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Hayashi R, Srisomboon Y, Iijima K, Maniak PJ, Tei R, Kobayashi T, Matsunaga M, Luo H, Masuda MY, O'Grady SM, Kita H. Cholinergic sensing of allergen exposure by airway epithelium promotes type 2 immunity in the lungs. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024; 153:793-808.e2. [PMID: 38000698 PMCID: PMC10939907 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonneuronal cells, including epithelial cells, can produce acetylcholine (ACh). Muscarinic ACh receptor antagonists are used clinically to treat asthma and other medical conditions; however, knowledge regarding the roles of ACh in type 2 immunity is limited. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to investigate the roles of epithelial ACh in allergic immune responses. METHODS Human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells were cultured with allergen extracts, and their ACh production and IL-33 secretion were studied in vitro. To investigate immune responses in vivo, naive BALB/c mice were treated intranasally with different muscarinic ACh receptor antagonists and then exposed intranasally to allergens. RESULTS At steady state, HBE cells expressed cellular components necessary for ACh production, including choline acetyltransferase and organic cation transporters. Exposure to allergens caused HBE cells to rapidly release ACh into the extracellular medium. Pharmacologic or small-interfering RNA-based blocking of ACh production or autocrine action through the M3 muscarinic ACh receptors in HBE cells suppressed allergen-induced ATP release, calcium mobilization, and extracellular secretion of IL-33. When naive mice were exposed to allergens, ACh was quickly released into the airway lumen. A series of clinical M3 muscarinic ACh receptor antagonists inhibited allergen-induced IL-33 secretion and innate type 2 immune response in the mouse airways. In a preclinical murine model of asthma, an ACh receptor antagonist suppressed allergen-induced airway inflammation and airway hyperreactivity. CONCLUSIONS ACh is released quickly by airway epithelial cells on allergen exposure, and it plays an important role in type 2 immunity. The epithelial ACh system can be considered a therapeutic target in allergic airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryusuke Hayashi
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz; Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz
| | - Yotesawee Srisomboon
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minn; Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minn
| | - Koji Iijima
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz; Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz
| | - Peter J Maniak
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minn; Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minn
| | - Rinna Tei
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz; Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz
| | - Takao Kobayashi
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz; Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz
| | - Mayumi Matsunaga
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz; Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz
| | - Huijun Luo
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz; Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz
| | - Mia Y Masuda
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, Minn; Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Scottsdale, Ariz
| | - Scott M O'Grady
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minn; Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minn
| | - Hirohito Kita
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz; Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz; Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, Minn; Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Ariz.
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Johnson ET, Lyon R, Zaitlin D, Khan AB, Jairajpuri MA. A comparison of transporter gene expression in three species of Peronospora plant pathogens during host infection. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285685. [PMID: 37262030 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein transporters move essential metabolites across membranes in all living organisms. Downy mildew causing plant pathogens are biotrophic oomycetes that transport essential nutrients from their hosts to grow. Little is known about the functions and gene expression levels of membrane transporters produced by downy mildew causing pathogens during infection of their hosts. Approximately 170-190 nonredundant transporter genes were identified in the genomes of Peronospora belbahrii, Peronospora effusa, and Peronospora tabacina, which are specialized pathogens of basil, spinach, and tobacco, respectively. The largest groups of transporter genes in each species belonged to the major facilitator superfamily, mitochondrial carriers (MC), and the drug/metabolite transporter group. Gene expression of putative Peronospora transporters was measured using RNA sequencing data at two time points following inoculation onto leaves of their hosts. There were 16 transporter genes, seven of which were MCs, expressed in each Peronospora species that were among the top 45 most highly expressed transporter genes 5-7 days after inoculation. Gene transcripts encoding the ADP/ATP translocase and the mitochondrial phosphate carrier protein were the most abundant mRNAs detected in each Peronospora species. This study found a number of Peronospora genes that are likely critical for pathogenesis and which might serve as future targets for control of these devastating plant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T Johnson
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Crop Bioprotection Unit, Peoria, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Lyon
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Crop Bioprotection Unit, Peoria, Illinois, United States of America
| | - David Zaitlin
- Kentucky Tobacco Research & Development Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Abdul Burhan Khan
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia University, New Delhi, India
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Gyimesi G, Hediger MA. Transporter-Mediated Drug Delivery. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031151. [PMID: 36770817 PMCID: PMC9919865 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmembrane transport of small organic and inorganic molecules is one of the cornerstones of cellular metabolism. Among transmembrane transporters, solute carrier (SLC) proteins form the largest, albeit very diverse, superfamily with over 400 members. It was recognized early on that xenobiotics can directly interact with SLCs and that this interaction can fundamentally determine their efficacy, including bioavailability and intertissue distribution. Apart from the well-established prodrug strategy, the chemical ligation of transporter substrates to nanoparticles of various chemical compositions has recently been used as a means to enhance their targeting and absorption. In this review, we summarize efforts in drug design exploiting interactions with specific SLC transporters to optimize their therapeutic effects. Furthermore, we describe current and future challenges as well as new directions for the advanced development of therapeutics that target SLC transporters.
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Sachkova A, Jensen O, Dücker C, Ansari S, Brockmöller J. The mystery of the human proton-organic cation antiporter: One transport protein or many? Pharmacol Ther 2022; 239:108283. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Tetro N, Moushaev S, Shmuel M, Eyal S. Antiseizure medications and fetal nutrients: Effects on choline transporters in a human placental cell line. Epilepsia 2021; 62:1451-1459. [PMID: 33890297 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Many nutrients essential to the fetus and for proper function of the placenta itself cannot freely diffuse across membrane barriers, and their transplacental transfer depends on transporters. Our previous studies provided evidence for altered expression of transporters for folic acid in trophoblasts exposed to antiseizure medications (ASMs). The goal of the current study was to explore the effects of older and newer ASMs on the expression and function of uptake transporters for choline, which interacts with folate at pathways for methyl group donation. METHODS BeWo cells were incubated for 2 or 5 days with valproate (42, 83, or 166 µg/ml), carbamazepine (6 or 12 µg/ml), levetiracetam (10 or 30 µg/ml), lamotrigine (3 or 12 µg/ml), lacosamide (5, 10, or 20 µg/ml), or their vehicles (n = 6/treatment group). Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis was utilized to study the effects of ASMs on the transcript levels of the choline transporters SLC44A1 (CTL1) and SLC44A2 (CTL2). Transporter protein expression in valproate-treated cells was assessed by western blot analysis. Choline and acetylcholine were quantified in cell lysates by a choline/acetylcholine assay kit. RESULTS Compared with controls, valproate and levetiracetam at high therapeutic concentrations (83 and 30 µg/ml, respectively) lowered choline transporter transcript levels by up to 42% and 26%, and total choline levels by 20% and 21%, respectively (p < .05). At 83 μg/ml, valproate additionally reduced CTL1 and CTL2 protein expression, by 39 ± 21% and 61 ± 13% (mean ± SD), respectively (p < .01). Carbamazepine reduced SLC44A1 transcript levels, whereas lacosamide modestly decreased the expression of SLC44A2. Lamotrigine did not alter choline transporter expression. SIGNIFICANCE Antiseizure medications, particularly at high therapeutic concentrations, can interfere with the placental uptake of choline. In line with current knowledge from pregnancy registries and clinical studies, the present in vitro findings further support careful adjustment of maternal ASM doses during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nino Tetro
- School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sonia Moushaev
- School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Miri Shmuel
- School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sara Eyal
- School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Functional Expression of Choline Transporters in Human Neural Stem Cells and Its Link to Cell Proliferation, Cell Viability, and Neurite Outgrowth. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020453. [PMID: 33672580 PMCID: PMC7924032 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Choline and choline metabolites are essential for all cellular functions. They have also been reported to be crucial for neural development. In this work, we studied the functional characteristics of the choline uptake system in human neural stem cells (hNSCs). Additionally, we investigated the effect of extracellular choline uptake inhibition on the cellular activities in hNSCs. We found that the mRNAs and proteins of choline transporter-like protein 1 (CTL1) and CTL2 were expressed at high levels. Immunostaining showed that CTL1 and CTL2 were localized in the cell membrane and partly in the mitochondria, respectively. The uptake of extracellular choline was saturable and performed by a single uptake mechanism, which was Na+-independent and pH-dependent. We conclude that CTL1 is responsible for extracellular choline uptake, and CTL2 may uptake choline in the mitochondria and be involved in DNA methylation via choline oxidation. Extracellular choline uptake inhibition caused intracellular choline deficiency in hNSCs, which suppressed cell proliferation, cell viability, and neurite outgrowth. Our findings contribute to the understanding of the role of choline in neural development as well as the pathogenesis of various neurological diseases caused by choline deficiency or choline uptake impairment.
