1
|
Feola K, Venable AH, Broomfield T, Villegas M, Fu X, Burgess S, Huen SC. Hepatic ketogenesis is not required for starvation adaptation in mice. Mol Metab 2024; 86:101967. [PMID: 38876267 PMCID: PMC11246062 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2024.101967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In response to bacterial inflammation, anorexia of acute illness is protective and is associated with the induction of fasting metabolic programs such as ketogenesis. Forced feeding during the anorectic period induced by bacterial inflammation is associated with suppressed ketogenesis and increased mortality. As ketogenesis is considered essential in fasting adaptation, we sought to determine the role of ketogenesis in illness-induced anorexia. METHODS A mouse model of inducible hepatic specific deletion of the rate limiting enzyme for ketogenesis (HMG-CoA synthase 2, Hmgcs2) was used to investigate the role of ketogenesis in endotoxemia, a model of bacterial inflammation, and in prolonged starvation. RESULTS Mice deficient of hepatic Hmgcs2 failed to develop ketosis during endotoxemia and during prolonged fasting. Surprisingly, hepatic HMGCS2 deficiency and the lack of ketosis did not affect survival, glycemia, or body temperature in response to endotoxemia. Mice with hepatic ketogenic deficiency also did not exhibit any defects in starvation adaptation and were able to maintain blood glucose, body temperature, and lean mass compared to littermate wild-type controls. Mice with hepatic HMGCS2 deficiency exhibited higher levels of plasma acetate levels in response to fasting. CONCLUSIONS Circulating hepatic-derived ketones do not provide protection against endotoxemia, suggesting that alternative mechanisms drive the increased mortality from forced feeding during illness-induced anorexia. Hepatic ketones are also dispensable for surviving prolonged starvation in the absence of inflammation. Our study challenges the notion that hepatic ketogenesis is required to maintain blood glucose and preserve lean mass during starvation, raising the possibility of extrahepatic ketogenesis and use of alternative fuels as potential means of metabolic compensation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Feola
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Andrea H Venable
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Tatyana Broomfield
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Morgan Villegas
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xiaorong Fu
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Shawn Burgess
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sarah C Huen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Corales LG, Inada H, Owada Y, Osumi N. Fatty acid preference for beta-oxidation in mitochondria of murine cultured astrocytes. Genes Cells 2024. [PMID: 38965717 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.13144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
The brain utilizes glucose as a primary energy substrate but also fatty acids for the β-oxidation in mitochondria. The β-oxidation is reported to occur mainly in astrocytes, but its capacity and efficacy against different fatty acids remain unknown. Here, we show the fatty acid preference for the β-oxidation in mitochondria of murine cultured astrocytes. Fatty acid oxidation assay using an extracellular flux analyzer showed that saturated or monosaturated fatty acids, palmitic acid and oleic acid, are preferred substrates over polyunsaturated fatty acids like arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. We also report that fatty acid binding proteins expressed in the astrocytes contribute less to fatty acid transport to mitochondria for β-oxidation. Our results could give insight into understanding energy metabolism through fatty acid consumption in the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laarni Grace Corales
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Inada
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Owada
- Department of Organ Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Noriko Osumi
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
McKenna MC. A tribute to John Edmond: His leadership role in founding the International Conference on Brain Energy Metabolism (ICBEM) meetings and key contributions to substrate metabolism in brain cells. J Neurochem 2024; 168:450-454. [PMID: 37697696 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
This is a tribute to John Edmond, professor emeritus of biological chemistry in the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, a renowned neurochemist who had a leadership role in founding the ICBEM meeting series in 1993. John was known for his very warm and engaging personality and his innovative approaches to studying the developing brain and auditory system. He was a brilliant scientist and a fun and delightful person. Without John Edmond's enthusiasm and contributions, we would not have the biennial ICBEM meetings which as noted by Dienel et al. "have had a high impact on conceptual and experimental advances" … "in the energetics and metabolism underlying neural functions"… and "on promoting collaborative interactions among neuroscientists." Sadly, John Edmond passed away on February 18, 2022, following a cerebral hemorrhage. He will be greatly missed by his colleagues and friends.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary C McKenna
- Department of Pediatrics and Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dienel GA, Schousboe A, McKenna MC, Rothman DL. A tribute to Leif Hertz: The historical context of his pioneering studies of the roles of astrocytes in brain energy metabolism, neurotransmission, cognitive functions, and pharmacology identifies important, unresolved topics for future studies. J Neurochem 2024; 168:461-495. [PMID: 36928655 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Leif Hertz, M.D., D.Sc. (honōris causā) (1930-2018), was one of the original and noteworthy participants in the International Conference on Brain Energy Metabolism (ICBEM) series since its inception in 1993. The biennial ICBEM conferences are organized by neuroscientists interested in energetics and metabolism underlying neural functions; they have had a high impact on conceptual and experimental advances in these fields and on promoting collaborative interactions among neuroscientists. Leif made major contributions to ICBEM discussions and understanding of metabolic and signaling characteristics of astrocytes and their roles in brain function. His studies ranged from uptake of K+ from extracellular fluid and its stimulation of astrocytic respiration, identification, and regulation of enzymes specifically or preferentially expressed in astrocytes in the glutamate-glutamine cycle of excitatory neurotransmission, a requirement for astrocytic glycogenolysis for fueling K+ uptake, involvement of glycogen in memory consolidation in the chick, and pharmacology of astrocytes. This tribute to Leif Hertz highlights his major discoveries, the high impact of his work on astrocyte-neuron interactions, and his unparalleled influence on understanding the cellular basis of brain energy metabolism. His work over six decades has helped integrate the roles of astrocytes into neurotransmission where oxidative and glycogenolytic metabolism during neurotransmitter glutamate turnover are key aspects of astrocytic energetics. Leif recognized that brain astrocytic metabolism is greatly underestimated unless the volume fraction of astrocytes is taken into account. Adjustment for pathway rates expressed per gram tissue for volume fraction indicates that astrocytes have much higher oxidative rates than neurons and astrocytic glycogen concentrations and glycogenolytic rates during sensory stimulation in vivo are similar to those in resting and exercising muscle, respectively. These novel insights are typical of Leif's astute contributions to the energy metabolism field, and his publications have identified unresolved topics that provide the neuroscience community with challenges and opportunities for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerald A Dienel
- Department of Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131, USA
| | - Arne Schousboe
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Mary C McKenna
- Department of Pediatrics and Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA
| | - Douglas L Rothman
- Department of Radiology, Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC), Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Harders AR, Spellerberg P, Dringen R. Exogenous Substrates Prevent the Decline in the Cellular ATP Content of Primary Rat Astrocytes During Glucose Deprivation. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:1188-1199. [PMID: 38341839 PMCID: PMC10991069 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-024-04104-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Brain astrocytes are well known for their broad metabolic potential. After glucose deprivation, cultured primary astrocytes maintain a high cellular ATP content for many hours by mobilizing endogenous substrates, but within 24 h the specific cellular ATP content was lowered to around 30% of the initial ATP content. This experimental setting was used to test for the potential of various exogenous substrates to prevent a loss in cellular ATP in glucose deprived astrocytes. The presence of various extracellular monocarboxylates, purine nucleosides or fatty acids prevented the loss of ATP from glucose-deprived astrocytes. Of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids, only alanine, aspartate, glutamate, glutamine, lysine or proline maintained high ATP levels in starved astrocytes. Among these amino acids, proline was found to be the most potent one to prevent the ATP loss. The astrocytic consumption of proline as well as the ability of proline to maintain a high cellular ATP content was prevented in a concentration-dependent manner by the proline dehydrogenase inhibitor tetrahydro-2-furoic acid. Analysis of the concentration-dependencies obtained by considering the different carbon content of the applied substrates revealed that fatty acids and proline are more potent than glucose and monocarboxylates as exogenous substrates to prevent ATP depletion in glucose-deprived astrocytes. These data demonstrate that cultured astrocytes can utilise a wide range of extracellular substrates as fuels to support mitochondrial ATP regeneration and identify proline as potent exogenous substrate for the energy metabolism of starved astrocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Regina Harders
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330440, 28334, Bremen, Germany
- Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technologies, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Paul Spellerberg
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330440, 28334, Bremen, Germany
| | - Ralf Dringen
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330440, 28334, Bremen, Germany.
- Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technologies, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Collado-Perez R, Chamoso-Sánchez D, García A, Fernández-Alfonso MS, Jiménez-Hernáiz M, Canelles S, Argente J, Frago LM, Chowen JA. The differential effects of palmitic acid and oleic acid on the metabolic response of hypothalamic astrocytes from male and female mice. J Neurosci Res 2024; 102:e25339. [PMID: 38741550 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Diets rich in saturated fats are more detrimental to health than those containing mono- or unsaturated fats. Fatty acids are an important source of energy, but they also relay information regarding nutritional status to hypothalamic metabolic circuits and when in excess can be detrimental to these circuits. Astrocytes are the main site of central fatty acid β-oxidation, and hypothalamic astrocytes participate in energy homeostasis, in part by modulating hormonal and nutritional signals reaching metabolic neurons, as well as in the inflammatory response to high-fat diets. Thus, we hypothesized that how hypothalamic astrocytes process-specific fatty acids participates in determining the differential metabolic response and that this is sex dependent as males and females respond differently to high-fat diets. Male and female primary hypothalamic astrocyte cultures were treated with oleic acid (OA) or palmitic acid (PA) for 24 h, and an untargeted metabolomics study was performed. A clear predictive model for PA exposure was obtained, while the metabolome after OA exposure was not different from controls. The observed modifications in metabolites, as well as the expression levels of key metabolic enzymes, indicate a reduction in the activity of the Krebs and glutamate/glutamine cycles in response to PA. In addition, there were specific differences between the response of astrocytes from male and female mice, as well as between hypothalamic and cerebral cortical astrocytes. Thus, the response of hypothalamic astrocytes to specific fatty acids could result in differential impacts on surrounding metabolic neurons and resulting in varied systemic metabolic outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Collado-Perez
- Department of Endocrinology, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Chamoso-Sánchez
- Center for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad San Pablo CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonia García
- Center for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad San Pablo CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Maria Jiménez-Hernáiz
- Department of Endocrinology, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Canelles
- Department of Endocrinology, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Argente
- Department of Endocrinology, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura M Frago
- Department of Endocrinology, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julie A Chowen
- Department of Endocrinology, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cantando I, Centofanti C, D’Alessandro G, Limatola C, Bezzi P. Metabolic dynamics in astrocytes and microglia during post-natal development and their implications for autism spectrum disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1354259. [PMID: 38419654 PMCID: PMC10899402 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1354259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition characterized by elusive underlying mechanisms. Recent attention has focused on the involvement of astrocytes and microglia in ASD pathology. These glial cells play pivotal roles in maintaining neuronal homeostasis, including the regulation of metabolism. Emerging evidence suggests a potential association between ASD and inborn errors of metabolism. Therefore, gaining a comprehensive understanding of the functions of microglia and astrocytes in ASD is crucial for the development of effective therapeutic interventions. This review aims to provide a summary of the metabolism of astrocytes and microglia during post-natal development and the evidence of disrupted metabolic pathways in ASD, with particular emphasis on those potentially important for the regulation of neuronal post-natal maturation by astrocytes and microglia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iva Cantando
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences (DNF), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cristiana Centofanti
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences (DNF), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppina D’Alessandro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
- Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Neuromed Via Atinese 18, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Cristina Limatola
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
- Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Neuromed Via Atinese 18, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Paola Bezzi
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences (DNF), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ye YC, Chai SF, Li XR, Wu MN, Cai HY, Wang ZJ. Intermittent fasting and Alzheimer's disease-Targeting ketone bodies as a potential strategy for brain energy rescue. Metab Brain Dis 2024; 39:129-146. [PMID: 37823968 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-023-01288-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) lacks effective clinical treatments. As the disease progresses, the cerebral glucose hypometabolism that appears in the preclinical phase of AD gradually worsens, leading to increasingly severe brain energy disorders. This review analyzes the brain energy deficit in AD and its etiology, brain energy rescue strategies based on ketone intervention, the effects and mechanisms of IF, the differences in efficacy between IF and ketogenic diet and the duality of IF. The evidence suggests that brain energy deficits lead to the development and progression of AD pathology. IF, which improves brain energy impairments by promoting ketone metabolism, thus has good therapeutic potential for AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu- Cai Ye
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Fan Chai
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Ru Li
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei-Na Wu
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Yan Cai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao-Jun Wang
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Guzmán M. Fatty acids fuelling astroglia and beyond. Nat Metab 2023; 5:1253-1254. [PMID: 37460844 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-023-00845-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Guzmán
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
García-Velázquez L, Massieu L. The proteomic effects of ketone bodies: implications for proteostasis and brain proteinopathies. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1214092. [PMID: 37575967 PMCID: PMC10413579 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1214092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence supports the beneficial effects of the ketone bodies (KBs), acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), on diverse physiological processes and diseases. Hence, KBs have been suggested as therapeutic tools for neurodegenerative diseases. KBs are an alternative fuel during fasting and starvation as they can be converted to Ac-CoA to produce ATP. A ketogenic diet (KD), enriched in fats and low in carbohydrates, induces KB production in the liver and favors their use in the brain. BHB is the most abundant KB in the circulation; in addition to its role as energy fuel, it exerts many actions that impact the set of proteins in the cell and tissue. BHB can covalently bind to proteins in lysine residues as a new post-translational modification (PTM) named β-hydroxybutyrylation (Kbhb). Kbhb has been identified in many proteins where Kbhb sites can be critical for binding to other proteins or cofactors. Kbhb is mostly found in proteins involved in chromatin structure, DNA repair, regulation of spliceosome, transcription, and oxidative phosphorylation. Histones are the most studied family of proteins with this PTM, and H3K9bhb is the best studied histone mark. Their target genes are mainly related to cell metabolism, chromatin remodeling and the control of circadian rhythms. The role of Kbhb on physiological processes is poorly known, but it might link KB metabolism to cell signaling and genome regulation. BHB also impacts the proteome by influencing proteostasis. This KB can modulate the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) and autophagy, two processes involved in the maintenance of protein homeostasis through the clearance of accumulated unfolded and damaged proteins. BHB can support proteostasis and regulate the UPR to promote metabolism adaptation in the liver and prevent cell damage in the brain. Also, BHB stimulates autophagy aiding to the degradation of accumulated proteins. Protein aggregation is common to proteinopathies like Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's (PD) diseases, where the KD and BHB treatment have shown favorable effects. In the present review, the current literature supporting the effects of KBs on proteome conformation and proteostasis is discussed, as well as its possible impact on AD and PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lourdes Massieu
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Coukos JS, Lee CW, Pillai KS, Liu KJ, Moellering RE. Widespread, Reversible Cysteine Modification by Methylglyoxal Regulates Metabolic Enzyme Function. ACS Chem Biol 2023; 18:91-101. [PMID: 36562291 PMCID: PMC9872086 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Methylglyoxal (MGO), a reactive metabolite byproduct of glucose metabolism, is known to form a variety of posttranslational modifications (PTMs) on nucleophilic amino acids. For example, cysteine, the most nucleophilic proteinogenic amino acid, forms reversible hemithioacetal and stable mercaptomethylimidazole adducts with MGO. The high reactivity of cysteine toward MGO and the rate of formation of such modifications provide the opportunity for mechanisms by which proteins and pathways might rapidly sense and respond to alterations in levels of MGO. This indirect measure of alterations in glycolytic flux would thereby allow disparate cellular processes to dynamically respond to changes in nutrient availability and utilization. Here we report the use of quantitative LC-MS/MS-based chemoproteomic profiling approaches with a cysteine-reactive probe to map the proteome-wide landscape of MGO modification of cysteine residues. This approach led to the identification of many sites of potential functional regulation by MGO. We further characterized the role that such modifications have in a catalytic cysteine residue in a key metabolic enzyme and the resulting effects on cellular metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John S. Coukos
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 929 E. 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Chris W. Lee
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 929 E. 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Kavya S. Pillai
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 929 E. 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Kimberly J. Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 929 E. 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Raymond E. Moellering
