mitigates the acidosis from ATP hydrolysis. Although the most common cause of hyperlactatemia is inadequate tissue oxygen delivery, hyperlactatemia can, and does occur in the face of apparently adequate oxygen supply. At a cellular level, the pathogenesis of hyperlactatemia varies widely depending on the underlying cause. Microcirculatory dysfunction, mitochondrial dysfunction, and epinephrine-mediated stimulation of Na+ -K+ -ATPase pumps are likely important contributors to hyperlactatemia in critically ill patients. Ultimately, hyperlactatemia is a marker of altered cellular bioenergetics. CONCLUSION The etiology of hyperlactatemia is complex and multifactorial. Understanding the relevant pathophysiology is helpful when characterizing hyperlactatemia in clinical patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia G Rosenstein
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brett S Tennent-Brown
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dez Hughes
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
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29
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Hargreaves M, Spriet LL. Exercise Metabolism: Fuels for the Fire. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8:cshperspect.a029744. [PMID: 28533314 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During exercise, the supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is essential for the energy-dependent processes that underpin ongoing contractile activity. These pathways involve both substrate-level phosphorylation, without any need for oxygen, and oxidative phosphorylation that is critically dependent on oxygen delivery to contracting skeletal muscle by the respiratory and cardiovascular systems and on the supply of reducing equivalents from the degradation of carbohydrate, fat, and, to a limited extent, protein fuel stores. The relative contribution of these pathways is primarily determined by exercise intensity, but also modulated by training status, preceding diet, age, gender, and environmental conditions. Optimal substrate availability and utilization before, during, and after exercise is critical for maintaining exercise performance. This review provides a brief overview of exercise metabolism, with expanded discussion of the regulation of muscle glucose uptake and fatty acid uptake and oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Hargreaves
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Lawrence L Spriet
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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30
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Nakagawa Y, Ishimura K, Oya S, Kamino M, Fujii Y, Nanba F, Toda T, Ishii T, Adachi T, Suhara Y, Osakabe N. Comparison of the sympathetic stimulatory abilities of B-type procyanidins based on induction of uncoupling protein-1 in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and increased plasma catecholamine (CA) in mice. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201203. [PMID: 30059510 PMCID: PMC6066223 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We previously found that elevated energy expenditure following a single oral dose of flavan 3-ols (FL), a mixture of catechins and B type procyanidins, is caused by sympathetic nerve activation. In the present study, we compared the activity of the FL components (-)-epicatechin (EC; monomer), procyanidin B2 (B2; dimer), procyanidin C1 (C1; trimer), cinnamtannin A2 (A2; tetramer), and more than pentamer fraction (P5). METHODS Male ICR mice were treated with a single oral dose of FL, EC, B2, C1, A2, or P5. The animals were sacrificed and blood and brown adipose tissue (BAT) sampled. The plasma catecholamine (CA) levels and BAT uncoupling protein (UCP)-1 mRNA expression were determined. RESULTS A single dose of 10 mg/kg FL significantly increased plasma CA and UCP-1 mRNA levels. B2, C1, and A2, but not EC and P5 (all at 1 mg/kg), significantly increased plasma adrenaline levels. Plasma noradrenaline was significantly elevated by B2 and A2, but not by EC, C1, or P5. UCP-1 mRNA levels were significantly increased by C1 and P5. In the dose response study of A2, 10-3 mg/kg A2 increased UCP-1 mRNA levels significantly, but not 10-2 and 10-1 mg/kg A2. In addition, combination treatment with 10-1 mg/kg A2 and yohimbine, an α2 adrenalin blocker, remarkably increased UCP-1 mRNA levels. CONCLUSION These results suggest that FL and its components, except EC, increase UCP-1 mRNA and plasma CA with varying efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Nakagawa
- Department of Bio-science and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Munumaku, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kana Ishimura
- Department of Bio-science and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Munumaku, Saitama, Japan
| | - Satomi Oya
- Department of Bio-science and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Munumaku, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masaki Kamino
- Department of Bio-science and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Munumaku, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Fujii
- Department of Bio-science and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Munumaku, Saitama, Japan
| | - Fumio Nanba
- Department of Research and Development, Fujicco. Co. Ltd., Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Toshiya Toda
- Department of Research and Development, Fujicco. Co. Ltd., Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ishii
- Department of Nutrition, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takahiro Adachi
- Department of Immunology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitomo Suhara
- Department of Bio-science and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Munumaku, Saitama, Japan
| | - Naomi Osakabe
- Department of Bio-science and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Munumaku, Saitama, Japan
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31
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Abstract
Circulatory shock is defined as an imbalance between tissue oxygen supply and demand, and mostly results from a loss of blood volume, cardiac pump failure, and/or reduction of vasomotor tone. The clinical hallmarks of circulatory shock are arterial hypotension and lactate acidosis. Since the degree and duration of hypotension are major determinants of outcome, vasopressor administration represents a cornerstone therapy to treat these patients. Current guidelines recommend the use of catecholamines as the drug of first choice. However, apart from their hemodynamic effects, which depend on the different receptor profile, receptor affinity, receptor density, and the relative potency of the individual molecule, catecholamines have numerous other biological effects as a result of the ubiquitous presence of their receptors. In shock states, catecholamines aggravate hypermetabolism by promoting hyperglycemia and hyperlactatemia, and further increase oxygen demands, which can contribute to further organ damage. In the mitochondria, catecholamines may promote mitochondrial uncoupling, and aggravate oxidative stress, thereby contributing to the progression of mitochondrial dysfunction. Immunological side effects have also gained specific attention. Although both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects have been described, current evidence strongly indicates an immunosuppressive effect, thereby making patients potentially vulnerable to secondary infections. Catecholamines may not only decrease splanchnic perfusion due to their vasoconstrictor properties, but can also directly impair gastrointestinal motility. This article reviews the non-hemodynamic effects of different catecholamines, both under physiologic and pathophysiologic conditions, with a special focus on energy metabolism, mitochondrial function, immune response, and the gastrointestinal system.
