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Halperin I, Vigotsky AD. An Integrated Perspective of Effort and Perception of Effort. Sports Med 2024:10.1007/s40279-024-02055-8. [PMID: 38909350 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02055-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Effort and the perception of effort (PE) have been extensively studied across disciplines, resulting in multiple definitions. These inconsistencies block scientific progress by impeding effective communication between and within fields. Here, we present an integrated perspective of effort and PE that is applicable to both physical and cognitive activities. We define effort as the energy utilized to perform an action. This definition can be applied to biological entities performing various voluntary or involuntary activities, irrespective of whether the effort contributes to goal achievement. Then, we define PE as the instantaneous experience of utilizing energy to perform an action. This definition builds on that of effort without conflating it with other subjective experiences. We explore the nature of effort and PE as constructs and variables and highlight key considerations in their measurement. Our integrated perspective aims to facilitate a deeper understanding of these constructs, refine research methodologies, and promote interdisciplinary collaborations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Halperin
- Department of Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
- Sylvan Adams Sports Institute, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
| | - Andrew D Vigotsky
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Statistics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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2
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Keur-Huizinga L, Kramer SE, de Geus EJC, Zekveld AA. A Multimodal Approach to Measuring Listening Effort: A Systematic Review on the Effects of Auditory Task Demand on Physiological Measures and Their Relationship. Ear Hear 2024:00003446-990000000-00297. [PMID: 38880960 DOI: 10.1097/aud.0000000000001508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Listening effort involves the mental effort required to perceive an auditory stimulus, for example in noisy environments. Prolonged increased listening effort, for example due to impaired hearing ability, may increase risk of health complications. It is therefore important to identify valid and sensitive measures of listening effort. Physiological measures have been shown to be sensitive to auditory task demand manipulations and are considered to reflect changes in listening effort. Such measures include pupil dilation, alpha power, skin conductance level, and heart rate variability. The aim of the current systematic review was to provide an overview of studies to listening effort that used multiple physiological measures. The two main questions were: (1) what is the effect of changes in auditory task demand on simultaneously acquired physiological measures from various modalities? and (2) what is the relationship between the responses in these physiological measures? DESIGN Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, relevant articles were sought in PubMed, PsycInfo, and Web of Science and by examining the references of included articles. Search iterations with different combinations of psychophysiological measures were performed in conjunction with listening effort-related search terms. Quality was assessed using the Appraisal Tool for Cross-Sectional Studies. RESULTS A total of 297 articles were identified from three databases, of which 27 were included. One additional article was identified from reference lists. Of the total 28 included articles, 16 included an analysis regarding the relationship between the physiological measures. The overall quality of the included studies was reasonable. CONCLUSIONS The included studies showed that most of the physiological measures either show no effect to auditory task demand manipulations or a consistent effect in the expected direction. For example, pupil dilation increased, pre-ejection period decreased, and skin conductance level increased with increasing auditory task demand. Most of the relationships between the responses of these physiological measures were nonsignificant or weak. The physiological measures varied in their sensitivity to auditory task demand manipulations. One of the identified knowledge gaps was that the included studies mostly used tasks with high-performance levels, resulting in an underrepresentation of the physiological changes at lower performance levels. This makes it difficult to capture how the physiological responses behave across the full psychometric curve. Our results support the Framework for Understanding Effortful Listening and the need for a multimodal approach to listening effort. We furthermore discuss focus points for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Keur-Huizinga
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ear & Hearing, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sophia E Kramer
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ear & Hearing, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eco J C de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adriana A Zekveld
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ear & Hearing, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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3
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Lorcery A, André N, Benraïss A, Pingault M, Mirabelli F, Audiffren M. Engagement of mental effort in response to mental fatigue: A psychophysiological analysis. PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2024; 74:102660. [PMID: 38734281 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Acute mental fatigue, characterized by a transient decline in cognitive efficiency during or following prolonged cognitive tasks, can be managed through adaptive effort deployment. In response to mental fatigue, individuals can employ two main behavioral patterns: engaging a compensatory effort to limit performance decrements, or disengaging effort, leading to performance deterioration. This study investigated the behavioral pattern used by participants in mental fatigue conditions. Fifty participants underwent a sequential-task protocol with counterbalanced sessions who took place in two separate sessions: a 30-min incongruent Stroop task (fatiguing session) or a 30-min documentary viewing task (control session), followed by a time-to-exhaustion (TTE) handgrip task at 13 % of maximal voluntary contraction. Psychophysiological measures included the preejection period, heart rate variability, blood pressure, and respiration. Behavioral results showed deteriorated TTE handgrip performance after the Stroop task compared to after the documentary viewing task. During the Stroop task participants were more conservative and prioritized accuracy over speed. Self-reported fatigue was greater after the Stroop task. Psychophysiological data revealed a gradual decrease in sympathetic activity over time in both tasks, with the Stroop task showing a more pronounced decrease. Taken together, these findings suggest a disengagement of effort for a large proportion of participants (49 %) that could be partly attributed to a habituation to the demands of the Stroop task. This study illustrates the interplay of behavioral patterns of effort investment in the context of mental fatigue and underscores the role of disengagement as a dominant response to this phenomenon among healthy participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Lorcery
- Research Centre on Cognition and Learning, University of Poitiers, CNRS, France.
| | - Nathalie André
- Research Centre on Cognition and Learning, University of Poitiers, CNRS, France
| | - Abdelrhani Benraïss
- Research Centre on Cognition and Learning, University of Poitiers, CNRS, France
| | - Maxime Pingault
- Research Centre on Cognition and Learning, University of Poitiers, CNRS, France
| | - Francesco Mirabelli
- Health and Physical Activity Faculty, Università Degli Studi di Roma "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Michel Audiffren
- Research Centre on Cognition and Learning, University of Poitiers, CNRS, France
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4
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Framorando D, Falk JR, Gollwitzer PM, Oettingen G, Gendolla GHE. Personal task choice attenuates implicit happiness effects on effort: A study on cardiovascular response. Int J Psychophysiol 2024; 196:112282. [PMID: 38104773 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2023.112282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Research on the Implicit-Affect-Primes-Effort model (Gendolla, 2012) found that priming happiness or anger in challenging tasks results in stronger sympathetically mediated cardiovascular responses, reflecting effort, than priming sadness or fear. Recent studies on action shielding revealed that personal task choice can attenuate affective influences on action execution (e.g., Gendolla et al., 2021). The present experiment tested if this action shielding effect also applies to affect primes' influences on cardiovascular response. Participants (N = 136) worked on a cognitive task with integrated briefly flashed and backward masked facial expressions of sadness vs. happiness. Half of the participants could ostensibly choose whether they wanted to work on an attention or on a memory task, while the other half was assigned to one task. Our findings revealed effects on cardiac pre-ejection period (PEP), which align with the expected outcomes for a task of unfixed difficulty where participants establish their own performance standard. Most importantly, task choice shielded against the implicit affective influence on PEP that was evident when the task was externally assigned. Effects on systolic blood pressure (SBP) reactivity largely corresponded to those of PEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Framorando
- Geneva Motivation Lab, FPSE, Section of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Johanna R Falk
- Geneva Motivation Lab, FPSE, Section of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Guido H E Gendolla
- Geneva Motivation Lab, FPSE, Section of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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5
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O'Malley CA, Fullerton CL, Mauger AR. Analysing experienced and inexperienced cyclists' attentional focus and self-regulatory strategies during varying intensities of fixed perceived effort cycling: A mixed method study. PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2024; 70:102544. [PMID: 37844746 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Using a think aloud approach during fixed perceived effort exercise is a unique method to explore the decision-making processes that guide the self-regulation of perceived effort during endurance-based activity. In a two-part study, authors investigated the attentional focus and self-regulatory strategies associated with: Part A - perceived effort corresponding to (RPEGET) and above gas exchange threshold (RPE+15%GET); Part B - between experienced and inexperienced cyclists during fixed perceived effort cycling tasks. Eighteen (15 male, 3 female) healthy, active individuals completed three visits (visit 1 - ramped incremental test and familiarisation, visit 2 and 3-30-min fixed perceived effort cycling). During which, power output, heart rate, lactate, think aloud, and perceptual markers were taken. Random-intercepts linear mixed-effects models assessed the condition, time, and condition × time interactions on all dependent variables. Power output, heart rate, lactate and instances of internal sensory monitoring (t195=2.57,p=.011,β=0.95[0.23,1.68]) and self-regulation (t195=4.14,p=.001,β=1.69[0.89,2.49]) were significantly higher in the RPE+15%GET versus RPEGET trial. No significant differences between inexperienced and experienced cyclists for internal sensory monitoring (t196=-1.78,p=.095,β=-1.73[-3.64,0.18]) or self-regulatory thoughts (t196=-0.39,p=.699,β=-1.06[-6.32,4.21]) were noted but there were significant condition × time interactions for internal monitoring (t196=2.02,p=.045,β=0.44[0.01,0.87]) and self-regulation (t196=3.45,p=.001,β=0.85[0.37,1.33]). Seemingly, experienced athletes associatively attended to internal psychophysiological state and subsequently self-regulate their psychophysiological state at earlier stages of exercise than inexperienced athletes. This is the first study to exhibit the differences in attentional focus and self-regulatory strategies that are activated based on perceived effort intensity and experience level in cyclists.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A O'Malley
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7PE, UK; Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK.