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Shreckengost J, Halder M, Mena-Avila E, Garcia-Ramirez DL, Quevedo J, Hochman S. Nicotinic receptor modulation of primary afferent excitability with selective regulation of Aδ-mediated spinal actions. J Neurophysiol 2020; 125:568-585. [PMID: 33326305 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00228.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatosensory input strength can be modulated by primary afferent depolarization (PAD) generated predominantly via presynaptic GABAA receptors on afferent terminals. We investigated whether ionotropic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) also provide modulatory actions, focusing on myelinated afferent excitability in in vitro murine spinal cord nerve-attached models. Primary afferent stimulation-evoked synaptic transmission was recorded in the deep dorsal horn as extracellular field potentials (EFPs), whereas concurrently recorded dorsal root potentials (DRPs) were used as an indirect measure of PAD. Changes in afferent membrane excitability were simultaneously measured as direct current (DC)-shifts in membrane polarization recorded in dorsal roots or peripheral nerves. The broad nAChR antagonist d-tubocurarine (d-TC) selectively and strongly depressed Aδ-evoked synaptic EFPs (36% of control) coincident with similarly depressed A-fiber DRP (43% of control), whereas afferent electrical excitability remained unchanged. In comparison, acetylcholine (ACh) and the nAChR agonists, epibatidine and nicotine, reduced afferent excitability by generating coincident depolarizing DC-shifts in peripheral axons and intraspinally. Progressive depolarization corresponded temporally with the emergence of spontaneous axonal spiking and reductions in the DRP and all afferent-evoked synaptic actions (31%-37% of control). Loss of evoked response was long-lasting, independent of DC repolarization, and likely due to mechanisms initiated by spontaneous C-fiber activity. DC-shifts were blocked with d-TC but not GABAA receptor blockers and retained after tetrodotoxin block of voltage-gated Na+ channels. Notably, actions tested were comparable between three mouse strains, in rat, and when performed in different labs. Thus, nAChRs can regulate afferent excitability via two distinct mechanisms: by central Aδ-afferent actions, and by transient extrasynaptic axonal activation of high-threshold primary afferents.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Primary afferents express many nicotinic ACh receptor (nAChR) subtypes but whether activation is linked to presynaptic inhibition, facilitation, or more complex and selective activity modulation is unknown. Recordings of afferent-evoked responses in the lumbar spinal cord identified two nAChR-mediated modulatory actions: 1) selective control of Aδ afferent transmission and 2) robust changes in axonal excitability initiated via extrasynaptic shifts in DC polarization. This work broadens the diversity of presynaptic modulation of primary afferents by nAChRs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mallika Halder
- Department of Physiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Elvia Mena-Avila
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, México
| | - David Leonardo Garcia-Ramirez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, México
| | - Jorge Quevedo
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, México
| | - Shawn Hochman
- Department of Physiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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Bhat S, El-Kasaby A, Freissmuth M, Sucic S. Functional and Biochemical Consequences of Disease Variants in Neurotransmitter Transporters: A Special Emphasis on Folding and Trafficking Deficits. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 222:107785. [PMID: 33310157 PMCID: PMC7612411 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Neurotransmitters, such as γ-aminobutyric acid, glutamate, acetyl choline, glycine and the monoamines, facilitate the crosstalk within the central nervous system. The designated neurotransmitter transporters (NTTs) both release and take up neurotransmitters to and from the synaptic cleft. NTT dysfunction can lead to severe pathophysiological consequences, e.g. epilepsy, intellectual disability, or Parkinson’s disease. Genetic point mutations in NTTs have recently been associated with the onset of various neurological disorders. Some of these mutations trigger folding defects in the NTT proteins. Correct folding is a prerequisite for the export of NTTs from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the subsequent trafficking to their pertinent site of action, typically at the plasma membrane. Recent studies have uncovered some of the key features in the molecular machinery responsible for transporter protein folding, e.g., the role of heat shock proteins in fine-tuning the ER quality control mechanisms in cells. The therapeutic significance of understanding these events is apparent from the rising number of reports, which directly link different pathological conditions to NTT misfolding. For instance, folding-deficient variants of the human transporters for dopamine or GABA lead to infantile parkinsonism/dystonia and epilepsy, respectively. From a therapeutic point of view, some folding-deficient NTTs are amenable to functional rescue by small molecules, known as chemical and pharmacological chaperones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreyas Bhat
- Institute of Pharmacology and the Gaston H. Glock Research Laboratories for Exploratory Drug Development, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ali El-Kasaby
- Institute of Pharmacology and the Gaston H. Glock Research Laboratories for Exploratory Drug Development, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Freissmuth
- Institute of Pharmacology and the Gaston H. Glock Research Laboratories for Exploratory Drug Development, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sonja Sucic
- Institute of Pharmacology and the Gaston H. Glock Research Laboratories for Exploratory Drug Development, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Abstract
The organic cation transporters (OCTs) OCT1, OCT2, OCT3, novel OCT (OCTN)1, OCTN2, multidrug and toxin exclusion (MATE)1, and MATE kidney-specific 2 are polyspecific transporters exhibiting broadly overlapping substrate selectivities. They transport organic cations, zwitterions, and some uncharged compounds and operate as facilitated diffusion systems and/or antiporters. OCTs are critically involved in intestinal absorption, hepatic uptake, and renal excretion of hydrophilic drugs. They modulate the distribution of endogenous compounds such as thiamine, L-carnitine, and neurotransmitters. Sites of expression and functions of OCTs have important impact on energy metabolism, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity of drugs, and on drug-drug interactions. In this work, an overview about the human OCTs is presented. Functional properties of human OCTs, including identified substrates and inhibitors of the individual transporters, are described. Sites of expression are compiled, and data on regulation of OCTs are presented. In addition, genetic variations of OCTs are listed, and data on their impact on transport, drug treatment, and diseases are reported. Moreover, recent data are summarized that indicate complex drug-drug interaction at OCTs, such as allosteric high-affinity inhibition of transport and substrate dependence of inhibitor efficacies. A hypothesis about the molecular mechanism of polyspecific substrate recognition by OCTs is presented that is based on functional studies and mutagenesis experiments in OCT1 and OCT2. This hypothesis provides a framework to imagine how observed complex drug-drug interactions at OCTs arise. Finally, preclinical in vitro tests that are performed by pharmaceutical companies to identify interaction of novel drugs with OCTs are discussed. Optimized experimental procedures are proposed that allow a gapless detection of inhibitory and transported drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Koepsell
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Fagerberg CR, Taylor A, Distelmaier F, Schrøder HD, Kibæk M, Wieczorek D, Tarnopolsky M, Brady L, Larsen MJ, Jamra RA, Seibt A, Hejbøl EK, Gade E, Markovic L, Klee D, Nagy P, Rouse N, Agarwal P, Dolinsky VW, Bakovic M. Choline transporter-like 1 deficiency causes a new type of childhood-onset neurodegeneration. Brain 2020; 143:94-111. [PMID: 31855247 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral choline metabolism is crucial for normal brain function, and its homoeostasis depends on carrier-mediated transport. Here, we report on four individuals from three families with neurodegenerative disease and homozygous frameshift mutations (Asp517Metfs*19, Ser126Metfs*8, and Lys90Metfs*18) in the SLC44A1 gene encoding choline transporter-like protein 1. Clinical features included progressive ataxia, tremor, cognitive decline, dysphagia, optic atrophy, dysarthria, as well as urinary and bowel incontinence. Brain MRI demonstrated cerebellar atrophy and leukoencephalopathy. Moreover, low signal intensity in globus pallidus with hyperintensive streaking and low signal intensity in substantia nigra were seen in two individuals. The Asp517Metfs*19 and Ser126Metfs*8 fibroblasts were structurally and functionally indistinguishable. The most prominent ultrastructural changes of the mutant fibroblasts were reduced presence of free ribosomes, the appearance of elongated endoplasmic reticulum and strikingly increased number of mitochondria and small vesicles. When chronically treated with choline, those characteristics disappeared and mutant ultrastructure resembled healthy control cells. Functional analysis revealed diminished choline transport yet the membrane phosphatidylcholine content remained unchanged. As part of the mechanism to preserve choline and phosphatidylcholine, choline transporter deficiency was implicated in impaired membrane homeostasis of other phospholipids. Choline treatments could restore the membrane lipids, repair cellular organelles and protect mutant cells from acute iron overload. In conclusion, we describe a novel childhood-onset neurometabolic disease caused by choline transporter deficiency with autosomal recessive inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adrian Taylor