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Hatamoto Y, Goya R, Yamada Y, Yoshimura E, Nishimura S, Higaki Y, Tanaka H. Effect of exercise timing on elevated postprandial glucose levels. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 123:278-284. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00608.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is no consensus regarding optimal exercise timing for reducing postprandial glucose (PPG). The purpose of the present study was to determine the most effective exercise timing. Eleven participants completed four different exercise patterns 1) no exercise; 2) preprandial exercise (jogging); 3) postprandial exercise; and 4) brief periodic exercise intervention (three sets of 1-min jogging + 30 s of rest, every 30 min, 20 times total) in a random order separated by a minimum of 5 days. Preprandial and postprandial exercise consisted of 20 sets of intermittent exercise (1 min of jogging + 30 s rest per set) repeated 3 times per day. Total daily exercise volume was identical for all three exercise patterns. Exercise intensities were 62.4 ± 12.9% V̇o2peak. Blood glucose concentrations were measured continuously throughout each trial for 24 h. After breakfast, peak blood glucose concentrations were lower with brief periodic exercise (99 ± 6 mg/dl) than those with preprandial and postprandial exercise (109 ± 10 and 115 ± 14 mg/dl, respectively, P < 0.05, effect size = 0.517). After lunch, peak glucose concentrations were lower with brief periodic exercise than those with postprandial exercise (97 ± 5 and 108 ± 8 mg/dl, P < 0.05, effect size = 0.484). After dinner, peak glucose concentrations did not significantly differ among exercise patterns. Areas under the curve over 24 h and 2 h postprandially did not differ among exercise patterns. These findings suggest that brief periodic exercise may be more effective than preprandial and postprandial exercise at attenuating PPG in young active individuals. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This was the first study to investigate the effect of different exercise timing (brief periodic vs. preprandial vs. postprandial exercise) on postprandial glucose (PPG) attenuation in active healthy men. We demonstrated that brief periodic exercise attenuated peak PPG levels more than preprandial and postprandial exercise, particularly in the morning. Additionally, PPG rebounded soon after discontinuing postprandial exercise. Thus, brief periodic exercise may be better than preprandial and postprandial exercise at attenuating PPG levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Hatamoto
- The Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryoma Goya
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yosuke Yamada
- The Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Nutritional Science, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Eichi Yoshimura
- Department of Food and Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Kumamoto Faculty of Environmental and Symbiotic Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Sena Nishimura
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasuki Higaki
- The Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity, Fukuoka, Japan
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tanaka
- The Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity, Fukuoka, Japan
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Skovgaard C, Almquist NW, Bangsbo J. The effect of repeated periods of speed endurance training on performance, running economy, and muscle adaptations. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2017; 28:381-390. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Skovgaard
- Department of Nutrition; Exercise and Sports; Section of Integrated Physiology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
- Team Danmark (Danish Elite Sports Organization); Copenhagen Denmark
| | - N. W. Almquist
- Department of Nutrition; Exercise and Sports; Section of Integrated Physiology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - J. Bangsbo
- Department of Nutrition; Exercise and Sports; Section of Integrated Physiology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
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Skovgaard C, Almquist NW, Bangsbo J. Effect of increased and maintained frequency of speed endurance training on performance and muscle adaptations in runners. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 122:48-59. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00537.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was, in runners accustomed to speed endurance training (SET), to examine the effect of increased and maintained frequency of SET on performance and muscular adaptations. After familiarization (FAM) to SET, 18 male ( n = 14) and female ( n = 4) runners (V̇o2max: 57.3 ± 3.4 ml/min; means ± SD) completed 20 sessions of maintained low-frequency (LF; every fourth day; n = 7) or high-frequency (HF; every second day; n = 11) SET. Before FAM as well as before and after an intervention period (INT), subjects completed a series of running tests and a biopsy from m. vastus lateralis was collected. Ten-kilometer performance improved ( P < 0.05) ~3.5% during FAM with no further change during INT. Time to exhaustion at 90% vV̇o2max was 15 and 22% longer ( P < 0.05) during FAM and a further 12 and 16% longer ( P < 0.05) during INT in HF and LF, respectively. During FAM, muscle expression of NHE1 and maximal activity of citrate synthase (CS) and phosphofructokinase (PFK) increased ( P < 0.05), running economy (RE) improved ( P < 0.05), and V̇o2max was unchanged. During INT, both HF and LF increased ( P < 0.05) muscle expression of NKAβ1, whereas maximal activity of CS and PFK, RE, and V̇o2max were unchanged. Furthermore, during INT, muscle expression of FXYD1 and SERCA1, and FXYD1 activity increased ( P < 0.05) in HF, while muscle expression of SERCA2 decreased ( P < 0.05) in LF. Thus increased or maintained frequency of SET leads to further improvements in short-term exercise capacity, but not in 10-km running performance. The better short-term exercise capacity may be associated with elevated expression of muscle proteins related to Na+/K+ transportation and Ca2+ reuptake. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Ten speed endurance training (SET) sessions improved short-term exercise capacity and 10-km performance, which was followed by further improved short-term exercise capacity, but unchanged 10-km performance after 20 SET sessions performed with either high frequency (4 per 8 days) or continued low frequency (2 per 8 days) in trained runners. The further gain in short-term exercise capacity was associated with changes in muscle expression of proteins of importance for the development of fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casper Skovgaard