| | - C L Fullerton
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7PE, UK; Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - A R Mauger
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7PE, UK
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6
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Pavlov YG, Gashkova AS, Kasanov D, Kosachenko AI, Kotyusov AI, Kotchoubey B. Task-evoked pulse wave amplitude tracks cognitive load. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22592. [PMID: 38114566 PMCID: PMC10730617 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48917-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive load is a crucial factor in mentally demanding activities and holds significance across various research fields. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of pulse wave amplitude (PWA) as a measure for tracking cognitive load and associated mental effort in comparison to heart rate (HR) during a digit span task. The data from 78 participants were included in the analyses. Participants performed a memory task in which they were asked to memorize sequences of 5, 9, or 13 digits, and a control task where they passively listened to the sequences. PWA and HR were quantified from photoplethysmography (PPG) and electrocardiography (ECG), respectively. Pupil dilation was also assessed as a measure of cognitive load. We found that PWA showed a strong suppression with increasing memory load, indicating sensitivity to cognitive load. In contrast, HR did not show significant changes with task difficulty. Moreover, when memory load exceeded the capacity of working memory, a reversal of the PWA pattern was observed, indicating cognitive overload. In this respect, changes in PWA in response to cognitive load correlated with the dynamics of pupil dilation, suggesting a potential shared underlying mechanism. Additionally, both HR and PWA demonstrated a relationship with behavioral performance, with higher task-evoked HR and lower PWA associated with better memory performance. Our findings suggest that PWA is a more sensitive measure than HR for tracking cognitive load and overload. PWA, measured through PPG, holds significant potential for practical applications in assessing cognitive load due to its ease of use and sensitivity to cognitive overload. The findings contribute to the understanding of psychophysiological indicators of cognitive load and offer insights into the use of PWA as a non-invasive measure in various contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri G Pavlov
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Anastasia S Gashkova
- Laboratory of Neurotechnology, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, 620000, Russian Federation
| | - Dauren Kasanov
- Laboratory of Neurotechnology, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, 620000, Russian Federation
| | - Alexandra I Kosachenko
- Laboratory of Neurotechnology, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, 620000, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander I Kotyusov
- Laboratory of Neurotechnology, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, 620000, Russian Federation
| | - Boris Kotchoubey
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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7
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Framorando D, Falk JR, Gollwitzer PM, Oettingen G, Gendolla GHE. Can personal task choice shield against fear and anger prime effects on effort? A study on cardiac response. Biol Psychol 2023; 181:108616. [PMID: 37307893 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This experiment tested whether personal task choice can shield against implicit affective influences on sympathetically mediated cardiovascular response, reflecting effort. Participants were N = 121 healthy university students who completed a moderately difficult memory task with integrated briefly flashed and masked fear vs. anger primes. Half of the participants believed they could choose between an attention and a memory task, while the other half was automatically assigned to the task. Replicating previous research, we expected an influence of the affect primes on effort when the task was externally assigned. By contrast, when participants were given a task choice, we predicted strong action shielding and thus a weak implicit affect effect on resource mobilization. As expected, participants in the assigned task condition showed stronger cardiac pre-ejection period reactivity when exposed to fear primes than when processing anger primes. Importantly, this affect prime effect disappeared when participants could ostensibly choose the task. These findings add to other recent evidence for action shielding by personal task choice and importantly extend this effect to implicit affective influences on cardiac reactivity during task performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Framorando
- Geneva Motivation Lab, FPSE, Section of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Johanna R Falk
- Geneva Motivation Lab, FPSE, Section of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Guido H E Gendolla
- Geneva Motivation Lab, FPSE, Section of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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8
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Westbrook A, Yang X, Bylsma LM, Daches S, George CJ, Seidman AJ, Jennings JR, Kovacs M. Economic Choice and Heart Rate Fractal Scaling Indicate That Cognitive Effort Is Reduced by Depression and Boosted by Sad Mood. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2023; 8:687-694. [PMID: 35948258 PMCID: PMC10919246 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2022.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with depression typically exhibit diminished cognitive control. Control is subjectively costly, prompting speculation that control deficits reflect reduced cognitive effort. Evidence that people with depression exert less cognitive effort is mixed, however, and motivation may depend on state affect. METHODS We used a cognitive effort discounting task to measure propensity to expend cognitive effort and fractal structure in the temporal dynamics of interbeat intervals to assess on-task effort exertion for 49 healthy control subjects, 36 people with current depression, and 67 people with remitted depression. RESULTS People with depression discounted more steeply, indicating that they were less willing to exert cognitive effort than people with remitted depression and never-depressed control subjects. Also, steeper discounting predicted worse functioning in daily life. Surprisingly, a sad mood induction selectively boosted motivation among participants with depression, erasing differences between them and control subjects. During task performance, depressed participants with the lowest cognitive motivation showed blunted autonomic reactivity as a function of load. CONCLUSIONS Discounting patterns supported the hypothesis that people with current depression would be less willing to exert cognitive effort, and steeper discounting predicted lower global functioning in daily life. Heart rate fractal scaling proved to be a highly sensitive index of cognitive load, and data implied that people with lower motivation for cognitive effort had a diminished physiological capacity to respond to rising cognitive demands. State affect appeared to influence motivation among people with current depression given that they were more willing to exert cognitive effort following a sad mood induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Westbrook
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic & Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.
| | - Xiao Yang
- Department of Psychology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia
| | - Lauren M Bylsma
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Shimrit Daches
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Charles J George
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew J Seidman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - J Richard Jennings
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Maria Kovacs
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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9
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Grillo AR, Corneau GM, Vrshek-Schallhorn S. Relationship of cortisol and alpha amylase to behavioral engagement under three levels of negative evaluative psychosocial stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2023; 155:106308. [PMID: 37290377 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite that behavioral engagement is integral to mental health, surprisingly little is known about the relationship of psychosocial stress and behavioral engagement. The current study developed an observer-rated measure of behavioral engagement for lab-based stress inductions, then examined its relationship with stress-responsive biomarkers and affect. Young adults (N = 109, Mage=19.4, SDage=1.59, 57% female) completed one of three Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) conditions-non-stressful Control, Intermediate, or an Explicit Negative Evaluative-and at four timepoints provided self-reports of positive and negative affect and saliva samples for cortisol and salivary alpha-amylase (sAA). Trained study staff (experimenters and TSST judges) completed a programmed questionnaire measure of the novel behavioral engagement measure after the participants completed the TSST. Psychometric review and EFA of the behavioral engagement items resulted in a final 8-item measure with good interrater reliability and well-fitting 2-factor structure, capturing Persistence (4 items; loadings=.41-.89), and Quality of Speech (4 items; loadings=.53-.92). Results indicated that the relationship of positive affect growth and biomarker level to behavioral engagement varied substantially as a function of context: As negative evaluation level strengthened, behavioral engagement became more tightly associated with relative preservation of positive affect. For both cortisol and sAA, the relationship between biomarker levels (but not reactivity) and behavioral engagement varied significantly by condition, such that under milder conditions and elevated levels of biomarkers, engagement was greater, but under Explicit Negative Evaluation, and elevated levels of biomarkers, engagement was less, suggesting behavioral withdrawal. Findings reveal the critical role of context-especially negative evaluation-in the relationship of biomarkers with behavioral engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gail M Corneau
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, USA
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10
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Grant SS, Kim K, Friedman BH. How Long Is Long Enough? Controlling for Acute Caffeine Intake in Cardiovascular Research. Brain Sci 2023; 13:224. [PMID: 36831767 PMCID: PMC9954082 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13020224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Caffeine substantially affects cardiovascular functioning, yet wide variability exists in caffeine control procedures in cardiovascular reactivity research. This study was conducted in order to identify a minimal abstention duration in habitual coffee consumers whereby cardiovascular reactivity is unconfounded by caffeine; Six hours (caffeine's average half-life) was hypothesized. Thirty-nine subjects (mean age: 20.9; 20 women) completed a repeated measures study involving hand cold pressor (CP) and memory tasks. Caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee were administered. The following cardiovascular indices were acquired during pre-task, task, and post-task epochs prior to coffee intake, 30 min-, and six hours post-intake: Heart rate (HR), high-frequency heart rate variability (HF-HRV), root mean squared successive differences (RMSSD), systolic and diastolic blood pressures (SBP, DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), pre-ejection period (PEP), left ventricular ejection time (LVET), systemic vascular resistance (SVR), systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI). Results support the adequacy of a six-hour abstention in controlling for caffeine-elicited cardiovascular changes. The current study offers a suggested guideline for caffeine abstention duration in cardiovascular research in psychophysiology. Consistent practice in caffeine abstention protocols would promote validity and reliability across such studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shara S. Grant
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, 109 Williams Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University, 2300 I Street NW Ste 640, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Kye Kim
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Virginia Tech Carilion Clinic School of Medicine, 1 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
