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Somoza SC, Bonfante P, Giovannetti M. Breaking barriers: improving time and space resolution of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis with single-cell sequencing approaches. Biol Direct 2024; 19:67. [PMID: 39154166 PMCID: PMC11330620 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-024-00501-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The cell and molecular bases of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis, a crucial plant-fungal interaction for nutrient acquisition, have been extensively investigated by coupling traditional RNA sequencing techniques of roots sampled in bulk, with methods to capture subsets of cells such as laser microdissection. These approaches have revealed central regulators of this complex relationship, yet the requisite level of detail to effectively untangle the intricacies of temporal and spatial development remains elusive.The recent adoption of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) techniques in plant research is revolutionizing our ability to dissect the intricate transcriptional profiles of plant-microbe interactions, offering unparalleled insights into the diversity and dynamics of individual cells during symbiosis. The isolation of plant cells is particularly challenging due to the presence of cell walls, leading plant researchers to widely adopt nuclei isolation methods. Despite the increased resolution that single-cell analyses offer, it also comes at the cost of spatial perspective, hence, it is necessary the integration of these approaches with spatial transcriptomics to obtain a comprehensive overview.To date, few single-cell studies on plant-microbe interactions have been published, most of which provide high-resolution cell atlases that will become crucial for fully deciphering symbiotic interactions and addressing future questions. In AM symbiosis research, key processes such as the mutual recognition of partners during arbuscule development within cortical cells, or arbuscule senescence and degeneration, remain poorly understood, and these advancements are expected to shed light on these processes and contribute to a deeper understanding of this plant-fungal interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paola Bonfante
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, 10125, Italy
| | - Marco Giovannetti
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy.
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, 10125, Italy.
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Reichert T, Rammig A, Fuchslueger L, Lugli LF, Quesada CA, Fleischer K. Plant phosphorus-use and -acquisition strategies in Amazonia. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:1126-1143. [PMID: 35060130 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the tropical rainforest of Amazonia, phosphorus (P) is one of the main nutrients controlling forest dynamics, but its effects on the future of the forest biomass carbon (C) storage under elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations remain uncertain. Soils in vast areas of Amazonia are P-impoverished, and little is known about the variation or plasticity in plant P-use and -acquisition strategies across space and time, hampering the accuracy of projections in vegetation models. Here, we synthesize current knowledge of leaf P resorption, fine-root P foraging, arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses, and root acid phosphatase and organic acid exudation and discuss how these strategies vary with soil P concentrations and in response to elevated atmospheric CO2 . We identify knowledge gaps and suggest ways forward to fill those gaps. Additionally, we propose a conceptual framework for the variations in plant P-use and -acquisition strategies along soil P gradients of Amazonia. We suggest that in soils with intermediate to high P concentrations, at the plant community level, investments are primarily directed to P foraging strategies via roots and arbuscular mycorrhizas, whereas in soils with intermediate to low P concentrations, investments shift to prioritize leaf P resorption and mining strategies via phosphatases and organic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Reichert
- School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, 85354, Germany
| | - Anja Rammig
- School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, 85354, Germany
| | - Lucia Fuchslueger
- Centre of Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Laynara F Lugli
- National Institute of Amazonian Research, Manaus, 69060-062, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Quesada
- National Institute of Amazonian Research, Manaus, 69060-062, Brazil
| | - Katrin Fleischer
- School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, 85354, Germany
- Department Biogeochemical Signals, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, 07745, Germany
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3
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Xie K, Ren Y, Chen A, Yang C, Zheng Q, Chen J, Wang D, Li Y, Hu S, Xu G. Plant nitrogen nutrition: The roles of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 269:153591. [PMID: 34936969 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is the most abundant mineral nutrient required by plants, and crop productivity depends heavily on N fertilization in many soils. Production and application of N fertilizers consume huge amounts of energy and substantially increase the costs of agricultural production. Excess N compounds released from agricultural systems are also detrimental to the environment. Thus, increasing plant N uptake efficiency is essential for the development of sustainable agriculture. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are beneficial symbionts of most terrestrial plants that facilitate plant nutrient uptake and increase host resistance to diverse environmental stresses. AM association is an endosymbiotic process that relies on the differentiation of both host plant roots and AM fungi to create novel contact interfaces within the cells of plant roots. AM plants have two pathways for nutrient uptake: either direct uptake via the root hairs and root epidermis, or indirectly through AM fungal hyphae into root cortical cells. Over the last few years, great progress has been made in deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying the AM-mediated modulation of nutrient uptake processes, and a growing number of fungal and plant genes responsible for the uptake of nutrients from soil or transfer across the fungi-root interface have been identified. Here, we mainly summarize the recent advances in N uptake, assimilation, and translocation in AM symbiosis, and also discuss how N interplays with C and P in modulating AM development, as well as the synergies between AM fungi and soil microbial communities in N uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuhan Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Aiqun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Congfan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingsong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Chen
- College of Horticulture Technology, Suzhou Polytechnic Institute of Agriculture, Suzhou, 215008, China
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- Department of Ecological Environment and Soil Science, Nanjing Institute of Vegetable Science, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yiting Li
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Shuijin Hu
- Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Guohua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Mapuranga J, Zhang L, Zhang N, Yang W. The haustorium: The root of biotrophic fungal pathogens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:963705. [PMID: 36105706 PMCID: PMC9465030 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.963705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Biotrophic plant pathogenic fungi are among the dreadful pathogens that continuously threaten the production of economically important crops. The interaction of biotrophic fungal pathogens with their hosts necessitates the development of unique infection mechanisms and involvement of various virulence-associated components. Biotrophic plant pathogenic fungi have an exceptional lifestyle that supports nutrient acquisition from cells of a living host and are fully dependent on the host for successful completion of their life cycle. The haustorium, a specialized infection structure, is the key organ for biotrophic fungal pathogens. The haustorium is not only essential in the uptake of nutrients without killing the host, but also in the secretion and delivery of effectors into the host cells to manipulate host immune system and defense responses and reprogram the metabolic flow of the host. Although there is a number of unanswered questions in this area yet, results from various studies indicate that the haustorium is the root of biotrophic fungal pathogens. This review provides an overview of current knowledge of the haustorium, its structure, composition, and functions, which includes the most recent haustorial transcriptome studies.
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Ponert J, Šoch J, Vosolsobě S, Čiháková K, Lipavská H. Integrative Study Supports the Role of Trehalose in Carbon Transfer From Fungi to Mycotrophic Orchid. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:793876. [PMID: 34956293 PMCID: PMC8695678 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.793876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Orchids rely on mycorrhizal symbiosis, especially in the stage of mycoheterotrophic protocorms, which depend on carbon and energy supply from fungi. The transfer of carbon from fungi to orchids is well-documented, but the identity of compounds ensuring this transfer remains elusive. Some evidence has been obtained for the role of amino acids, but there is also vague and neglected evidence for the role of soluble carbohydrates, probably trehalose, which is an abundant fungal carbohydrate. We therefore focused on the possible role of trehalose in carbon and energy transfer. We investigated the common marsh orchid (Dactylorhiza majalis) and its symbiotic fungus Ceratobasidium sp. using a combination of cultivation approaches, high-performance liquid chromatography, application of a specific inhibitor of the enzyme trehalase, and histochemical localization of trehalase activity. We found that axenically grown orchid protocorms possess an efficient, trehalase-dependent, metabolic pathway for utilizing exogenous trehalose, which can be as good a source of carbon and energy as their major endogenous soluble carbohydrates. This is in contrast to non-orchid plants that cannot utilize trehalose to such an extent. In symbiotically grown protocorms and roots of adult orchids, trehalase activity was tightly colocalized with mycorrhizal structures indicating its pronounced role in the mycorrhizal interface. Inhibition of trehalase activity arrested the growth of both symbiotically grown protocorms and trehalose-supported axenic protocorms. Since trehalose constitutes only an inconsiderable part of the endogenous saccharide spectrum of orchids, degradation of fungal trehalose likely takes place in orchid mycorrhiza. Our results strongly support the neglected view of the fungal trehalose, or the glucose produced by its cleavage as compounds transported from fungi to orchids to ensure carbon and energy flow. Therefore, we suggest that not only amino acids, but also soluble carbohydrates are transported. We may propose that the soluble carbohydrates would be a better source of energy for plant metabolism than amino acids, which is partially supported by our finding of the essential role of trehalase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Ponert
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- Prague Botanical Garden, Prague, Czechia
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czechia
| | - Jan Šoch
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Stanislav Vosolsobě
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Klára Čiháková
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Helena Lipavská
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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Sportes A, Hériché M, Boussageon R, Noceto PA, van Tuinen D, Wipf D, Courty PE. A historical perspective on mycorrhizal mutualism emphasizing arbuscular mycorrhizas and their emerging challenges. MYCORRHIZA 2021; 31:637-653. [PMID: 34657204 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-021-01053-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhiza, one of the oldest interactions on earth (~ 450 million years old) and a first-class partner for plants to colonize emerged land, is considered one of the most pervasive ecological relationships on the globe. Despite how important and old this interaction is, its discovery was very recent compared to the long story of land plant evolution. The story of the arbuscular mycorrhiza cannot be addressed apart from the history, controversies, and speculations about mycorrhiza in its broad sense. The chronicle of mycorrhizal research is marked by multiple key milestones such as the initial description of a "persistent epiderm and pellicular wall structure" by Hartig; the introduction of the "Symbiotismus" and "Mycorrhiza" concepts by Frank; the description of diverse root-fungal morphologies; the first description of arbuscules by Gallaud; Mosse's pivotal statement of the beneficial nature of the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis; the impact of molecular tools on the taxonomy of mycorrhizal fungi as well as the development of in vitro root organ cultures for producing axenic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). An appreciation of the story - full of twists and turns - of the arbuscular mycorrhiza, going from the roots of mycorrhiza history, along with the discovery of different mycorrhiza types such as ectomycorrhiza, can improve research to help face our days' challenge of developing sustainable agriculture that integrates the arbuscular mycorrhiza and its ecosystem services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Sportes
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, INRAE, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Mathilde Hériché
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, INRAE, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Raphaël Boussageon
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, INRAE, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Pierre-Antoine Noceto
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, INRAE, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Diederik van Tuinen
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, INRAE, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Daniel Wipf
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, INRAE, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Pierre Emmanuel Courty
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, INRAE, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.
