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Sakae K, Kawai S, Kitagami Y, Matsuo N, Selosse MA, Tanikawa T, Matsuda Y. Effects of fungicide treatments on mycorrhizal communities and carbon acquisition in the mixotrophic Pyrola japonica (Ericaceae). MYCORRHIZA 2024:10.1007/s00572-024-01157-5. [PMID: 38922410 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-024-01157-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Pyrola japonica, a member of the family Ericaceae, is a mixotroph that grows on forest floors and obtains carbon (C) from both its photosynthesis and its mycorrhizal fungi. Its mycorrhizal community is dominated by Russulaceae. However, the mechanism of its C acquisition and its flexibility are not well understood. Our aim was to assess the impact of disturbance of the mycorrhizal fungal communities on C acquisition by P. japonica. We repeatedly applied a fungicide (Benomyl) to soils around P. japonica plants in a broad-leaved forest of central Japan, in order to disturb fungal associates near roots. After fungicide treatment, P. japonica roots were collected and subjected to barcoding by next-generation sequencing, focusing on the ITS2 region. The rate of mycorrhizal formation and α-diversity did not significantly change upon fungicide treatments. Irrespective of the treatments, Russulaceae represented more than 80% of the taxa. Leaves and seeds of the plants were analysed for 13C stable isotope ratios that reflect fungal C gain. Leaf and seed δ13C values with the fungicide treatment were significantly lower than those with the other treatments. Thus the fungicide did not affect mycorrhizal communities in the roots, but disturbed mycorrhizal fungal pathways via extraradical hyphae, and resulted in a more photosynthetic behaviour of P. japonica for leaves and seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohtaro Sakae
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Shosei Kawai
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Yudai Kitagami
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Naoko Matsuo
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, UA, 57 Rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
- Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Ul. Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Toko Tanikawa
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yosuke Matsuda
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan.
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Bae EK, An C, Kang MJ, Lee SA, Lee SJ, Kim KT, Park EJ. Chromosome-level genome assembly of the fully mycoheterotrophic orchid Gastrodia elata. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2022; 12:6511440. [PMID: 35100375 PMCID: PMC8896018 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Gastrodia elata, an obligate mycoheterotrophic orchid, requires complete carbon and mineral nutrient supplementation from mycorrhizal fungi during its entire life cycle. Although full mycoheterotrophy occurs most often in the Orchidaceae family, no chromosome-level reference genome from this group has been assembled to date. Here, we report a high-quality chromosome-level genome assembly of G. elata, using Illumina and PacBio sequencing methods with Hi-C technique. The assembled genome size was found to be 1045 Mb, with an N50 of 50.6 Mb and 488 scaffolds. A total of 935 complete (64.9%) matches to the 1440 embryophyte Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs were identified in this genome assembly. Hi-C scaffolding of the assembled genome resulted in 18 pseudochromosomes, 1008 Mb in size and containing 96.5% of the scaffolds. A total of 18,844 protein-coding sequences (CDSs) were predicted in the G. elata genome, of which 15,619 CDSs (82.89%) were functionally annotated. In addition, 74.92% of the assembled genome was found to be composed of transposable elements. Phylogenetic analysis indicated a significant contraction of genes involved in various biosynthetic processes and cellular components and an expansion of genes for novel metabolic processes and mycorrhizal association. This result suggests an evolutionary adaptation of G. elata to a mycoheterotrophic lifestyle. In summary, the genomic resources generated in this study will provide a valuable reference genome for investigating the molecular mechanisms of G. elata biological functions. Furthermore, the complete G. elata genome will greatly improve our understanding of the genetics of Orchidaceae and its mycoheterotrophic evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Kyung Bae
- Forest Microbiology Division, National Institute of Forest Science, Suwon 16631, Korea
| | - Chanhoon An
- Forest Microbiology Division, National Institute of Forest Science, Suwon 16631, Korea
| | - Min-Jeong Kang
- Forest Microbiology Division, National Institute of Forest Science, Suwon 16631, Korea
| | - Sang-A Lee
- Forest Microbiology Division, National Institute of Forest Science, Suwon 16631, Korea
| | - Seung Jae Lee
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Ki-Tae Kim
- Department of Agricultural Life Science, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea
| | - Eung-Jun Park
- Forest Microbiology Division, National Institute of Forest Science, Suwon 16631, Korea
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Yagame T, Lallemand F, Selosse MA, Funabiki E, Yukawa T. Mycobiont diversity and first evidence of mixotrophy associated with Psathyrellaceae fungi in the chlorophyllous orchid Cremastra variabilis. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2021; 134:1213-1224. [PMID: 34405353 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-021-01337-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mixotrophy (MX, also called partial mycoheterotrophy) in plants is characterized by isotopic abundances that differ from those of autotrophs. Previous studies have evaluated mycoheterotrophy in MX plants associated with fungi of similar ecological characteristics, but little is known about the differences in the relative abundances of 13C and 15N in an orchid species that associates with several different mycobionts species. Since the chlorophyllous orchid Cremastra variabilis Nakai associates with various fungi with different ecologies, we hypothesized that it may change its relative abundances of 13C and 15N depending on the associated mycobionts. We investigated mycobiont diversity in the chlorophyllous orchid C. variabilis together with the relative abundance of 13C and 15N and morphological underground differentiation (presence or absence of a mycorhizome with fungal colonization). Rhizoctonias (Tulasnellaceae, Ceratobasidiaceae, Sebacinales) were detected as the main mycobionts. High differences in δ13C values (- 34.7 to - 27.4 ‰) among individuals were found, in which the individuals associated with specific Psathyrellaceae showed significantly high relative abundance of 13C. In addition, Psathyrellaceae fungi were always detected on individuals with mycorhizomes. In the present study, MX orchid association with non-rhizoctonia saprobic fungi was confirmed, and the influence of mycobionts on morphological development and on relative abundance of 13C and 15N was discovered. Cremastra variabilis may increase opportunities to gain nutrients from diverse partners, in a bet-hedging plasticity that allows colonization of various environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Yagame