| | - Bruce H. Friedman
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, 109 Williams Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Libert Y, Peternelj L, Bragard I, Marchal S, Reynaert C, Slachmuylder JL, Razavi D. A randomized controlled trial assessing behavioral, cognitive, emotional and physiological changes resulting from a communication skills training in physicians caring for cancer patients. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2022; 105:2888-2898. [PMID: 35787813 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2022.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This randomized study assesses behavioral, cognitive, emotional and physiological changes resulting from a communication skills training (CST) for physicians caring for cancer patients. METHODS Medical specialists (N = 90) were randomly assigned in groups to complete a manualized 30-h CST or to a waiting list. Assessments included behavioral (communication skills), cognitive (self-efficacy, sense of mastery), emotional (perceived stress) and physiological (heart rate) measures. Assessments were made at baseline (both groups), after CST program (training group), and four months after (waiting list group). All assessments were conducted before, during, and after a complex communication task with an advanced-stage cancer simulated patient (SP). RESULTS Trained physicians had higher levels of communication skills (from RR=1.32; p = .003 to RR=41.33; p < .001), self-efficacy (F=9.3; p = .003), sense of mastery (F=167.9; p < .001) and heart rate during the SP encounter (from F=7.4; p = .008 to F=4; p = .050) and same levels of perceived stress (F=3.1; p = .080). CONCLUSION A learner-centered, skills-focused and practice-oriented manualized 30-h CST induced multilevel changes indicating physician engagement in a learning process. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Trainers should consider the CST multilevel benefits (behavioral, cognitive, emotional and physiological) before, during and after a complex communication simulated task as an innovative way to assess the efficacy of a communication skills learning process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Libert
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Faculté des Sciences Psychologiques et de l'Éducation, Brussels, Belgium; Institut Jules Bordet, Clinique de Psycho-Oncologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Livia Peternelj
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Faculté des Sciences Psychologiques et de l'Éducation, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Bragard
- Université de Liège, Faculté des Sciences Psychologiques et de l'Éducation, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Christine Reynaert
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Faculté de Médecine, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Darius Razavi
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Faculté des Sciences Psychologiques et de l'Éducation, Brussels, Belgium; Institut Jules Bordet, Clinique de Psycho-Oncologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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12
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Hu Y, Ni Q, Lü W. Avoidant Personality Disorder Symptoms and Cardiovascular Reactivity to Psychological Stress Tasks With Increasing Cognitive Demands. J PSYCHOPHYSIOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1027/0269-8803/a000309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. This study aimed to investigate whether and how avoidant personality disorder symptoms are related to cardiovascular reactivity to stress tasks with different levels of cognitive demands. The revised Chinese edition of the avoidant personality disorder subscale of Personality Diagnosed Questionnaire-4+ (PDQ-4+) was administered to 222 undergraduate students randomly assigned to psychological stress tasks (i.e., mental arithmetic tasks) with low, moderate, or high cognitive demands (manipulated by task difficulty), during which their physiological data were continuously collected. Results showed that avoidant personality disorder symptoms and cognitive demands of tasks interactively predicted systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) reactivity. In specific, avoidant personality disorder symptoms were not associated with SBP reactivity under the low- and moderate-demand conditions and DBP reactivity under the low-demand condition but were associated with blunted SBP reactivity under the high-demand condition and blunted DBP reactivity under the moderate- and high-demand conditions. These findings indicate that the association between avoidant personality disorder symptoms and cardiovascular reactivity to psychological stress is contingent on the cognitive demands of tasks, which have potential implications for physical health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Hu
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Research Center of Child Mental and Behavioral Health, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, PR China
| | - Qing Ni
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Research Center of Child Mental and Behavioral Health, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, PR China
| | - Wei Lü
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Research Center of Child Mental and Behavioral Health, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, PR China
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13
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Chen C, Long R, Pu Z, Massar SAA. Limited evidence for enhanced working memory performance and effort allocation in the face of loss versus gain incentives: A preregistered (non) replication. Psychophysiology 2022; 59:e14083. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Chen
- Sleep and Cognition Laboratory, Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
| | - Royston Long
- Sleep and Cognition Laboratory, Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
| | - Zhenghao Pu
- Sleep and Cognition Laboratory, Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
| | - Stijn A. A. Massar
- Sleep and Cognition Laboratory, Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
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14
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Décombe A, Brinkmann K, Merenciano M, Capdevielle D, Gendolla GHE, Raffard S. Cognitive effort in Schizophrenia: Dissimilar effects on cardiovascular activity and subjective effort. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03145-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Virtual Reality Adaptation Using Electrodermal Activity to Support the User Experience. BIG DATA AND COGNITIVE COMPUTING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/bdcc6020055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Virtual reality is increasingly used for tasks such as work and education. Thus, rendering scenarios that do not interfere with such goals and deplete user experience are becoming progressively more relevant. We present a physiologically adaptive system that optimizes the virtual environment based on physiological arousal, i.e., electrodermal activity. We investigated the usability of the adaptive system in a simulated social virtual reality scenario. Participants completed an n-back task (primary) and a visual detection (secondary) task. Here, we adapted the visual complexity of the secondary task in the form of the number of non-player characters of the secondary task to accomplish the primary task. We show that an adaptive virtual reality can improve users’ comfort by adapting to physiological arousal regarding the task complexity. Our findings suggest that physiologically adaptive virtual reality systems can improve users’ experience in a wide range of scenarios.
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16
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Audiffren M, André N, Baumeister RF. Training Willpower: Reducing Costs and Valuing Effort. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:699817. [PMID: 35573284 PMCID: PMC9095966 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.699817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The integrative model of effortful control presented in a previous article aimed to specify the neurophysiological bases of mental effort. This model assumes that effort reflects three different inter-related aspects of the same adaptive function. First, a mechanism anchored in the salience network that makes decisions about the effort that should be engaged in the current task in view of costs and benefits associated with the achievement of the task goal. Second, a top-down control signal generated by the mechanism of effort that modulates neuronal activity in brain regions involved in the current task to filter pertinent information. Third, a feeling that emerges in awareness during effortful tasks and reflects the costs associated with goal-directed behavior. The aim of the present article is to complete this model by proposing that the capacity to exert effortful control can be improved through training programs. Two main questions relative to this possible strengthening of willpower are addressed in this paper. The first question concerns the existence of empirical evidence that supports gains in effortful control capacity through training. We conducted a review of 63 meta-analyses that shows training programs are effective in improving performance in effortful tasks tapping executive functions and/or self-control with a small to large effect size. Moreover, physical and mindfulness exercises could be two promising training methods that would deserve to be included in training programs aiming to strengthen willpower. The second question concerns the neural mechanisms that could explain these gains in effortful control capacity. Two plausible brain mechanisms are proposed: (1) a decrease in effort costs combined with a greater efficiency of brain regions involved in the task and (2) an increase in the value of effort through operant conditioning in the context of high effort and high reward. The first mechanism supports the hypothesis of a strengthening of the capacity to exert effortful control whereas the second mechanism supports the hypothesis of an increase in the motivation to exert this control. In the last part of the article, we made several recommendations to improve the effectiveness of interventional studies aiming to train this adaptive function."Keep the faculty of effort alive in you by a little gratuitous exercise every day."James (1918, p. 127).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Audiffren
- Research Centre on Cognition and Learning, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Nathalie André
- Research Centre on Cognition and Learning, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Roy F. Baumeister
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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17
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Inter-Individual Variability in tDCS Effects: A Narrative Review on the Contribution of Stable, Variable, and Contextual Factors. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12050522. [PMID: 35624908 PMCID: PMC9139102 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12050522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to its safety, portability, and cheapness, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) use largely increased in research and clinical settings. Despite tDCS’s wide application, previous works pointed out inconsistent and low replicable results, sometimes leading to extreme conclusions about tDCS’s ineffectiveness in modulating behavioral performance across cognitive domains. Traditionally, this variability has been linked to significant differences in the stimulation protocols across studies, including stimulation parameters, target regions, and electrodes montage. Here, we reviewed and discussed evidence of heterogeneity emerging at the intra-study level, namely inter-individual differences that may influence the response to tDCS within each study. This source of variability has been largely neglected by literature, being results mainly analyzed at the group level. Previous research, however, highlighted that only a half—or less—of studies’ participants could be classified as responders, being affected by tDCS in the expected direction. Stable and variable inter-individual differences, such as morphological and genetic features vs. hormonal/exogenous substance consumption, partially account for this heterogeneity. Moreover, variability comes from experiments’ contextual elements, such as participants’ engagement/baseline capacity and individual task difficulty. We concluded that increasing knowledge on inter-dividual differences rather than undermining tDCS effectiveness could enhance protocols’ efficiency and reproducibility.