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 929 E. 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Andersen JV, Westi EW, Neal ES, Aldana BI, Borges K. β-Hydroxybutyrate and Medium-Chain Fatty Acids are Metabolized by Different Cell Types in Mouse Cerebral Cortex Slices. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:54-61. [PMID: 35999339 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03726-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Ketogenic diets and medium-chain triglycerides are gaining attention as treatment of neurological disorders. Their major metabolites, β-hydroxybutyrate (βHB) and the medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) octanoic acid (C8) and decanoic acid (C10), are auxiliary brain fuels. To which extent these fuels compete for metabolism in different brain cell types is unknown. Here, we used acutely isolated mouse cerebral cortical slices to (1) compare metabolism of 200 µM [U-13C]C8, [U-13C]C10 and [U-13C]βHB and (2) assess potential competition between metabolism of βHB and MCFAs by quantifying metabolite 13C enrichment using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The 13C enrichment in most metabolites was similar with [U-13C]C8 and [U-13C]C10 as substrates, but several fold lower with [U-13C]βHB. The 13C enrichment in glutamate was in a similar range for all three substrates, whereas the 13C enrichments in citrate and glutamine were markedly higher with both [U-13C]C8 and [U-13C]C10 compared with [U-13C]βHB. As citrate and glutamine are indicators of astrocytic metabolism, the results indicate active MCFA metabolism in astrocytes, while βHB is metabolized in a different cellular compartment. In competition experiments, 12C-βHB altered 13C incorporation from [U-13C]C8 and [U-13C]C10 in only a few instances, while 12C-C8 and 12C-C10 only further decreased the low [U-13C]βHB-derived 13C incorporation into citrate and glutamine, signifying little competition for oxidative metabolism between βHB and the MCFAs. Overall, the data demonstrate that βHB and MCFAs are supplementary fuels in different cellular compartments in the brain without notable competition. Thus, the use of medium-chain triglycerides in ketogenic diets is likely to be beneficial in conditions with carbon and energy shortages in both astrocytes and neurons, such as GLUT1 deficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jens V Andersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Emil W Westi
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elliott S Neal
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Blanca I Aldana
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karin Borges
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Koppel SJ, Wilkins HM, Weidling IW, Wang X, Menta BW, Swerdlow RH. β-Hydroxybutyrate preferentially enhances neuron over astrocyte respiration while signaling cellular quiescence. Mitochondrion 2023; 68:125-137. [PMID: 36516926 PMCID: PMC9805520 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2022.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
While ketone bodies support overall brain energy metabolism, it is increasingly clear specific brain cell types respond differently to ketone body availability. Here, we characterized how SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell, primary neuron, and primary astrocyte bioenergetics and nutrient sensing pathways respond to β-hydroxybutyrate (βOHB). SH-SY5Y cells and primary neurons, but not astrocytes, exposed to βOHB increased respiration and decreased PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling. Despite increased carbon availability and respiration, SH-SY5Y cells treated with βOHB reduced their overall metabolic activity and cell cycling rate. Levels of the quiescence-regulating Yamanaka factors increased to a broader extent in SH-SY5Y cells and primary neurons. We propose a βOHB-induced increase in neuron respiration, accompanied by activation of quiescence associated pathways, could alleviate bioenergetic stress and limit cell senescence. This in turn could potentially benefit conditions, including brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases, that feature bioenergetic decline and cell senescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Koppel
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Heather M Wilkins
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Ian W Weidling
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Xiaowan Wang
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Blaise W Menta
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Russell H Swerdlow
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sánchez-Alegría K, Arias C. Functional consequences of brain exposure to saturated fatty acids: From energy metabolism and insulin resistance to neuronal damage. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab 2023; 6:e386. [PMID: 36321333 PMCID: PMC9836261 DOI: 10.1002/edm2.386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Saturated fatty acids (FAs) are the main component of high-fat diets (HFDs), and high consumption has been associated with the development of insulin resistance, endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in neuronal cells. In particular, the reduction in neuronal insulin signaling seems to underlie the development of cognitive impairments and has been considered a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS This review summarized and critically analyzed the research that has impacted the field of saturated FA metabolism in neurons. RESULTS We reviewed the mechanisms for free FA transport from the systemic circulation to the brain and how they impact neuronal metabolism. Finally, we focused on the molecular and the physiopathological consequences of brain exposure to the most abundant FA in the HFD, palmitic acid (PA). CONCLUSION Understanding the mechanisms that lead to metabolic alterations in neurons induced by saturated FAs could help to develop several strategies for the prevention and treatment of cognitive impairment associated with insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, or type II diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karina Sánchez-Alegría
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Clorinda Arias
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Consumption and Metabolism of Extracellular Pyruvate by Cultured Rat Brain Astrocytes. Neurochem Res 2022; 48:1438-1454. [PMID: 36495387 PMCID: PMC10066139 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03831-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBrain astrocytes are considered as glycolytic cell type, but these cells also produce ATP via mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Exposure of cultured primary astrocytes in a glucose-free medium to extracellular substrates that are known to be metabolised by mitochondrial pathways, including pyruvate, lactate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, alanine and acetate, revealed that among the substrates investigated extracellular pyruvate was most efficiently consumed by astrocytes. Extracellular pyruvate was consumed by the cells almost proportional to time over hours in a concentration-dependent manner with apparent Michaelis–Menten kinetics [Km = 0.6 ± 0.1 mM, Vmax = 5.1 ± 0.8 nmol/(min × mg protein)]. The astrocytic consumption of pyruvate was strongly impaired in the presence of the monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) inhibitor AR-C155858 or by application of a 10-times excess of the MCT1 substrates lactate or beta-hydroxybutyrate. Pyruvate consumption by viable astrocytes was inhibited in the presence of UK5099, an inhibitor of the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier, or after application of the respiratory chain inhibitor antimycin A. In contrast, the mitochondrial uncoupler BAM15 strongly accelerated cellular pyruvate consumption. Lactate and alanine accounted after 3 h of incubation with pyruvate for around 60% and 10%, respectively, of the pyruvate consumed by the cells. These results demonstrate that consumption of extracellular pyruvate by astrocytes involves uptake via MCT1 and that the velocity of pyruvate consumption is strongly modified by substances that affect the entry of pyruvate into mitochondria or the activity of mitochondrial respiration.
Collapse
|
16
|
Ketone Bodies as Metabolites and Signalling Molecules at the Crossroad between Inflammation and Epigenetic Control of Cardiometabolic Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314564. [PMID: 36498891 PMCID: PMC9740056 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
For many years, it has been clear that a Western diet rich in saturated fats and sugars promotes an inflammatory environment predisposing a person to chronic cardiometabolic diseases. In parallel, the emergence of ketogenic diets, deprived of carbohydrates and promoting the synthesis of ketone bodies imitating the metabolic effects of fasting, has been shown to provide a possible nutritional solution to alleviating diseases triggered by an inflammatory environment. The main ketone body, β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), acts as an alternative fuel, and also as a substrate for a novel histone post-translational modification, β-hydroxybutyrylation. β-hydroxybutyrylation influences the state of chromatin architecture and promotes the transcription of multiple genes. BHB has also been shown to modulate inflammation in chronic diseases. In this review, we discuss, in the pathological context of cardiovascular risks, the current understanding of how ketone bodies, or a ketogenic diet, are able to modulate, trigger, or inhibit inflammation and how the epigenome and chromatin remodeling may be a key contributor.
Collapse
|
17
|
Macri E, Azhar Y. Prevention of Neurologic Disease with Fasting. Semin Neurol 2022; 42:549-557. [PMID: 36216359 DOI: 10.1055/a-1957-8449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Fasting has been widely studied in both prevention and treatment of many neurologic disorders. Some conditions may be prevented with any type of fasting, while some may require a stricter regimen. Fasting reduces weight, fasting blood glucose, and insulin resistance, and favorably alters the gut biome and the immune system. This article discusses various versions of fasting that have been studied as well as the known and theoretical mechanisms of how fasting effects the body and the brain. This article will then review evidence supporting the potential preventive and treatment effects of fasting in specific neurologic disorders including ameliorating the symptoms of Parkinson's disease, improving cognition in Alzheimer's disease, reducing migraine frequency and intensity, and reducing seizure frequency in epilepsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Macri
- Department of Neurology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Yusra Azhar
- Department of Neurology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wei L, Wang R, Wazir J, Lin K, Song S, Li L, Pu W, Zhao C, Wang Y, Su Z, Wang H. 2-Deoxy-D-glucose Alleviates Cancer Cachexia-Induced Muscle Wasting by Enhancing Ketone Metabolism and Inhibiting the Cori Cycle. Cells 2022; 11:cells11192987. [PMID: 36230949 PMCID: PMC9562633 DOI: 10.3390/cells11192987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cachexia is characterized by progressive weight loss accompanied by the loss of specific skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Increased lactate production, either due to the Warburg effect from tumors or accelerated glycolysis effects from cachectic muscle, is the most dangerous factor for cancer cachexia. This study aimed to explore the efficiency of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) in blocking Cori cycle activity and its therapeutic effect on cachexia-associated muscle wasting. A C26 adenocarcinoma xenograft model was used to study cancer cachectic metabolic derangements. Tumor-free lean mass, hindlimb muscle morphology, and fiber-type composition were measured after in vivo 2-DG administration. Activation of the ubiquitin-dependent proteasome pathway (UPS) and autophagic–lysosomal pathway (ALP) was further assessed. The cachectic skeletal muscles of tumor-bearing mice exhibited altered glucose and lipid metabolism, decreased carbohydrate utilization, and increased lipid β-oxidation. Significantly increased gluconeogenesis and decreased ketogenesis were observed in cachectic mouse livers. 2-DG significantly ameliorated cancer cachexia-associated muscle wasting and decreased cachectic-associated lean mass levels and fiber cross-sectional areas. 2-DG inhibited protein degradation-associated UPS and ALP, increased ketogenesis in the liver, and promoted ketone metabolism in skeletal muscle, thus enhancing mitochondrial bioenergetic capacity. 2-DG effectively prevents muscle wasting by increasing ATP synthesis efficiency via the ketone metabolic pathway and blocking the abnormal Cori cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Wei
- Medical School, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Ranran Wang
- Medical School, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Junaid Wazir
- Medical School, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Kai Lin
- Medical School, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Shiyu Song
- Medical School, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Li Li
- Medical School, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Wenyuan Pu
- Medical School, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Medical School, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Medical School, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zhonglan Su
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
- Correspondence: (Z.S.); (H.W.)