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section of Integrated Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
- Team Danmark (Danish Elite Sports Organization), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicki Winfield Almquist
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section of Integrated Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Jens Bangsbo
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section of Integrated Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
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Zafeiridis A, Chatziioannou AC, Sarivasiliou H, Kyparos A, Nikolaidis MG, Vrabas IS, Pechlivanis A, Zoumpoulakis P, Baskakis C, Dipla K, Theodoridis GA. Global Metabolic Stress of Isoeffort Continuous and High Intensity Interval Aerobic Exercise: A Comparative 1H NMR Metabonomic Study. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:4452-4463. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Zafeiridis
- Exercise
Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Physical Education
and Sport Sciences at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres 62121, Greece
| | | | - Haralambos Sarivasiliou
- Exercise
Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Physical Education
and Sport Sciences at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres 62121, Greece
| | - Antonios Kyparos
- Exercise
Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Physical Education
and Sport Sciences at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres 62121, Greece
| | - Michalis G. Nikolaidis
- Exercise
Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Physical Education
and Sport Sciences at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres 62121, Greece
| | - Ioannis S. Vrabas
- Exercise
Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Physical Education
and Sport Sciences at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres 62121, Greece
| | - Alexandros Pechlivanis
- Biomolecular
Medicine, Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department
of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
| | - Panagiotis Zoumpoulakis
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry & Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, Athens, 11635 Greece
| | - Constantinos Baskakis
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry & Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, Athens, 11635 Greece
| | - Konstantina Dipla
- Exercise
Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Physical Education
and Sport Sciences at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres 62121, Greece
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Thompson EL, Ray CJ, Holmes AP, Pye RL, Wyatt CN, Coney AM, Kumar P. Adrenaline release evokes hyperpnoea and an increase in ventilatory CO2 sensitivity during hypoglycaemia: a role for the carotid body. J Physiol 2016; 594:4439-52. [PMID: 27027261 DOI: 10.1113/jp272191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Hypoglycaemia is counteracted by release of hormones and an increase in ventilation and CO2 sensitivity to restore blood glucose levels and prevent a fall in blood pH. The full counter-regulatory response and an appropriate increase in ventilation is dependent on carotid body stimulation. We show that the hypoglycaemia-induced increase in ventilation and CO2 sensitivity is abolished by preventing adrenaline release or blocking its receptors. Physiological levels of adrenaline mimicked the effect of hypoglycaemia on ventilation and CO2 sensitivity. These results suggest that adrenaline, rather than low glucose, is an adequate stimulus for the carotid body-mediated changes in ventilation and CO2 sensitivity during hypoglycaemia to prevent a serious acidosis in poorly controlled diabetes. ABSTRACT Hypoglycaemia in vivo induces a counter-regulatory response that involves the release of hormones to restore blood glucose levels. Concomitantly, hypoglycaemia evokes a carotid body-mediated hyperpnoea that maintains arterial CO2 levels and prevents respiratory acidosis in the face of increased metabolism. It is unclear whether the carotid body is directly stimulated by low glucose or by a counter-regulatory hormone such as adrenaline. Minute ventilation was recorded during infusion of insulin-induced hypoglycaemia (8-17 mIU kg(-1) min(-1) ) in Alfaxan-anaesthetised male Wistar rats. Hypoglycaemia significantly augmented minute ventilation (123 ± 4 to 143 ± 7 ml min(-1) ) and CO2 sensitivity (3.3 ± 0.3 to 4.4 ± 0.4 ml min(-1) mmHg(-1) ). These effects were abolished by either β-adrenoreceptor blockade with propranolol or adrenalectomy. In this hypermetabolic, hypoglycaemic state, propranolol stimulated a rise in P aC O2, suggestive of a ventilation-metabolism mismatch. Infusion of adrenaline (1 μg kg(-1) min(-1) ) increased minute ventilation (145 ± 4 to 173 ± 5 ml min(-1) ) without altering P aC O2 or pH and enhanced ventilatory CO2 sensitivity (3.4 ± 0.4 to 5.1 ± 0.8 ml min(-1) mmHg(-1) ). These effects were attenuated by either resection of the carotid sinus nerve or propranolol. Physiological concentrations of adrenaline increased the CO2 sensitivity of freshly dissociated carotid body type I cells in vitro. These findings suggest that adrenaline release can account for the ventilatory hyperpnoea observed during hypoglycaemia by an augmented carotid body and whole body ventilatory CO2 sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Thompson
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Clare J Ray
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.,Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Andrew P Holmes
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Richard L Pye
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Christopher N Wyatt
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Andrew M Coney
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.,Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Prem Kumar