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18
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Lewczuk K, Wizła M, Oleksy T, Wyczesany M. Emotion Regulation, Effort and Fatigue: Complex Issues Worth Investigating. Front Psychol 2022; 13:742557. [PMID: 35250704 PMCID: PMC8888450 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.742557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Karol Lewczuk
- Institute of Psychology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Wizła
- Institute of Psychology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Oleksy
- Department of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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19
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Contreras-Merino AM, Davydov DM, Galvez-Sánchez CM, Reyes del Paso GA. Blunted short-term autonomic cardiovascular reactivity to orthostatic and clinostatic challenges in fibromyalgia as an indicator of the severity of chronic pain. Int J Psychophysiol 2022; 175:61-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Finnegan E, Davidson S, Harford M, Jorge J, Watkinson P, Young D, Tarassenko L, Villarroel M. Pulse arrival time as a surrogate of blood pressure. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22767. [PMID: 34815419 PMCID: PMC8611024 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01358-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Various models have been proposed for the estimation of blood pressure (BP) from pulse transit time (PTT). PTT is defined as the time delay of the pressure wave, produced by left ventricular contraction, measured between a proximal and a distal site along the arterial tree. Most researchers, when they measure the time difference between the peak of the R-wave in the electrocardiogram signal (corresponding to left ventricular depolarisation) and a fiducial point in the photoplethysmogram waveform (as measured by a pulse oximeter attached to the fingertip), describe this erroneously as the PTT. In fact, this is the pulse arrival time (PAT), which includes not only PTT, but also the time delay between the electrical depolarisation of the heart's left ventricle and the opening of the aortic valve, known as pre-ejection period (PEP). PEP has been suggested to present a significant limitation to BP estimation using PAT. This work investigates the impact of PEP on PAT, leading to a discussion on the best models for BP estimation using PAT or PTT. We conducted a clinical study involving 30 healthy volunteers (53.3% female, 30.9 ± 9.35 years old, with a body mass index of 22.7 ± 3.2 kg/m[Formula: see text]). Each session lasted on average 27.9 ± 0.6 min and BP was varied by an infusion of phenylephrine (a medication that causes venous and arterial vasoconstriction). We introduced new processing steps for the analysis of PAT and PEP signals. Various population-based models (Poon, Gesche and Fung) and a posteriori models (inverse linear, inverse squared and logarithm) for estimation of BP from PTT or PAT were evaluated. Across the cohort, PEP was found to increase by 5.5 ms ± 4.5 ms from its baseline value. Variations in PTT were significantly larger in amplitude, - 16.8 ms ± 7.5 ms. We suggest, therefore, that for infusions of phenylephrine, the contribution of PEP on PAT can be neglected. All population-based models produced large BP estimation errors, suggesting that they are insufficient for modelling the complex pathways relating changes in PTT or PAT to changes in BP. Although PAT is inversely correlated with systolic blood pressure (SBP), the gradient of this relationship varies significantly from individual to individual, from - 2946 to - 470.64 mmHg/s in our dataset. For the a posteriori inverse squared model, the root mean squared errors (RMSE) for systolic and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) estimation from PAT were 5.49 mmHg and 3.82 mmHg, respectively. The RMSEs for SBP and DBP estimation by PTT were 4.51 mmHg and 3.53 mmHg, respectively. These models take into account individual calibration curves required for accurate blood pressure estimation. The best performing population-based model (Poon) reported error values around double that of the a posteriori inverse squared model, and so the use of population-based models is not justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eoin Finnegan
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Shaun Davidson
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mirae Harford
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Critical Care Research Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - João Jorge
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter Watkinson
- Critical Care Research Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Duncan Young
- Critical Care Research Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lionel Tarassenko
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mauricio Villarroel
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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21
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Motivated but not engaged: The implicit achievement motive requires difficult or unclear task difficulty conditions to exert an impact on effort. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2021.104145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Slade K, Kramer SE, Fairclough S, Richter M. Effortful listening: Sympathetic activity varies as a function of listening demand but parasympathetic activity does not. Hear Res 2021; 410:108348. [PMID: 34543837 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2021.108348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Research on listening effort has used various physiological measures to examine the biological correlates of listening effort but a systematic examination of the impact of listening demand on cardiac autonomic nervous system activity is still lacking. The presented study aimed to close this gap by assessing cardiac sympathetic and parasympathetic responses to variations in listening demand. For this purpose, 45 participants performed four speech-in-noise tasks differing in listening demand-manipulated as signal-to-noise ratio varying between +23 dB and -16 dB-while their pre-ejection period and respiratory sinus arrythmia responses were assessed. Cardiac responses showed the expected effect of listening demand on sympathetic activity, but failed to provide evidence for the expected listening demand impact on parasympathetic activity: Pre-ejection period reactivity increased with increasing listening demand across the three possible listening conditions and was low in the very high (impossible) demand condition, whereas respiratory sinus arrythmia did not show this pattern. These findings have two main implications. First, cardiac sympathetic responses seem to be the more sensitive correlate of the impact of task demand on listening effort compared to cardiac parasympathetic responses. Second, very high listening demand may lead to disengagement and correspondingly low effort and reduced cardiac sympathetic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Slade
- Department of Psychology, Lancaster University, LA1 4YF Lancaster, United Kingdom.
| | - Sophia E Kramer
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ear and Hearing, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stephen Fairclough
- School of Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, L3 3AF, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Richter
- School of Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, L3 3AF, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
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23
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Hess TM, Freund AM, Tobler PN. Effort Mobilization and Healthy Aging. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2021; 76:S135-S144. [PMID: 34515772 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbab030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthy aging is in part dependent upon people's willingness and ability to mobilize the effort necessary to support behaviors that promote health and well-being. People may have the best information relating to health along with the best intentions to stay healthy (e.g., health-related goals), but positive outcomes will ultimately be dependent upon them actually investing the necessary effort toward using this information to achieve their goals. In addition, the influences on effort mobilization may vary as a function of physical, psychological, and social changes experienced by the individual across the life span. Building on the overall theme of this special issue, we explore the relationships between motivation, effort mobilization, and healthy aging. We begin by characterizing the relationship between motivation and effort, and identify the factors that influence effort mobilization. We then consider the factors associated specifically with aging that may influence effort mobilization (e.g., changes in cardiovascular and neural mechanisms) and, ultimately, the health and well-being of older adults. Finally, distinguishing between those influential factors that are modifiable versus intractable, we identify ways to structure situations and beliefs to optimize mobilization in support of healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Hess
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA
| | - Alexandra M Freund
- Department of Psychology and University Research Priority Program "Dynamics of Healthy Aging," University of Zurich, Switzerland.,National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) LIVES, Zurich, Switzerland
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24
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Proof-of-Concept and Test-Retest Reliability Study of Psychological and Physiological Variables of the Mental Fatigue Paradigm. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18189532. [PMID: 34574457 PMCID: PMC8465457 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This study provided a proof-of-concept and test–retest reliability of measures frequently used to assess a mental fatigue paradigm. After familiarization, 28 healthy men performed (40-min) the Rapid Visual Information Processing (RVP) test in a test–retest design, having mental fatigue sensation, motivation, emotional arousal, total mood disturbance, and electroencephalography (EEG) in the prefrontal cortex measured before and after the test. EEG was recorded during a 3-min rest so that the power spectral density of theta (3–7 Hz) and alpha (8–13 Hz) bands was calculated. Pre-to-post RVP test changes in psychological and physiological domains were compared (paired-T tests), and absolute (standard error of measurement (SEM) and minimal difference (MD)) and relative reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC)) were calculated. The RVP test induced an increase (p < 0.05) in mental fatigue sensation (120.9% (109.4; 132.4)) and total mood disturbance (3.5% (−6.3; 13.3)), and a decrease in motivation (−7.1% (−9.2; −5.1)) and emotional arousal (−16.2% (−19.1; −13.2)). Likewise, EEG theta (59.1% (33.2; 85.0); p < 0.05), but not alpha band, increased due to RVP test. All psychophysiological responses showed poor-to-moderate relative reliability. Changes in mental fatigue sensation and motivation were higher than SEM and MD, but changes in EEG theta band were higher only than SEM. Mental fatigue sensation, motivation, and EEG theta band were sensitive to distinguish a mental fatigue paradigm despite true mental fatigue effects on theta activity may be trivial.