| | - Hongwei Wang
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
- Correspondence: (Z.S.); (H.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Andersen JV, Schousboe A, Verkhratsky A. Astrocyte energy and neurotransmitter metabolism in Alzheimer's disease: integration of the glutamate/GABA-glutamine cycle. Prog Neurobiol 2022; 217:102331. [PMID: 35872221 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes contribute to the complex cellular pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neurons and astrocytes function in close collaboration through neurotransmitter recycling, collectively known as the glutamate/GABA-glutamine cycle, which is essential to sustain neurotransmission. Neurotransmitter recycling is intimately linked to astrocyte energy metabolism. In the course of AD, astrocytes undergo extensive metabolic remodeling, which may profoundly affect the glutamate/GABA-glutamine cycle. The consequences of altered astrocyte function and metabolism in relation to neurotransmitter recycling are yet to be comprehended. Metabolic alterations of astrocytes in AD deprive neurons of metabolic support, thereby contributing to synaptic dysfunction and neurodegeneration. In addition, several astrocyte-specific components of the glutamate/GABA-glutamine cycle, including glutamine synthesis and synaptic neurotransmitter uptake, are perturbed in AD. Integration of the complex astrocyte biology within the context of AD is essential for understanding the fundamental mechanisms of the disease, while restoring astrocyte metabolism may serve as an approach to arrest or even revert clinical progression of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jens V Andersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Arne Schousboe
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, 48011 Bilbao, Spain; Department of Stem Cell Biology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, LT-01102 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Shcherbakova K, Schwarz A, Apryatin S, Karpenko M, Trofimov A. Supplementation of Regular Diet With Medium-Chain Triglycerides for Procognitive Effects: A Narrative Review. Front Nutr 2022; 9:934497. [PMID: 35911092 PMCID: PMC9334743 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.934497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
It is now widely accepted that ketosis (a physiological state characterized by elevated plasma ketone body levels) possesses a wide range of neuroprotective effects. There is a growing interest in the use of ketogenic supplements, including medium-chain triglycerides (MCT), to achieve intermittent ketosis without adhering to a strict ketogenic diet. MCT supplementation is an inexpensive and simple ketogenic intervention, proven to benefit both individuals with normal cognition and those suffering from mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease, and other cognitive disorders. The commonly accepted paradigm underlying MCT supplementation trials is that the benefits stem from ketogenesis and that MCT supplementation is safe. However, medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) may also exert effects in the brain directly. Moreover, MCFAs, long-chain fatty acids, and glucose participate in mutually intertwined metabolic pathways. Therefore, the metabolic effects must be considered if the desired procognitive effects require administering MCT in doses larger than 1 g/kg. This review summarizes currently available research on the procognitive effects of using MCTs as a supplement to regular feed/diet without concomitant reduction of carbohydrate intake and focuses on the revealed mechanisms linked to particular MCT metabolites (ketone bodies, MCFAs), highlighting open questions and potential considerations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia Shcherbakova
- I.P. Pavlov Department of Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia,*Correspondence: Ksenia Shcherbakova
| | - Alexander Schwarz
- Laboratory of the Molecular Mechanisms of Neuronal Interactions, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry (RAS), Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sergey Apryatin
- I.P. Pavlov Department of Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Marina Karpenko
- I.P. Pavlov Department of Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander Trofimov
- I.P. Pavlov Department of Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Qi J, Gan L, Fang J, Zhang J, Yu X, Guo H, Cai D, Cui H, Gou L, Deng J, Wang Z, Zuo Z. Beta-Hydroxybutyrate: A Dual Function Molecular and Immunological Barrier Function Regulator. Front Immunol 2022; 13:805881. [PMID: 35784364 PMCID: PMC9243231 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.805881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketone bodies are crucial intermediate metabolites widely associated with treating metabolic diseases. Accumulating evidence suggests that ketone bodies may act as immunoregulators in humans and animals to attenuate pathological inflammation through multiple strategies. Although the clues are scattered and untrimmed, the elevation of these ketone bodies in the circulation system and tissues induced by ketogenic diets was reported to affect the immunological barriers, an important part of innate immunity. Therefore, beta-hydroxybutyrate, a key ketone body, might also play a vital role in regulating the barrier immune systems. In this review, we retrospected the endogenous ketogenesis in animals and the dual roles of ketone bodies as energy carriers and signal molecules focusing on beta-hydroxybutyrate. In addition, the research regarding the effects of beta-hydroxybutyrate on the function of the immunological barrier, mainly on the microbiota, chemical, and physical barriers of the mucosa, were outlined and discussed. As an inducible endogenous metabolic small molecule, beta-hydroxybutyrate deserves delicate investigations focusing on its immunometabolic efficacy. Comprehending the connection between ketone bodies and the barrier immunological function and its underlining mechanisms may help exploit individualised approaches to treat various mucosa or skin-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiancheng Qi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Linli Gan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Fang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jizong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongrui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dongjie Cai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hengmin Cui
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liping Gou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junliang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhisheng Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhicai Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Zhicai Zuo,
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
ß-Hydroxybutyrate Improves Mitochondrial Function After Transient Ischemia in the Mouse. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:3241-3249. [PMID: 35674929 PMCID: PMC9546981 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03637-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
ß-Hydroxybutyrate (BHB) is a ketone body formed in high amounts during lipolysis and fasting. Ketone bodies and the ketogenic diet were suggested as neuroprotective agents in neurodegenerative disease. In the present work, we induced transient ischemia in mouse brain by unilaterally occluding the middle cerebral artery for 90 min. BHB (30 mg/kg), given immediately after reperfusion, significantly improved the neurological score determined after 24 h. In isolated mitochondria from mouse brain, oxygen consumption by the complexes I, II and IV was reduced immediately after ischemia but recovered slowly over 1 week. The single acute BHB administration after reperfusion improved complex I and II activity after 24 h while no significant effects were seen at later time points. After 24 h, plasma and brain BHB concentrations were strongly increased while mitochondrial intermediates (citrate, succinate) were unchanged in brain tissue. Our data suggest that a single administration of BHB may improve mitochondrial respiration for 1-2 days but not for later time points. Endogenous BHB formation seems to complement the effects of exogenous BHB administration.
Collapse
|
23
|
Belo do Nascimento I, Verfaillie M, Ates G, Beckers P, Joris V, Desmet N, Massie A, Hermans E. AMPK Modulates the Metabolic Adaptation of C6 Glioma Cells in Glucose-Deprived Conditions without Affecting Glutamate Transport. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111800. [PMID: 35681495 PMCID: PMC9180554 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Energy homeostasis in the central nervous system largely depends on astrocytes, which provide metabolic support and protection to neurons. Astrocytes also ensure the clearance of extracellular glutamate through high-affinity transporters, which indirectly consume ATP. Considering the role of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in the control of cell metabolism, we have examined its implication in the adaptation of astrocyte functions in response to a metabolic stress triggered by glucose deprivation. We genetically modified the astrocyte-like C6 cell line to silence AMPK activity by overexpressing a dominant negative mutant of its catalytic subunit. Upon glucose deprivation, we found that C6 cells maintain stable ATP levels and glutamate uptake capacity, highlighting their resilience during metabolic stress. In the same conditions, cells with silenced AMPK activity showed a reduction in motility, metabolic activity, and ATP levels, indicating that their adaptation to stress is compromised. The rate of ATP production remained, however, unchanged by AMPK silencing, suggesting that AMPK mostly influences energy consumption during stress conditions in these cells. Neither AMPK modulation nor prolonged glucose deprivation impaired glutamate uptake. Together, these results indicate that AMPK contributes to the adaptation of astrocyte metabolism triggered by metabolic stress, but not to the regulation of glutamate transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inês Belo do Nascimento
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (I.B.d.N.); (M.V.); (P.B.); (N.D.)
| | - Marie Verfaillie
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (I.B.d.N.); (M.V.); (P.B.); (N.D.)
| | - Gamze Ates
- Center for Neurosciences, Neuro-Aging & Viro-Immunotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium; (G.A.); (A.M.)
| | - Pauline Beckers
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (I.B.d.N.); (M.V.); (P.B.); (N.D.)
| | - Virginie Joris
- Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Nathalie Desmet
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (I.B.d.N.); (M.V.); (P.B.); (N.D.)
| | - Ann Massie
- Center for Neurosciences, Neuro-Aging & Viro-Immunotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium; (G.A.); (A.M.)
| | - Emmanuel Hermans
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (I.B.d.N.); (M.V.); (P.B.); (N.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-2764-9339
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Slater PG, Domínguez-Romero ME, Villarreal M, Eisner V, Larraín J. Mitochondrial function in spinal cord injury and regeneration. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:239. [PMID: 35416520 PMCID: PMC11072423 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04261-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Many people around the world suffer from some form of paralysis caused by spinal cord injury (SCI), which has an impact on quality and life expectancy. The spinal cord is part of the central nervous system (CNS), which in mammals is unable to regenerate, and to date, there is a lack of full functional recovery therapies for SCI. These injuries start with a rapid and mechanical insult, followed by a secondary phase leading progressively to greater damage. This secondary phase can be potentially modifiable through targeted therapies. The growing literature, derived from mammalian and regenerative model studies, supports a leading role for mitochondria in every cellular response after SCI: mitochondrial dysfunction is the common event of different triggers leading to cell death, cellular metabolism regulates the immune response, mitochondrial number and localization correlate with axon regenerative capacity, while mitochondrial abundance and substrate utilization regulate neural stem progenitor cells self-renewal and differentiation. Herein, we present a comprehensive review of the cellular responses during the secondary phase of SCI, the mitochondrial contribution to each of them, as well as evidence of mitochondrial involvement in spinal cord regeneration, suggesting that a more in-depth study of mitochondrial function and regulation is needed to identify potential targets for SCI therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula G Slater
- Center for Aging and Regeneration, Departamento de Biología Celular Y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, 8331150, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Miguel E Domínguez-Romero
- Center for Aging and Regeneration, Departamento de Biología Celular Y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, 8331150, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maximiliano Villarreal
- Center for Aging and Regeneration, Departamento de Biología Celular Y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, 8331150, Santiago, Chile
| | - Verónica Eisner
- Center for Aging and Regeneration, Departamento de Biología Celular Y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, 8331150, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, 8331150, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Larraín
- Center for Aging and Regeneration, Departamento de Biología Celular Y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, 8331150, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Silva B, Mantha OL, Schor J, Pascual A, Plaçais PY, Pavlowsky A, Preat T. Glia fuel neurons with locally synthesized ketone bodies to sustain memory under starvation. Nat Metab 2022; 4:213-224. [PMID: 35177854 PMCID: PMC8885408 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-022-00528-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
During starvation, mammalian brains can adapt their metabolism, switching from glucose to alternative peripheral fuel sources. In the Drosophila starved brain, memory formation is subject to adaptative plasticity, but whether this adaptive plasticity relies on metabolic adaptation remains unclear. Here we show that during starvation, neurons of the fly olfactory memory centre import and use ketone bodies (KBs) as an energy substrate to sustain aversive memory formation. We identify local providers within the brain, the cortex glia, that use their own lipid store to synthesize KBs before exporting them to neurons via monocarboxylate transporters. Finally, we show that the master energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase regulates both lipid mobilization and KB export in cortex glia. Our data provide a general schema of the metabolic interactions within the brain to support memory when glucose is scarce.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryon Silva
- Energy & Memory, Brain Plasticity Unit, CNRS, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Olivier L Mantha
- Energy & Memory, Brain Plasticity Unit, CNRS, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- INSERM UMR1069 'Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer', Tours, France
| | - Johann Schor
- Energy & Memory, Brain Plasticity Unit, CNRS, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Alberto Pascual
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Pierre-Yves Plaçais
- Energy & Memory, Brain Plasticity Unit, CNRS, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Alice Pavlowsky
- Energy & Memory, Brain Plasticity Unit, CNRS, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, Paris, France.