- Mizuho Town Museum, 316-5 Komagata Fujiyama, Mizuho, Nishitama, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Felix Lallemand
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP 39, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP 39, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Eriko Funabiki
- The Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-minami, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Yukawa
- Tsukuba Botanical Garden, National Museum of Nature and Science, 4-1-1, Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0005, Japan
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Suetsugu K, Okada H. Symbiotic germination and development of fully mycoheterotrophic plants convergently targeting similar Glomeraceae taxa. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:6328-6343. [PMID: 34545683 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Plants producing dust seeds often meet their carbon demands by exploiting fungi at the seedling stage. This germination strategy (i.e. mycoheterotrophic germination) has been investigated among orchidaceous and ericaceous plants exploiting Ascomycota or Basidiomycota. Although several other angiosperm lineages have evolved fully mycoheterotrophic relationships with Glomeromycota, the fungal identities involved in mycoheterotrophic germination remain largely unknown. Here, we conducted in situ seed baiting and high-throughput DNA barcoding to identify mycobionts associated with seedlings of Burmannia championii (Burmanniaceae: Dioscoreales) and Sciaphila megastyla (Triuridaceae: Pandanales), which have independently evolved full mycoheterotrophy. Subsequently, we revealed that both seedlings and adults in B. championii and S. megastyla predominantly associate with Glomeraceae. However, mycorrhizal communities are somewhat distinct between seedling and adult stages, particularly in S. megastyla. Notably, the dissimilarity of mycorrhizal communities between S. megastyla adult samples and S. megastyla seedling samples is significantly higher than that between B. championi adult samples and S. megastyla adult samples, based on some indices. This pattern is possibly due to both mycorrhizal shifts during ontogenetic development and convergent recruitment of cheating-susceptible fungi. The extensive fungal overlap in two unrelated mycoheterotrophic plants indicates that both species convergently exploit specific AM fungal phylotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Suetsugu
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Hidehito Okada
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
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Fritsche Y, Lopes ME, Selosse MA, Stefenon VM, Guerra MP. Serendipita restingae sp. nov. (Sebacinales): an orchid mycorrhizal agaricomycete with wide host range. MYCORRHIZA 2021; 31:1-15. [PMID: 33156451 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-020-01000-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The Serendipitaceae family was erected in 2016 to accommodate the Sebacinales 'group B' clade, which contains peculiar species of cultivable root-associated fungi involved in symbiotic associations with a wide range of plant species. Here we report the isolation of a new Serendipita species which was obtained from protocorms of the terrestrial orchid Epidendrum fulgens cultivated in a greenhouse. This species is described based on phylogenetic analysis and on its microscopic and ultrastructural features in pure culture and in association with the host's protocorms. Its genome size was estimated using flow cytometry, and its capacity to promote the germination of E. fulgens seeds and to associate with roots of Arabidopsis thaliana was also investigated. Serendipita restingae sp. nov. is closely related to Serendipita sp. MAFF305841, isolated from Microtis rara (Orchidaceae), from which it differs by 14.2% in the ITS region and by 6.5% in the LSU region. It produces microsclerotia formed of non-monilioid hyphae, a feature that was not reported for the Sebacinales hitherto. Serendipita restingae promoted the germination of E. fulgens seeds, forming typical mycorrhizal pelotons within protocorm cells. It was also able to colonize the roots of Arabidopsis thaliana under in vitro conditions. Arabidopsis plants grown in association with S. restingae increased their biomass more than fourfold. Serendipita restingae is the first Serendipitaceae species described for the Americas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohan Fritsche
- Plant Developmental Physiology and Genetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Science, Federal University of Santa Catarina, SC, 88034-001, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Morgana E Lopes
- Plant Developmental Physiology and Genetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Science, Federal University of Santa Catarina, SC, 88034-001, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National D'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, 39, 57 rue Cuvier, F-750055, Paris, CP, France
- Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Valdir M Stefenon
- Plant Developmental Physiology and Genetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Science, Federal University of Santa Catarina, SC, 88034-001, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Miguel P Guerra
- Plant Developmental Physiology and Genetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Science, Federal University of Santa Catarina, SC, 88034-001, Florianópolis, Brazil.
- Graduate Program in Agricultural and Natural Ecosystems, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Curitibanos, SC, 89520-000, Brazil.