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7
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Nguyen CT, Saito K. Role of Cell Wall Polyphosphates in Phosphorus Transfer at the Arbuscular Interface in Mycorrhizas. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:725939. [PMID: 34616416 PMCID: PMC8488203 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.725939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi provide plants with soil mineral nutrients, particularly phosphorus. In this symbiotic association, the arbuscular interface is the main site for nutrient exchange. To understand phosphorus transfer at the interface, we analyzed the subcellular localization of polyphosphate (polyP) in mature arbuscules of Rhizophagus irregularis colonizing roots of Lotus japonicus wild-type (WT) and H+-ATPase ha1-1 mutant, which is defective in phosphorus acquisition through the mycorrhizal pathway. In both, the WT and the ha1-1 mutant, polyP accumulated in the cell walls of trunk hyphae and inside fine branch modules close to the trunk hyphae. However, many fine branches lacked polyP. In the mutant, most fine branch modules showed polyP signals compared to the WT. Notably, polyP was also observed in the cell walls of some fine branches formed in the ha1-1 mutant, indicating phosphorus release from fungal cells to the apoplastic regions. Intense acid phosphatase (ACP) activity was detected in the periarbuscular spaces around the fine branches. Furthermore, double staining of ACP activity and polyP revealed that these had contrasting distribution patterns in arbuscules. These observations suggest that polyP in fungal cell walls and apoplastic phosphatases may play an important role in phosphorus transfer at the symbiotic interface in arbuscules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuc Thi Nguyen
- Department of Bioscience and Food Production Science, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Dalat University, Dalat, Vietnam
| | - Katsuharu Saito
- Department of Bioscience and Food Production Science, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
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8
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Rani M, Jogawat A, Loha A. Sugar Transporters in Plant–Fungal Symbiosis. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-60659-6_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Smith JM, Whiteside MD, Jones MD. Rapid nitrogen loss from ectomycorrhizal pine germinants signaled by their fungal symbiont. MYCORRHIZA 2020; 30:407-417. [PMID: 32363468 PMCID: PMC7314718 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-020-00959-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal fungi supply their plant partners with nitrogen but can also retain substantial amounts. The concentration of nitrogen in the soil and the amount of carbon supplied from the host seem to influence the proportion of N retained by the fungus. In an experiment designed to determine whether differential supply of nitrogen to two plants influenced nitrogen transfer from fungus to plant within a mycorrhizal network, we observed rapid, substantial loss of nitrogen from pine seedlings. The loss occurred when the mycorrhizal fungus experienced a sudden increase in nitrogen supply. We grew Pinus contorta seedlings in association with Suillus tomentosus in low-nitrogen microcosms where some nitrogen was accessible only by hyphae. After 70 days, foliage of some seedlings was treated with nitrogen. Three days later, hyphal nutrient media were replaced with water or a solution containing nitrogen. Foliar treatment did not affect nitrogen transfer by the fungus to shoots, but by day 75, seedling nitrogen contents had dropped by 60% in microcosms where nitrogen had been added to the hyphal compartments. Those seedlings retained only 55% of the nitrogen originally present in the seed. Loss of nitrogen did not occur if water was added or the hyphae were severed. Because of the severing effect, we concluded that S. tomentosus triggered the loss of seedling nitrogen. Nitrogen may have been lost through increased root exudation or transfer to the fungus. Access to nitrogen from nutrient-rich germinants would benefit rhizosphere microorganisms, including ectomycorrhizal fungi colonizing pine from spores after wildfire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Smith
- Biology Department and Okanagan Institute of Biodiversity Resilience and Ecosystem Services, University of British Columbia, Okanagan campus, Kelowna, British Columbia, V1V 1V7, Canada
- Xeriscape Endemic Nursery & Ecological Solutions, West Kelowna, British Columbia, V1Z 1Z9, Canada
| | - Matthew D Whiteside
- Biology Department and Okanagan Institute of Biodiversity Resilience and Ecosystem Services, University of British Columbia, Okanagan campus, Kelowna, British Columbia, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Melanie D Jones
- Biology Department and Okanagan Institute of Biodiversity Resilience and Ecosystem Services, University of British Columbia, Okanagan campus, Kelowna, British Columbia, V1V 1V7, Canada.
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Liu J, Chen J, Xie K, Tian Y, Yan A, Liu J, Huang Y, Wang S, Zhu Y, Chen A, Xu G. A mycorrhiza-specific H + -ATPase is essential for arbuscule development and symbiotic phosphate and nitrogen uptake. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:1069-1083. [PMID: 31899547 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Most land plants can form symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi to enhance uptake of mineral nutrients, particularly phosphate (Pi) and nitrogen (N), from the soil. It is established that transport of Pi from interfacial apoplast into plant cells depends on the H+ gradient generated by the H+ -ATPase located on the periarbuscular membrane (PAM); however, little evidence regarding the potential link between mycorrhizal N transport and H+ -ATPase activity is available to date. Here, we report that a PAM-localized tomato H+ -ATPase, SlHA8, is indispensable for arbuscule development and mycorrhizal P and N uptake. Knockout of SlHA8 resulted in truncated arbuscule morphology, reduced shoot P and N accumulation, and decreased H+ -ATPase activity and acidification of apoplastic spaces in arbusculated cells. Overexpression of SlHA8 in tomato promoted both P and N uptake, and increased total colonization level, but did not affect arbuscule morphology. Heterogeneous expression of SlHA8 in the rice osha1 mutant could fully complement its defects in arbuscule development and mycorrhizal P and N uptake. Our results propose a pivotal role of the SlHA8 in energizing both the symbiotic P and N transport, and highlight the evolutionary conservation of the AM-specific H+ -ATPase orthologs in maintaining AM symbiosis across different mycorrhizal plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- The Institute of Environmental Resources and Soil Fertilizers, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiadong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kun Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Anning Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianjian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yujuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuangshuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yiyong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Aiqun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guohua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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11
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Wein T, Romero Picazo D, Blow F, Woehle C, Jami E, Reusch TB, Martin WF, Dagan T. Currency, Exchange, and Inheritance in the Evolution of Symbiosis. Trends Microbiol 2019; 27:836-849. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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12
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The protective role of Piriformospora indica colonization in Centella asiatica (L.) in vitro under phosphate stress. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Wang R, Wang M, Chen K, Wang S, Mur LAJ, Guo S. Exploring the Roles of Aquaporins in Plant⁻Microbe Interactions. Cells 2018; 7:E267. [PMID: 30545006 PMCID: PMC6316839 DOI: 10.3390/cells7120267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are membrane channel proteins regulating the flux of water and other various small solutes across membranes. Significant progress has been made in understanding the roles of AQPs in plants' physiological processes, and now their activities in various plant⁻microbe interactions are receiving more attention. This review summarizes the various roles of different AQPs during interactions with microbes which have positive and negative consequences on the host plants. In positive plant⁻microbe interactions involving rhizobia, arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM), and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), AQPs play important roles in nitrogen fixation, nutrient transport, improving water status, and increasing abiotic stress tolerance. For negative interactions resulting in pathogenesis, AQPs help plants resist infections by preventing pathogen ingress by influencing stomata opening and influencing defensive signaling pathways, especially through regulating systemic acquired resistance. Interactions with bacterial or viral pathogens can be directly perturbed through direct interaction of AQPs with harpins or replicase. However, whilst these observations indicate the importance of AQPs, further work is needed to develop a fuller mechanistic understanding of their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruirui Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-Saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Min Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-Saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Kehao Chen
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-Saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Shiyu Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-Saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Luis Alejandro Jose Mur
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK.