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Canada
| | - Felix Distelmaier
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Maria Kibæk
- Children Hospital of H. C Andersen, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Dagmar Wieczorek
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mark Tarnopolsky
- Department of Pediatrics, Neuromuscular and Neurometabolic Clinic, McMaster University Medical Centre, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Lauren Brady
- Department of Pediatrics, Neuromuscular and Neurometabolic Clinic, McMaster University Medical Centre, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Martin J Larsen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Rami A Jamra
- Institute of Human Genetics, Leipzig University, Germany and Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Annette Seibt
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Else Gade
- Department of Ophthalmology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Ljubo Markovic
- Department of Radiology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Dirk Klee
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | - Prasoon Agarwal
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Vernon W Dolinsky
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Marica Bakovic
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Canada
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Bernhard W. Choline in cystic fibrosis: relations to pancreas insufficiency, enterohepatic cycle, PEMT and intestinal microbiota. Eur J Nutr 2020; 60:1737-1759. [PMID: 32797252 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02358-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disorder with life-threatening organ manifestations. 87% of CF patients develop exocrine pancreas insufficiency, frequently starting in utero and requiring lifelong pancreatic enzyme substitution. 99% develop progressive lung disease, and 20-60% CF-related liver disease, from mild steatosis to cirrhosis. Characteristically, pancreas, liver and lung are linked by choline metabolism, a critical nutrient in CF. Choline is a tightly regulated tissue component in the form of phosphatidylcholine (Ptd'Cho) and sphingomyelin (SPH) in all membranes and many secretions, particularly of liver (bile, lipoproteins) and lung (surfactant, lipoproteins). Via its downstream metabolites, betaine, dimethylglycine and sarcosine, choline is the major one-carbon donor for methionine regeneration from homocysteine. Methionine is primarily used for essential methylation processes via S-adenosyl-methionine. CLINICAL IMPACT CF patients with exocrine pancreas insufficiency frequently develop choline deficiency, due to loss of bile Ptd'Cho via feces. ~ 50% (11-12 g) of hepatic Ptd'Cho is daily secreted into the duodenum. Its re-uptake requires cleavage to lyso-Ptd'Cho by pancreatic and small intestinal phospholipases requiring alkaline environment. Impaired CFTR-dependent bicarbonate secretion, however, results in low duodenal pH, impaired phospholipase activity, fecal Ptd'Cho loss and choline deficiency. Low plasma choline causes decreased availability for parenchymal Ptd'Cho metabolism, impacting on organ functions. Choline deficiency results in hepatic choline/Ptd'Cho accretion from lung tissue via high density lipoproteins, explaining the link between choline deficiency and lung function. Hepatic Ptd'Cho synthesis from phosphatidylethanolamine by phosphatidylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PEMT) partly compensates for choline deficiency, but frequent single nucleotide polymorphisms enhance choline requirement. Additionally, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) frequently causes intraluminal choline degradation in CF patients prior to its absorption. As adequate choline supplementation was clinically effective and adult as well as pediatric CF patients suffer from choline deficiency, choline supplementation in CF patients of all ages should be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Bernhard
- Department of Neonatology, University Children's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Eberhard-Karls-University, Calwer Straße 7, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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Ishikawa T, Suwanai H, Shikuma J, Suzuki R, Yamanaka T, Odawara M, Inazu M. Protein kinase C promotes choline transporter‑like protein 1 function via improved cell surface expression in immortalized human hepatic cells. Mol Med Rep 2019; 21:777-785. [PMID: 31974614 PMCID: PMC6947888 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Choline is used to synthesize phospholipids and a lack of choline induces a number of liver-related diseases, including non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. The current study characterized the choline uptake system, at molecular and functional levels, in the immortalized human hepatic cell line, Fa2N-4, to identify the specific choline transporter involved in choline uptake. The present study also assesed whether choline deficiency or the inhibited choline uptake affected cell viability and apoptosis. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) revealed choline transporter-like protein 1 (CTL1) and CTL2 mRNA and protein expression in Fa2N-4 cells. [Methyl-3H]choline studies revealed choline uptake was saturable and mediated by a single transport system that functioned in a Na+-independent but pH-dependent manner, which was similar to CTL1. Hemicholinium-3 (HC-3), which is a choline uptake inhibitor, and choline deficiency inhibited cell viability, increased caspase-3 and −7 activities, and increased fluorescein isothiocyanate-Annexin V immunofluorescent staining indicated apoptosis. Immunofluorescent staining also revealed CTL1 and CTL2 localized in plasma and mitochondrial membranes, respectively. [Methyl-3H]choline uptake was enhanced by a protein kinase C (PKC) activator, phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Immunofluorescence staining and western blot analysis demonstrated increased CTL1 expression on the cell membrane following PMA treatment. The results of current study indicated that extracellular choline is primarily transported via CTL1, relying on a direct H+ gradient that functions as a driving force in Fa2N-4 cells. Furthermore, it was hypothesized that CTL1 and the choline uptake system are strongly associated with cell survival, and that the choline uptake system is modulated by PKC signaling via increased CTL1 expression on the cell surface. These findings provide further insights into the pathogenesis of liver disease involving choline metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Ishikawa
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160‑0023, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Suwanai
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160‑0023, Japan
| | - Junpei Shikuma
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160‑0023, Japan
| | - Ryo Suzuki
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160‑0023, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Yamanaka
- Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160‑8402, Japan
| | - Masato Odawara
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160‑0023, Japan
| | - Masato Inazu
- Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160‑8402, Japan
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13
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Inazu M. Functional Expression of Choline Transporters in the Blood-Brain Barrier. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11102265. [PMID: 31547050 PMCID: PMC6835570 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholinergic neurons in the central nervous system play a vital role in higher brain functions, such as learning and memory. Choline is essential for the synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine by cholinergic neurons. The synthesis and metabolism of acetylcholine are important mechanisms for regulating neuronal activity. Choline is a positively charged quaternary ammonium compound that requires transporters to pass through the plasma membrane. Currently, there are three groups of choline transporters with different characteristics, such as affinity for choline, tissue distribution, and sodium dependence. They include (I) polyspecific organic cation transporters (OCT1-3: SLC22A1-3) with a low affinity for choline, (II) high-affinity choline transporter 1 (CHT1: SLC5A7), and (III) choline transporter-like proteins (CTL1-5: SLC44A1-5). Brain microvascular endothelial cells, which comprise part of the blood-brain barrier, take up extracellular choline via intermediate-affinity choline transporter-like protein 1 (CTL1) and low-affinity CTL2 transporters. CTL2 is responsible for excreting a high concentration of choline taken up by the brain microvascular endothelial cells on the brain side of the blood-brain barrier. CTL2 is also highly expressed in mitochondria and may be involved in the oxidative pathway of choline metabolism. Therefore, CTL1- and CTL2-mediated choline transport to the brain through the blood-brain barrier plays an essential role in various functions of the central nervous system by acting as the rate-limiting step of cholinergic neuronal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Inazu
- Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan.
- Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan.
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14
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Sanchez-Lopez E, Zhong Z, Stubelius A, Sweeney SR, Booshehri LM, Antonucci L, Liu-Bryan R, Lodi A, Terkeltaub R, Lacal JC, Murphy AN, Hoffman HM, Tiziani S, Guma M, Karin M. Choline Uptake and Metabolism Modulate Macrophage IL-1β and IL-18 Production. Cell Metab 2019; 29:1350-1362.e7. [PMID: 30982734 PMCID: PMC6675591 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Choline is a vitamin-like nutrient that is taken up via specific transporters and metabolized by choline kinase, which converts it to phosphocholine needed for de novo synthesis of phosphatidylcholine (PC), the main phospholipid of cellular membranes. We found that Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation enhances choline uptake by macrophages and microglia through induction of the choline transporter CTL1. Inhibition of CTL1 expression or choline phosphorylation attenuated NLRP3 inflammasome activation and IL-1β and IL-18 production in stimulated macrophages. Mechanistically, reduced choline uptake altered mitochondrial lipid profile, attenuated mitochondrial ATP synthesis, and activated the energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). By potentiating mitochondrial recruitment of DRP1, AMPK stimulates mitophagy, which contributes to termination of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Correspondingly, choline kinase inhibitors ameliorated acute and chronic models of IL-1β-dependent inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Sanchez-Lopez
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Zhenyu Zhong
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas TX 75390, USA
| | - Alexandra Stubelius
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Shannon R Sweeney
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78723-3092, USA
| | - Laela M Booshehri
- Department of Pediatrics and Rady Children's Hospital, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Laura Antonucci
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Ru Liu-Bryan
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA; VA San Diego Healthcare System, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Alessia Lodi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78723-3092, USA; Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78723-3092, USA
| | - Robert Terkeltaub
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA; VA San Diego Healthcare System, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Juan Carlos Lacal
- Translational Oncology, Department of Oncology, Hospital Universitario Fuenlabrada, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anne N Murphy
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Hal M Hoffman
- Department of Pediatrics and Rady Children's Hospital, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Stefano Tiziani
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78723-3092, USA; Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78723-3092, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78723-3092, USA
| | - Monica Guma
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Michael Karin
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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15
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Radziejewska A, Chmurzynska A. Folate and choline absorption and uptake: Their role in fetal development. Biochimie 2018; 158:10-19. [PMID: 30529042 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE In this review, we attempt to assess how choline and folate transporters affect fetal development. We focus on how the expression of these transporters in response to choline and folate intake affects transport effectiveness. We additionally describe allelic variants of the genes encoding these transporters and their phenotypic effects. METHODS AND RESULTS We made an extensive review of recent articles describing role of choline and folate - with particularly emphasize on their transporters - in fetal development. Folate and choline are necessary for the proper functioning of the cell and body. During pregnancy, the requirements of these nutrients increase because of elevated maternal demand and the rapid division of fetal cells. The concentrations of folate and choline in cells depend on food intake, the absorption of nutrients, and the cellular transport system, which is tissue-specific and developmentally regulated. Relatively few studies have investigated the role of choline transporters in fetal development. CONCLUSIONS In this review we show relations between functioning of folate and choline transporters and fetal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Radziejewska
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - Agata Chmurzynska
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poland.
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16
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Zoli M, Pucci S, Vilella A, Gotti C. Neuronal and Extraneuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:338-349. [PMID: 28901280 PMCID: PMC6018187 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170912110450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) belong to a super-family of Cys-loop ligand-gated ion chan-nels that respond to endogenous acetylcholine (ACh) or other cholinergic ligands. These receptors are also the targets of drugs such as nicotine (the main addictive agent delivered by cigarette smoke) and are involved in a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes. Numerous studies have shown that the expression and/or function of nAChRs is com-promised in many neurological and psychiatric diseases. Furthermore, recent studies have shown that neuronal nAChRs are found in a large number of non-neuronal cell types in-cluding endothelial cells, glia, immune cells, lung epithelia and cancer cells where they regulate cell differentiation, prolifera-tion and inflammatory responses. The aim of this review is to describe the most recent findings concerning the structure and function of native nAChRs inside and outside the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Zoli
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Susanna Pucci
- CNR, Neuroscience Institute-Milano, Biometra University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonietta Vilella
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Cecilia Gotti
- CNR, Neuroscience Institute-Milano, Biometra University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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17
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Lipids at the crossroad: Shaping biological membranes heterogeneity defines trafficking pathways. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2005188. [PMID: 29481577 PMCID: PMC5843285 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2005188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids are essential components of biological membranes that present a wide diversity in eukaryotic cells. Recent impressive advances in lipid biochemistry and biophysics have enabled a refocus of our view of lipids as functional units for cellular activity. However, the gap between molecular and cellular processes remains to be bridged. Here, 2 papers meet the burden of proof that choline transporters participate in local lipid composition modifications at the trans-Golgi network, an intracellular compartment that serves as the main sorting station in the cell. Localization of choline transporters to this precise compartment could be a way for plant cells to quickly modify the membrane lipid composition and asymmetry during both the allocation of cargos and the recruitment of trafficking machineries into distinct subcellular pathways.
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18
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Han B, Li X, Hao J. The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway: An innovative treatment strategy for neurological diseases. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 77:358-368. [PMID: 28392244 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholine (ACh), as a classical neurotransmitter, regulates the neuronal network in response to internal and external stimuli. In recent decades, the biology of ACh has been endowed with unparalleled new insights, especially with respect to cholinergic anti-inflammatory properties in non-neuronal cells. In fact, a mechanism frequently referred to as the "cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway" has been termed to describe interactions between the central nervous system (CNS) and the immune system via vagus nerve. As well documented, immune cells express choline acetyltransferase, a direct synthetase for ACh, and other corresponding cholinergic components. Alternatively, the ACh released from immune cells or cholinergic neurons modulates immune function in an autocrine/paracrine manner by acting on its receptors. Moreover, muscarinic or nicotinic ACh receptors on various immune cells and CNS glial cells administer the work of their respective agonists, causing functional and biochemical changes. In this review, we focus on the anti-inflammatory benefits of non-neuronal and neuronal ACh as a means of providing new insights into treating inflammation-related neurological diseases, as exemplified by those described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Han
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.
| | - Xiuping Li
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.
| | - Junwei Hao
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.