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Matsuda Y, Yamaguchi Y, Matsuo N, Uesugi T, Ito J, Yagame T, Figura T, Selosse MA, Hashimoto Y. Communities of mycorrhizal fungi in different trophic types of Asiatic Pyrola japonica sensu lato (Ericaceae). JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2020; 133:841-853. [PMID: 33099700 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-020-01233-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mixotrophic plants obtain carbon by their own photosynthetic activity and from their root-associated mycorrhizal fungi. Mixotrophy is deemed a pre-adaptation for evolution of mycoheterotrophic nutrition, where plants fully depend on fungi and lose their photosynthetic activity. The aim of this study was to clarify mycorrhizal dependency and heterotrophy level in various phenotypes of mixotrophic Pyrola japonica (Ericaceae), encompassing green individuals, rare achlorophyllous variants (albinos) and a form with minute leaves, P. japonica f. subaphylla. These three phenotypes were collected in two Japanese forests. Phylogenetic analysis of both plants and mycorrhizal fungi was conducted based on DNA barcoding. Enrichment in 13C among organs (leaves, stems and roots) of the phenotypes with reference plants and fungal fruitbodies were compared by measuring stable carbon isotopic ratio. All plants were placed in the same clade, with f. subaphylla as a separate subclade. Leaf 13C abundances of albinos were congruent with a fully mycoheterotrophic nutrition, suggesting that green P. japonica leaves are 36.8% heterotrophic, while rhizomes are 74.0% heterotrophic. There were no significant differences in δ13C values among organs in both albino P. japonica and P. japonica f. subaphylla, suggesting full and high mycoheterotrophic nutrition, respectively. Among 55 molecular operational taxonomic units (OTUs) detected as symbionts, the genus Russula was the most abundant in each phenotype and its dominance was significantly higher in albino P. japonica and P. japonica f. subaphylla. Russula spp. detected in P. japonica f. subaphylla showed higher dissimilarity with other phenotypes. These results suggest that P. japonica sensu lato is prone to evolve mycoheterotrophic variants, in a process that changes its mycorrhizal preferences, especially towards the genus Russula for which this species has a marked preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Matsuda
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Naoko Matsuo
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Takashi Uesugi
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Junko Ito
- Natural History Museum and Institute, Aoba-cho, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8682, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yagame
- Mizuho Municipal Museum, 316-5 Kamagata-fujisan, Mizuho-machi, Tokyo, 190-1202, Japan
| | - Tomáš Figura
- Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Institut de Systématique, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, CP 39, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 12844, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Institut de Systématique, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, CP 39, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
- Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Yasushi Hashimoto
- Agro-Environmental Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
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Suetsugu K, Taketomi S, Tanabe AS, Haraguchi TF, Tayasu I, Toju H. Isotopic and molecular data support mixotrophy in Ophioglossum at the sporophytic stage. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:415-419. [PMID: 32162317 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Suetsugu
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Shintaro Taketomi
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Akifumi S Tanabe
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2113, Japan
| | | | - Ichiro Tayasu
- Research institute for Humanity and Nature, Kita-ku, Kyoto, 603-8047, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Toju
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2113, Japan
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Relative effectiveness of Tulasnella fungal strains in orchid mycorrhizal symbioses between germination and subsequent seedling growth. Symbiosis 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-020-00681-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Figura T, Tylová E, Šoch J, Selosse MA, Ponert J. In vitro axenic germination and cultivation of mixotrophic Pyroloideae (Ericaceae) and their post-germination ontogenetic development. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 123:625-639. [PMID: 30403767 PMCID: PMC6417480 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Pyroloids, forest sub-shrubs of the Ericaceae family, are an important model for their mixotrophic nutrition, which mixes carbon from photosynthesis and from their mycorrhizal fungi. They have medical uses but are difficult to cultivate ex situ; in particular, their dust seeds contain undifferentiated, few-celled embryos, whose germination is normally fully supported by fungal partners. Their germination and early ontogenesis thus remain elusive. METHODS An optimized in vitro cultivation system of five representatives from the subfamily Pyroloideae was developed to study the strength of seed dormancy and the effect of different media and conditions (including light, gibberellins and soluble saccharides) on germination. The obtained plants were analysed for morphological, anatomical and histochemical development. KEY RESULTS Thanks to this novel cultivation method, which breaks dormancy and achieved up to 100 % germination, leafy shoots were obtained in vitro for representatives of all pyroloid genera (Moneses, Orthilia, Pyrola and Chimaphila). In all cases, the first post-germination stage is an undifferentiated structure, from which a root meristem later emerges, well before formation of an adventive shoot. CONCLUSIONS This cultivation method can be used for further research or for ex situ conservation of pyroloid species. After strong seed dormancy is broken, the tiny globular embryo of pyroloids germinates into an intermediary zone, which is functionally convergent with the protocorm of other plants with dust seeds such as orchids. Like the orchid protocorm, this intermediary zone produces a single meristem: however, unlike orchids, which produce a shoot meristem, pyroloids first generate a root meristem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Figura
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Paris, France
| | - Edita Tylová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Šoch
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Paris, France
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jan Ponert
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná, Prague, Czech Republic
- Prague Botanical Garden, Trojská, Prague, Czech Republic