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.,Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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37
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Hargreaves M. Exercise, muscle, and CHO metabolism. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2015; 25 Suppl 4:29-33. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Hargreaves
- Department of Physiology; The University of Melbourne; Melbourne Victoria Australia
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Mul JD, Stanford KI, Hirshman MF, Goodyear LJ. Exercise and Regulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 135:17-37. [PMID: 26477909 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are the preferred substrate for contracting skeletal muscles during high-intensity exercise and are also readily utilized during moderate intensity exercise. This use of carbohydrates during physical activity likely played an important role during the survival of early Homo sapiens, and genes and traits regulating physical activity, carbohydrate metabolism, and energy storage have undoubtedly been selected throughout evolution. In contrast to the life of early H. sapiens, modern lifestyles are predominantly sedentary. As a result, intake of excessive amounts of carbohydrates due to the easy and continuous accessibility to modern high-energy food and drinks has not only become unnecessary but also led to metabolic diseases in the face of physical inactivity. A resulting metabolic disease is type 2 diabetes, a complex endocrine disorder characterized by abnormally high concentrations of circulating glucose. This disease now affects millions of people worldwide. Exercise has beneficial effects to help control impaired glucose homeostasis with metabolic disease, and is a well-established tool to prevent and combat type 2 diabetes. This chapter focuses on the effects of exercise on carbohydrate metabolism in skeletal muscle and systemic glucose homeostasis. We will also focus on the molecular mechanisms that mediate the effects of exercise to increase glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. It is now well established that there are different proximal signaling pathways that mediate the effects of exercise and insulin on glucose uptake, and these distinct mechanisms are consistent with the ability of exercise to increase glucose uptake in the face of insulin resistance in people with type 2 diabetes. Ongoing research in this area is aimed at defining the precise mechanism by which exercise increases glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity and the types of exercise necessary for these important health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joram D Mul
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kristin I Stanford
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael F Hirshman
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Laurie J Goodyear
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham, and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Trewin AJ, Lundell LS, Perry BD, Patil KV, Chibalin AV, Levinger I, McQuade LR, Stepto NK. Effect of N-acetylcysteine infusion on exercise-induced modulation of insulin sensitivity and signaling pathways in human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 309:E388-97. [PMID: 26105008 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00605.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
-Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced in skeletal muscle may play a role in potentiating the beneficial responses to exercise; however, the effects of exercise-induced ROS on insulin action and protein signaling in humans has not been fully elucidated. Seven healthy, recreationally active participants volunteered for this double-blind, randomized, repeated-measures crossover study. Exercise was undertaken with infusion of saline (CON) or the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) to attenuate ROS. Participants performed two 1-h cycling exercise sessions 7-14 days apart, 55 min at 65% V̇o2peak plus 5 min at 85%V̇o2peak, followed 3 h later by a 2-h hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp (40 mIU·min(-1)·m(2)) to determine insulin sensitivity. Four muscle biopsies were taken on each trial day, at baseline before NAC infusion (BASE), after exercise (EX), after 3-h recovery (REC), and post-insulin clamp (PI). Exercise, ROS, and insulin action on protein phosphorylation were evaluated with immunoblotting. NAC tended to decrease postexercise markers of the ROS/protein carbonylation ratio by -13.5% (P = 0.08) and increase the GSH/GSSG ratio twofold vs. CON (P < 0.05). Insulin sensitivity was reduced (-5.9%, P < 0.05) by NAC compared with CON without decreased phosphorylation of Akt or AS160. Whereas p-mTOR was not significantly decreased by NAC after EX or REC, phosphorylation of the downstream protein synthesis target kinase p70S6K was blunted by 48% at PI with NAC compared with CON (P < 0.05). We conclude that NAC infusion attenuated muscle ROS and postexercise insulin sensitivity independent of Akt signaling. ROS also played a role in normal p70S6K phosphorylation in response to insulin stimulation in human skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Trewin
- College of Sport and Exercise Science and Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Ben D Perry
- College of Sport and Exercise Science and Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | - Itamar Levinger
- College of Sport and Exercise Science and Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Leon R McQuade
- Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nigel K Stepto
- College of Sport and Exercise Science and Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia;
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40
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Abstract