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25
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Behnke M, Hase A, Kaczmarek LD, Freeman P. Blunted cardiovascular reactivity may serve as an index of psychological task disengagement in the motivated performance situations. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18083. [PMID: 34508160 PMCID: PMC8433313 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97670-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Challenge and threat models predict that once individuals become engaged with performance, their evaluations and cardiovascular response determine further outcomes. Although the role of challenge and threat in predicting performance has been extensively tested, few studies have focused on task engagement. We aimed to investigate task engagement in performance at the psychological and physiological levels. We accounted for physiological task engagement by examining blunted cardiovascular reactivity, the third possible cardiovascular response to performance, in addition to the challenge/threat responses. We expected that low psychological task engagement would be related to blunted cardiovascular reactivity during the performance. Gamers (N = 241) completed five matches of the soccer video game FIFA 19. We recorded psychological task engagement, heart rate reactivity, and the difference between goals scored and conceded. Lower psychological task engagement was related to blunted heart rate reactivity during the performance. Furthermore, poorer performance in the previous game was related to increased task engagement in the subsequent match. The findings extend existing literature by providing initial evidence that blunted cardiovascular reactivity may serve as the index of low task engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Behnke
- Faculty of Psychology and Cognitive Science, Adam Mickiewicz University, 60-568, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Adrian Hase
- Department of Medicine, Université de Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Lukasz D Kaczmarek
- Faculty of Psychology and Cognitive Science, Adam Mickiewicz University, 60-568, Poznan, Poland
| | - Paul Freeman
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Essex, CO4 3SQ, UK
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26
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Mazeres F, Brinkmann K, Richter M. Explicit achievement motive strength determines effort-related myocardial beta-adrenergic activity if task difficulty is unclear but not if task difficulty is clear. Int J Psychophysiol 2021; 169:11-19. [PMID: 34480970 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Work on physiological and other behavioral correlates of motives often assumes that motives exert a direct effect on behavior once activated. Motivational intensity theory, however, suggests that this does not always apply. In the context of task engagement, motive strength should exert a direct effect on myocardial beta-adrenergic activity if task difficulty is unclear, but not if task difficulty is known. The presented study tested this prediction for the impact of the explicit achievement motive on myocardial beta-adrenergic activity-assessed as pre-ejection period (PEP) reactivity during task performance. Seventy-eight participants performed one of two versions of a mental arithmetic task. After having completed the achievement motive scale of the Personality Research Form, participants were either informed about the difficulty of the task or not before working on it. Participants' PEP reactivity during task performance provided evidence for the predicted moderating impact of clarity of task difficulty: PEP reactivity increased with increasing achievement motive strength if task difficulty was unclear, but not if it was clear. These findings demonstrate that the explicit achievement motive impact on myocardial beta-adrenergic activity is moderated by clarity of task difficulty and suggest that motive strength does not always translate into direct effects on physiology and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Mazeres
- Geneva Motivation Lab, Department of Psychology, FPSE, University of Geneva, 40 Bd. Du Pont-d'Arve, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
| | - Kerstin Brinkmann
- Geneva Motivation Lab, Department of Psychology, FPSE, University of Geneva, 40 Bd. Du Pont-d'Arve, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
| | - Michael Richter
- Effort Lab, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, L3 3AF Liverpool, UK.
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27
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Sympathetic involvement in time-constrained sequential foraging. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2021; 20:730-745. [PMID: 32462432 PMCID: PMC7651516 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-020-00799-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Appraising sequential offers relative to an unknown future opportunity and a time cost requires an optimization policy that draws on a learned estimate of an environment’s richness. Converging evidence points to a learning asymmetry, whereby estimates of this richness update with a bias toward integrating positive information. We replicate this bias in a sequential foraging (prey selection) task and probe associated activation within the sympathetic branch of the autonomic system, using trial-by-trial measures of simultaneously recorded cardiac autonomic physiology. We reveal a unique adaptive role for the sympathetic branch in learning. It was specifically associated with adaptation to a deteriorating environment: it correlated with both the rate of negative information integration in belief estimates and downward changes in moment-to-moment environmental richness, and was predictive of optimal performance on the task. The findings are consistent with a framework whereby autonomic function supports the learning demands of prey selection.
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28
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Dreisbach G, Jurczyk V. The role of objective and subjective effort costs in voluntary task choice. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2021; 86:1366-1381. [PMID: 34455454 PMCID: PMC9177489 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-021-01587-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Human beings tend to avoid effort, if a less effortful option is equally rewarding. However, and in sharp contrast to this claim, we repeatedly found that (a subset of) participants deliberately choose the more difficult of two tasks in a voluntary task switching (VTS) paradigm even though avoidance of the difficult task was allowed (Jurczyk et al., Motivation Science 5:295–313, 2019). In this study, we investigate to what extent the deliberate switch to the difficult task is determined by the actual objective or the subjective effort costs for the difficult task. In two experiments, participants (N = 100, each) first went through several blocks of voluntary task choices between an easy and a difficult task. After that, they worked through an effort discounting paradigm, EDT, (Westbrook et al., PLoS One 8(7):e68210, 2013) that required participants to make a series of iterative choices between re-doing a difficult task block for a fixed amount or an easy task block for a variable (lower) amount of money until the individual indifference point was reached. In Experiment 1, the EDT comprised the same tasks from the VTS, in Experiment 2, EDT used another set of easy vs. difficult tasks. Results showed that the voluntary switch to the difficult task was mostly predicted by the objective performance costs and only marginally be the subjective effort cost. The switch to the difficult task may thus be less irrational than originally thought and at its avoidance at least partially driven by economic considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gesine Dreisbach
- Department of Psychology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Vanessa Jurczyk
- Department of Psychology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
- Bremen University, Bremen, Germany
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29
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Plain B, Pielage H, Richter M, Bhuiyan TA, Lunner T, Kramer SE, Zekveld AA. Social observation increases the cardiovascular response of hearing-impaired listeners during a speech reception task. Hear Res 2021; 410:108334. [PMID: 34450568 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2021.108334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Certain cardiovascular measures allow for distinction between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system activity. Applied during listening, these measures may provide a novel and complementary insight into listening effort. To date, few studies have implemented cardiovascular measures of listening effort and seldom have these included hearing-impaired participants. These studies have generally measured changes in cardiovascular parameters while manipulating environmental factors, such as listening difficulty. Yet, listening effort is also known to be moderated by individual factors, including the importance of performing successfully. In this study, we aimed to manipulate success importance by adding observers to the traditional laboratory set-up. Twenty-nine hearing-impaired participants performed a speech reception task both alone and in the presence of two observers. Auditory stimuli consisted of Danish Hearing in Noise Test (HINT) sentences masked by four-talker babble. Sentences were delivered at two individually adapted signal-to-noise ratios, corresponding to 50 and 80% of sentences correct. We measured change scores, relative to baseline, of pre-ejection period, two indices of heart rate variability, heart rate and blood pressure (systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure). After each condition, participants rated their effort investment, stress, tendency to give up and preference to change the situation to improve audibility. A multivariate analysis revealed that cardiovascular reactivity increased in the presence of the observers, compared to when the task was performed alone. More specifically, systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure increased while observed. Interestingly, participants' subjective ratings were sensitive only to intelligibility level, not the observation state. This study was the first to report results from a range of different cardiovascular variables measured from hearing-impaired participants during a speech reception task. Due to the timing of the observers' presence, we were not able to conclusively attribute these physiological changes to being task related. Therefore, instead of representing listening effort, we suggest that the increased cardiovascular response detected during observation reveals increased physiological stress associated with potential evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Plain
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Ear & Hearing, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Eriksholm Research Centre, Snekkersten, Denmark.
| | - Hidde Pielage
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Ear & Hearing, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Eriksholm Research Centre, Snekkersten, Denmark
| | - Michael Richter
- School of Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Sophia E Kramer
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Ear & Hearing, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Adriana A Zekveld
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Ear & Hearing, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Schmid PC. The effort investment theory of power. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Petra C. Schmid
- Department of Management, Technology, and Economics Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zurich) Zurich Switzerland
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Framorando D, Cai T, Wang Y, Pegna AJ. Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on effort during a working-memory task. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16399. [PMID: 34385478 PMCID: PMC8361175 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95639-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) has shown that stimulation of Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) facilitates task performance in working-memory tasks. However, little is known about its potential effects on effort. This study examined whether tDCS affects effort during a working-memory task. Participants received anodal, cathodal and sham stimulation over DLPFC across three sessions before carrying out a 2-back task. During the task, effort-related cardiovascular measures were recorded-especially the Initial Systolic Time Interval (ISTI). Results showed that anodal stimulation produced a shorter ISTI, indicating a greater effort compared to cathodal and sham conditions, where effort was lower. These findings demonstrate that anodal stimulation helps participants to maintain engagement in a highly demanding task (by increasing task mastery), without which they would otherwise disengage. This study is the first to show that tDCS impacts the extent of effort engaged by individuals during a difficult task.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Framorando
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Brisbane, QLD-4068, Australia.
| | - Tianlan Cai
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Brisbane, QLD-4068, Australia
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Brisbane, QLD-4068, Australia
| | - Alan J Pegna
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Brisbane, QLD-4068, Australia
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Abstract
Abstract. Attaining sports or health goals requires not only high motivation but also the willpower to translate sport-behavior intentions into successful action. This volitional regulation calls for the mobilization of effort to overcome obstacles in the pursuit of goals. The present article provides a theoretical and empirical overview of motivation intensity theory ( Brehm & Self, 1989 ) – a conceptual framework that makes clear and testable predictions about effort mobilization in various contexts. First, we present the guiding principles of this theory and its operationalizations by measures of effort-related cardiovascular reactivity and physical handgrip force. Second, we review a selection of empirical tests of the basic assumptions of this theory and the impact of psychological moderator variables such as affect, fatigue, pain, and personality on effort mobilization. Finally, we discuss important implications of these findings for the sports and health domains and make suggestions for future research.