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Jacquemyn H, Waud M, Brys R. Mycorrhizal divergence and selection against immigrant seeds in forest and dune populations of the partially mycoheterotrophic Pyrola rotundifolia. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:5228-5237. [PMID: 30427084 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plant populations occupying different habitats may diverge from each other over time and gradually accumulate genetic and morphological differences, ultimately resulting in ecotype or even species formation. In plant species that critically rely on mycorrhizal fungi, differences in mycorrhizal communities can contribute to ecological isolation by reducing or even inhibiting germination of immigrant seeds. In this study, we investigated whether the mycorrhizal communities available in the soil and associating with the roots of seedlings and adult plants of the partially mycoheterotrophic Pyrola rotundifolia differed between populations growing in sand dunes and forests. In addition, reciprocal germination experiments were performed to test whether native seeds showed higher germination than immigrant seeds. Our results showed that the mycorrhizal communities differed significantly between forest and dune populations, and that within populations seedlings and adults also associated with different mycorrhizal communities. In both forest and dune populations, mycorrhizal communities were dominated by members of the Thelephoraceae, but dune populations showed a higher incidence of members of the Inocybaceae, whereas forest populations showed a high abundance of members of the Russulaceae. Reciprocal germination experiments showed that native seeds showed a higher germination success than immigrant seeds and this effect was most pronounced in dune populations. Overall, these results demonstrate that plants of P. rotundifolia growing in dune and forest habitats associate with different mycorrhizal communities and that reduced germination of non-native seeds may contribute to reproductive isolation. We conclude that selection against immigrants may constitute an important reproductive barrier at early stages of the speciation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Jacquemyn
- Department of Biology, Plant Conservation and Population Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michael Waud
- Department of Biology, Plant Conservation and Population Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rein Brys
- Research Institute for Forest and Nature, Geraardsbergen, Belgium
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Jia S, Nakano T, Hattori M, Nara K. Root-associated fungal communities in three Pyroleae species and their mycobiont sharing with surrounding trees in subalpine coniferous forests on Mount Fuji, Japan. MYCORRHIZA 2017; 27:733-745. [PMID: 28707027 PMCID: PMC5645451 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-017-0788-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Pyroleae species are perennial understory shrubs, many of which are partial mycoheterotrophs. Most fungi colonizing Pyroleae roots are ectomycorrhizal (ECM) and share common mycobionts with their Pyroleae hosts. However, such mycobiont sharing has neither been examined in depth before nor has the interspecific variation in sharing among Pyroleae species. Here, we examined root-associated fungal communities in three co-existing Pyroleae species, including Pyrola alpina, Pyrola incarnata, and Orthilia secunda, with reference to co-existing ECM fungi on the surrounding trees in the same soil blocks in subalpine coniferous forests. We identified 42, 75, and 18 fungal molecular operational taxonomic units in P. alpina, P. incarnata, and O. secunda roots, respectively. Mycobiont sharing with surrounding trees, which was defined as the occurrence of the same mycobiont between Pyroleae and surrounding trees in each soil block, was most frequent among P. incarnata (31 of 44 plants). In P. alpina, sharing was confirmed in 12 of 37 plants, and the fungal community was similar to that of P. incarnata. Mycobiont sharing was least common in O. secunda, found in only 5 of 32 plants. Root-associated fungi of O. secunda were dominated by Wilcoxina species, which were absent from the surrounding ECM roots in the same soil blocks. These results indicate that mycobiont sharing with surrounding trees does not equally occur among Pyroleae plants, some of which may develop independent mycorrhizal associations with ECM fungi, as suggested in O. secunda at our research sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzheng Jia
- Department of Natural Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8563, Japan.
| | - Takashi Nakano
- Mount Fuji Research Institute, Fujiyoshida, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Masahira Hattori
- Laboratory of Metagenomics, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Nara
- Department of Natural Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8563, Japan
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Lallemand F, Puttsepp Ü, Lang M, Luud A, Courty PE, Palancade C, Selosse MA. Mixotrophy in Pyroleae (Ericaceae) from Estonian boreal forests does not vary with light or tissue age. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 120:361-371. [PMID: 28575199 PMCID: PMC5591414 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims In temperate forests, some green plants, namely pyroloids (Pyroleae, Ericaceae) and some orchids, independently evolved a mode of nutrition mixing photosynthates and carbon gained from their mycorrhizal fungi (mixotrophy). Fungal carbon is more enriched in 13C than photosynthates, allowing estimation of the proportion of carbon acquired heterotrophically from fungi in plant biomass. Based on 13C enrichment, mixotrophic orchids have previously been shown to increase shoot autotrophy level over the growth season and with environmental light availability. But little is known about the plasticity of use of photosynthetic versus fungal carbon in pyroloids. Methods Plasticity of mixotrophy with leaf age or light level (estimated from canopy openness) was investigated in pyroloids from three Estonian boreal forests. Bulk leaf 13C enrichment of five pyroloid species was compared with that of control autotrophic plants along temporal series (over one growth season) and environmental light gradients (n=405 samples). Key Results Mixotrophic 13C enrichment was detected at studied sites for Pyrola chlorantha and Orthilia secunda (except at one site for the latter), but not for Chimaphila umbellata, Pyrola rotundifolia and Moneses uniflora. Enrichment with 13C did not vary over the growth season or between leaves from current and previous years. Finally, although one co-occurring mixotrophic orchid showed 13C depletion with increasing light availability, as expected for mixotrophs, all pyroloids responded identically to autotrophic control plants along light gradients. Conclusions A phylogenetic trend previously observed is further supported: mixotrophy is rarely supported by 13C enrichment in the Chimaphila + Moneses clade, whereas it is frequent in the Pyrola + Orthilia clade. Moreover, pyroloid mixotrophy does not respond plastically to ageing or to light level. This contrasts with the usual view of a convergent evolution with orchids, and casts doubt on the way pyroloids use the carbon gained from their mycorrhizal fungi, especially to replace photosynthetic carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Lallemand
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), UMR 7205 CNRS MNHN UPMC EPHE, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, CP39, 75005 Paris, France