| | - Shiwei Guo
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-Saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
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Pepe A, Giovannetti M, Sbrana C. Lifespan and functionality of mycorrhizal fungal mycelium are uncoupled from host plant lifespan. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10235. [PMID: 29980700 PMCID: PMC6035242 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28354-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are obligate symbionts, living in associations with the roots of most land plants. AMF produce wide networks of extraradical mycelium (ERM) of indeterminate length, spreading from host roots into the surrounding soil and establishing belowground interconnections among plants belonging to the same or to different taxa. Whether their lifespan and functionality are limited by host plant viability or can be extended beyond this limit is unknown. To address this issue, we performed time-course studies to investigate viability and functionality of ERM produced in an in vivo whole-plant system by Funneliformis mosseae and Rhizoglomus irregulare, after shoot detachment. Our data revealed that viability and functionality of F. mosseae and R. irregulare extraradical hyphae were uncoupled from host plant lifespan. Indeed, ERM spreading from roots of intact or shootless plants showed comparable levels of viability, similar structural traits and ability to establish mycorrhizal symbioses with new plants, as long as five months after shoot removal. Our findings expand the current knowledge on AMF biology and life cycle, providing data on ERM long-term survival in the soil of two Glomeracean species, functional to the prompt establishment of mycorrhizal symbioses and to the maintenance of soil biological fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Pepe
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, 56124, Italy
| | - Manuela Giovannetti
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, 56124, Italy
| | - Cristiana Sbrana
- CNR-Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, UOS Pisa, Pisa, 56124, Italy.
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15
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Recchia GH, Konzen ER, Cassieri F, Caldas DGG, Tsai SM. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis Leads to Differential Regulation of Drought-Responsive Genes in Tissue-Specific Root Cells of Common Bean. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1339. [PMID: 30013521 PMCID: PMC6036286 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonization in plants promotes both local and systemic changes in the gene expression profiles of the host that might be relevant for drought-stress perception and response. Drought-tolerant common bean plants (cv. BAT 477), colonized by a mixture of AMF (Glomus clarum, Acaulospora scrobiculata, and Gigaspora rosea), were exposed to a water deprivation regime of 96 h during pre-flowering. Root transcriptomes were accessed through RNA-Seq revealing a set of 9,965 transcripts with significant differential regulation in inoculated plants during a water deficit event, and 10,569 in non-inoculated. These data include 1,589 transcripts that are exclusively regulated by AMF-inoculation, and 2,313 under non-inoculation conditions. Relative gene expression analyses of nine aquaporin-related transcripts were performed in roots and leaves of plants harvested at initial stages of treatment. Significant shifts in gene expression were detected in AM water deficit-treated roots, in relation to non-inoculated, between 48 and 72 h. Leaves also showed significant mycorrhizal influence in gene expression, especially after 96 h. Root cortical cells, harboring or not arbuscules, were collected from both inoculation treatments through a laser microdissection-based technique. This allowed the identification of transcripts, such as the aquaporin PvPIP2;3 and Glucan 1,3 β-Glucosidase, that are unique to arbuscule-containing cells. During the water deficit treatment, AMF colonization exerted a fine-tune regulation in the expression of genes in the host. That seemed to initiate in arbuscule-containing cells and, as the stressful condition persisted, propagated to the whole-plant through secondary signaling events. Collectively, these results demonstrate that arbuscular mycorrhization leads to shifts in common bean's transcriptome that could potentially impact its adaptation capacity during water deficit events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo H. Recchia
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Center of Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
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16
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Li YY, Chen XM, Zhang Y, Cho YH, Wang AR, Yeung EC, Zeng X, Guo SX, Lee YI. Immunolocalization and Changes of Hydroxyproline-Rich Glycoproteins During Symbiotic Germination of Dendrobium officinale. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:552. [PMID: 29922306 PMCID: PMC5996918 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs) are abundant cell wall components involved in mycorrhizal symbiosis, but little is known about their function in orchid mycorrhizal association. To gain further insight into the role of HRGPs in orchid symbiosis, the location and function of HRGPs were investigated during symbiotic germination of Dendrobium officinale. The presence of JIM11 epitope in developing protocorms was determined using immunodot blots and immunohistochemical staining procedures. Real-time PCR was also employed to verify the expression patterns of genes coding for extensin-like genes selected from the transcriptomic database. The importance of HRGPs in symbiotic germination was further investigated using 3,4-dehydro-L-proline (3,4-DHP), an inhibitor of HRGP biosynthesis. In symbiotic cultures, immunodot blots of JIM11 signals were moderate in mature seeds, and the signals became stronger in swollen embryos. After germination, signal intensities decreased in developing protocorms. In contrast, in asymbiotic cultures, JIM11 signals were much lower as compared with those stages in symbiotic cultures. Immunofluorescence staining enabled the visualization of JIM11 epitope in mature embryo and protocorm cells. Positive signals were initially localized in the larger cells near the basal (suspensor) end of uninfected embryos, marking the future colonization site of fungal hyphae. After 1 week of inoculation, the basal end of embryos had been colonized, and a strong signal was detected mostly at the mid- and basal regions of the enlarging protocorm. As protocorm development progressed, the signal was concentrated in the colonized cells at the basal end. In colonized cells, signals were present in the walls and intracellularly associated with hyphae and the pelotons. The precise localization of JIM11 epitope is further examined by immunogold labeling. In the colonized cells, gold particles were found mainly in the cell wall and the interfacial matrix near the fungal cell wall. Four extensin-like genes were verified to be highly up-regulated in symbiotically germinated protocorms as compared to asymbiotically germinated ones. The 3,4-DHP treatment inhibited the accumulation of HRGPs and symbiotic seed germination. In these protocorms, fungal hyphae could be found throughout the protocorms. Our results indicate that HRGPs play an important role in symbiotic germination. They can serve as markers for fungal colonization, establishing a symbiotic compartment and constraining fungal colonization inside the basal cells of protocorms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Chen
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Hsiu Cho
- Biology Department, National Museum of Natural Science, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ai-Rong Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Edward C. Yeung
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Xu Zeng
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shun-Xing Guo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yung-I Lee
- Biology Department, National Museum of Natural Science, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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17
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Lace B, Ott T. Commonalities and Differences in Controlling Multipartite Intracellular Infections of Legume Roots by Symbiotic Microbes. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:661-672. [PMID: 29474692 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Legumes have the almost unique ability to establish symbiotic associations with rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Forward and reverse genetics have identified a large number of genes that are required for either or both interactions. However, and in sharp contrast to natural soils, these interactions have been almost exclusively investigated under laboratory conditions by using separate inoculation systems, whereas both symbionts are simultaneously present in the field. Considering our recent understanding of the individual symbioses, the community is now promisingly positioned to co-inoculate plants with two or more microbes in order to understand mechanistically how legumes efficiently balance, regulate and potentially separate these symbioses and other endophytic microbes within the same root. Here, we discuss a number of key control layers that should be considered when assessing tri- or multipartite beneficial interactions and that may contribute to colonization patterns in legume roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Lace
- University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Cell Biology, Schänzlestr. 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Ott
- University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Cell Biology, Schänzlestr. 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
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18
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Micro-Food Web Structure Shapes Rhizosphere Microbial Communities and Growth in Oak. DIVERSITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/d10010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The multitrophic interactions in the rhizosphere impose significant impacts on microbial community structure and function, affecting nutrient mineralisation and consequently plant performance. However, particularly for long-lived plants such as forest trees, the mechanisms by which trophic structure of the micro-food web governs rhizosphere microorganisms are still poorly understood. This study addresses the role of nematodes, as a major component of the soil micro-food web, in influencing the microbial abundance and community structure as well as tree growth. In a greenhouse experiment with Pedunculate Oak seedlings were grown in soil, where the nematode trophic structure was manipulated by altering the proportion of functional groups (i.e., bacterial, fungal, and plant feeders) in a full factorial design. The influence on the rhizosphere microbial community, the ectomycorrhizal symbiont Piloderma croceum, and oak growth, was assessed. Soil phospholipid fatty acids were employed to determine changes in the microbial communities. Increased density of singular nematode functional groups showed minor impact by increasing the biomass of single microbial groups (e.g., plant feeders that of Gram-negative bacteria), except fungal feeders, which resulted in a decline of all microorganisms in the soil. In contrast, inoculation of two or three nematode groups promoted microbial biomass and altered the community structure in favour of bacteria, thereby counteracting negative impact of single groups. These findings highlight that the collective action of trophic groups in the soil micro-food web can result in microbial community changes promoting the fitness of the tree, thereby alleviating the negative effects of individual functional groups.