| | - Thomas Preat
- Energy & Memory, Brain Plasticity Unit, CNRS, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Price BR, Johnson LA, Norris CM. Reactive astrocytes: The nexus of pathological and clinical hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 68:101335. [PMID: 33812051 PMCID: PMC8168445 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Astrocyte reactivity is a hallmark of neuroinflammation that arises with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and nearly every other neurodegenerative condition. While astrocytes certainly contribute to classic inflammatory processes (e.g. cytokine release, waste clearance, and tissue repair), newly emerging technologies for measuring and targeting cell specific activities in the brain have uncovered essential roles for astrocytes in synapse function, brain metabolism, neurovascular coupling, and sleep/wake patterns. In this review, we use a holistic approach to incorporate, and expand upon, classic neuroinflammatory concepts to consider how astrocyte dysfunction/reactivity modulates multiple pathological and clinical hallmarks of AD. Our ever-evolving understanding of astrocyte signaling in neurodegeneration is not only revealing new drug targets and treatments for dementia but is suggesting we reimagine AD pathophysiological mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brittani R Price
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Ave., Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Lance A Johnson
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 800 S. Limestone St., Lexington, KY, 40356, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, UK Medical Center MN 150, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Christopher M Norris
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 800 S. Limestone St., Lexington, KY, 40356, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, UK Medical Center MN 150, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Schönfeld P, Reiser G. How the brain fights fatty acids' toxicity. Neurochem Int 2021; 148:105050. [PMID: 33945834 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Neurons spurn hydrogen-rich fatty acids for energizing oxidative ATP synthesis, contrary to other cells. This feature has been mainly attributed to a lower yield of ATP per reduced oxygen, as compared to glucose. Moreover, the use of fatty acids as hydrogen donor is accompanied by severe β-oxidation-associated ROS generation. Neurons are especially susceptible to detrimental activities of ROS due to their poor antioxidative equipment. It is also important to note that free fatty acids (FFA) initiate multiple harmful activities inside the cells, particularly on phosphorylating mitochondria. Several processes enhance FFA-linked lipotoxicity in the cerebral tissue. Thus, an uptake of FFA from the circulation into the brain tissue takes place during an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure in the body, a situation similar to that during metabolic syndrome and fat-rich diet. Traumatic or hypoxic brain injuries increase hydrolytic degradation of membrane phospholipids and, thereby elevate the level of FFA in neural cells. Accumulation of FFA in brain tissue is markedly associated with some inherited neurological disorders, such as Refsum disease or X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD). What are strategies protecting neurons against FFA-linked lipotoxicity? Firstly, spurning the β-oxidation pathway in mitochondria of neurons. Secondly, based on a tight metabolic communication between neurons and astrocytes, astrocytes donate metabolites to neurons for synthesis of antioxidants. Further, neuronal autophagy of ROS-emitting mitochondria combined with the transfer of degradation-committed FFA for their disposal in astrocytes, is a potent protective strategy against ROS and harmful activities of FFA. Finally, estrogens and neurosteroids are protective as triggers of ERK and PKB signaling pathways, consequently initiating the expression of various neuronal survival genes via the formation of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schönfeld
- Institut für Biochemie und Zellbiologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Leipziger Straße 44, D-39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Georg Reiser
- Institut für Inflammation und Neurodegeneration (Neurobiochemie), Medizinische Fakultät, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Leipziger Straße 44, D-39120, Magdeburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Interplay between bioenergetics and oxidative stress at normal brain aging. Aging as a result of increasing disbalance in the system oxidative stress-energy provision. Pflugers Arch 2021; 473:713-722. [PMID: 33599804 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-021-02531-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
At normal aging, the brain exhibits signs of compromised bioenergetic and increased levels of products of interaction between reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) and brain constituents. Under normal conditions, steady-state levels of ATP and ROS/RNS fluctuate in certain ranges providing basis for stable homeostasis. However, from time to time these parameters leave a "comfort zone," and at adulthood, organisms are able to cope with these challenges efficiently, whereas at aging, efficiency of the systems maintaining homeostasis declines. That is very true for the brain due to high ATP demands which are mainly covered by mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Such active oxidative metabolism gives rise to intensive ROS generation as side products. The situation is worsened by high brain level of polyunsaturated fatty acids which are substrates for ROS/RNS attack and production of lipid peroxides. In this review, organization of energetic metabolism in the brain with a focus on its interplay with ROS at aging is discussed. The working hypothesis on aging as a disbalance between oxidative stress and energy provision as a reason for brain aging is proposed. From this point of view, normal age-related physiological decline in the brain functions results from increased disbalance between decrease in capability of the brain to control constantly increased incapability to maintain ROS levels and produce ATP due to amplification of vicious cycles intensification of oxidative stress <----> impairment of energy provision.
Collapse
|
29
|
Weis SN, Souza JMF, Hoppe JB, Firmino M, Auer M, Ataii NN, da Silva LA, Gaelzer MM, Klein CP, Mól AR, de Lima CMR, Souza DO, Salbego CG, Ricart CAO, Fontes W, de Sousa MV. In-depth quantitative proteomic characterization of organotypic hippocampal slice culture reveals sex-specific differences in biochemical pathways. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2560. [PMID: 33510253 PMCID: PMC7844295 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex differences in the brain of mammals range from neuroarchitecture through cognition to cellular metabolism. The hippocampus, a structure mostly associated with learning and memory, presents high vulnerability to neurodegeneration and aging. Therefore, we explored basal sex-related differences in the proteome of organotypic hippocampal slice culture, a major in vitro model for studying the cellular and molecular mechanisms related to neurodegenerative disorders. Results suggest a greater prevalence of astrocytic metabolism in females and significant neuronal metabolism in males. The preference for glucose use in glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway and glycogen metabolism in females and high abundance of mitochondrial respiration subunits in males support this idea. An overall upregulation of lipid metabolism was observed in females. Upregulation of proteins responsible for neuronal glutamate and GABA synthesis, along with synaptic associated proteins, were observed in males. In general, the significant spectrum of pathways known to predominate in neurons or astrocytes, together with the well-known neuronal and glial markers observed, revealed sex-specific metabolic differences in the hippocampus. TEM qualitative analysis might indicate a greater presence of mitochondria at CA1 synapses in females. These findings are crucial to a better understanding of how sex chromosomes can influence the physiology of cultured hippocampal slices and allow us to gain insights into distinct responses of males and females on neurological diseases that present a sex-biased incidence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Nardin Weis
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil.