- Master BioSciences, Département de Biologie, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon, UCB Lyon1, 46 Allée d’Italie, Lyon, France
| | - Ülle Puttsepp
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Street Kreutzwaldi 5, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mait Lang
- Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Street Kreutzwaldi 5, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
- Tartu Observatory, 61602 Tõravere, Tartu County, Estonia
| | - Aarne Luud
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Street Kreutzwaldi 5, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Courty
- Agroécologie, AgroSupDijon, CNRS, INRA, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France and
| | - Cécile Palancade
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), UMR 7205 CNRS MNHN UPMC EPHE, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, CP39, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), UMR 7205 CNRS MNHN UPMC EPHE, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, CP39, 75005 Paris, France
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdansk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
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Johansson VA, Bahram M, Tedersoo L, Kõljalg U, Eriksson O. Specificity of fungal associations of Pyroleae and Monotropa hypopitys during germination and seedling development. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:2591-2604. [PMID: 28173637 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Mycoheterotrophic plants obtain organic carbon from associated mycorrhizal fungi, fully or partially. Angiosperms with this form of nutrition possess exceptionally small 'dust seeds' which after germination develop 'seedlings' that remain subterranean for several years, fully dependent on fungi for supply of carbon. Mycoheterotrophs which as adults have photosynthesis thus develop from full to partial mycoheterotrophy, or autotrophy, during ontogeny. Mycoheterotrophic plants may represent a gradient of variation in a parasitism-mutualism continuum, both among and within species. Previous studies on plant-fungal associations in mycoheterotrophs have focused on either germination or the adult life stages of the plant. Much less is known about the fungal associations during development of the subterranean seedlings. We investigated germination and seedling development and the diversity of fungi associated with germinating seeds and subterranean seedlings (juveniles) in five Monotropoideae (Ericaceae) species, the full mycoheterotroph Monotropa hypopitys and the putatively partial mycoheterotrophs Pyrola chlorantha, P. rotundifolia, Moneses uniflora and Chimaphila umbellata. Seedlings retrieved from seed sowing experiments in the field were used to examine diversity of fungal associates, using pyrosequencing analysis of ITS2 region for fungal identification. The investigated species varied with regard to germination, seedling development and diversity of associated fungi during juvenile ontogeny. Results suggest that fungal host specificity increases during juvenile ontogeny, most pronounced in the fully mycoheterotrophic species, but a narrowing of fungal associates was found also in two partially mycoheterotrophic species. We suggest that variation in specificity of associated fungi during seedling ontogeny in mycoheterotrophs represents ongoing evolution along a parasitism-mutualism continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Johansson
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, SE 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Bahram
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 51005, Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, SE 75236, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - L Tedersoo
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 51005, Tartu, Estonia
| | - U Kõljalg
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 51005, Tartu, Estonia
| | - O Eriksson
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, SE 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
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Selosse MA, Charpin M, Not F. Mixotrophy everywhere on land and in water: thegrand écarthypothesis. Ecol Lett 2016; 20:246-263. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc-André Selosse
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution; Biodiversité (ISYEB - UMR 7205 - CNRS; MNHN; UPMC; EPHE); Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle; Sorbonne Universités; 57 rue Cuvier CP50 75005 Paris France
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation; University of Gdansk; Wita Stwosza 59 80-308 Gdansk Poland
| | - Marie Charpin
- Université Blaise Pascal; Clermont-Ferrand; CNRS Laboratoire micro-organismes: Génome et Environnement; UMR 6023 1 Impasse Amélie Murat 63178 Aubière France
| | - Fabrice Not
- Sorbonne Universités; UPMC Université Paris 06; CNRS; Laboratoire Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin UMR7144; Station Biologique de Roscoff; 29680 Roscoff France
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Vohník M, Pánek M, Fehrer J, Selosse MA. Experimental evidence of ericoid mycorrhizal potential within Serendipitaceae (Sebacinales). MYCORRHIZA 2016; 26:831-846. [PMID: 27323713 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-016-0717-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The Sebacinales are a monophyletic group of ubiquitous hymenomycetous mycobionts which form ericoid and orchid mycorrhizae, ecto- and ectendomycorrhizae, and nonspecific root endophytic associations with a wide spectrum of plants. However, due to the complete lack of fungal isolates derived from Ericaceae roots, the Sebacinales ericoid mycorrhizal (ErM) potential has not yet been tested experimentally. Here, we report for the first time isolation of a serendipitoid (formerly Sebacinales Group B) mycobiont from Ericaceae which survived in pure culture for several years. This allowed us to test its ability to form ericoid mycorrhizae with an Ericaceae host in vitro, to describe its development and colonization pattern in host roots over time, and to compare its performance with typical ErM fungi and other serendipitoids derived from non-Ericaceae hosts. Out of ten serendipitoid isolates tested, eight intracellularly colonized Vaccinium hair roots, but only the Ericaceae-derived isolate repeatedly formed typical ericoid mycorrhiza morphologically identical to ericoid mycorrhiza commonly found in naturally colonized Ericaceae, but yet different from ericoid mycorrhiza formed in vitro by the prominent ascomycetous ErM fungus Rhizoscyphus ericae. One Orchidaceae-derived isolate repeatedly formed abundant hyaline intracellular microsclerotia morphologically identical to those occasionally found in naturally colonized Ericaceae, and an isolate of Serendipita (= Piriformospora) indica produced abundant intracellular chlamydospores typical of this species. Our results confirm for the first time experimentally that some Sebacinales can form ericoid mycorrhiza, point to their broad endophytic potential in Ericaceae hosts, and suggest possible ericoid mycorrhizal specificity in Serendipitaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Vohník
- Department of Mycorrhizal Symbioses, Institute of Botany ASCR, Průhonice, 25243, Czech Republic.