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Yes, they can! Efficient physical effort mobilization according to task difficulty in schizophrenia. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-021-09890-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Impact of pain on mental effort assessed as cardiovascular reactivity. Pain Rep 2021; 6:e917. [PMID: 33977185 PMCID: PMC8104428 DOI: 10.1097/pr9.0000000000000917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pain typically impairs task performance, increases fatigue, and is associated with behavioral disengagement. Together, this suggests that pain impacts effort, defined as the mobilization of resources to carry out behavior. However, empirical evidence on this issue is lacking. Objectives Drawing on motivational intensity theory, this study investigated the impact of pain on effort mobilization during cognitive task performance. Methods We administered individually adjusted painful thermal stimulations during an easy memory task during which we measured effort as cardiovascular reactivity-a valid and objective measure. Control conditions included painful stimulations alone, the memory task alone, and the memory task with nonpainful heat stimulations. We expected pain to increase subjective difficulty due to additional demand on cognitive functioning, and in turn effort according to motivational intensity theory. Effort-related cardiovascular reactivity was predicted to increase along these conditions: pain-alone, task-alone, task with nonpainful stimulations, and the strongest effort when painful stimulations were administered during the task. Results Overall, the findings offered support to our hypotheses. As predicted, results showed that pain increased subjective task difficulty (P = 0.020). Moreover, most of the effort-related cardiovascular measures showed the expected pattern with the strongest reactivity when painful stimulations were administered during the task compared with the other conditions (p < 0.02). Conclusion These results are first evidence that pain impacts mental effort assessed as cardiovascular reactivity. We discuss how such extra effort might be related to the persistent feeling of fatigue and behavioral disengagement frequently observed in patients with chronic pain.
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Mastromatteo LY, Zaccoletti S, Mason L, Scrimin S. Physiological responses to a school task: The role of student-teacher relationships and students' emotional appraisal. BRITISH JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 91:1146-1165. [PMID: 33650684 DOI: 10.1111/bjep.12410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To be successful, students must learn to deal with socially and cognitively demanding tasks. Much remains unknown about the effects of previous classroom experiences and of students' emotional appraisal of a task on their physiological adaptive responses to it. AIMS To investigate how children's physiological response to a social and cognitive task would be directly and interactively influenced by the perceived student-teacher relationship and by children's emotional appraisal of what reaction they expect to have while completing the task. METHODS One hundred and sixteen second and third graders took part in the study. Children completed a cognitive and social stress task. Before the task, they were interviewed on their emotional appraisal of the task and on student-teacher relationships. Children's cardiac activity was registered at rest and during the task to measure physiological activation (heart rate) and self-regulation (heart rate variability). RESULTS Heart rate variability during the task was positively correlated with the appraised emotional valence of the task and of being observed while doing it. Regression analyses showed that children's physiological self-regulation during the task was affected by the interaction between student-teacher relationships and appraised emotional valence of being observed. Only among children who had experienced negative student-teacher relationships, an active physiological self-regulation was observed in response to the task when they expected it to be positive compared to when they perceived it as negative. CONCLUSIONS Children's emotional appraisal of tasks and the quality of student-teacher relationships are important to promote a functional physiological response of self-regulation that underlies academic functioning and well-being at school.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonia Zaccoletti
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Lucia Mason
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Sara Scrimin
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padova, Italy
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Silvia PJ, McHone AN, Mironovová Z, Eddington KM, Harper KL, Sperry SH, Kwapil TR. RZ Interval as an Impedance Cardiography Indicator of Effort-Related Cardiac Sympathetic Activity. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2021; 46:83-90. [PMID: 33170410 PMCID: PMC7880868 DOI: 10.1007/s10484-020-09493-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Research on effort and motivation commonly assesses how the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system affects the cardiovascular system. The cardiac pre-ejection period (PEP), assessed via impedance cardiography, is a common outcome, but assessing PEP requires identifying subtle points on cardiac waveforms. The present research examined the psychometric value of the RZ interval (RZ), which has recently been proposed as an indicator of sympathetic activity, for effort research. Also known as the initial systolic time interval (ISTI), RZ is the time (in ms) between the ECG R peak and the dZ/dt Z peak. Unlike PEP, RZ involves salient waveform points that are easily and reliably identified. Data from two experiments evaluated the suitability of RZ for effort paradigms and compared it to a popular automated PEP method. In Studies 1 (n = 89) and 2 (n = 71), participants completed a standard appetitive task in which each correct response earned a small amount of cash. As expected, incentives significantly affected PEP and RZ in both experiments. PEP and RZ were highly correlated (all rs ≥ 0.89), and RZ consistently yielded a larger effect size than PEP. In Study 3, a quantitative synthesis of the experiments indicated that the effect size of RZ's response to incentives (Hedges's g = 0.432 [0.310, 0.554]) was roughly 15% larger than PEP's effect size (g = 0.376 [0.256, 0.496]). RZ thus appears promising for future research on sympathetic aspects of effort-related cardiac activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Silvia
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, P.O. Box 26170, Greensboro, NC, 27402-6170, USA.
| | - Ashley N McHone
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, P.O. Box 26170, Greensboro, NC, 27402-6170, USA
| | - Zuzana Mironovová
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, P.O. Box 26170, Greensboro, NC, 27402-6170, USA
| | - Kari M Eddington
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, P.O. Box 26170, Greensboro, NC, 27402-6170, USA
| | - Kelly L Harper
- Behavioral Science Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, National Center for PTSD, Boston, USA
| | - Sarah H Sperry
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, USA
| | - Thomas R Kwapil
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, USA
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Dundon NM, Shapiro AD, Babenko V, Okafor GN, Grafton ST. Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex Activity and Sympathetic Allostasis During Value-Based Ambivalence. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:615796. [PMID: 33692674 PMCID: PMC7937876 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.615796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anxiety is characterized by low confidence in daily decisions, coupled with high levels of phenomenological stress. Ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) plays an integral role in maladaptive anxious behaviors via decreased sensitivity to threatening vs. non-threatening stimuli (fear generalization). vmPFC is also a key node in approach-avoidance decision making requiring two-dimensional integration of rewards and costs. More recently, vmPFC has been implicated as a key cortical input to the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system. However, little is known about the role of this brain region in mediating rapid stress responses elicited by changes in confidence during decision making. We used an approach-avoidance task to examine the relationship between sympathetically mediated cardiac stress responses, vmPFC activity and choice behavior over long and short time-scales. To do this, we collected concurrent fMRI, EKG and impedance cardiography recordings of sympathetic drive while participants made approach-avoidance decisions about monetary rewards paired with painful electric shock stimuli. We observe first that increased sympathetic drive (shorter pre-ejection period) in states lasting minutes are associated with choices involving reduced decision ambivalence. Thus, on this slow time scale, sympathetic drive serves as a proxy for "mobilization" whereby participants are more likely to show consistent value-action mapping. In parallel, imaging analyses reveal that on shorter time scales (estimated with a trial-to-trial GLM), increased vmPFC activity, particularly during low-ambivalence decisions, is associated with decreased sympathetic state. Our findings support a role of sympathetic drive in resolving decision ambivalence across long time horizons and suggest a potential role of vmPFC in modulating this response on a moment-to-moment basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil M Dundon
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Allison D Shapiro
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Viktoriya Babenko
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Gold N Okafor
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Scott T Grafton
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
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Szwed P, Kossowska M, Bukowski M. Effort investment in uncontrollable situations: The moderating role of motivation toward closure. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-021-09868-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAccording to the principle of energy-conservation principle, effort investment is usually reduced in situations that are perceived as uncontrollable. This is because when success is recognized as impossible, any effortful actions are no longer justified. However, we predicted that individual differences in uncertainty tolerance, i.e., the need for closure (NFC), may moderate effort investment in uncontrollable situations. We tested this prediction in two experimental studies in which we exposed participants with differing levels of NFC to uncontrollable events, and indexed effort through the assessment of systolic blood pressure (SBP) responses. As predicted, in the uncontrollability (vs. controllability) condition, effort investment decreased significantly among low- but not high-NFC participants. Since gaining certainty and achieving closure is not a critical epistemic goal for low-NFC individuals, exerting extra effort to gain certainty is therefore no longer justified. On the other hand, high-NFC participants do not withhold their efforts, as they are highly motivated to obtain certainty. These results may help to account for contradictory findings in effort-investment behaviour and add substantively to the literature concerning motivation toward closure.