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19
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Torres-Aquino M, Becquer A, Le Guernevé C, Louche J, Amenc LK, Staunton S, Quiquampoix H, Plassard C. The host plant Pinus pinaster exerts specific effects on phosphate efflux and polyphosphate metabolism of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum: a radiotracer, cytological staining and 31 P NMR spectroscopy study. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:190-202. [PMID: 27743400 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) association can improve plant phosphorus (P) nutrition. Polyphosphates (polyP) synthesized in distant fungal cells after P uptake may contribute to P supply from the fungus to the host plant if they are hydrolyzed to phosphate in ECM roots then transferred to the host plant when required. In this study, we addressed this hypothesis for the ECM fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum grown in vitro and incubated without plant or with host (Pinus pinaster) and non-host (Zea mays) plants, using an experimental system simulating the symbiotic interface. We used 32 P labelling to quantify P accumulation and P efflux and in vivo and in vitro nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and cytological staining to follow the fate of fungal polyP. Phosphate supply triggered a massive P accumulation as newly synthesized long-chain polyP in H. cylindrosporum if previously grown under P-deficient conditions. P efflux from H. cylindrosporum towards the roots was stimulated by both host and non-host plants. However, the host plant enhanced 32 P release compared with the non-host plant and specifically increased the proportion of short-chain polyP in the interacting mycelia. These results support the existence of specific host plant effects on fungal P metabolism able to provide P in the apoplast of ectomycorrhizal roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Torres-Aquino
- INRA, UMR Eco&Sols, 2 place Viala, 34060 CEDEX 1, Montpellier, France
- Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus San Luis Potosí, Agustín de Iturbide N 73, CP 78600, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Adeline Becquer
- INRA, UMR Eco&Sols, 2 place Viala, 34060 CEDEX 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Christine Le Guernevé
- INRA, UMR SPO (1083) Sciences pour l'Oenologie, 2 place Viala, 34060 CEDEX 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Julien Louche
- INRA, UMR Eco&Sols, 2 place Viala, 34060 CEDEX 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurie K Amenc
- INRA, UMR Eco&Sols, 2 place Viala, 34060 CEDEX 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Siobhan Staunton
- INRA, UMR Eco&Sols, 2 place Viala, 34060 CEDEX 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Hervé Quiquampoix
- INRA, UMR Eco&Sols, 2 place Viala, 34060 CEDEX 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Claude Plassard
- INRA, UMR Eco&Sols, 2 place Viala, 34060 CEDEX 1, Montpellier, France
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20
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Usuki F, Narisawa K. A mutualistic symbiosis between a dark septate endophytic fungus,Heteroconium chaetospira,and a nonmycorrhizal plant, Chinese cabbage. Mycologia 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15572536.2007.11832577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kazuhiko Narisawa
- Plant Biotechnology Institute, Ibaraki Agricultural Center, 3165-1 Ago, Iwama, Nishi-Ibaraki 319-0292, Japan
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21
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Ait Lahmidi N, Courty PE, Brulé D, Chatagnier O, Arnould C, Doidy J, Berta G, Lingua G, Wipf D, Bonneau L. Sugar exchanges in arbuscular mycorrhiza: RiMST5 and RiMST6, two novel Rhizophagus irregularis monosaccharide transporters, are involved in both sugar uptake from the soil and from the plant partner. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 107:354-363. [PMID: 27362299 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are associated with about 80% of land plants. AM fungi provide inorganic nutrients to plants and in return up to 20% of the plant-fixed CO2 is transferred to the fungal symbionts. Since AM fungi are obligate biotrophs, unraveling how sugars are provided to the fungus partner is a key for understanding the functioning of the symbiosis. In this study, we identified two new monosaccharide transporters from Rhizophagus irregularis (RiMST5 and RiMST6) that we characterized as functional high affinity monosaccharide transporters. RiMST6 was characterized as a glucose specific, high affinity H(+) co-transporter. We provide experimental support for a primary role of both RiMST5 and RiMST6 in sugar uptake directly from the soil. The expression patterns of RiMSTs in response to partial light deprivation and to interaction with different host plants were investigated. Expression of genes coding for RiMSTs was transiently enhanced after 48 h of shading and was unambiguously dependent on the host plant species. These results cast doubt on the 'fair trade' principle under carbon-limiting conditions. Therefore, in light of these findings, the possible mechanisms involved in the modulation between mutualism and parasitism in plant-AM fungus interactions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nassima Ait Lahmidi
- INRA, UMR 1347 Agroécologie Pôle Interactions Plantes Microorganismes -ERL6300 CNRS, 17 rue Sully, 21065, Dijon, France.
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Courty
- Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, Department of Environmental Sciences, Botany, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 1, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daphnée Brulé
- Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, Department of Environmental Sciences, Botany, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 1, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Odile Chatagnier
- INRA, UMR 1347 Agroécologie Pôle Interactions Plantes Microorganismes -ERL6300 CNRS, 17 rue Sully, 21065, Dijon, France
| | - Christine Arnould
- INRA, UMR 1347 Agroécologie Pôle Interactions Plantes Microorganismes -ERL6300 CNRS, 17 rue Sully, 21065, Dijon, France
| | - Joan Doidy
- INRA, UMR 1347 Agroécologie Pôle Interactions Plantes Microorganismes -ERL6300 CNRS, 17 rue Sully, 21065, Dijon, France
| | - Graziella Berta
- Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale Amedeo Avogadro, Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, viale T. Michel, 11, 15121, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Guido Lingua
- Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale Amedeo Avogadro, Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, viale T. Michel, 11, 15121, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Daniel Wipf
- Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, UMR 1347 Agroécologie Pôle Interactions Plantes Microorganismes -ERL 6300 CNRS, 17 rue Sully, 21065, Dijon, France
| | - Laurent Bonneau
- Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, UMR 1347 Agroécologie Pôle Interactions Plantes Microorganismes -ERL 6300 CNRS, 17 rue Sully, 21065, Dijon, France
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22
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Buscot F. Implication of evolution and diversity in arbuscular and ectomycorrhizal symbioses. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 172:55-61. [PMID: 25239593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Being highly sensitive to ecological variations, symbiotic associations should inherently have a limited occurrence in nature. To circumvent this sensitivity and reach their universal distribution, symbioses used three strategies during their evolution, which all generated high biodiversity levels: (i) specialization to a specific environment, (ii) protection of one partner via its internalization into the other, (iii) frequent partner exchange. Mycorrhizal associations follow the 3rd strategy, but also present traits of internalization. As most ancient type, arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) formed by a monophyletic fungal group with reduced species richness did constantly support the mineral nutrition of terrestrial plants and enabled their ecological radiation and actual biodiversity level. In contrast ectomycorrhiza (EM) evolved later and independently within different taxa of fungi able to degrade complex organic plant residues, and the diversity levels of EM fungal and tree partners are balanced. Despite their different origins and diversity levels, AM and EM fungi display similar patterns of diversity dynamics in ecosystems. At each time or succession interval, a few dominant and many rare fungi are recruited by plants roots from a wide reservoir of propagules. However, the dominant fungal partners are frequently replaced in relation to changes in the vegetation or ecological conditions. While the initial establishment of AM and EM fungal communities corresponds to a neutral recruitment, their further succession is rather driven by niche differentiation dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Buscot
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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23
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Resource Transfer Between Plants Through Ectomycorrhizal Fungal Networks. ECOLOGICAL STUDIES 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-7395-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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24