| | - Jaques Miranda F Souza
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Juliana Bender Hoppe
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Marina Firmino
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Manfred Auer
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, MS Donner, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Nassim N Ataii
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, MS Donner, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Leonardo Assis da Silva
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | | | - Caroline Peres Klein
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Alan R Mól
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Consuelo M R de Lima
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Diogo Onofre Souza
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Christianne G Salbego
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Carlos André O Ricart
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Wagner Fontes
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Valle de Sousa
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Gunay A, Shin HH, Gozutok O, Gautam M, Ozdinler PH. Importance of lipids for upper motor neuron health and disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 112:92-104. [PMID: 33323321 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Building evidence reveals the importance of maintaining lipid homeostasis for the health and function of neurons, and upper motor neurons (UMNs) are no exception. UMNs are critically important for the initiation and modulation of voluntary movement as they are responsible for conveying cerebral cortex' input to spinal cord targets. To maintain their unique cytoarchitecture with a prominent apical dendrite and a very long axon, UMNs require a stable cell membrane, a lipid bilayer. Lipids can act as building blocks for many biomolecules, and they also contribute to the production of energy. Therefore, UMNs require sustained control over the production, utilization and homeostasis of lipids. Perturbations of lipid homeostasis lead to UMN vulnerability and progressive degeneration in diseases such as hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) and primary lateral sclerosis (PLS). Here, we discuss the importance of lipids, especially for UMNs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aksu Gunay
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA, 60611
| | - Heather H Shin
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA, 60611
| | - Oge Gozutok
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA, 60611
| | - Mukesh Gautam
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA, 60611
| | - P Hande Ozdinler
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA, 60611.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Rahman MH, Suk K. Mitochondrial Dynamics and Bioenergetic Alteration During Inflammatory Activation of Astrocytes. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:614410. [PMID: 33362533 PMCID: PMC7759744 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.614410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential cellular organelles that act as metabolic centers and signaling platforms and have been identified as an important subcellular target in a broad range of neuropathologies. Studies on the role of mitochondria in neurological disorders have primarily focused on neurons. However, dysfunctional mitochondria in glial cells, particularly astrocytes, have recently gained research attention due to their close involvement in neuroinflammation and metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders. Furthermore, alterations in mitochondrial energy metabolism in astrocytes have been reported to modulate cellular morphology and activity and induce the release of diverse proinflammatory mediators. Moreover, emerging evidence suggests that dysregulation of mitochondrial dynamics characterized by aberrant fission and fusion events in glial cells is closely associated with the inflammatory activation of glia. In this mini-review, we cover the recent advances in the molecular aspects of astrocytic mitochondrial dynamics and their metabolic changes under the pathological conditions of the central nervous system (CNS).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Habibur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.,BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.,Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.,BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.,Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Rose J, Brian C, Pappa A, Panayiotidis MI, Franco R. Mitochondrial Metabolism in Astrocytes Regulates Brain Bioenergetics, Neurotransmission and Redox Balance. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:536682. [PMID: 33224019 PMCID: PMC7674659 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.536682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In the brain, mitochondrial metabolism has been largely associated with energy production, and its dysfunction is linked to neuronal cell loss. However, the functional role of mitochondria in glial cells has been poorly studied. Recent reports have demonstrated unequivocally that astrocytes do not require mitochondria to meet their bioenergetics demands. Then, the question remaining is, what is the functional role of mitochondria in astrocytes? In this work, we review current evidence demonstrating that mitochondrial central carbon metabolism in astrocytes regulates overall brain bioenergetics, neurotransmitter homeostasis and redox balance. Emphasis is placed in detailing carbon source utilization (glucose and fatty acids), anaplerotic inputs and cataplerotic outputs, as well as carbon shuttles to neurons, which highlight the metabolic specialization of astrocytic mitochondria and its relevance to brain function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Rose
- Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States.,School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Christian Brian
- Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States.,School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Aglaia Pappa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Mihalis I Panayiotidis
- Department of Electron Microscopy & Molecular Pathology, Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Rodrigo Franco
- Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States.,School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Tracey TJ, Kirk SE, Steyn FJ, Ngo ST. The role of lipids in the central nervous system and their pathological implications in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 112:69-81. [PMID: 32962914 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lipids play an important role in the central nervous system (CNS). They contribute to the structural integrity and physical characteristics of cell and organelle membranes, act as bioactive signalling molecules, and are utilised as fuel sources for mitochondrial metabolism. The intricate homeostatic mechanisms underpinning lipid handling and metabolism across two major CNS cell types; neurons and astrocytes, are integral for cellular health and maintenance. Here, we explore the various roles of lipids in these two cell types. Given that changes in lipid metabolism have been identified in a number of neurodegenerative diseases, we also discuss changes in lipid handling and utilisation in the context of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), in order to identify key cellular processes affected by the disease, and inform future areas of research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T J Tracey
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - S E Kirk
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - F J Steyn
- Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - S T Ngo
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Suissa L, Flachon V, Guigonis JM, Olivieri CV, Burel-Vandenbos F, Guglielmi J, Ambrosetti D, Gérard M, Franken P, Darcourt J, Pellerin L, Pourcher T, Lindenthal S. Urinary ketone body loss leads to degeneration of brain white matter in elderly SLC5A8-deficient mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2020; 40:1709-1723. [PMID: 31506013 PMCID: PMC7370371 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x19873662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
SLC5A8 is a sodium-coupled monocarboxylate and ketone transporter expressed in various epithelial cells. A putative role of SLC5A8 in neuroenergetics has been also hypothesized. To clarify this issue, we studied the cerebral phenotype of SLC5A8-deficient mice during aging. Elderly SLC5A8-deficient mice presented diffuse leukoencephalopathy characterized by intramyelinic oedema without demyelination suggesting chronic energetic crisis. Hypo-metabolism in the white matter of elderly SLC5A8-deficient mice was found using 99mTc-hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime (HMPAO) single-photon emission CT (SPECT). Since the SLC5A8 protein could not be detected in the mouse brain, it was hypothesized that the leukoencephalopathy of aging SLC5A8-deficient mice was caused by the absence of slc5a8 expression in a peripheral organ, i.e. the kidney, where SLC5A8 is strongly expressed. A hyper-excretion of the ketone β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) in the urine of SLC5A8-deficient mice was observed and showed that SLC5A8-deficient mice suffered a cerebral BHB insufficiency. Elderly SLC5A8-deficient mice also presented altered glucose metabolism. We propose that the continuous renal loss of BHB leads to a chronic energetic deficiency in the brain of elderly SLC5A8-deficient mice who are unable to counterbalance their glucose deficit. This study highlights the importance of alternative energetic substrates in neuroenergetics especially under conditions of restricted glucose availability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Suissa
- Laboratory Transporter in Imaging and Radiotherapy in Oncology (TIRO), University Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut de biosciences et biotechnologies d'Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique, University Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,Intensive Care Stroke Unit, University Hospital, Nice, France
| | - Virginie Flachon
- Laboratory Transporter in Imaging and Radiotherapy in Oncology (TIRO), University Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut de biosciences et biotechnologies d'Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique, University Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Jean-Marie Guigonis
- Laboratory Transporter in Imaging and Radiotherapy in Oncology (TIRO), University Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut de biosciences et biotechnologies d'Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique, University Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Charles-Vivien Olivieri
- Laboratory Transporter in Imaging and Radiotherapy in Oncology (TIRO), University Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut de biosciences et biotechnologies d'Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique, University Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | | | - Julien Guglielmi
- Laboratory Transporter in Imaging and Radiotherapy in Oncology (TIRO), University Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut de biosciences et biotechnologies d'Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique, University Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | | | - Matthieu Gérard
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, University of Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Philippe Franken
- Laboratory Transporter in Imaging and Radiotherapy in Oncology (TIRO), University Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut de biosciences et biotechnologies d'Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique, University Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,Nuclear Medicine Department, Center Antoine Lacassagne, Nice, France
| | - Jacques Darcourt
- Laboratory Transporter in Imaging and Radiotherapy in Oncology (TIRO), University Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut de biosciences et biotechnologies d'Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique, University Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,Nuclear Medicine Department, Center Antoine Lacassagne, Nice, France
| | - Luc Pellerin
- Département de Physiologie, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, UMR5536 CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Thierry Pourcher
- Laboratory Transporter in Imaging and Radiotherapy in Oncology (TIRO), University Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut de biosciences et biotechnologies d'Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique, University Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Sabine Lindenthal
- Laboratory Transporter in Imaging and Radiotherapy in Oncology (TIRO), University Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut de biosciences et biotechnologies d'Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique, University Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Johnson LA. APOE and metabolic dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2020; 154:131-151. [PMID: 32739002 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The strongest genetic risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) is carriage of the E4 allele of APOE. Metabolic dysfunction also increases risk of dementia and AD. Facing a need for effective therapies and an aging global population, studies aimed at uncovering new therapeutic targets for AD have become critical. Insight into the biology underlying the effects of E4 and metabolic impairment on the brain may lead to novel therapies to reduce AD risk. An understudied hallmark of both AD patients and E4 individuals is a common metabolic impairment-cerebral glucose hypometabolism. This is a robust and replicated finding in humans, and begins decades prior to cognitive decline. Possession of E4 also appears to alter several other aspects of cerebral glucose metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, and management of oxidative stress through the pentose phosphate pathway. A critical knowledge gap in AD is the mechanism by which APOE alters cerebral metabolism and clarification as to its relevance to AD risk. Facing a need for effective therapies, studies aimed at uncovering new therapeutic targets have become critical. One such approach is to gain a better understanding of the metabolic mechanisms that may underlie E4-associated cognitive dysfunction and AD risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lance A Johnson
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States; Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Demarest TG, Varma VR, Estrada D, Babbar M, Basu S, Mahajan UV, Moaddel R, Croteau DL, Thambisetty M, Mattson MP, Bohr VA. Biological sex and DNA repair deficiency drive Alzheimer's disease via systemic metabolic remodeling and brain mitochondrial dysfunction. Acta Neuropathol 2020; 140:25-47. [PMID: 32333098 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-020-02152-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an incurable neurodegenerative disease that is more prevalent in women. The increased risk of AD in women is not well understood. It is well established that there are sex differences in metabolism and that metabolic alterations are an early component of AD. We utilized a cross-species approach to evaluate conserved metabolic alterations in the serum and brain of human AD subjects, two AD mouse models, a human cell line, and two Caenorhabditis elegans AD strains. We found a mitochondrial complex I-specific impairment in cortical synaptic brain mitochondria in female, but not male, AD mice. In the hippocampus, Polβ haploinsufficiency caused synaptic complex I impairment in male and female mice, demonstrating the critical role of DNA repair in mitochondrial function. In non-synaptic, glial-enriched, mitochondria from the cortex and hippocampus, complex II-dependent respiration increased in female, but not male, AD mice. These results suggested a glial upregulation of fatty acid metabolism to compensate for neuronal glucose hypometabolism in AD. Using an unbiased metabolomics approach, we consistently observed evidence of systemic and brain metabolic remodeling with a shift from glucose to lipid metabolism in humans with AD, and in AD mice. We determined that this metabolic shift is necessary for cellular and organismal survival in C. elegans, and human cell culture AD models. We observed sex-specific, systemic, and brain metabolic alterations in humans with AD, and that these metabolite changes significantly correlate with amyloid and tau pathology. Among the most significant metabolite changes was the accumulation of glucose-6-phosphate in AD, an inhibitor of hexokinase and rate-limiting metabolite for the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). Overall, we identified novel mechanisms of glycolysis inhibition, PPP, and tricarboxylic acid cycle impairment, and a neuroprotective augmentation of lipid metabolism in AD. These findings support a sex-targeted metabolism-modifying strategy to prevent and treat AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler G Demarest
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Vijay R Varma
- Unit of Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Darlene Estrada
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Mansi Babbar
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Sambuddha Basu
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Uma V Mahajan
- Unit of Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ruin Moaddel
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Deborah L Croteau
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Madhav Thambisetty
- Unit of Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mark P Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Vilhelm A Bohr
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
: Neurological coordination is essential for performing biological and mechanical activities achieved by the cooperation of biomolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. It plays an important role in energy production, which can be fascinatingly improved by ketone bodies. Ketone bodies are small, water-soluble lipid molecules by shifting the glycolytic phase KBs directly enters into the tricarboxylic acid cycle for ATP synthesis. It leads to the production of much more energy levels than a single molecule of glucose. Therefore, it could have a profound effect on neuro-metabolism as well as bioenergetics of ATP production. These neuro-enhancement properties are useful for epilepsy, Alzheimer's, and several neurocognitive disorders treatment. Interestingly, the cancer cells cannot use it for efficiently energy production results in decreasing cancer cells viability. This review summarized ketone bodies generation, related imperative effects on normal cells, and more importantly its application in various neurological disorders treatment by rising neuronal functions.