Skeletal muscle has the capacity to increase energy turnover by ∼1000 times its resting rate when contracting at the maximum force/power output. Since ATP is not stored in any appreciable quantity, the muscle requires a coordinated metabolic response to maintain an adequate supply of ATP to sustain contractile activity. The integration of intracellular metabolic pathways is dependent upon the cross-bridge cycling rate of myosin and actin, substrate availability and the accumulation of metabolic byproducts, all of which can influence the maintenance of contractile activity or result in the onset of fatigue. In addition, the mobilisation of extracellular substrates is dependent upon the integration of both the autonomic nervous system and endocrine systems to coordinate an increase in both carbohydrate and fat availability. The current review examines the evidence for skeletal muscle to generate power over short and long durations and discusses the metabolic response to sustain these processes. The review also considers the endocrine response from the perspective of the sympathoadrenal system to integrate extracellular substrate availability with the increased energy demands made by contracting skeletal muscle. Finally, the review briefly discusses the evidence that muscle acts in an endocrine manner during exercise and what role this might play in mobilising extracellular substrates to augment the effects of the sympathoadrenal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Ball
- School of Life SciencesHeriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
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41
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Kalsen A, Hostrup M, Karlsson S, Hemmersbach P, Bangsbo J, Backer V. Effect of inhaled terbutaline on substrate utilization and 300-kcal time trial performance. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 117:1180-7. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00635.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In a randomized, double-blind crossover design, we investigated the effect of the beta2-agonist terbutaline (TER) on endurance performance and substrate utilization in nine moderately trained men [maximum oxygen uptake (V̇o2 max) 58.9 ± 3.1 ml·min−1·kg−1]. Subjects performed 60 min of submaximal exercise (65–70% of V̇o2 max) immediately followed by a 300-kcal time trial with inhalation of either 15 mg of TER or placebo (PLA). Pulmonary gas exchange was measured during the submaximal exercise, and muscle biopsies were collected before and after the exercise bouts. Time trial performance was not different between TER and PLA (1,072 ± 145 vs. 1,054 ± 125 s). During the submaximal exercise, respiratory exchange ratio, glycogen breakdown (TER 266 ± 32, PLA 195 ± 28 mmol/kg dw), and muscle lactate accumulation (TER 20.3 ± 1.6, PLA 13.2 ± 1.2 mmol/kg dw) were higher ( P < 0.05) with TER than PLA. There was no difference between TER and PLA in net muscle glycogen utilization or lactate accumulation during the time trial. Intramyocellular triacylglycerol content did not change with treatment or exercise. Pyruvate dehydrogenase-E1α phosphorylation at Ser293 and Ser300 was lower ( P < 0.05) before submaximal exercise with TER than PLA, with no difference after the submaximal exercise and the time trial. Before submaximal exercise, acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2 (ACC2) phosphorylation at Ser221 was higher ( P < 0.05) with TER than PLA. There was no difference in phosphorylation of alpha 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase (αAMPK) at Thr172 between treatments. The present study suggests that beta2-agonists do not enhance 300-kcal time trial performance, but they increase carbohydrate metabolism in skeletal muscles during submaximal exercise independent of AMPK and ACC phosphorylation, and that this effect diminishes as drug exposure time, exercise duration, and intensity are increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Kalsen
- Respiratory Research Unit, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Hostrup
- Respiratory Research Unit, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sebastian Karlsson
- Respiratory Research Unit, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Hemmersbach
- Norwegian Doping Control Laboratory, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; and
- School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jens Bangsbo
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vibeke Backer
- Respiratory Research Unit, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Hostrup M, Kalsen A, Ortenblad N, Juel C, Mørch K, Rzeppa S, Karlsson S, Backer V, Bangsbo J. β2-adrenergic stimulation enhances Ca2+ release and contractile properties of skeletal muscles, and counteracts exercise-induced reductions in Na+-K+-ATPase Vmax in trained men. J Physiol 2014; 592:5445-59. [PMID: 25344552 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.277095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of β2-adrenergic stimulation on skeletal muscle contractile properties, sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) rates of Ca(2+) release and uptake, and Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity before and after fatiguing exercise in trained men. The study consisted of two experiments (EXP1, n = 10 males, EXP2, n = 20 males), where β2-adrenoceptor agonist (terbutaline) or placebo was randomly administered in double-blinded crossover designs. In EXP1, maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVC) of m. quadriceps was measured, followed by exercise to fatigue at 120% of maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2, max ). A muscle biopsy was taken after MVC (non-fatigue) and at time of fatigue. In EXP2, contractile properties of m. quadriceps were measured with electrical stimulations before (non-fatigue) and after two fatiguing 45 s sprints. Non-fatigued MVCs were 6 ± 3 and 6 ± 2% higher (P < 0.05) with terbutaline than placebo in EXP1 and EXP2, respectively. Furthermore, peak twitch force was 11 ± 7% higher (P < 0.01) with terbutaline than placebo at non-fatigue. After sprints, MVC declined (P < 0.05) to the same levels with terbutaline as placebo, whereas peak twitch force was lower (P < 0.05) and half-relaxation time was prolonged (P < 0.05) with terbutaline. Rates of SR Ca(2+) release and uptake at 400 nm [Ca(2+)] were 15 ± 5 and 14 ± 5% (P < 0.05) higher, respectively, with terbutaline than placebo at non-fatigue, but declined (P < 0.05) to similar levels at time of fatigue. Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity was unaffected by terbutaline compared with placebo at non-fatigue, but terbutaline counteracted exercise-induced reductions in maximum rate of activity (Vmax) at time of fatigue. In conclusion, increased contractile force induced by β2-adrenergic stimulation is associated with enhanced rate of Ca(2+) release in humans. While β2-adrenergic stimulation elicits positive inotropic and lusitropic effects on non-fatigued m. quadriceps, these effects are blunted when muscles fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hostrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section of Integrated Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark Department of Respiratory Research, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Denmark