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Liu A, Chen S, Chang R, Liu D, Chen H, Ahammed GJ, Lin X, He C. Arbuscular mycorrhizae improve low temperature tolerance in cucumber via alterations in H2O2 accumulation and ATPase activity. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2014; 127:775-785. [PMID: 25160659 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-014-0657-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The combined effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and low temperature (LT) on cucumber plants were investigated with respect to biomass production, H2O2 accumulation, NADPH oxidase, ATPase activity and related gene expression. Mycorrhizal colonization ratio was gradually increased after AMF-inoculation. However, LT significantly decreased mycorrhizal colonization ability and mycorrhizal dependency. Regardless of temperature, the total fresh and dry mass, and root activity of AMF-inoculated plants were significantly higher than that of the non-AMF control. The H2O2 accumulation in AMF-inoculated roots was decreased by 42.44% compared with the control under LT. H2O2 predominantly accumulated on the cell walls of apoplast but was hardly detectable in the cytosol or organelles of roots. Again, NADPH oxidase activity involved in H2O2 production was significantly reduced by AMF inoculation under LT. AMF-inoculation remarkably increased the activities of P-type H(+)-ATPase, P-Ca(2+)-ATPase, V-type H(+)-ATPase, total ATPase activity, ATP concentration and plasma membrane protein content in the roots under LT. Additionally, ATP concentration and expression of plasma membrane ATPase genes were increased by AMF-inoculation. These results indicate that NADPH oxidase and ATPase might play an important role in AMF-mediated tolerance to chilling stress, thereby maintaining a lower H2O2 accumulation in the roots of cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Airong Liu
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, People's Republic of China
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25
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Krajinski F, Courty PE, Sieh D, Franken P, Zhang H, Bucher M, Gerlach N, Kryvoruchko I, Zoeller D, Udvardi M, Hause B. The H+-ATPase HA1 of Medicago truncatula Is Essential for Phosphate Transport and Plant Growth during Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:1808-1817. [PMID: 24781114 PMCID: PMC4036587 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.120436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A key feature of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis is improved phosphorus nutrition of the host plant via the mycorrhizal pathway, i.e., the fungal uptake of Pi from the soil and its release from arbuscules within root cells. Efficient transport of Pi from the fungus to plant cells is thought to require a proton gradient across the periarbuscular membrane (PAM) that separates fungal arbuscules from the host cell cytoplasm. Previous studies showed that the H+-ATPase gene HA1 is expressed specifically in arbuscule-containing root cells of Medicago truncatula. We isolated a ha1-2 mutant of M. truncatula and found it to be impaired in the development of arbuscules but not in root colonization by Rhizophagus irregularis hyphae. Artificial microRNA silencing of HA1 recapitulated this phenotype, resulting in small and truncated arbuscules. Unlike the wild type, the ha1-2 mutant failed to show a positive growth response to mycorrhizal colonization under Pi-limiting conditions. Uptake experiments confirmed that ha1-2 mutants are unable to take up phosphate via the mycorrhizal pathway. Increased pH in the apoplast of abnormal arbuscule-containing cells of the ha1-2 mutant compared with the wild type suggests that HA1 is crucial for building a proton gradient across the PAM and therefore is indispensible for the transfer of Pi from the fungus to the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Krajinski
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D-14476 Potsdam (OT) Golm, Germany
| | | | - Daniela Sieh
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D-14476 Potsdam (OT) Golm, Germany
| | - Philipp Franken
- Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, D-14979 Großbeeren, Germany
| | - Haoqiang Zhang
- Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, D-14979 Großbeeren, Germany
| | - Marcel Bucher
- Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Nina Gerlach
- Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Daniela Zoeller
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D-14476 Potsdam (OT) Golm, Germany
| | - Michael Udvardi
- The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Bettina Hause
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120 Halle, Germany
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26
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Martínez-Soto D, Robledo-Briones AM, Estrada-Luna AA, Ruiz-Herrera J. Transcriptomic analysis of Ustilago maydis infecting Arabidopsis reveals important aspects of the fungus pathogenic mechanisms. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:e25059. [PMID: 23733054 PMCID: PMC4005800 DOI: 10.4161/psb.25059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptomic and biochemical analyses of the experimental pathosystem constituted by Ustilago maydis and Arabidopsis thaliana were performed. Haploid or diploid strains of U. maydis inoculated in A. thaliana plantlets grew on the surface and within the plant tissues in the form of mycelium, inducing chlorosis, anthocyanin formation, malformations, necrosis and adventitious roots development, but not teliospores. Symptoms were more severe in plants inoculated with the haploid strain which grew more vigorously than the diploid strain. RNA extracted at different times post-infection was used for hybridization of one-channel microarrays that were analyzed focusing on the fungal genes involved in the general pathogenic process, biogenesis of the fungal cell wall and the secretome. In total, 3,537 and 3,299 genes were differentially expressed in the haploid and diploid strains, respectively. Differentially expressed genes were related to different functional categories and many of them showed a similar regulation occurring in U. maydis infecting maize. Our data suggest that the haploid strain behaves as a necrotrophic pathogen, whereas the diploid behaves as a biotrophic pathogen. The results obtained are evidence of the usefulness of the U. maydis-A. thaliana pathosystem for the analysis of the pathogenic mechanisms of U. maydis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrés A. Estrada-Luna
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética; Unidad Irapuato; Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional; Irapuato, Gto México
| | - José Ruiz-Herrera
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética; Unidad Irapuato; Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional; Irapuato, Gto México
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Recorbet G, Abdallah C, Renaut J, Wipf D, Dumas-Gaudot E. Protein actors sustaining arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis: underground artists break the silence. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 199:26-40. [PMID: 23638913 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The roots of most land plants can enter a relationship with soil-borne fungi belonging to the phylum Glomeromycota. This symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi belongs to the so-called biotrophic interactions, involving the intracellular accommodation of a microorganism by a living plant cell without causing the death of the host. Although profiling technologies have generated an increasing depository of plant and fungal proteins eligible for sustaining AM accommodation and functioning, a bottleneck exists for their functional analysis as these experiments are difficult to carry out with mycorrhiza. Nonetheless, the expansion of gene-to-phenotype reverse genetic tools, including RNA interference and transposon silencing, have recently succeeded in elucidating some of the plant-related protein candidates. Likewise, despite the ongoing absence of transformation tools for AM fungi, host-induced gene silencing has allowed knockdown of fungal gene expression in planta for the first time, thus unlocking a technological limitation in deciphering the functional pertinence of glomeromycotan proteins during mycorrhizal establishment. This review is thus intended to draw a picture of our current knowledge about the plant and fungal protein actors that have been demonstrated to be functionally implicated in sustaining AM symbiosis mostly on the basis of silencing approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghislaine Recorbet
- UMR Agroécologie INRA 1347/Agrosup, Université de Bourgogne, Pôle Interactions Plantes Microorganismes ERL 6300 CNRS, BP 86510, 21065, Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Cosette Abdallah
- UMR Agroécologie INRA 1347/Agrosup, Université de Bourgogne, Pôle Interactions Plantes Microorganismes ERL 6300 CNRS, BP 86510, 21065, Dijon Cedex, France
- Environmental and Agro-Biotechnologies Department, Centre de Recherche Public- Gabriel Lippmann, 41, rue du Brill, Belvaux, L-4422, Luxembourg
| | - Jenny Renaut
- Environmental and Agro-Biotechnologies Department, Centre de Recherche Public- Gabriel Lippmann, 41, rue du Brill, Belvaux, L-4422, Luxembourg
| | - Daniel Wipf
- UMR Agroécologie INRA 1347/Agrosup, Université de Bourgogne, Pôle Interactions Plantes Microorganismes ERL 6300 CNRS, BP 86510, 21065, Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Eliane Dumas-Gaudot
- UMR Agroécologie INRA 1347/Agrosup, Université de Bourgogne, Pôle Interactions Plantes Microorganismes ERL 6300 CNRS, BP 86510, 21065, Dijon Cedex, France
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Domínguez LS, Sérsic A. The southernmost myco-heterotrophic plant, Arachnitis uniflora: root morphology and anatomy. Mycologia 2012; 96:1143-51. [PMID: 21148933 DOI: 10.1080/15572536.2005.11832912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Root morphology and anatomy of the myco-heterotrophic Arachnitis uniflora (Corsiaceae) were studied in relation to their association with a Glomus species (Glomeromycota). The mycorrhizal features were studied in three distinctive stages of development: (i) shoot and flower restricted to a small, underground bud; (ii) shoot and flower bud up to 1.5 cm; and (iii) shoot and flower already withered. The hyphae penetrate through and between the epidermal and exodermal cells; the exodermis and outer cortical cells become colonized in an inter- and intracellular manner, with some coils being formed in these layers. The fungi colonize the middle cortex, where intracellular vesicles in bundles are abundant. Arbuscules are formed profusely at very early stages of development, while in older stages they almost disappear and abundant vesicles are formed. Except for some details, the pattern of root colonization corresponds to a Paris-type. Presence of storage substances (starch and oil) also was recorded. Starch is produced and stored within root cells, mainly in the outer and inner root cortex. In senescent stages, plant and fungal tissues collapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura S Domínguez