Collapse
|
38
|
White CJ, Lee J, Choi J, Chu T, Scafidi S, Wolfgang MJ. Determining the Bioenergetic Capacity for Fatty Acid Oxidation in the Mammalian Nervous System. Mol Cell Biol 2020; 40:e00037-20. [PMID: 32123009 PMCID: PMC7189099 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00037-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic state of the brain can greatly impact neurologic function. Evidence of this includes the therapeutic benefit of a ketogenic diet in neurologic diseases, including epilepsy. However, brain lipid bioenergetics remain largely uncharacterized. The existence, capacity, and relevance of mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO) in the brain are highly controversial, with few genetic tools available to evaluate the question. We have provided evidence for the capacity of brain FAO using a pan-brain-specific conditional knockout (KO) mouse incapable of FAO due to the loss of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2, the product of an obligate gene for FAO (CPT2B-/-). Loss of central nervous system (CNS) FAO did not result in gross neuroanatomical changes or systemic differences in metabolism. Loss of CPT2 in the brain did not result in robustly impaired behavior. We demonstrate by unbiased and targeted metabolomics that the mammalian brain oxidizes a substantial quantity of long-chain fatty acids in vitro and in vivo Loss of CNS FAO results in robust accumulation of long-chain acylcarnitines in the brain, suggesting that the mammalian brain mobilizes fatty acids for their oxidation, irrespective of diet or metabolic state. Together, these data demonstrate that the mammalian brain oxidizes fatty acids under normal circumstances with little influence from or on peripheral tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cory J White
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jieun Lee
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph Choi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tiffany Chu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Susanna Scafidi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael J Wolfgang
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Dąbek A, Wojtala M, Pirola L, Balcerczyk A. Modulation of Cellular Biochemistry, Epigenetics and Metabolomics by Ketone Bodies. Implications of the Ketogenic Diet in the Physiology of the Organism and Pathological States. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12030788. [PMID: 32192146 PMCID: PMC7146425 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketone bodies (KBs), comprising β-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate and acetone, are a set of fuel molecules serving as an alternative energy source to glucose. KBs are mainly produced by the liver from fatty acids during periods of fasting, and prolonged or intense physical activity. In diabetes, mainly type-1, ketoacidosis is the pathological response to glucose malabsorption. Endogenous production of ketone bodies is promoted by consumption of a ketogenic diet (KD), a diet virtually devoid of carbohydrates. Despite its recently widespread use, the systemic impact of KD is only partially understood, and ranges from physiologically beneficial outcomes in particular circumstances to potentially harmful effects. Here, we firstly review ketone body metabolism and molecular signaling, to then link the understanding of ketone bodies’ biochemistry to controversies regarding their putative or proven medical benefits. We overview the physiological consequences of ketone bodies’ consumption, focusing on (i) KB-induced histone post-translational modifications, particularly β-hydroxybutyrylation and acetylation, which appears to be the core epigenetic mechanisms of activity of β-hydroxybutyrate to modulate inflammation; (ii) inflammatory responses to a KD; (iii) proven benefits of the KD in the context of neuronal disease and cancer; and (iv) consequences of the KD’s application on cardiovascular health and on physical performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arkadiusz Dąbek
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (A.D.); (M.W.)
| | - Martyna Wojtala
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (A.D.); (M.W.)
| | - Luciano Pirola
- INSERM Unit 1060, CarMeN Laboratory, 165 Chemin du Grand Revoyet - BP12, F-69495 Pierre Bénite CEDEX, France;
| | - Aneta Balcerczyk
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (A.D.); (M.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48 42 635 45 10
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
APOE4 is Associated with Differential Regional Vulnerability to Bioenergetic Deficits in Aged APOE Mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4277. [PMID: 32152337 PMCID: PMC7062695 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61142-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ε4 allele of apolipoprotein E (APOE) is the dominant genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, the reason for the association between APOE4 and AD remains unclear. While much of the research has focused on the ability of the apoE4 protein to increase the aggregation and decrease the clearance of Aβ, there is also an abundance of data showing that APOE4 negatively impacts many additional processes in the brain, including bioenergetics. In order to gain a more comprehensive understanding of APOE4′s role in AD pathogenesis, we performed a transcriptomics analysis of APOE4 vs. APOE3 expression in the entorhinal cortex (EC) and primary visual cortex (PVC) of aged APOE mice. This study revealed EC-specific upregulation of genes related to oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos). Follow-up analysis utilizing the Seahorse platform showed decreased mitochondrial respiration with age in the hippocampus and cortex of APOE4 vs. APOE3 mice, but not in the EC of these mice. Additional studies, as well as the original transcriptomics data, suggest that multiple bioenergetic pathways are differentially regulated by APOE4 expression in the EC of aged APOE mice in order to increase the mitochondrial coupling efficiency in this region. Given the importance of the EC as one of the first regions to be affected by AD pathology in humans, the observation that the EC is susceptible to differential bioenergetic regulation in response to a metabolic stressor such as APOE4 may point to a causative factor in the pathogenesis of AD.
Collapse
|
41
|
Afridi R, Kim JH, Rahman MH, Suk K. Metabolic Regulation of Glial Phenotypes: Implications in Neuron-Glia Interactions and Neurological Disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:20. [PMID: 32116564 PMCID: PMC7026370 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cells are multifunctional, non-neuronal components of the central nervous system with diverse phenotypes that have gained much attention for their close involvement in neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. Glial phenotypes are primarily characterized by their structural and functional changes in response to various stimuli, which can be either neuroprotective or neurotoxic. The reliance of neurons on glial cells is essential to fulfill the energy demands of the brain for its proper functioning. Moreover, the glial cells perform distinct functions to regulate their own metabolic activities, as well as work in close conjunction with neurons through various secreted signaling or guidance molecules, thereby constituting a complex network of neuron-glial interactions in health and disease. The emerging evidence suggests that, in disease conditions, the metabolic alterations in the glial cells can induce structural and functional changes together with neuronal dysfunction indicating the importance of neuron-glia interactions in the pathophysiology of neurological disorders. This review covers the recent developments that implicate the regulation of glial phenotypic changes and its consequences on neuron-glia interactions in neurological disorders. Finally, we discuss the possibilities and challenges of targeting glial metabolism as a strategy to treat neurological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruqayya Afridi
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jong-Heon Kim
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Md Habibur Rahman
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kondo Y, Chikahisa S, Shiuchi T, Shimizu N, Tanioka D, Uguisu H, Séi H. Sleep profile during fasting in PPAR-alpha knockout mice. Physiol Behav 2020; 214:112760. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
43
|
He W, Wu G. Metabolism of Amino Acids in the Brain and Their Roles in Regulating Food Intake. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1265:167-185. [PMID: 32761576 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-45328-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Amino acids (AAs) and their metabolites play an important role in neurological health and function. They are not only the building blocks of protein but are also neurotransmitters. In the brain, glutamate and aspartate are the major excitatory neurotransmitters, whereas γ-aminobutyrate (GABA, a metabolite of glutamate) and glycine are the major inhibitory neurotransmitters. Nitric oxide (NO, a metabolite of arginine), H2S (a metabolite of cysteine), serotonin (a metabolite of tryptophan) and histamine (a metabolite of histidine), as well as dopamine and norepinephrine (metabolites of tyrosine) are neurotransmitters to modulate synaptic plasticity, neuronal activity, learning, motor control, motivational behavior, emotion, and executive function. Concentrations of glutamine (a precursor of glutamate and aspartate), branched-chain AAs (precursors of glutamate, glutamine and aspartate), L-serine (a precursor of glycine and D-serine), methionine and phenylalanine in plasma are capable of affecting neurotransmission through the syntheses of glutamate, aspartate, and glycine, as well as the competitive transport of tryptophan and tyrosine across from the blood-brain barrier. Adequate consumption of AAs is crucial to maintain their concentrations and the production of neurotransmitters in the central nervous system. Thus, the content and balance of AAs in diets have a profound impact on food intake by animals. Knowledge of AA transport and metabolism in the brain is beneficial for improving the health and well-being of humans and animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenliang He
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Bowman CE, Selen Alpergin ES, Ellis JM, Wolfgang MJ. Loss of ACOT7 potentiates seizures and metabolic dysfunction. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 317:E941-E951. [PMID: 31039008 PMCID: PMC6879868 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00537.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Neurons uniquely antagonize fatty acid utilization by hydrolyzing the activated form of fatty acids, long chain acyl-CoAs, via the enzyme acyl-CoA thioesterase 7, Acot7. The loss of Acot7 results in increased fatty acid utilization in neurons and exaggerated stimulus-evoked behavior such as an increased startle response. To understand the contribution of Acot7 to seizure susceptibility, we generated Acot7 knockout (KO) mice and assayed their response to kainate-induced seizures. Acot7 KO mice exhibited potentiated behavioral and molecular indices of seizure severity following kainic acid administration, suggesting that fatty acid metabolism in neurons can be a critical regulator of neuronal activity. These data are consistent with the presentation of seizures in a human with genomic deletion of ACOT7 demonstrating the conservation of function across species. To further understand the metabolic complications arising from a deletion in Acot7, we subjected Acot7 KO mice to a high-fat diet. While the loss of Acot7 did not result in metabolic complications following a normal chow diet, a high-fat diet induced greater body weight gain, adiposity, and glucose intolerance in Acot7 KO mice. These data demonstrate that Acot7, a fatty acid metabolic enzyme highly enriched in neurons, regulates both brain-specific metabolic processes related to seizure susceptibility and the whole body response to dietary lipid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn E Bowman
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ebru S Selen Alpergin
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jessica M Ellis
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Michael J Wolfgang
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Fasting as a Therapy in Neurological Disease. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11102501. [PMID: 31627405 PMCID: PMC6836141 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fasting is deeply entrenched in evolution, yet its potential applications to today’s most common, disabling neurological diseases remain relatively unexplored. Fasting induces an altered metabolic state that optimizes neuron bioenergetics, plasticity, and resilience in a way that may counteract a broad array of neurological disorders. In both animals and humans, fasting prevents and treats the metabolic syndrome, a major risk factor for many neurological diseases. In animals, fasting probably prevents the formation of tumors, possibly treats established tumors, and improves tumor responses to chemotherapy. In human cancers, including cancers that involve the brain, fasting ameliorates chemotherapy-related adverse effects and may protect normal cells from chemotherapy. Fasting improves cognition, stalls age-related cognitive decline, usually slows neurodegeneration, reduces brain damage and enhances functional recovery after stroke, and mitigates the pathological and clinical features of epilepsy and multiple sclerosis in animal models. Primarily due to a lack of research, the evidence supporting fasting as a treatment in human neurological disorders, including neurodegeneration, stroke, epilepsy, and multiple sclerosis, is indirect or non-existent. Given the strength of the animal evidence, many exciting discoveries may lie ahead, awaiting future investigations into the viability of fasting as a therapy in neurological disease.