| | - A Kalsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section of Integrated Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark Department of Respiratory Research, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Denmark
| | - N Ortenblad
- Department of Sports Science and Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Mid Sweden University, Sweden
| | - C Juel
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - K Mørch
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section of Integrated Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S Rzeppa
- Norwegian Doping Control Laboratory, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - S Karlsson
- Department of Respiratory Research, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Denmark
| | - V Backer
- Department of Respiratory Research, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Denmark
| | - J Bangsbo
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section of Integrated Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Chen HH, Yeh SY, Lin CL, Chang SN, Kao CH. Increased depression, diabetes and diabetic complications in Graves' disease patients in Asia. QJM 2014; 107:727-33. [PMID: 24664351 DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcu069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to evaluate the risk of depression and other cardiovascular comorbidities in Graves' disease (GD) patients in Asia. METHODS The study patients were all newly diagnosed with GD [International Classification of Disease, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) 242.0] from January 1998 to December 2008. Patients aged <20 years or those with preexisting mental disorder (ICD-9-CM 290-319) were excluded from analyses. Control patients were randomly selected for the non-GD cohort, 1:4 frequency matched to the GD cohort according to sex, age and index year. The same exclusion criteria applied to the GD cohort were applied to the non-GD cohort. The GD cohort contained 4195 patients and the non-GD cohort contained 16 780 patients. RESULTS The GD patients were more likely to have diabetes (8.03% vs. 4.48%, P < 0.0001), hypertension (18.1% vs. 13.5%, P < 0.0001), hyperlipidemia (11.9% vs. 9.09%, P < 0.0001) and coronary artery disease (10.3% vs. 5.86%, P < 0.0001) than the control patients were. The GD patients were also associated with significantly higher risk of depression than the control patients were (hazard ratio = 1.69, 95% confidence interval = 1.45-1.96). CONCLUSION GD and GD treatment are associated with increased risk of depression diabetes and diabetic complications in Asian patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-H Chen
- From the Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Division of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Nantou Christian Hospital, Nantou, Asia University, Taichung, Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine Science and School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung and Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan From the Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Division of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Nantou Christian Hospital, Nantou, Asia University, Taichung, Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine Science and School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung and Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan From the Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Division of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Nantou Christian Hospital, Nantou, Asia University, Taichung, Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine Science and School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung and Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - S-Y Yeh
- From the Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Division of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Nantou Christian Hospital, Nantou, Asia University, Taichung, Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine Science and School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung and Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan From the Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Division of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Nantou Christian Hospital, Nantou, Asia University, Taichung, Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine Science and School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung and Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - C-L Lin
- From the Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Division of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Nantou Christian Hospital, Nantou, Asia University, Taichung, Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine Science and School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung and Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - S-N Chang
- From the Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Division of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Nantou Christian Hospital, Nantou, Asia University, Taichung, Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine Science and School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung and Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - C-H Kao