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), C.C. 495, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
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29
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Hobbie EA, Högberg P. Nitrogen isotopes link mycorrhizal fungi and plants to nitrogen dynamics. NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 196:367-382. [PMID: 22963677 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04300.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erik A. Hobbie
- Earth Systems Research Center University of New Hampshire Durham NH 03824 USA
| | - Peter Högberg
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) SE‐901 83 Umeå Sweden
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Gaude N, Bortfeld S, Duensing N, Lohse M, Krajinski F. Arbuscule-containing and non-colonized cortical cells of mycorrhizal roots undergo extensive and specific reprogramming during arbuscular mycorrhizal development. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 69:510-28. [PMID: 21978245 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04810.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Most vascular plants form a mutualistic association with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, known as AM symbiosis. The development of AM symbiosis is an asynchronous process, and mycorrhizal roots therefore typically contain several symbiotic structures and various cell types. Hence, the use of whole-plant organs for downstream analyses can mask cell-specific variations in gene expression. To obtain insight into cell-specific reprogramming during AM symbiosis, comparative analyses of various cell types were performed using laser capture microdissection combined with microarray hybridization. Remarkably, the most prominent transcriptome changes were observed in non-arbuscule-containing cells of mycorrhizal roots, indicating a drastic reprogramming of these cells during root colonization that may be related to subsequent fungal colonization. A high proportion of transcripts regulated in arbuscule-containing cells and non-arbuscule-containing cells encode proteins involved in transport processes, transcriptional regulation and lipid metabolism, indicating that reprogramming of these processes is of particular importance for AM symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Gaude
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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31
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Helber N, Wippel K, Sauer N, Schaarschmidt S, Hause B, Requena N. A versatile monosaccharide transporter that operates in the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus sp is crucial for the symbiotic relationship with plants. THE PLANT CELL 2011; 23:3812-23. [PMID: 21972259 PMCID: PMC3229151 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.111.089813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
For more than 400 million years, plants have maintained a mutualistic symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. This evolutionary success can be traced to the role of these fungi in providing plants with mineral nutrients, particularly phosphate. In return, photosynthates are given to the fungus, which support its obligate biotrophic lifestyle. Although the mechanisms involved in phosphate transfer have been extensively studied, less is known about the reciprocal transfer of carbon. Here, we present the high-affinity Monosaccharide Transporter2 (MST2) from Glomus sp with a broad substrate spectrum that functions at several symbiotic root locations. Plant cell wall sugars can efficiently outcompete the Glc uptake capacity of MST2, suggesting they can serve as alternative carbon sources. MST2 expression closely correlates with that of the mycorrhiza-specific Phosphate Transporter4 (PT4). Furthermore, reduction of MST2 expression using host-induced gene silencing resulted in impaired mycorrhiza formation, malformed arbuscules, and reduced PT4 expression. These findings highlight the symbiotic role of MST2 and support the hypothesis that the exchange of carbon for phosphate is tightly linked. Unexpectedly, we found that the external mycelium of AM fungi is able to take up sugars in a proton-dependent manner. These results imply that the sugar uptake system operating in this symbiosis is more complex than previously anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Helber
- Plant-Microbial Interactions Group, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hertzstrasse 16, D-76187 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Kathrin Wippel
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Molecular Plant-Physiology, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Norbert Sauer
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Molecular Plant-Physiology, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Bettina Hause
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06018 Halle, Germany
| | - Natalia Requena
- Plant-Microbial Interactions Group, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hertzstrasse 16, D-76187 Karlsruhe, Germany
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32
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Smith SE, Smith FA. Fresh perspectives on the roles of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in plant nutrition and growth. Mycologia 2011; 104:1-13. [PMID: 21933929 DOI: 10.3852/11-229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Recent research on arbuscular mycorrhizas has demonstrated that AM fungi play a significant role in plant phosphorus (P) uptake, regardless of whether the plant responds positively to colonization in terms of growth or P content. Here we focus particularly on implications of this finding for consideration of the balance between organic carbon (C) use by the fungi and P delivery (i.e. the C-P trade between the symbionts). Positive growth responses to arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization are attributed frequently to increased P uptake via the fungus, which results in relief of P deficiency and increased growth. Zero AM responses, compared with non-mycorrhizal (NM) plants, have conventionally been attributed to failure of the fungi to deliver P to the plants. Negative responses, combined with excessive C use, have been attributed to this failure. The fungi were viewed as parasites. Demonstration that the AM pathway of P uptake operates in such plants indicates that direct P uptake by the roots is reduced and that the fungi are not parasites but mutualists because they deliver P as well as using C. We suggest that poor plant growth is the result of P deficiency because AM fungi lower the amount of P taken up directly by roots but the AM uptake of P does compensate for the reduction. The implications of interplay between direct root uptake and AM fungal uptake of P also include increased tolerance of AM plants to toxins such as arsenate and increased success when competing with NM plants. Finally we discuss the new information on C-P trade in the context of control of the symbiosis by the fungus or the plant, including new information (from NM plants) on sugar transport and on the role of sucrose in the signaling network involved in responses of plants to P deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally E Smith
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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33
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Smith SE, Jakobsen I, Grønlund M, Smith FA. Roles of arbuscular mycorrhizas in plant phosphorus nutrition: interactions between pathways of phosphorus uptake in arbuscular mycorrhizal roots have important implications for understanding and manipulating plant phosphorus acquisition. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 156:1050-7. [PMID: 21467213 PMCID: PMC3135927 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.174581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sally E Smith
- Soils Group, School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Adelaide 5005, Australia.
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Smith SE, Smith FA. Roles of arbuscular mycorrhizas in plant nutrition and growth: new paradigms from cellular to ecosystem scales. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 62:227-50. [PMID: 21391813 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042110-103846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 571] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Root systems of most land plants form arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbioses in the field, and these contribute to nutrient uptake. AM roots have two pathways for nutrient absorption, directly through the root epidermis and root hairs and via AM fungal hyphae into root cortical cells, where arbuscules or hyphal coils provide symbiotic interfaces. New physiological and molecular evidence shows that for phosphorus the mycorrhizal pathway (MP) is operational regardless of plant growth responses (positive or negative). Amounts delivered cannot be determined from plant nutrient contents because when responses are negative the contribution of the direct pathway (DP) is reduced. Nitrogen (N) is also delivered to roots via an MP, but the contribution to total N requirement and the costs to the plant are not clear. The functional interplay between activities of the DP and MP has important implications for consideration of AM symbioses in ecological, agronomic, and evolutionary contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally E Smith
- Soils Group, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.