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, 12844, Czech Republic.
| | - Matěj Pánek
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry in Brno, Zemědělská 3, Brno, 61300, Czech Republic
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovská 507, Praha, 16106, Czech Republic
| | - Judith Fehrer
- DNA Laboratory, Institute of Botany ASCR, Průhonice, 25243, Czech Republic
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, CP50, Paris, 75005, France
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, Gdansk, 80308, Poland
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Uesugi T, Nakano M, Selosse MA, Obase K, Matsuda Y. Pyrola japonica, a partially mycoheterotrophic Ericaceae, has mycorrhizal preference for russulacean fungi in central Japan. MYCORRHIZA 2016; 26:819-829. [PMID: 27323714 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-016-0715-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Mycorrhizal symbiosis often displays low specificity, except for mycoheterotrophic plants that obtain carbon from their mycorrhizal fungi and often have higher specificity to certain fungal taxa. Partially mycoheterotrophic (or mixotrophic, MX) plant species tend to have a larger diversity of fungal partners, e.g., in the genus Pyrola (Monotropoideae, Ericaceae). Preliminary evidence however showed that the Japanese Pyrola japonica has preference for russulacean fungi based on direct sequencing of the fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region from a single site. The present study challenges this conclusion using (1) sampling of P. japonica in different Japanese regions and forest types and (2) fungal identification by ITS cloning. Plants were sampled from eight sites in three regions, in one of which the fungal community on tree ectomycorrhizal (ECM) tips surrounding P. japonica was also analyzed. In all, 1512 clone sequences were obtained successfully from 35 P. japonica plants and 137 sequences from ECM communities. These sequences were collectively divided into 74 molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) (51 and 33 MOTUs, respectively). MOTUs from P. japonica involved 36 ECM taxa (96 % of all clones), and 17 of these were Russula spp. (76.2 % of all clones), which colonized 33 of the 35 sampled plants. The MOTU composition significantly differed between P. japonica and ECM tips, although shared species represented 26.3 % of the ECM tips community in abundance. This suggests that P. japonica has a preference for russulacean fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Uesugi
- Laboratory of Forest Mycology, Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Kurimamachiya 1577, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Miho Nakano
- Faculty of Bioresources, Mie University, Kurimamachiya 1577, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB - UMR 7205 - CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, CP50, 75005, Paris, France
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Keisuke Obase
- Laboratory of Forest Mycology, Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Kurimamachiya 1577, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
- Department of Forest Microbiology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Matsunosato 1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan
| | - Yosuke Matsuda
- Laboratory of Forest Mycology, Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Kurimamachiya 1577, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan.
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Rafter M, Yokoya K, Schofield EJ, Zettler LW, Sarasan V. Non-specific symbiotic germination of Cynorkis purpurea (Thouars) Kraezl., a habitat-specific terrestrial orchid from the Central Highlands of Madagascar. MYCORRHIZA 2016; 26:541-52. [PMID: 26984810 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-016-0691-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Orchids, particularly terrestrial taxa, rely mostly on basidiomycete fungi in the Cantharellales and Sebacinales that trigger the process of seed germination and/or initiate the full development of the seedling. During the course of development, orchids may associate with the same fungus, or they may enlist other types of fungi for their developmental needs leading to resilience in a natural setting. This study examined in vitro seed germination and seedling developmental behavior of Cynorkis purpurea, a terrestrial orchid from the Central Highlands of Madagascar. This species is mostly restricted to gallery forests in the Itremo Massif, in moist substrate between rocks bordering streams. The main objective was to understand the influence of diverse mycorrhizal fungi on seed germination and further development of C. purpurea. The study aims to compare symbiotic versus asymbiotic germination and seedling development with seeds and fungi collected from a 13-km(2) area in the Itremo region. Seeds collected from the wild were sown with diverse orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF) spanning 12 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in three genera (Tulasnella, Ceratobasidium, and Sebacina) acquired from different habitats. Treatments were assessed in terms of the percentage of germinated seeds and fully developed seedlings against those in asymbiotic control media treatments. Overall, OMF significantly improved seedling development within the 12-week experiment period. Sebacina as a genus was the most effective at promoting seedling development of C. purpurea, as well as having the ability to enter into successful symbiotic relationships with orchids of different life forms; this new knowledge may be especially useful for orchid conservation practiced in tropical areas like Madagascar. A Sebacina isolate from an epiphytic seedling of Polystachya concreta was the most effective at inducing rapid seedling development and was among the five that outperformed fungi isolated from roots of C. purpurea. C. purpurea was found to be a mycorrhizal generalist, despite its specific habitat preference, highlighting the complex interaction between the plant, fungi, and the environment. The potential impact on conservation strategies of understanding the requirements for orchid seed germination and development by identifying and using OMF from diverse sources is discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rafter
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, UK
| | - K Yokoya
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, UK
| | - E J Schofield
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, UK
| | - L W Zettler
- Department of Biology, Illinois College, 1101 West College Avenue, Jacksonville, IL, 62650, USA
| | - V Sarasan
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, UK.