- From the Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Division of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Nantou Christian Hospital, Nantou, Asia University, Taichung, Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine Science and School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung and Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan From the Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Division of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Nantou Christian Hospital, Nantou, Asia University, Taichung, Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine Science and School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung and Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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High-dose inhaled terbutaline increases muscle strength and enhances maximal sprint performance in trained men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 114:2499-508. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-2970-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Korim WS, Bou Farah L, McMullan S, Verberne AJM. Orexinergic activation of medullary premotor neurons modulates the adrenal sympathoexcitation to hypothalamic glucoprivation. Diabetes 2014; 63:1895-906. [PMID: 24550189 DOI: 10.2337/db13-1073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Glucoprivation activates neurons in the perifornical hypothalamus (PeH) and in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), which results in the release of adrenaline. The current study aimed to establish 1) whether neuroglucoprivation in the PeH or in the RVLM elicits adrenaline release in vivo and 2) whether direct activation by glucoprivation or orexin release in the RVLM modulates the adrenaline release. Neuroglucoprivation in the PeH or RVLM was elicited by microinjections of 2-deoxy-D-glucose or 5-thio-D-glucose in anesthetized, euglycemic rats. Firstly, inhibition of neurons in the PeH abolished the increase in adrenal sympathetic nerve activity (ASNA) to systemic glucoprivation. Secondly, glucoprivation of neurons in the PeH increased ASNA. Thirdly, in vivo or in vitro glucoprivation did not affect the activity of RVLM adrenal premotor neurons. Finally, blockade of orexin receptors in the RVLM abolished the increase in ASNA to neuroglucoprivation in the PeH. The evoked changes in ASNA were directly correlated to levels of plasma metanephrine but not to normetanephrine. These findings suggest that orexin release modulates the activation of adrenal presympathetic neurons in the RVLM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willian S Korim
- Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Unit, Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lama Bou Farah
- Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Simon McMullan
- Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anthony J M Verberne
- Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Unit, Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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Tauler P, Martínez S, Moreno C, Monjo M, Martínez P, Aguiló A. Effects of caffeine on the inflammatory response induced by a 15-km run competition. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014; 45:1269-76. [PMID: 23299767 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3182857c8a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this study is as follows: 1) to determine the effects of caffeine supplementation on the inflammatory response (IL-6 and IL-10 levels and leukocyte numbers) induced by a 15-km run competition and 2) to examine the effect of caffeine supplementation on the energetic metabolites as well as on the exercise-induced oxidative stress. METHODS A double-blinded study of supplementation with caffeine was performed. Athletes participating in the study (n = 33) completed a 15-km run competition. Before competition, athletes took 6 mg · kg(-1) body weight of caffeine (caffeine group, n = 17) or a placebo (placebo group, n = 16). Blood samples were taken before and after competition (immediately and after 2-h recovery). Leukocyte numbers were determined in blood. Concentrations of oxidative stress markers, antioxidants, interleukins (IL-6 and IL-10), caffeine, adrenaline, and energetic metabolites were measured in plasma or serum. RESULTS Caffeine supplementation induced higher increases in circulating total leukocytes and neutrophils, with significant differences between groups after recovery. Adrenaline, glucose, and lactate levels increased after exercise, with higher increases in the caffeine group. Exercise induced significant increases in IL-6 and IL-10 plasma levels, with higher increases in the caffeine group. Caffeine supplementation induced higher increases in oxidative stress markers after the competition. CONCLUSION Caffeine supplementation induced higher levels of IL-6 and IL-10 in response to exercise, enhancing the anti-inflammatory response. The caffeine-induced increase in adrenaline could be responsible for the higher increase in IL-6 levels, as well as for the increased lactate levels. Furthermore, caffeine seems to enhance oxidative stress induced by exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Tauler
- Research Group on Evidence, Lifestyles and Health, Research Institute on Health Sciences, IUNICS, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
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Paradoxical second-meal phenomenon in the acute postexercise period. Nutrition 2013; 30:961-7. [PMID: 24986552 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Attenuating blood glucose excursions in the postprandial state have the capacity to reduce the risk for cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and mortality, even in apparently healthy populations. Nearly a century ago, it was reported that oral glucose tolerance is improved by prior glucose consumption. This was termed the second-meal phenomenon and is also seen with consumption of mixed-macronutrient-containing meals. In this context, a number of mechanisms probably contribute to the attenuation of glycemia, including gastric emptying, early-phase insulin secretion, hepatic glucose output, and muscle glucose uptake. More recently, a paradoxical second-meal phenomenon has been observed in the immediate postexercise period whereby prior meal consumption deteriorated glucose tolerance. The mechanisms regulating the postexercise second-meal phenomenon are less clear, but are likely to involve an increase in intestinal absorption, greater hepatic glucose output, and under circumstances of muscle damage, reductions in muscle glucose uptake. Further work is required to confirm these mediating factors and to characterize the time course of this paradox, which is likely to only exist within the first 4 h following exercise. Critically, this acute postexercise phenomenon should be maintained in the perspective of the benefits of chronic exercise training, which for the majority of individuals improves glycemic control and reduces many health risks including those associated with exaggerated postprandial glycemia.