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35
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Gyuricza V, Dupré de Boulois H, Declerck S. Effect of potassium and phosphorus on the transport of radiocesium by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2010; 101:482-7. [PMID: 18485549 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2008.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2007] [Revised: 03/20/2008] [Accepted: 04/04/2008] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Potassium, a chemical analogue of cesium, and phosphorus, an essential macronutrient transported by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), have been suggested to influence the transport of radiocesium by AMF. However, no study investigated the effects of increasing concentrations of both elements on the importance of this transport. Here, the arbuscular mycorrhizal-plant (AM-P) in vitro culture system associating Medicago truncatula plantlets with Glomus intraradices was used to evaluate this effect. Using three concentrations of K (0, 1, 10 mM) and two concentrations of P (30 and 3000 microM) added to a compartment only accessible to the AMF, we demonstrated that K and P individually and in combination significantly influenced radiocesium transport by AMF. Whilst increased concentration of K decreased the amount of radiocesium transported, the opposite was observed for P. Although the exact mechanisms involved need to be assessed, both elements were identified as important factors influencing the transport of radiocesium by AMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Gyuricza
- Université catholique de Louvain, Unité de microbiologie, Croix du Sud 3, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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36
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Baier MC, Keck M, Gödde V, Niehaus K, Küster H, Hohnjec N. Knockdown of the symbiotic sucrose synthase MtSucS1 affects arbuscule maturation and maintenance in mycorrhizal roots of Medicago truncatula. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 152:1000-14. [PMID: 20007443 PMCID: PMC2815868 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.149898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Accepted: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The relevance of the symbiosis-induced Medicago truncatula sucrose synthase gene MtSucS1 for an efficient arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) was studied using two independent antisense lines that displayed up to 10-fold reduced SucS1 levels in roots. Mycorrhizal MtSucS1-reduced lines exhibited an overall stunted aboveground growth under inorganic phosphorus limitation. Apart from a reduced plant height, shoot weight, and leaf development, a delayed flowering, resulting in a lower seed yield, was observed. In addition, the root-to-shoot and root weight ratios increased significantly. Gene expression studies demonstrated a major reversion of AM-associated transcription, exhibiting a significant repression of well-known plant AM marker and mycosymbiont genes, together indicating a diminished AM fungus colonization of MtSucS1-antisense lines. Concomitantly, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolite profiling revealed that mycorrhizal MtSucS1-reduced lines were affected in important nodes of the carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus metabolism, accentuating a physiological significance of MtSucS1 for AM. In fact, antisensing MtSucS1 provoked an impaired fungal colonization within the less abundant infected regions, evident from strongly reduced frequencies of internal hyphae, vesicles, and arbuscules. Moreover, arbuscules were early senescing, accompanied with a reduced development of mature arbuscules. This defective mycorrhiza status correlated with reduced phosphorus and nitrogen levels and was proportional to the extent of MtSucS1 knockdown. Together, our results point to an important role for MtSucS1 in the establishment and maintenance of arbuscules in the AM symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Helge Küster
- Genomics of Legume Plants (M.C.B.) and Proteome and Metabolome Research (M.K., V.G., K.N.), Institute for Genome Research and Systems Biology, Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, D–33594 Bielefeld, Germany; and Institute for Plant Genetics, Unit IV-Plant Genomics, Leibniz Universität Hannover, D–30419 Hanover, Germany (H.K., N.H.)
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37
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Moche M, Stremlau S, Hecht L, Göbel C, Feussner I, Stöhr C. Effect of nitrate supply and mycorrhizal inoculation on characteristics of tobacco root plasma membrane vesicles. PLANTA 2010; 231:425-36. [PMID: 19937342 PMCID: PMC2799628 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-009-1057-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant plasma membrane (pm) vesicles from mycorrhizal tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun) roots were isolated with negligible fungal contamination by the aqueous two-phase partitioning technique as proven by fatty acid analysis. Palmitvaccenic acid became apparent as an appropriate indicator for fungal membranes in root pm preparations. The pm vesicles had a low specific activity of the vanadate-sensitive ATPase and probably originated from non-infected root cells. In a phosphate-limited tobacco culture system, root colonisation by the vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus mosseae, is inhibited by external nitrate in a dose-dependent way. However, detrimental high concentrations of 25 mM nitrate lead to the highest colonisation rate observed, indicating that the defence system of the plant is impaired. Nitric oxide formation by the pm-bound nitrite:NO reductase increased in parallel with external nitrate supply in mycorrhizal roots in comparison to the control plants, but decreased under excess nitrate. Mycorrhizal pm vesicles had roughly a twofold higher specific activity as the non-infected control plants when supplied with 10-15 mM nitrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Moche
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Greifswald University, Grimmer Str. 88, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stefanie Stremlau
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Greifswald University, Grimmer Str. 88, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lars Hecht
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Greifswald University, Grimmer Str. 88, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Cornelia Göbel
- Plant Biochemistry, Georg-August-University, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Plant Biochemistry, Georg-August-University, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christine Stöhr
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Greifswald University, Grimmer Str. 88, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
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38
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Mycorrhizal and dark septate fungal associations in shola species of Western Ghats, southern India. MYCOSCIENCE 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10267-009-0009-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Jalonen R, Nygren P, Sierra J. Transfer of nitrogen from a tropical legume tree to an associated fodder grass via root exudation and common mycelial networks. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2009; 32:1366-76. [PMID: 19552666 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2009.02004.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Symbiotic dinitrogen fixation by legume trees represents a substantial N input in agroforestry systems, which may benefit the associated crops. Applying (15)N labelling, we studied N transfer via common mycelial networks (CMN) and root exudation from the legume tree Gliricidia sepium to the associated fodder grass Dichantium aristatum. The plants were grown in greenhouse in shared pots in full interaction (treatment FI) or with their root systems separated with a fine mesh that allowed N transfer via CMN only (treatment MY). Tree root exudation was measured separately with hydroponics. Nitrogen transfer estimates were based on the isotopic signature of N (delta(15)N) transferred from the donor. We obtained a range for estimates by calculating transfer with delta(15)N of tree roots and exudates. Nitrogen transfer was 3.7-14.0 and 0.7-2.5% of grass total N in treatments FI and MY, respectively. Root delta(15)N gave the lower and exudate delta(15)N the higher estimates. Transfer in FI probably occurred mainly via root exudation. Transfer in MY correlated negatively with grass root N concentration, implying that it was driven by source-sink relationships between the plants. The range of transfer estimates, depending on source delta(15)N applied, indicates the need of understanding the transfer mechanisms as a basis for reliable estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riina Jalonen
- Department of Forest Ecology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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40
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Gomez SK, Harrison MJ. Laser microdissection and its application to analyze gene expression in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2009; 65:504-511. [PMID: 19206091 DOI: 10.1002/ps.1715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus is essential for plant growth, and in many soils phosphorus availability limits crop production. Most plants in natural ecosystems obtain phosphorus via a symbiotic partnership with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. While the significance of these associations is apparent, their molecular basis is poorly understood. Consequently, the potential to harness the mycorrhizal symbiosis to improve phosphorus nutrition in agriculture is not realized. Transcript profiling has recently been used to investigate gene expression changes that accompany development of the AM symbiosis. While these approaches have enabled the identification of AM-symbiosis-associated genes, they have generally involved the use of RNA from whole mycorrhizal roots. Laser microdissection techniques allow the dissection and capture of individual cells from a tissue. RNA can then be isolated from these samples and cell-type specific gene expression information can be obtained. This technology has been applied to obtain cells from plants and more recently to study plant-microbe interactions. The latter techniques, particularly those developed for root-microbe interactions, are of relevance to plant-parasitic weed research. Here, laser microdissection, its use in plant biology and in particular plant-microbe interactions are discussed. An overview of the AM symbiosis is then provided, with a focus on recent advances in understanding development of the arbuscule-cortical cell interface. Finally, the recent applications of laser microdissection for analyses of AM symbiosis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Karen Gomez
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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41
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Muthukumar T, Prakash S. Arbuscular mycorrhizal morphology in crops and associated weeds in tropical agro-ecosystems. MYCOSCIENCE 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10267-008-0475-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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42
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Ramos AC, Martins MA, Okorokova-Façanha AL, Olivares FL, Okorokov LA, Sepúlveda N, Feijó JA, Façanha AR. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi induce differential activation of the plasma membrane and vacuolar H+ pumps in maize roots. MYCORRHIZA 2009; 19:69-80. [PMID: 18841397 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-008-0204-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Roots undergo multiple changes as a consequence of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) interactions. One of the major alterations expected is the induction of membrane transport systems, including proton pumps. In this work, we investigated the changes in the activities of vacuolar and plasma membrane (PM) H(+) pumps from maize roots (Zea mays L.) in response to colonization by two species of AM fungi, Gigaspora margarita and Glomus clarum. Both the vacuolar and PM H(+)-ATPase activities were inhibited, while a concomitant strong stimulation of the vacuolar H(+)-PPase was found in the early stages of root colonization by G. clarum (30 days after inoculation), localized in the younger root regions. In contrast, roots colonized by G. margarita exhibited only stimulation of these enzymatic activities, suggesting a species-specific phenomenon. However, when the root surface H(+) effluxes were recorded using a noninvasive vibrating probe technique, a striking activation of the PM H(+)-ATPases was revealed specifically in the elongation zone of roots colonized with G. clarum. The data provide evidences for a coordinated regulation of the H(+) pumps, which depicts a mechanism underlying an activation of the root H(+)-PPase activity as an adaptative response to the energetic changes faced by the host root during the early stages of the AM interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro C Ramos
- Developmental Biology Center, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Pt-2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Marco A Martins
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologia Agropecuária, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, 28013-600, Brazil
| | - Anna L Okorokova-Façanha
- Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, 28015-620, Brazil
| | - Fábio Lopes Olivares
- Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, 28015-620, Brazil
| | - Lev A Okorokov
- Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, 28015-620, Brazil
| | - Nuno Sepúlveda
- Centro de Estatística e Aplicações da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande Ed C6, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
- Theoretical Immunology Group, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Pt-2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - José A Feijó
- Developmental Biology Center, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Pt-2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal
- Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, DBV, Campo Grande Ed. C2, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Arnoldo R Façanha
- Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, 28015-620, Brazil.