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19
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Heffernan C, Jain MR, Liu T, Kim H, Barretto K, Li H, Maurel P. Nectin-like 4 Complexes with Choline Transporter-like Protein-1 and Regulates Schwann Cell Choline Homeostasis and Lipid Biogenesis in Vitro. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:4484-4498. [PMID: 28119456 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.747816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nectin-like 4 (NECL4, CADM4) is a Schwann cell-specific cell adhesion molecule that promotes axo-glial interactions. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that NECL4 is necessary for proper peripheral nerve myelination. However, the molecular mechanisms that are regulated by NECL4 and affect peripheral myelination currently remain unclear. We used an in vitro approach to begin identifying some of the mechanisms that could explain NECL4 function. Using mass spectrometry and Western blotting techniques, we have identified choline transporter-like 1 (CTL1) as a putative complexing partner with NECL4. We show that intracellular choline levels are significantly elevated in NECL4-deficient Schwann cells. The analysis of extracellular d9-choline uptake revealed a deficit in the amount of d9-choline found inside NECL4-deficient Schwann cells, suggestive of either reduced transport capabilities or increased metabolization of transported choline. An extensive lipidomic screen of choline derivatives showed that total phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol (but not diacylglycerol or sphingomyelin) are significantly elevated in NECL4-deficient Schwann cells, particularly specific subspecies of phosphatidylcholine carrying very long polyunsaturated fatty acid chains. Finally, CTL1-deficient Schwann cells are significantly impaired in their ability to myelinate neurites in vitro To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a bona fide cell adhesion molecule, NECL4, regulating choline homeostasis and lipid biogenesis. Phosphatidylcholines are major myelin phospholipids, and several phosphorylated phosphatidylinositol species are known to regulate key aspects of peripheral myelination. Furthermore, the biophysical properties imparted to plasma membranes are regulated by fatty acid chain profiles. Therefore, it will be important to translate these in vitro observations to in vivo studies of NECL4 and CTL1-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey Heffernan
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07102-1814 and
| | - Mohit R Jain
- the Center for Advanced Proteomics Research, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Tong Liu
- the Center for Advanced Proteomics Research, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Hyosung Kim
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07102-1814 and
| | - Kevin Barretto
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07102-1814 and
| | - Hong Li
- the Center for Advanced Proteomics Research, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Patrice Maurel
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07102-1814 and
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20
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Visentin M, van Rosmalen BV, Hiller C, Bieze M, Hofstetter L, Verheij J, Kullak-Ublick GA, Koepsell H, Phoa SS, Tamai I, Bennink RJ, van Gulik TM, Stieger B. Impact of Organic Cation Transporters (OCT-SLC22A) on Differential Diagnosis of Intrahepatic Lesions. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 45:166-173. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.072371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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21
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SLC44A2 single nucleotide polymorphisms, isoforms, and expression: Association with severity of Meniere's disease? Genomics 2016; 108:201-208. [PMID: 27829169 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
SLC44A2 was discovered as the target of an antibody that causes hearing loss. Knockout mice develop age related hearing loss, loss of sensory cells and spiral ganglion neurons. SLC44A2 has polymorphic sites implicated in human disease. Transfusion related acute lung injury (TRALI) is linked to rs2288904 and genome wide association studies link rs2288904 and rs9797861 to venous thromboembolism (VTE), coronary artery disease and stroke. Here we report linkage disequilibrium of rs2288904 with rs3087969 and the association of these SLC44A2 SNPs with Meniere's disease severity. Tissue-specific isoform expression differences suggest that the N-terminal domain is linked to different functions in different cell types. Heterozygosity at rs2288904 CGA/CAA and rs3087969 GAT/GAC showed a trend for association with intractable Meniere's disease compared to less severe disease and to controls. The association of SLC44A2 SNPs with VTE suggests that thrombi affecting cochlear vessels could be a factor in Meniere's disease.
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22
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Muramatsu I, Yoshiki H, Uwada J, Masuoka T, Sada K, Taniguchi T, Nishio M. Pharmacological evidence of specific acetylcholine transport in rat cerebral cortex and other brain regions. J Neurochem 2016; 139:566-575. [PMID: 27627023 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Functional acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) were recently demonstrated to exist not only in the plasma membrane but also intracellularly in brain tissues. In order to activate intracellular AChRs, endogenous hydrophilic ACh must cross the plasma membrane. Here, we examined the pharmacological characteristics of this process, including whether it is mediated by active ACh uptake. When ACh esterase (AChE) was suppressed by diisopropylfluorophosphate, [3 H]ACh was effectively taken up into segments of rat cerebral cortex and other brain regions, in contrast to peripheral tissues such as liver and kidney. The uptake of [3 H]ACh in rat cerebral cortex was temperature-dependent, and the uptake capacity was comparable to that of [3 H]choline. However, [3 H]ACh uptake was inhibited by lower concentrations of ACh, carbachol, tetraethylammonium (TEA), compared with uptake of [3 H]choline. Uptake of [3 H]ACh was also inhibited by several organic cations, including choline, hemicholinium-3 (HC-3), quinidine, decynium 22, clonidine, diphenhydramine, but was little affected by some amino acids and biogenic amines, corticosterone, spermine, atropine, and tetrodotoxin. Unlike diisopropylfluorophosphate, several ACh esterase inhibitors, including drugs for Alzheimer's disease, such as donepezil, galantamine, and rivastigmine, also suppressed the uptake of [3 H]ACh, but not [3 H]choline. These results indicate that in the brain, ACh is specifically taken up through a unique transport system with different pharmacological properties from known organic cation transporters (OCTs), and suggest that this mechanism may be involved in intracellular cholinergic transmission in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikunobu Muramatsu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan.,Division of Genomic Science and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Fukui, Japan.,Kimura Hospital, Awara, Fukui, Japan
| | - Hatsumi Yoshiki
- Division of Genomic Science and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Fukui, Japan
| | - Junsuke Uwada
- Division of Cellular Signal Transduction, Department of Biochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Masuoka
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Kiyonao Sada
- Division of Genomic Science and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Fukui, Japan
| | - Takanobu Taniguchi
- Division of Cellular Signal Transduction, Department of Biochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Matomo Nishio
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
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23
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Mattie M, Raitano A, Morrison K, Morrison K, An Z, Capo L, Verlinsky A, Leavitt M, Ou J, Nadell R, Aviña H, Guevara C, Malik F, Moser R, Duniho S, Coleman J, Li Y, Pereira DS, Doñate F, Joseph IBJ, Challita-Eid P, Benjamin D, Stover DR. The Discovery and Preclinical Development of ASG-5ME, an Antibody-Drug Conjugate Targeting SLC44A4-Positive Epithelial Tumors Including Pancreatic and Prostate Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:2679-2687. [PMID: 27550944 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report the development of an antibody-drug conjugate, ASG-5ME, which targets the solute carrier receptor SLC44A4. SLC44A4 is a member of a family of putative choline transporters that we show to be markedly upregulated in a variety of epithelial tumors, most notably prostate and pancreatic cancer. SLC44A4 is normally expressed on the apical surface of secretory epithelial cells, but in cancer we show expression is not restricted to the luminal surface in advanced and undifferentiated tumors. ASG-5ME consists of a human IgG2 anti-SLC44A4 antibody conjugated through a cleavable linker to the microtubule-disrupting agent monomethylauristatin E. It has potent antitumor activity in both cell line - and patient-derived xenograft models of pancreatic and prostate cancers. Combination studies with ASG-5ME and nab-paclitaxel demonstrated combination effect in both pancreatic and prostate tumor models. Altogether, the data presented here suggest that ASG-5ME may have the potential to offer a new therapeutic option for the treatment of pancreatic and prostate cancers. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(11); 2679-87. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mattie
- Agensys Inc., an Affiliate of Astellas Pharma Inc., Santa Monica, California.