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Investigating the Influences of Task Demand and Reward on Cardiac Pre-Ejection Period Reactivity During a Speech-in-Noise Task. Ear Hear 2020; 42:718-731. [PMID: 33201048 PMCID: PMC8088822 DOI: 10.1097/aud.0000000000000971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Effort investment during listening varies as a function of task demand and motivation. Several studies have manipulated both these factors to elicit and measure changes in effort associated with listening. The cardiac pre-ejection period (PEP) is a relatively novel measure in the field of cognitive hearing science. This measure, which reflects sympathetic nervous system activity on the heart, has previously been implemented during a tone discrimination task but not during a speech-in-noise task. Therefore, the primary goal of this study was to explore the influences of signal to noise ratio (SNR) and monetary reward level on PEP reactivity during a speech-in-noise task. DESIGN Thirty-two participants with normal hearing (mean age = 22.22 years, SD = 3.03) were recruited at VU University Medical Center. Participants completed a Dutch speech-in-noise test with a single-interfering-talker masking noise. Six fixed SNRs, selected to span the entire psychometric performance curve, were presented in a block-wise fashion. Participants could earn a low (€0.20) or high (€5.00) reward by obtaining a score of ≥70% of words correct in each block. The authors analyzed PEP reactivity: the change in PEP measured during the task, relative to the baseline during rest. Two separate methods of PEP analysis were used, one including data from the whole task block and the other including data obtained during presentation of the target sentences only. After each block, participants rated their effort investment, performance, tendency to give up, and the perceived difficulty of the task. They also completed the need for recovery questionnaire and the reading span test, which are indices of additional factors (fatigue and working memory capacity, respectively) that are known to influence listening effort. RESULTS Average sentence perception scores ranged from 2.73 to 91.62%, revealing a significant effect of SNR. In addition, an improvement in performance was elicited by the high, compared to the low reward level. A linear relationship between SNR and PEP reactivity was demonstrated: at the lower SNRs PEP reactivity was the most negative, indicating greater effort investment compared to the higher SNRs. The target stimuli method of PEP analysis was more sensitive to this effect than the block-wise method. Contrary to expectations, no significant impact of reward on PEP reactivity was found in the present dataset. Also, there was no physiological evidence that participants were disengaged, even when performance was poor. A significant correlation between need for recovery scores and average PEP reactivity was demonstrated, indicating that a lower need for recovery was associated with less effort investment. CONCLUSIONS This study successfully implemented the measurement of PEP during a standard speech-in-noise test and included two distinct methods of PEP analysis. The results revealed for the first time that PEP reactivity varies linearly with task demand during a speech-in-noise task, although the effect size was small. No effect of reward on PEP was demonstrated. Finally, participants with a higher need for recovery score invested more effort, as shown by average PEP reactivity, than those with a lower need for recovery score.
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Lü W, Yao Z. Type D personality and blunted cardiovascular stress reactivity: Role of task engagement. Br J Health Psychol 2020; 26:385-400. [PMID: 33159832 DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The underlying mechanisms for linking Type D personality to cardiovascular stress reactivity remain unknown. The present study explored the possible mediating role of cognitive appraisals of stress and/or motivational levels involved in stress in the association between Type D personality and cardiovascular stress reactivity. DESIGN Cross-sectional. METHODS Chinese version of Type D Scale-14 was administered to 154 undergraduate students who underwent psychosocial stress during which the physiological data were continuously monitored, and cognitive appraisals indexed by a ratio of perceived stress demands to perceived personal resources and motivational levels engaged in stress indexed by self-reported stress task engagement were immediately assessed after the stress exposure. RESULTS Results indicated that Type D personality was related to blunted HR, SBP, and DBP reactivity to stress. Self-reported stress task engagement mediated the relation between Type D personality and blunted cardiovascular stress reactivity. The mediation effect of cognitive appraisals on this link was non-significant. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that motivational disengagement in the psychosocial stress task might be an important pathway linking Type D personality to blunted cardiovascular stress reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lü
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience, Shaanxi Provincial Key Research Center for Children Mental and Behavioral Health, School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ziyan Yao
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience, Shaanxi Provincial Key Research Center for Children Mental and Behavioral Health, School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
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Zauner J, Plischke H, Stijnen H, Schwarz UT, Strasburger H. Influence of common lighting conditions and time-of-day on the effort-related cardiac response. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239553. [PMID: 33027252 PMCID: PMC7540875 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanopic stimuli trigger diverse non-image-forming effects. However, evidence of a melanopic contribution to acute effects on alertness and performance is inconclusive, especially under common lighting situations. Effects on cognitive performance are likely mediated by effort-related physiological changes. We assessed the acute effects of lighting in three scenarios, at two times of day, on effort-related changes to cardiac contraction as indexed by the cardiac pre-ejection period (PEP). In a within-subject design, twenty-seven participants performed a cognitive task thrice during a morning and a late-afternoon session. We set the lighting at 500 lux in all three lighting scenarios, measured horizontally at the desk level, but with 54 lux, 128 lux, or 241 lux melanopic equivalent daylight illuminance at the eye level. Impedance cardiography and electrocardiography measurements were used to calculate PEP, for the baseline and task period. A shorter PEP during the task represents a sympathetic heart activation and therefore increased effort. Data were analysed with linear mixed-effect models. PEP changes depended on both the light scene and time of day (p = 0.01 and p = 0.002, respectively). The highest change (sympathetic activation) occurred for the medium one of the three stimuli (128 lux) during the late-afternoon session. However, effect sizes for the singular effects were small, and only for the combined effect of light and time of day middle-sized. Performance scores or self-reported scores on alertness and task demand did not change with the light scene. In conclusion, participants reached the same performance most efficiently at both the highest and lowest melanopic setting, and during the morning session. The resulting U-shaped relation between melanopic stimulus intensity and PEP is likely not dependent solely on intrinsic ipRGC stimuli, and might be moderated by extrinsic cone input. Since lighting situations were modelled according to current integrative lighting strategies and real-life indoor light intensities, the result has implications for artificial lighting in a work environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Zauner
- Munich University of Applied Sciences, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Hanna Stijnen
- Institute of Physics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Ulrich T. Schwarz
- Institute of Physics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Hans Strasburger
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
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Mallat C, Cegarra J, Calmettes C, Capa RL. A Curvilinear Effect of Mental Workload on Mental Effort and Behavioral Adaptability: An Approach With the Pre-Ejection Period. HUMAN FACTORS 2020; 62:928-939. [PMID: 31260326 DOI: 10.1177/0018720819855919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We tested Hancock and Szalma's mental workload model, which has never been experimentally validated at a global level with the measure of the pre-ejection period (PEP), an index of beta-adrenergic sympathetic impact. BACKGROUND Operators adapt to mental workload. When mental workload level increases, behavioral and physiological adaptability intensifies to reduce the decline in performance. However, if the mental workload exceeds an intermediate level, behavioral and physiological adaptability will decrease to protect individuals from excessive perturbations. This decrease is associated with a change in behavioral strategies and disengagement. METHOD The experimental task was a modified Fitts' task used in Hancock and Caird. Five levels of task difficulty were computed. Behavioral and physiological adaptability was indexed by the performance with speed-accuracy trade-off and PEP reactivity. RESULTS A curvilinear effect of task difficulty on PEP reactivity was significant, with high reactivity at the intermediate level but low reactivity at other levels. We observed a linear effect of task difficulty on error rate and a curvilinear effect on movement time. A decline in performance was noted up to the intermediate level, with a speed-accuracy trade-off above this level showing a faster movement time. CONCLUSION We observed for the first time behavioral and physiological adaptability as a function of mental workload. APPLICATION The results have important implications for the modeling of mental workload, particularly in the context of the performance-sensitive domain (car driving and air traffic control). They can help guide the design of human-computer interaction to maximize adaptive behavior, that is, the "comfort zone."