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Abstract
Glucose is an important fuel for contracting muscle, and normal glucose metabolism is vital for health. Glucose enters the muscle cell via facilitated diffusion through the GLUT4 glucose transporter which translocates from intracellular storage depots to the plasma membrane and T-tubules upon muscle contraction. Here we discuss the current understanding of how exercise-induced muscle glucose uptake is regulated. We briefly discuss the role of glucose supply and metabolism and concentrate on GLUT4 translocation and the molecular signaling that sets this in motion during muscle contractions. Contraction-induced molecular signaling is complex and involves a variety of signaling molecules including AMPK, Ca(2+), and NOS in the proximal part of the signaling cascade as well as GTPases, Rab, and SNARE proteins and cytoskeletal components in the distal part. While acute regulation of muscle glucose uptake relies on GLUT4 translocation, glucose uptake also depends on muscle GLUT4 expression which is increased following exercise. AMPK and CaMKII are key signaling kinases that appear to regulate GLUT4 expression via the HDAC4/5-MEF2 axis and MEF2-GEF interactions resulting in nuclear export of HDAC4/5 in turn leading to histone hyperacetylation on the GLUT4 promoter and increased GLUT4 transcription. Exercise training is the most potent stimulus to increase skeletal muscle GLUT4 expression, an effect that may partly contribute to improved insulin action and glucose disposal and enhanced muscle glycogen storage following exercise training in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik A Richter
- Molecular Physiology Group, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Trappe TA, Standley RA, Liu SZ, Jemiolo B, Trappe SW, Harber MP. Local anesthetic effects on gene transcription in human skeletal muscle biopsies. Muscle Nerve 2013; 48:591-3. [PMID: 23553823 DOI: 10.1002/mus.23860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We examined if epinephrine in the local anesthetic to help control incision-related bleeding interferes with molecular measurements obtained with the Duchenne-Bergström percutaneous needle biopsy technique for sampling human skeletal muscle. METHODS Three groups received 2.5-3.0 ml of 1% lidocaine in 2 injections: (1) 0.5-1.0 ml superficially, which varied among the groups according to (i) -Epi; intra- and subcutaneous without epinephrine, (ii) +Epi -Fascia; intra- and subcutaneous with epinephrine, avoiding the fascia, and (iii) +Epi +Fascia; intra- and subcutaneous with epinephrine, directing a small amount (∽0.2 ml) into the fascia area; and (2) ∽2.0 ml without epinephrine into the fascia area for all subjects. A muscle biopsy was obtained 5-10 min later for IL-6 and MuRF-1 mRNA levels. RESULTS IL-6 mRNA levels were low in -Epi and +Epi -Fascia, but ∽300-fold higher in +Epi +Fascia. MuRF-1 mRNA levels were similar among the groups. CONCLUSIONS Lidocaine with epinephrine can confound intramuscular measurements from needle biopsies, but this can be avoided with a careful injection approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Trappe
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, 47306, USA
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Messonnier LA, Emhoff CAW, Fattor JA, Horning MA, Carlson TJ, Brooks GA. Lactate kinetics at the lactate threshold in trained and untrained men. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 114:1593-602. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00043.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
To understand the meaning of the lactate threshold (LT) and to test the hypothesis that endurance training augments lactate kinetics [i.e., rates of appearance and disposal (Ra and Rd, respectively, mg·kg−1·min−1) and metabolic clearance rate (MCR, ml·kg−1·min−1)], we studied six untrained (UT) and six trained (T) subjects during 60-min exercise bouts at power outputs (PO) eliciting the LT. Trained subjects performed two additional exercise bouts at a PO 10% lower (LT-10%), one of which involved a lactate clamp (LC) to match blood lactate concentration ([lactate]b) to that achieved during the LT trial. At LT, lactate Ra was higher in T (24.1 ± 2.7) than in UT (14.6 ± 2.4; P < 0.05) subjects, but Ra was not different between UT and T when relative exercise intensities were matched (UT-LT vs. T-LT-10%, 67% V̇o2max). At LT, MCR in T (62.5 ± 5.0) subjects was 34% higher than in UT (46.5 ± 7.0; P < 0.05), and a reduction in PO resulted in a significant increase in MCR by 46% (LT-10%, 91.5 ± 14.9, P < 0.05). At matched relative exercise intensities (67% V̇o2max), MCR in T subjects was 97% higher than in UT ( P < 0.05). During the LC trial, MCR in T subjects was 64% higher than in UT ( P < 0.05), in whom %V̇o2max and [lactate]b were similar. We conclude that 1) lactate MCR reaches an apex below the LT, 2) LT corresponds to a limitation in MCR, and 3) endurance training augments capacities for lactate production, disposal and clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent A. Messonnier
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Sport Sciences, Université de Savoie, Le Bourget-du-Lac, France
| | - Chi-An W. Emhoff
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Jill A. Fattor
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Michael A. Horning
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Thomas J. Carlson
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - George A. Brooks
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
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