| | - Arthur Raitano
- Agensys Inc., an Affiliate of Astellas Pharma Inc., Santa Monica, California
| | - Kendall Morrison
- Agensys Inc., an Affiliate of Astellas Pharma Inc., Santa Monica, California
| | - Karen Morrison
- Agensys Inc., an Affiliate of Astellas Pharma Inc., Santa Monica, California
| | - Zili An
- Agensys Inc., an Affiliate of Astellas Pharma Inc., Santa Monica, California
| | - Linnette Capo
- Agensys Inc., an Affiliate of Astellas Pharma Inc., Santa Monica, California
| | - Alla Verlinsky
- Agensys Inc., an Affiliate of Astellas Pharma Inc., Santa Monica, California
| | - Monica Leavitt
- Agensys Inc., an Affiliate of Astellas Pharma Inc., Santa Monica, California
| | - Jimmy Ou
- Agensys Inc., an Affiliate of Astellas Pharma Inc., Santa Monica, California
| | - Rossana Nadell
- Agensys Inc., an Affiliate of Astellas Pharma Inc., Santa Monica, California
| | - Hector Aviña
- Agensys Inc., an Affiliate of Astellas Pharma Inc., Santa Monica, California
| | - Claudia Guevara
- Agensys Inc., an Affiliate of Astellas Pharma Inc., Santa Monica, California
| | - Faisal Malik
- Agensys Inc., an Affiliate of Astellas Pharma Inc., Santa Monica, California
| | - Ruth Moser
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., Bothell, Washington
| | | | - Jeffrey Coleman
- Agensys Inc., an Affiliate of Astellas Pharma Inc., Santa Monica, California
| | - Ying Li
- Agensys Inc., an Affiliate of Astellas Pharma Inc., Santa Monica, California
| | - Daniel S Pereira
- Agensys Inc., an Affiliate of Astellas Pharma Inc., Santa Monica, California
| | - Fernando Doñate
- Agensys Inc., an Affiliate of Astellas Pharma Inc., Santa Monica, California
| | - Ingrid B J Joseph
- Agensys Inc., an Affiliate of Astellas Pharma Inc., Santa Monica, California
| | - Pia Challita-Eid
- Agensys Inc., an Affiliate of Astellas Pharma Inc., Santa Monica, California
| | | | - David R Stover
- Agensys Inc., an Affiliate of Astellas Pharma Inc., Santa Monica, California
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24
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Nishiyama R, Nagashima F, Iwao B, Kawai Y, Inoue K, Midori A, Yamanaka T, Uchino H, Inazu M. Identification and functional analysis of choline transporter in tongue cancer: A novel molecular target for tongue cancer therapy. J Pharmacol Sci 2016; 131:101-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2016.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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25
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Peng GZ, Ye QF, Wang R, Li MX, Yang ZX. Knockdown by shRNA identifies SLC44A5 as a potential therapeutic target in hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:4845-52. [PMID: 27082540 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been ranked the second leading cause of cancer‑associated mortality in China and the third leading cause of cancer‑associated mortality worldwide. A number of previous studies investigating SLC44A5 have revealed important biological insight and disease‑specific functions. Therefore, the present study investigated the expression of SLC44A5 in HCC tissues and cell lines, and assessed the effect of SLC44A5 on the viability, cell cycle, apoptosis and invasion of HCC cell lines. The mRNA expression of SLC44A5 in 35 HCC tissues was significantly higher compared with that in 35 normal tissues. The protein expression of SLC44A5 was notably high in MHCC‑97H and SMMC‑7721 cells compared with that in four other HCC cell lines. Knockdown of SLC44A5 using short hairpin RNA inhibited cell viability and arrested the cells in G1 of the cell cycle by reducing the expression of cell cycle markers, proliferating cell nuclear antigen and cyclin‑dependent kinase 2 in MHCC‑97H and SMMC‑7721 cells. Furthermore, SLC44A5 knockdown cells also exhibited cell apoptosis by reducing the expression levels of apoptosis markers, caspase‑3 and caspase‑9 in MHCC‑97H and SMMC‑7721 cells, and suppressed invasion. The present results suggested that SLC44A5 is involved in HCC carcinogenesis and progression in HCC, indicating that SLC44A5 may be a molecular target in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Zhu Peng
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Qi-Fa Ye
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Ren Wang
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Xia Li
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Zi-Xuan Yang
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
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Winick-Ng W, Caetano FA, Winick-Ng J, Morey TM, Heit B, Rylett RJ. 82-kDa choline acetyltransferase and SATB1 localize to β-amyloid induced matrix attachment regions. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23914. [PMID: 27052102 PMCID: PMC4823725 DOI: 10.1038/srep23914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The M-transcript of human choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) produces an 82-kDa protein (82-kDa ChAT) that concentrates in nuclei of cholinergic neurons. We assessed the effects of acute exposure to oligomeric amyloid-β1–42 (Aβ1–42) on 82-kDa ChAT disposition in SH-SY5Y neural cells, finding that acute exposure to Aβ1–42 results in increased association of 82-kDa ChAT with chromatin and formation of 82-kDa ChAT aggregates in nuclei. When measured by chromatin immunoprecipitation with next-generation sequencing (ChIP-seq), we identified that Aβ1–42 -exposure increases 82-kDa ChAT association with gene promoters and introns. The Aβ1–42 -induced 82-kDa ChAT aggregates co-localize with special AT-rich binding protein 1 (SATB1), which anchors DNA to scaffolding/matrix attachment regions (S/MARs). SATB1 had a similar genomic association as 82-kDa ChAT, with both proteins associating with synapse and cell stress genes. After Aβ1–42 -exposure, both SATB1 and 82-kDa ChAT are enriched at the same S/MAR on the APP gene, with 82-kDa ChAT expression attenuating an increase in an isoform-specific APP mRNA transcript. Finally, 82-kDa ChAT and SATB1 have patterned genomic association at regions enriched with S/MAR binding motifs. These results demonstrate that 82-kDa ChAT and SATB1 play critical roles in the response of neural cells to acute Aβ -exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren Winick-Ng
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine &Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1 Canada.,Molecular Medicine Group, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1 Canada
| | - Fabiana A Caetano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine &Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1 Canada.,Molecular Medicine Group, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1 Canada
| | | | - Trevor M Morey
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine &Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1 Canada.,Molecular Medicine Group, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1 Canada
| | - Bryan Heit
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine &Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1 Canada
| | - R Jane Rylett
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine &Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1 Canada.,Molecular Medicine Group, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1 Canada
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Gupta A, Thelma BK. Identification of critical variants within SLC44A4, an ulcerative colitis susceptibility gene identified in a GWAS in north Indians. Genes Immun 2016; 17:105-9. [PMID: 26741288 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2015.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SLC44A4 is one of the seven novel susceptibility genes that were discovered in the first ever genome-wide association study (GWAS) on ulcerative colitis (UC) in the genetically distinct north Indians. This gene seems to be functionally relevant to disease biology as it may contribute to the associated phenotype of Vitamin B1 deficiency among UC patients, hence playing a role in disease pathogenesis. A large number of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are known to be distributed throughout this gene, but the functional status of most are not known. Thus, an extensive investigation of structural and regulatory variants within this gene was undertaken in this study to identify the critical variants amongst them using a combination of fine mapping, in silico and in vitro approaches. A few intronic SNPs were predicted to have regulatory roles on the basis of in silico analysis, suggesting that they may be the critical variants within SLC44A4. This highlights the importance of this gene in UC biology, thus confirming the finding of the GWAS and also warranting additional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gupta
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - B K Thelma
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
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Abstract
Lung cancers express an autocrine cholinergic loop in which secreted acetylcholine can stimulate tumor growth through both nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. Because activation of mAChR and nAChR stimulates growth; tumor growth can be stimulated by both locally synthesized acetylcholine as well as acetylcholine from distal sources and from nicotine in the high percentage of lung cancer patients who are smokers. The stimulation of lung cancer growth by cholinergic agonists offers many potential new targets for lung cancer therapy. Cholinergic signaling can be targeted at the level of choline transport; acetylcholine synthesis, secretion and degradation; and nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. In addition, the newly describe family of ly-6 allosteric modulators of nicotinic signaling such as lynx1 and lynx2 offers yet another new approach to novel lung cancer therapeutics. Each of these targets has their potential advantages and disadvantages for the development of new lung cancer therapies which are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliot R Spindel
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, United States.