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Daches S, Vine V, George CJ, Jennings JR, Kovacs M. Sympathetic arousal during the processing of dysphoric affect by youths at high and low familial risk for depression. Psychophysiology 2020; 57:e13664. [PMID: 32797632 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Youths at high risk for depression have been shown to have problems in repairing their own sad mood. Given that sympathetic arousal has been implicated both in the experience and regulation of affect, an atypical pattern of arousal may be one of the factors that contribute to mood repair problems. In the current study, we measured sympathetic arousal of never-depressed youths at high (n = 56) and low (n = 67) familial risk for depression during sad mood induction and instructed mood repair. Sympathetic arousal was indexed by skin conductance level (SCL) and cardiac pre-ejection period (PEP); mood repair outcome was indexed by self-rated affect. High-risk youths demonstrated increased SCL during sadness induction, which persisted during mood repair; low-risk youths evidenced increased SCL only during mood repair. Shortened PEP was evident only among high-risk youths and only during mood repair. Furthermore, shortened PEP during mood induction predicted less successful mood repair in the low-risk but not in the high-risk group. The findings suggest that: (a) depression-prone youths differ from control peers in patterns of sympathetic responses to emotional stimuli, which may impair their ability to relieve sadness, and (b) activation patterns differ across subsystems (SCL vs. PEP) of sympathetic activity, in conjunction with depression risk status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimrit Daches
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Vera Vine
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Charles J George
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - J Richard Jennings
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Maria Kovacs
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Massar SAA, Pu Z, Chen C, Chee MWL. Losses Motivate Cognitive Effort More Than Gains in Effort-Based Decision Making and Performance. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:287. [PMID: 32765247 PMCID: PMC7379863 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human behavior is more strongly driven by the motivation to avoid losses than to pursue gains (loss aversion). However, there is little research on how losses influence the motivation to exert effort. We compared the effects of loss and gain incentives on cognitive task performance and effort-based decision making. In three experiments, participants performed a cognitively effortful task under gain and loss conditions and made choices about effort expenditure in a decision-making task. Results consistently showed significant loss aversion in effort-based decision making. Participants were willing to invest more effort in the loss compared to the gain condition (i.e., perform a longer duration task: Experiments 1 and 2; or higher task load: Experiment 3). On the other hand, losses did not lead to improved performance (sustained attention), or higher physiological effort (pupil diameter) in Experiments 1 and 2. In Experiment 3, losses did enhance working memory performance, but only at the highest load level. Taken together, these results suggest that loss aversion motivates higher effort investment in effort-based decision-making, while the effect of loss aversion during a performance may depend on the task type or effort level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn A A Massar
- Sleep and Cognition Laboratory, Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhenghao Pu
- Sleep and Cognition Laboratory, Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christina Chen
- Sleep and Cognition Laboratory, Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michael W L Chee
- Sleep and Cognition Laboratory, Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Mlynski C, Reza A, Whitted M, Wright RA. Mortality salience, effort, and cardiovascular response to a bar-press challenge: Remarkably nuanced effects of a death prime on heart performance. Psychophysiology 2020; 57:e13649. [PMID: 32725905 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We presented participants with a bar-pressing challenge relevant to their identity after having exposed them to a prime that made their mortality more or less salient. For some participants, difficulty was low; for others, it was high; for the rest, it was unfixed. As expected, heart pre-ejection period responses-reflecting heart contraction force-were (a) stronger under high-salience conditions when difficulty was high and unfixed, but (b) low regardless of salience when difficulty was low. Findings bear out conceptually and extend results from a previous experiment. In doing so, they add substantively to a new line of support for terror management theory and document the predictive utility of a proposed blended analysis of associated effort processes. The blended analysis speaks to the way in which motives to manage existential terror should convert into active goal striving and to the impact that existential threat might have on aspects of autonomic arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Mlynski
- Fakultät Psychologie, Institut für Arbeits-, Organisations- und Sozialpsychologie, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ariel Reza
- Department of Psychology, Motivation Science Laboratory, 1155 Union Circle #311280, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Melissa Whitted
- Department of Psychology, Motivation Science Laboratory, 1155 Union Circle #311280, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Rex A Wright
- Department of Psychology, Motivation Science Laboratory, 1155 Union Circle #311280, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
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Zekveld AA, van Scheepen JAM, Versfeld NJ, Kramer SE, van Steenbergen H. The Influence of Hearing Loss on Cognitive Control in an Auditory Conflict Task: Behavioral and Pupillometry Findings. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2020; 63:2483-2492. [PMID: 32610026 DOI: 10.1044/2020_jslhr-20-00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The pupil dilation response is sensitive not only to auditory task demand but also to cognitive conflict. Conflict is induced by incompatible trials in auditory Stroop tasks in which participants have to identify the presentation location (left or right ear) of the words "left" or "right." Previous studies demonstrated that the compatibility effect is reduced if the trial is preceded by another incompatible trial (conflict adaptation). Here, we investigated the influence of hearing status on cognitive conflict and conflict adaptation in an auditory Stroop task. Method Two age-matched groups consisting of 32 normal-hearing participants (M age = 52 years, age range: 25-67 years) and 28 participants with hearing impairment (M age = 52 years, age range: 23-64 years) performed an auditory Stroop task. We assessed the effects of hearing status and stimulus compatibility on reaction times (RTs) and pupil dilation responses. We furthermore analyzed the Pearson correlation coefficients between age, degree of hearing loss, and the compatibility effects on the RT and pupil response data across all participants. Results As expected, the RTs were longer and pupil dilation was larger for incompatible relative to compatible trials. Furthermore, these effects were reduced for trials following incompatible (as compared to compatible) trials (conflict adaptation). No general effect of hearing status was observed, but the correlations suggested that higher age and a larger degree of hearing loss were associated with more interference of current incompatibility on RTs. Conclusions Conflict processing and adaptation effects were observed on the RTs and pupil dilation responses in an auditory Stroop task. No general effects of hearing status were observed, but the correlations suggested that higher age and a greater degree of hearing loss were related to reduced conflict processing ability. The current study underlines the relevance of taking into account cognitive control and conflict adaptation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana A Zekveld
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ear and Hearing, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J A M van Scheepen
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ear and Hearing, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Niek J Versfeld
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ear and Hearing, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sophia E Kramer
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ear and Hearing, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henk van Steenbergen
- Cognitive Psychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, University of Leiden, the Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, the Netherlands
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Décombe A, Brunel L, Capdevielle D, Raffard S. Too much or too little? Exploring effort perception in schizophrenia within the framework of motivational intensity theory. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2020; 25:312-327. [PMID: 32727294 DOI: 10.1080/13546805.2020.1798220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: To explain motivational difficulties in schizophrenia (SZ), attention has focused on the reward system and effort-based decision-making deficits. However, according to motivational intensity theory (MIT), effort is not directly determined by reward but by task difficulty. Moreover, no studies have examined the effort perception in the SZ. Therefore, this cross-sectional study compared effort perception in SZ group with healthy controls. Method: Task difficulty was manipulated by increasing the distance covered (from 8 to 48 metres). Walking speed, perceptions of difficulty and effort were assessed for all difficulty levels. Clinical and bodyweight variables were recorded. Results: As postulated by MIT, perceived effort and difficulty increased with task difficulty in both groups. Perceived effort and difficulty were higher in the SZ group. Perceptions of effort were positively correlated with BMI in SZ, but not with clinical variables. Importantly, although SZ patients perceived the task as more effortful, walking speed was similar between groups. Conclusions: Taken together, these results suggested that individuals with SZ perceived more strongly the effort and the difficulty of the task but could mobilise more effort to complete it. This observation may explain in part the decrease in engaging in physical demanding activities in daily life in SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Décombe
- Department of Psychology, Epsylon, Paul Valery University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,University Department of Psychiatry Adult, Hôpital la Colombière, University Hospital of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Lionel Brunel
- Department of Psychology, Epsylon, Paul Valery University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Delphine Capdevielle
- University Department of Psychiatry Adult, Hôpital la Colombière, University Hospital of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Inserm, Unit 1061, Neuropsychiatry, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Stéphane Raffard
- Department of Psychology, Epsylon, Paul Valery University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,University Department of Psychiatry Adult, Hôpital la Colombière, University Hospital of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Tinga AM, de Back TT, Louwerse MM. Non-invasive Neurophysiology in Learning and Training: Mechanisms and a SWOT Analysis. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:589. [PMID: 32581700 PMCID: PMC7290240 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although many scholars deem non-invasive measures of neurophysiology to have promise in assessing learning, these measures are currently not widely applied, neither in educational settings nor in training. How can non-invasive neurophysiology provide insight into learning and how should research on this topic move forward to ensure valid applications? The current article addresses these questions by discussing the mechanisms underlying neurophysiological changes during learning followed by a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) analysis of non-invasive neurophysiology in learning and training. This type of analysis can provide a structured examination of factors relevant to the current state and future of a field. The findings of the SWOT analysis indicate that the field of neurophysiology in learning and training is developing rapidly. By leveraging the opportunities of neurophysiology in learning and training (while bearing in mind weaknesses, threats, and strengths) the field can move forward in promising directions. Suggestions for opportunities for future work are provided to ensure valid and effective application of non-invasive neurophysiology in a wide range of learning and training settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica M Tinga
- Department of Cognitive Science and Artificial Intelligence, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands
| | - Tycho T de Back
- Department of Cognitive Science and Artificial Intelligence, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands
| | - Max M Louwerse
- Department of Cognitive Science and Artificial Intelligence, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands
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Hase A, aan het Rot M, de Miranda Azevedo R, Freeman P. Threat-related motivational disengagement: Integrating blunted cardiovascular reactivity to stress into the biopsychosocial model of challenge and threat. ANXIETY STRESS AND COPING 2020; 33:355-369. [DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2020.1755819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Hase
- Faculty Branch in Poznan, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Poznań, Poland
| | - Marije aan het Rot
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Paul Freeman
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
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André N, Audiffren M, Baumeister RF. An Integrative Model of Effortful Control. Front Syst Neurosci 2019; 13:79. [PMID: 31920573 PMCID: PMC6933500 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2019.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This article presents an integrative model of effortful control, a resource-limited top-down control mechanism involved in mental tasks and physical exercises. Based on recent findings in the fields of neuroscience, social psychology and cognitive psychology, this model posits the intrinsic costs related to a weakening of the connectivity of neural networks underpinning effortful control as the main cause of mental fatigue in long and high-demanding tasks. In this framework, effort reflects three different inter-related aspects of the same construct. First, effort is a mechanism comprising a limited number of interconnected processing units that integrate information regarding the task constraints and subject’s state. Second, effort is the main output of this mechanism, namely, the effort signal that modulates neuronal activity in brain regions involved in the current task to select pertinent information. Third, effort is a feeling that emerges in awareness during effortful tasks and reflects the costs associated with goal-directed behavior. Finally, the model opens new avenues for research investigating effortful control at the behavioral and neurophysiological levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie André
- Research Centre on Cognition and Learning, UMR CNRS 7295, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Michel Audiffren
- Research Centre on Cognition and Learning, UMR CNRS 7295, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Roy F Baumeister
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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