Collapse
|
46
|
Le Foll C. Hypothalamic Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies Sensing and Role of FAT/CD36 in the Regulation of Food Intake. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1036. [PMID: 31474875 PMCID: PMC6702519 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The obesity and type-2 diabetes epidemic is escalating and represents one of the costliest biomedical challenges confronting modern society. Moreover, the increasing consumption of high fat food is often correlated with an increase in body mass index. In people predisposed to be obese or already obese, the impaired ability of the brain to monitor and respond to alterations in fatty acid (FA) metabolism is increasingly recognized as playing a role in the pathophysiological development of these disorders. The brain senses and regulates metabolism using highly specialized nutrient-sensing neurons located mainly in the hypothalamus. The same neurons are able to detect variation in the extracellular levels of glucose, FA and ketone bodies as a way to monitor nutrient availability and to alter its own activity. In addition, glial cells such as astrocytes create major connections to neurons and form a tight relationship to closely regulate nutrient uptake and metabolism. This review will examine the different pathways by which neurons are able to detect free fatty acids (FFA) to alter its activity and how high fat diet (HFD)-astrocytes induced ketone bodies production interplays with neuronal FA sensing. The role of HFD-induced inflammation and how FA modulate the reward system will also be investigated here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Le Foll
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Migliaccio V, Gregorio ID, Putti R, Lionetti L. Mitochondrial Involvement in the Adaptive Response to Chronic Exposure to Environmental Pollutants and High-Fat Feeding in a Rat Liver and Testis. Cells 2019; 8:E834. [PMID: 31387296 PMCID: PMC6721750 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In our modern society, exposure to stressful environmental stimuli, such as pollutants and/or chronic high-fat feeding, continuously induce tissular/organ metabolic adaptation to promote cellular survival. In extreme conditions, cellular death and tissular/organ damage occur. Mitochondria, as a cellular energy source, seem to play an important role in facing cellular stress induced by these environmental stimuli. On the other hand, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress play a key role in environmental stress-induced metabolic diseases. However, little is known about the combined effect of simultaneous exposure to chronic high-fat feeding and environmental pollutants on metabolic alterations at a tissular and cellular level, including mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress induction. Our research group recently addressed this topic by analysing the effect of chronic exposure to a non-toxic dose of the environmental pollutant dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) associated with high-fat feeding in male Wistar rats. In this review, we mainly summarize our recent findings on mitochondrial adaptive response and oxidative stress induction in the liver, the main tissue involved in fat metabolism and pollutant detoxification, and in male gonads, the main targets of endocrine disruption induced by both high-fat feeding and environmental pollutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Migliaccio
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "Adolfo Zambelli", University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy.
- Department of Biology, University of Naples, Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Di Gregorio
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "Adolfo Zambelli", University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Rosalba Putti
- Department of Biology, University of Naples, Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Lillà Lionetti
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "Adolfo Zambelli", University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Chudoba C, Wardelmann K, Kleinridders A. Molecular effects of dietary fatty acids on brain insulin action and mitochondrial function. Biol Chem 2019; 400:991-1003. [PMID: 30730834 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity and its co-morbidities such as insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes are tightly linked to increased ingestion of palatable fat enriched food. Thus, it seems intuitive that the brain senses elevated amounts of fatty acids (FAs) and affects adaptive metabolic response, which is connected to mitochondrial function and insulin signaling. This review will address the effect of dietary FAs on brain insulin and mitochondrial function with a special emphasis on the impact of different FAs on brain function and metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Chudoba
- Central Regulation of Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kristina Wardelmann
- Central Regulation of Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - André Kleinridders
- Central Regulation of Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Wang W, Ishibashi J, Trefely S, Shao M, Cowan AJ, Sakers A, Lim HW, O'Connor S, Doan MT, Cohen P, Baur JA, King MT, Veech RL, Won KJ, Rabinowitz JD, Snyder NW, Gupta RK, Seale P. A PRDM16-Driven Metabolic Signal from Adipocytes Regulates Precursor Cell Fate. Cell Metab 2019; 30:174-189.e5. [PMID: 31155495 PMCID: PMC6836679 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The precursor cells for metabolically beneficial beige adipocytes can alternatively become fibrogenic and contribute to adipose fibrosis. We found that cold exposure or β3-adrenergic agonist treatment of mice decreased the fibrogenic profile of precursor cells and stimulated beige adipocyte differentiation. This fibrogenic-to-adipogenic transition was impaired in aged animals, correlating with reduced adipocyte expression of the transcription factor PRDM16. Genetic loss of Prdm16 mimicked the effect of aging in promoting fibrosis, whereas increasing PRDM16 in aged mice decreased fibrosis and restored beige adipose development. PRDM16-expressing adipose cells secreted the metabolite β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), which blocked precursor fibrogenesis and facilitated beige adipogenesis. BHB catabolism in precursor cells, mediated by BDH1, was required for beige fat differentiation in vivo. Finally, dietary BHB supplementation in aged animals reduced adipose fibrosis and promoted beige fat formation. Together, our results demonstrate that adipocytes secrete a metabolite signal that controls beige fat remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenshan Wang
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jeff Ishibashi
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sophie Trefely
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA; AJ Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mengle Shao
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Alexis J Cowan
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics and Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544 USA
| | - Alexander Sakers
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hee-Woong Lim
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Genetics Department, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sean O'Connor
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mary T Doan
- AJ Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Paul Cohen
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joseph A Baur
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - M Todd King
- Laboratory of Metabolic Control, NIH/NIAAA, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Richard L Veech
- Laboratory of Metabolic Control, NIH/NIAAA, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Kyoung-Jae Won
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Genetics Department, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joshua D Rabinowitz
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics and Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544 USA
| | | | - Rana K Gupta
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Patrick Seale
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Gzielo K, Soltys Z, Rajfur Z, Setkowicz ZK. The Impact of the Ketogenic Diet on Glial Cells Morphology. A Quantitative Morphological Analysis. Neuroscience 2019; 413:239-251. [PMID: 31220541 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ketogenic diet is reported to protect against cognitive decline, drug-resistant epilepsy, Alzheimer's Disease, damaging effect of ischemic stroke and many neurological diseases. Despite mounting evidence that this dietary treatment works, the exact mechanism of its protective activity is largely unknown. Ketogenic diet acts systemically, not only changing GABA signaling in neurons, but also influencing the reliance on mitochondrial respiration, known to be disrupted in many neurological diseases. Normally, human body is driven by glucose while ketogenic diet mimics starvation and energy required for proper functioning comes from fatty acids oxidation. In the brain astrocytes are believed to be the sole neural cells capable of fatty oxidation. Here we try to explain that not exclusively neurons, but also morphological changes of astroglia and/or microglia due to different metabolic state are important for the mechanism underlying the protective role of ketogenic diet. By quantifying different parameters describing cellular morphology like ramification index or fractal dimension and using Principal Component Analysis to discover the regularities between them, we demonstrate that in normal adult rat brain, ketogenic diet itself is able to change glial morphology, indicating an important role of these underappreciated cells in the brain metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Gzielo
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Z Soltys
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Z Rajfur
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Z K Setkowicz
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|