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Functional expression of choline transporter like-protein 1 (CTL1) and CTL2 in human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Neurochem Int 2015; 93:40-50. [PMID: 26746385 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the molecular and functional characterization of choline transporter in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMECs). Choline uptake into hBMECs was a saturable process that was mediated by a Na(+)-independent, membrane potential and pH-dependent transport system. The cells have two different [(3)H]choline transport systems with Km values of 35.0 ± 4.9 μM and 54.1 ± 8.1 μM, respectively. Choline uptake was inhibited by choline, acetylcholine (ACh) and the choline analog hemicholinium-3 (HC-3). Various organic cations also interacted with the choline transport system. Choline transporter-like protein 1 (CTL1) and CTL2 mRNA were highly expressed, while mRNA for high-affinity choline transporter 1 (CHT1) and organic cation transporters (OCTs) were not expressed in hBMECs. CTL1 and CTL2 proteins were localized to brain microvascular endothelial cells in human brain cortical sections. Both CTL1 and CTL2 proteins were expressed on the plasma membrane and mitochondria. CTL1 and CTL2 proteins are mainly expressed in plasma membrane and mitochondria, respectively. We conclude that choline is mainly transported via an intermediate-affinity choline transport system, CTL1 and CTL2, in hBMECs. These transporters are responsible for the uptake of extracellular choline and organic cations. CTL2 participate in choline transport mainly in mitochondria, and may be the major site for the control of choline oxidation.
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Nassenstein C, Wiegand S, Lips KS, Li G, Klein J, Kummer W. Cholinergic activation of the murine trachealis muscle via non-vesicular acetylcholine release involving low-affinity choline transporters. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 29:173-80. [PMID: 26278668 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In addition to quantal, vesicular release of acetylcholine (ACh), there is also non-quantal release at the motor endplate which is insufficient to evoke postsynaptic responses unless acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is inhibited. We here addressed potential non-quantal release in the mouse trachea by organ bath experiments and (immuno)histochemical methods. Electrical field stimulation (EFS) of nerve terminals elicited tracheal constriction that is largely due to ACh release. Classical enzyme histochemistry demonstrated acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in nerve fibers in the muscle and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity in the smooth muscle cells. Acute inhibition of both esterases by eserine significantly raised tracheal tone which was fully sensitive to atropine. This effect was reduced, but not abolished, in AChE, but not in BChE gene-deficient mice. The eserine-induced increase in tracheal tone was unaffected by vesamicol (10(-5)M), an inhibitor of the vesicular acetylcholine transporter, and by corticosterone (10(-4)M), an inhibitor of organic cation transporters. Hemicholinium-3, in low concentrations an inhibitor of the high-affinity choline transporter-1 (CHT1), completely abrogated the eserine effects when applied in high concentrations (10(-4)M) pointing towards an involvement of low-affinity choline transporters. To evaluate the cellular sources of non-quantal ACh release in the trachea, expression of low-affinity choline transporter-like family (CTL1-5) was evaluated by RT-PCR analysis. Even though these transporters were largely abundant in the epithelium, denudation of airway epithelial cells had no effect on eserine-induced tracheal contraction, indicating a non-quantal release of ACh from non-epithelial sources in the airways. These data provide evidence for an epithelium-independent non-vesicular, non-quantal ACh release in the mouse trachea involving low-affinity choline transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Nassenstein
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC) and German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, 35385 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Silke Wiegand
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC) and German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, 35385 Giessen, Germany
| | - Katrin S Lips
- Laboratory for Experimental Trauma Surgery, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Guanfeng Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jochen Klein
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kummer
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC) and German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, 35385 Giessen, Germany
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Organic cation transporters OCT1, OCT2 and OCT3 expressed in the small intestine, liver, brain and other organs play important roles in absorption, excretion and distribution of cationic drugs. Drug-drug interactions at OCTs may change pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and drug toxicity. Knowledge about physiological and biomedical functions of OCTs and the molecular mechanisms of transport and inhibition is required to anticipate drug-drug interactions and their potential biomedical impact. AREAS COVERED Current knowledge about structure, polyspecific cation binding and transport of OCTs is summarized. Tissue distributions of OCT1-3 and their presumed physiological roles in the small intestine, liver, kidney and brain are reported, and drugs that are transported by human OCT1-3 are listed. The impact of human OCTs for pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the antidiabetic metformin and antineoplastic platinum derivatives are discussed. In addition, interactions of drugs that are transported by OCTs observed in the kidney and liver are reported. Procedures to test novel drugs for drug-drug interactions at OCTs in vitro and in clinical studies are recommended. EXPERT OPINION When performing in vitro testing for drug-drug interactions, it must be considered that one inhibitory drug may inhibit different transported drugs with different affinities. After positive in vitro testing for drug-drug interaction, clinical tests are obligatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Koepsell
- a University Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics , Botanik 1, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, Würzburg 97082, Germany
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Chen P, Chakraborty S, Mukhopadhyay S, Lee E, Paoliello MMB, Bowman AB, Aschner M. Manganese homeostasis in the nervous system. J Neurochem 2015; 134:601-10. [PMID: 25982296 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is an essential heavy metal that is naturally found in the environment. Daily intake through dietary sources provides the necessary amount required for several key physiological processes, including antioxidant defense, energy metabolism, immune function and others. However, overexposure from environmental sources can result in a condition known as manganism that features symptomatology similar to Parkinson's disease (PD). This disorder presents with debilitating motor and cognitive deficits that arise from a neurodegenerative process. In order to maintain a balance between its essentiality and neurotoxicity, several mechanisms exist to properly buffer cellular Mn levels. These include transporters involved in Mn uptake, and newly discovered Mn efflux mechanisms. This review will focus on current studies related to mechanisms underlying Mn import and export, primarily the Mn transporters, and their function and roles in Mn-induced neurotoxicity. Though and essential metal, overexposure to manganese may result in neurodegenerative disease analogous to Parkinson's disease. Manganese homeostasis is tightly regulated by transporters, including transmembrane importers (divalent metal transporter 1, transferrin and its receptor, zinc transporters ZIP8 and Zip14, dopamine transporter, calcium channels, choline transporters and citrate transporters) and exporters (ferroportin and SLC30A10), as well as the intracellular trafficking proteins (SPCA1 and ATP12A2). A manganese-specific sensor, GPP130, has been identified, which affords means for monitoring intracellular levels of this metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Chen
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Sudipta Chakraborty
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Somshuvra Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy; Institute for Cellular & Molecular Biology; and Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Eunsook Lee
- Department of Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Monica M B Paoliello
- Graduate Program in Public Health, Department of Pathology, Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Center of Health Science, State University of Londrina, Parana, Brazil
| | - Aaron B Bowman
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Yara M, Iwao B, Hara N, Yamanaka T, Uchino H, Inazu M. Molecular and functional characterization of choline transporter in the human trophoblastic cell line JEG-3 cells. Placenta 2015; 36:631-7. [PMID: 25896522 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Choline is essential for the synthesis of the major membrane phospholipid phosphatidylcholine (PC), the methyl donor betaine and the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh), which is involved in several vital biological functions that play key roles in fetal development. In this study, we examined the molecular and functional characteristics of choline uptake in the human trophoblastic cell line JEG-3. METHODS We examined [(3)H]choline uptake in the human trophoblastic cell line JEG-3. The expression of CTL1 and CTL2 was evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR, western blotting and immunocytochemistry. RESULTS We demonstrated that JEG-3 cells take up [(3)H] choline by a saturable process that is mediated by a Na(+)-independent and pH-dependent transport system. The cells have two different [(3)H] choline transport systems, high- and low-affinity, with Km values of 28.4 ± 5.0 μM and 210.6 ± 55.1 μM, respectively. Cationic compounds and hemicholinium-3 (HC-3) inhibited choline uptake. Choline transporter-like protein 1 (CTL1) and CTL2 mRNA and protein were highly expressed in JEG-3 cells and were localized to the plasma membrane. DISCUSSION The present results suggest that choline is mainly transported via a high-affinity choline transport system (CTL1) and a low-affinity choline transport system (CTL2) in human trophoblastic JEG-3 cells. These transporters play an important role in the growth of the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yara
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - B Iwao
- Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - N Hara
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - T Yamanaka
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - H Uchino
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - M Inazu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan; Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan.