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18
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Weiß M, Waller F, Zuccaro A, Selosse MA. Sebacinales - one thousand and one interactions with land plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 211:20-40. [PMID: 27193559 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
20 I 21 II 21 III 23 IV 29 V 33 VI 35 36 36 References 36 SUMMARY: Root endophytism and mycorrhizal associations are complex derived traits in fungi that shape plant physiology. Sebacinales (Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota) display highly diverse interactions with plants. Although early-diverging Sebacinales lineages are root endophytes and/or have saprotrophic abilities, several more derived clades harbour obligate biotrophs forming mycorrhizal associations. Sebacinales thus display transitions from saprotrophy to endophytism and to mycorrhizal nutrition within one fungal order. This review discusses the genomic traits possibly associated with these transitions. We also show how molecular ecology revealed the hyperdiversity of Sebacinales and their evolutionary diversification into two sister families: Sebacinaceae encompasses mainly ectomycorrhizal and early-diverging saprotrophic species; the second family includes endophytes and lineages that repeatedly evolved ericoid, orchid and ectomycorrhizal abilities. We propose the name Serendipitaceae for this family and, within it, we transfer to the genus Serendipita the endophytic cultivable species Piriformospora indica and P. williamsii. Such cultivable Serendipitaceae species provide excellent models for root endophytism, especially because of available genomes, genetic tractability, and broad host plant range including important crop plants and the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. We review insights gained with endophytic Serendipitaceae species into the molecular mechanisms of endophytism and of beneficial effects on host plants, including enhanced resistance to abiotic and pathogen stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Weiß
- Steinbeis-Innovationszentrum Organismische Mykologie und Mikrobiologie, Vor dem Kreuzberg 17, 72070, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Frank Waller
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Julius von Sachs Institute for Biosciences, Biocenter, Würzburg University, Julius-von-Sachs Platz 2, 97082, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alga Zuccaro
- Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), BioCenter, University of Cologne, 50674, Cologne, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Département Systématique et Evolution (UMR 7205 ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CP 50, 45 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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Field KJ, Leake JR, Tille S, Allinson KE, Rimington WR, Bidartondo MI, Beerling DJ, Cameron DD. From mycoheterotrophy to mutualism: mycorrhizal specificity and functioning in Ophioglossum vulgatum sporophytes. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 205:1492-1502. [PMID: 25615559 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Mycorrhizal functioning in the fern Ophioglossum is complex and poorly understood. It is unknown whether mature O. vulgatum sporophytes form mutualistic associations with fungi of the Glomeromycota and with what specificity. Are green sporophytes able to 'repay' fungal carbon (C) invested in them by mycorrhizal partners during the initially heterotrophic gametophyte and early sporophyte stages of the lifecycle? We identified fungal partners of O. vulgatum sporophytes using molecular techniques and supplied them with (33) P-orthophosphate and O. vulgatum sporophytes with (14) CO2 . We traced the movement of fungal-acquired nutrients and plant-fixed C between symbionts and analysed natural abundance (13) C and (15) N isotope signatures to assess nutritional interactions. We found fungal specificity of O. vulgatum sporophytes towards a mycorrhizal fungus closely related to Glomus macrocarpum. Our radioisotope tracers revealed reciprocal C-for-phosphorus exchange between fern sporophytes and fungal partners, despite competition from surrounding vegetation. Monocultures of O. vulgatum were enriched in (13) C and (15) N, providing inconclusive evidence of mycoheterotrophy when experiencing competition from the surrounding plant community. We show mutualistic and specific symbiosis between a eusporangiate fern and fungi of the Glomeromycota. Our findings suggest a 'take now, pay later' strategy of mycorrhizal functioning through the lifecycle O. vulgatum, from mycoheterotrophic gametophyte to mutualistic aboveground sporophyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie J Field
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Jonathan R Leake
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Stefanie Tille
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Kate E Allinson
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - William R Rimington
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3DS, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Martin I Bidartondo
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3DS, UK
| | - David J Beerling
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Duncan D Cameron
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
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Těšitelová T, Kotilínek M, Jersáková J, Joly FX, Košnar J, Tatarenko I, Selosse MA. Two widespread greenNeottiaspecies (Orchidaceae) show mycorrhizal preference for Sebacinales in various habitats and ontogenetic stages. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:1122-34. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Těšitelová
- Faculty of Science; University of South Bohemia; Branišovská 31 37005 České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | - Milan Kotilínek
- Faculty of Science; University of South Bohemia; Branišovská 31 37005 České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | - Jana Jersáková
- Faculty of Science; University of South Bohemia; Branišovská 31 37005 České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | - François-Xavier Joly
- Faculty of Science; University of South Bohemia; Branišovská 31 37005 České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Košnar
- Faculty of Science; University of South Bohemia; Branišovská 31 37005 České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | - Irina Tatarenko
- Moscow Pedagogic State University; 1/1 M. Pirogovskaya Str. Moscow 119991 Russia
- Department of Environment, Earth and Ecosystems; Open University; Walton Hall Milton Keynes MK7 6AA UK
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Département Systématique et Evolution (UMR 7205 ISYEB); Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle; CP 50, 45 rue Buffon 75005 Paris France