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Délano-Frier JP, Tejeda-Sartorius M. Unraveling the network: Novel developments in the understanding of signaling and nutrient exchange mechanisms in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2008; 3:936-44. [PMID: 19513196 PMCID: PMC2633739 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2008] [Accepted: 08/15/2008] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The arbuscular mycorrhhiza (AM) symbiosis involves an intricate network of signaling and biochemical pathways designed to ensure that a beneficial relationship is established between the plant and fungal partners as a result of a mutual nutrient exchange. Emerging data has been recently published to explain why the relationship is not always fair, as observed in prevalent parasitic AM relationships in which the plant host receives no phosphorus (P) in exchange for carbon (C) delivered to the fungus. The theory behind this unorthodox view of the AM relationship, together with the description of other recent developments in nutrient mobilization as well as in key aspects of the bi-directional signaling that culminates in the symbiotic association, is the subject of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Paul Délano-Frier
- Unidad de Biotecnología e Ingeniería Genética de Plantas; Cinvestav-Campus Guanajuato; Irapuato, Guanajuato México
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Hobbie EA, Hobbie JE. Natural Abundance of 15N in Nitrogen-Limited Forests and Tundra Can Estimate Nitrogen Cycling Through Mycorrhizal Fungi: A Review. Ecosystems 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-008-9159-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Cameron DD, Johnson I, Read DJ, Leake JR. Giving and receiving: measuring the carbon cost of mycorrhizas in the green orchid, Goodyera repens. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2008; 180:176-184. [PMID: 18627489 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02533.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Direct measurement of the carbon (C) 'cost' of mycorrhizas is problematic. Although estimates have been made for arbuscular and ectomycorrhizal symbioses, these are based on incomplete budgets or indirect measurements. Furthermore, the conventional model of unidirectional plant-to-fungus C flux is too simplistic. Net fungus-to-plant C transfer supports seedling establishment in c. 10% of plant species, including most orchids, and bidirectional C flows occur in ectomycorrhiza utilizing soil amino acids. Here, the C cost of mycorrhizas to the green orchid Goodyera repens was determined by measurement of simultaneous bidirectional fluxes of 14C labelled sources using a monoxenic system with the fungus Ceratobasidium cornigerum. Transfer of C from fungus to plant ('up-flow') occurs in the photosynthesizing orchid G. repens (max. 0.06 microg) whereas over five times more current assimilate (min. 0.355 microg) is simultaneously allocated in the reverse direction to the mycorrhizal fungus ('down-flow') after 8 d. Carbon is transferred rapidly, being detected in plant-fungal respiration within 31 h of labelling. This study provides the most complete C budget for an orchid-mycorrhizal symbiosis, and clearly shows net plant-to-fungus C flux. The rapidity of bidirectional C flux is indicative of dynamic transfer at an interfacial apoplast as opposed to reliance on digestion of fungal pelotons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan D Cameron
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Alfred Denny Building, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Irene Johnson
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Alfred Denny Building, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - David J Read
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Alfred Denny Building, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Jonathan R Leake
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Alfred Denny Building, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
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Balestrini R, Gómez-Ariza J, Lanfranco L, Bonfante P. Laser microdissection reveals that transcripts for five plant and one fungal phosphate transporter genes are contemporaneously present in arbusculated cells. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2007; 20:1055-62. [PMID: 17849708 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-20-9-1055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of a symbiotic interaction between plant roots and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi requires both partners to undergo significant morphological and physiological modifications which eventually lead to reciprocal beneficial effects. Extensive changes in gene expression profiles recently have been described in transcriptomic studies that have analyzed the whole mycorrhizal root. However, because root colonization by AM fungi involves different cell types, a cell-specific gene expression pattern is likely to occur. We have applied the laser microdissection (LMD) technology to investigate expression profiles of both plant and fungal genes in Lycopersicon esculentum roots colonized by Glomus mosseae. A protocol to harvest arbuscule-containing cells from paraffin sections of mycorrhizal roots has been developed using a Leica AS LMD system. RNA of satisfactory quantity and quality has been extracted for molecular analysis. Transcripts for plant phosphate transporters (LePTs), selected as molecular markers for a functional symbiosis, have been detected by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assays and associated to distinct cell types, leading to novel insights into the distribution of LePT mRNAs. In fact, the transcripts of the five phosphate transporters (PTs) have been detected contemporaneously in the same arbusculated cell population, unlike from the neighboring noncolonized cells. In addition, fungal H(+)ATPase (GmHA5) and phosphate transporter (GmosPT) mRNAs were found exclusively in arbusculated cells. The discovery that five plant and one fungal PT genes are consistently expressed inside the arbusculated cells provides a new scenario for plant-fungus nutrient exchanges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Balestrini
- Istituto Protezione Piante, CNR and Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale, Università di Torino, Viale Mattioli, 25-10125 Torino, Italy
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Dickson S, Smith FA, Smith SE. Structural differences in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses: more than 100 years after Gallaud, where next? MYCORRHIZA 2007; 17:375-393. [PMID: 17476535 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-007-0130-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2006] [Accepted: 03/23/2007] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
This review commemorates and examines the significance of the work of Isobel Gallaud more than 100 years ago that first established the existence of distinct structural classes (Arum-type and Paris-type) within arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbioses. We add new information from recent publications to the previous data last collated 10 years ago to consider whether any patterns have emerged on the basis of different fungal morphology within plant species or families. We discuss: (1) possible control exerted by the fungus over AM morphology; (2) apparent lack of plant phylogenetic relationships between the classes; (3) functions of the interfaces in different structural classes in relation to nutrient transfer in particular; and (4) the occurrence of plants with both of the major classes, and with intermediate AM structures, in different plant habitats. We also give suggestions for future research to help remove uncertainties about the functional and ecological significance of differences in AM morphology. Lastly, we urge retention of the terms Arum- and Paris-type, which are now well recognised by those who study AM symbioses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dickson
- Soil and Land Systems (Waite Campus), School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia.
- Centre for Soil-Plant Interactions, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia.
| | - F A Smith
- Soil and Land Systems (Waite Campus), School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
- Centre for Soil-Plant Interactions, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - S E Smith
- Soil and Land Systems (Waite Campus), School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
- Centre for Soil-Plant Interactions, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
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Javot H, Penmetsa RV, Terzaghi N, Cook DR, Harrison MJ. A Medicago truncatula phosphate transporter indispensable for the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:1720-5. [PMID: 17242358 PMCID: PMC1785290 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0608136104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis is a mutualistic endosymbiosis formed by plant roots and AM fungi. Most vascular flowering plants have the ability to form these associations, which have a significant impact on plant health and consequently on ecosystem function. Nutrient exchange is a central feature of the AM symbiosis, and AM fungi obtain carbon from their plant host while assisting the plant with the acquisition of phosphorus (as phosphate) from the soil. In the AM symbiosis, the fungus delivers P(i) to the root through specialized hyphae called arbuscules. The molecular mechanisms of P(i) and carbon transfer in the symbiosis are largely unknown, as are the mechanisms by which the plant regulates the symbiosis in response to its nutrient status. Plants possess many classes of P(i) transport proteins, including a unique clade (Pht1, subfamily I), members of which are expressed only in the AM symbiosis. Here, we show that MtPT4, a Medicago truncatula member of subfamily I, is essential for the acquisition of P(i) delivered by the AM fungus. However, more significantly, MtPT4 function is critical for AM symbiosis. Loss of MtPT4 function leads to premature death of the arbuscules; the fungus is unable to proliferate within the root, and symbiosis is terminated. Thus, P(i) transport is not only a benefit for the plant but is also a requirement for the AM symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Javot
- *Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14850; and
| | - R. Varma Penmetsa
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Nadia Terzaghi
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Douglas R. Cook
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Maria J. Harrison
- *Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14850; and
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Lösel DM. Synthesis and functioning of membrane lipids in fungi and infected plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ps.2780320309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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