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Johansson VA, Mikusinska A, Ekblad A, Eriksson O. Partial mycoheterotrophy in Pyroleae: nitrogen and carbon stable isotope signatures during development from seedling to adult. Oecologia 2014; 177:203-11. [PMID: 25395312 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-014-3137-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mycoheterotrophic plants (MHP) are divided into non-photosynthesizing full MHP and green-leaved partial or initial MHP. We investigated (13)C and (15)N isotope enrichment in five putatively partial MHP species in the tribe Pyroleae (Ericaceae): Chimaphila umbellata, Moneses uniflora, Orthilia secunda, Pyrola chlorantha and Pyrola minor, sampled from forest sites on Öland, Sweden. For M. uniflora and P. chlorantha, we investigated isotope signatures of subterranean seedlings (which are mycoheterotrophic), to examine how the use of seedlings instead of full MHP species (Hypopitys monotropa) as reference species affects the assessment of partial mycoheterotrophy. Our main findings were as follows: (1) All investigated Pyroleae species were enriched in (15)N compared to autotrophic reference plants. (2) significant fungal-derived C among the Pyroleae species was found for O. secunda and P. chlorantha. For the remaining species of C. umbellata, M. uniflora and P. minor, isotope signatures suggested adult autotrophy. (3) C and N gains, calculated using seedlings as a full MHP reference, yielded qualitatively similar results as when using H. monotropa as a reference. However, the estimated differences in C and N gains became larger when using seedlings as an MHP reference. (4) A previously unknown interspecific variation in isotope signature occurs during early ontogeny, from seed production to developing seedlings. Our findings suggest that there is a variation among Pyroleae species concerning partial mycoheterotrophy in adults. Adult autotrophy may be most common in Pyroleae species, and these species may not be as dependent on fungal-derived nutrients as some green orchids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika A Johansson
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden,
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Selosse MA. The latest news from biological interactions in orchids: in love, head to toe. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 202:337-340. [PMID: 24645780 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
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Tedersoo L, Smith ME. Lineages of ectomycorrhizal fungi revisited: Foraging strategies and novel lineages revealed by sequences from belowground. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Horn K, Franke T, Unterseher M, Schnittler M, Beenken L. Morphological and molecular analyses of fungal endophytes of achlorophyllous gametophytes of Diphasiastrum alpinum (Lycopodiaceae). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2013; 100:2158-74. [PMID: 24142907 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1300011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY To understand the early evolution of mycorrhizal symbioses, it is important to know the fungal partners of gametophytes and sporophytes for basal lineages of vascular plants. Subterranean mycotrophic gametophytes of the clubmoss Diphasiastrum alpinum found at three localities gave an opportunity to study their morphology and anatomy and to identify and describe their hitherto unknown fungal endophytes. In addition, sporophytes were screened for fungal partners. METHODS Gametophytes with attached young sporophytes were excavated, and their anatomy and their associated fungi were studied by light microscopy. DNA was isolated and amplified with both universal and group-specific fungal primers for the ITS region, the large subunit and small subunit of the nuclear rDNA, respectively, to identify the fungal partner. KEY RESULTS Gametophytes were uniformly colonized by a fungus with septate hyphae forming coils and vesicles. Its morphology resembles that of the sebacinoid genus Piriformospora. Both ITS and LSU sequences were identified as Sebacinales group B, a basal clade of the Agaricomycetes (Basidiomycota). This fungus was detected in 11 gametophytes from two localities and in rootlets of adjacent Calluna vulgaris (Ericaceae) plants, but was absent in roots of sporophytes. In addition, several ascomycetes and glomeromycetes were found by DNA sequencing. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests a fungus belonging to Sebacinales group B as the main fungal host of the D. alpinum gametophytes. However, Sebacinales group B fungi occur as well in adjacent Ericaceae plants; therefore, we assume the mycoheterotrophic gametophyte to be epiparasitic on Ericaceae, which would explain the steady association of these plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Horn
- Büro für angewandte Geobotanik und Landschaftsökologie (BaGL), Frankenstrasse 2, D-91077 Dormitz, Germany
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Hynson NA, Weiß M, Preiss K, Gebauer G, Treseder KK. Fungal host specificity is not a bottleneck for the germination of Pyroleae species (Ericaceae) in a Bavarian forest. Mol Ecol 2013; 22:1473-81. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A. Hynson
- Department of Botany; University of Hawaii Manoa; 3190 Maile Way Honolulu HI 96822 USA
| | - Michael Weiß
- Department of Biology; University of Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 5 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Katja Preiss
- Laboratory of Isotope Biogeochemistry; Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER); University of Bayreuth; 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Gerhard Gebauer
- Laboratory of Isotope Biogeochemistry; Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER); University of Bayreuth; 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Kathleen K. Treseder
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of California-Irvine; Irvine CA 92697 USA
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Hynson NA, Jolles D, Madsen TP. A case of Pyrola plantlets with picky palates leads to new insights on mycoheterotrophic seedlings and the fungi that feed them. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 195:503-506. [PMID: 22775320 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04213.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Hynson
- Department of Botany, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
- (Author for correspondence: tel +1 808 956 8369; email )
| | - Diana Jolles
- Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Claremont, CA 91711, USA
| | - Thomas P Madsen
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Min S, Chang-Qin Z, Yong-Peng M, Welti S, Moreau PA, Selosse MA. Mycorrhizal features and fungal partners of four mycoheterotrophic Monotropoideae (Ericaceae) species from Yunnan, China. Symbiosis 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-012-0180-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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