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Beckmann J, Schubert J, Morhenn HG, Grau V, Schnettler R, Lips KS. Expression of choline and acetylcholine transporters in synovial tissue and cartilage of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 359:465-477. [PMID: 25418136 PMCID: PMC4320306 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-2036-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence is showing that the non-neuronal cholinergic system plays an important role in the pathology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Choline transport into the cell is the rate-limiting step for the synthesis of acetylcholine (ACh), which can be released directly or in vesicles from the cell. However, in the human joint little is known about choline import or the release of ACh from the cell. Thus, we analyze the expression of members of the organic cation transporter (OCT), of the newly discovered choline transporter-like (CTL) family and of classical neuronal components such as the high-affinity choline transporter (CHT1) and the vesicular ACh transporter (VAChT) in the synovium and cartilage of the human hip joint from patients with osteoarthritis (OA) and RA. OCT1, OCT3 and OCTN1 and all members of the CTL family were expressed in synovial and cartilage samples. The expression of CTL1 and CTL2 was localized in synovial macrophages and fibroblasts. CHT1 mRNA expression was detectable only in the synovium, whereas VAChT was completely absent in all samples. Therefore, in the human joint, choline transport into the cell and the release of ACh seems to be mediated mainly by members of the OCT and CTL family. Expression of transporters appears not to be influenced by the pathological state, as no differences have been detected between joints from OA or RA patients. Importantly, however, all necessary components for choline import and the release of non-neuronal ACh are present in the human joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Beckmann
- Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery, Justus-Liebig University, Schubert Strasse 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Jan Schubert
- Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery, Justus-Liebig University, Schubert Strasse 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Morhenn
- Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery, Justus-Liebig University, Schubert Strasse 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Veronika Grau
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, German
| | - Reinhard Schnettler
- Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery, Justus-Liebig University, Schubert Strasse 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- Department of Trauma Surgery Giessen, University Hospital of Giessen-Marburg, Giessen, German
| | - Katrin Susanne Lips
- Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery, Justus-Liebig University, Schubert Strasse 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany
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Dettmer J, Ursache R, Campilho A, Miyashima S, Belevich I, O'Regan S, Mullendore DL, Yadav SR, Lanz C, Beverina L, Papagni A, Schneeberger K, Weigel D, Stierhof YD, Moritz T, Knoblauch M, Jokitalo E, Helariutta Y. CHOLINE TRANSPORTER-LIKE1 is required for sieve plate development to mediate long-distance cell-to-cell communication. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4276. [PMID: 25008948 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Phloem, a plant tissue responsible for long-distance molecular transport, harbours specific junctions, sieve areas, between the conducting cells. To date, little is known about the molecular framework related to the biogenesis of these sieve areas. Here we identify mutations at the CHER1/AtCTL1 locus of Arabidopsis thaliana. The mutations cause several phenotypic abnormalities, including reduced pore density and altered pore structure in the sieve areas associated with impaired phloem function. CHER1 encodes a member of a poorly characterized choline transporter-like protein family in plants and animals. We show that CHER1 facilitates choline transport, localizes to the trans-Golgi network, and during cytokinesis is associated with the phragmoplast. Consistent with its function in the elaboration of the sieve areas, CHER1 has a sustained, polar localization in the forming sieve plates. Our results indicate that the regulation of choline levels is crucial for phloem development and conductivity in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Dettmer
- 1] Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany [2]
| | - Robertas Ursache
- 1] Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland [2]
| | - Ana Campilho
- 1] Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto, Porto 4150-180, Portugal [2]
| | - Shunsuke Miyashima
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Ilya Belevich
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Seana O'Regan
- Neurophotonics Laboratory, CNRS/Université Paris Descartes, 45, rue des Saints-Pères, 75270 Paris, France
| | - Daniel Leroy Mullendore
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4236, USA
| | - Shri Ram Yadav
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Christa Lanz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Luca Beverina
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy
| | - Antonio Papagni
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy
| | - Korbinian Schneeberger
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department for Plant Developmental Biology, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Detlef Weigel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - York-Dieter Stierhof
- ZMBP, Mikroskopie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Moritz
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Michael Knoblauch
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4236, USA
| | - Eija Jokitalo
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Ykä Helariutta
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
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Kummer W, Krasteva-Christ G. Non-neuronal cholinergic airway epithelium biology. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2014; 16:43-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Bougie DW, Peterson JA, Kanack AJ, Curtis BR, Aster RH. Transfusion-related acute lung injury-associated HNA-3a antibodies recognize complex determinants on choline transporter-like protein 2. Transfusion 2014; 54:3208-15. [PMID: 24846273 DOI: 10.1111/trf.12717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HNA-3a-specific antibodies can cause severe, sometimes fatal, transfusion-related acute lung injury when present in transfused blood. The HNA3-a/b antigens are determined by an R154Q polymorphism in the first of five extracellular (EC) loops of the 10-membrane-spanning choline transporter-like protein 2 (CTL2) expressed on neutrophils, lymphocytes, and other tissues. Approximately 50% of HNA-3a antibodies (Type 1) can be detected using CTL2 Loop 1 peptides containing R154; the remaining 50% (Type 2) fail to recognize this target. Understanding the basis for this difference could guide efforts to develop practical assays to screen blood donors for HNA-3 antibodies. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Reactions of HNA-3a antibodies against recombinant versions of human, mouse, and human/mouse (chimeric) CTL2 were characterized using flow cytometry and various solid-phase assays. RESULTS The findings show that, for binding to CTL2, Type 2 HNA-3a antibodies require nonpolymorphic amino acid residues in the third, and possibly the second, EC loops of CTL2 to be in a configuration comparable to that found naturally in the cell membrane. In contrast, Type 1 antibodies require only peptides from the first EC loop that contain R154 for recognition. CONCLUSION Although Type 1 HNA-3a antibodies can readily be detected in solid-phase assays that use a CTL2 peptide containing R154 as a target, development of a practical test to screen blood donors for Type 2 antibodies will pose a serious technical challenge because of the complex nature of the epitope(s) recognized by this antibody subgroup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Bougie
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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Inazu M. Choline transporter-like proteins CTLs/SLC44 family as a novel molecular target for cancer therapy. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2014; 35:431-49. [PMID: 24532461 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.1892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Choline is essential for the synthesis of the major membrane phospholipid phosphatidylcholine (PC), the methyl donor betaine and the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh). Elevated levels of choline and up-regulated choline kinase activity have been detected in various cancers. Thus, the intracellular accumulation of choline through choline transporters is the rate-limiting step in phospholipid metabolism and a prerequisite for cancer cell proliferation. Previous studies have demonstrated abnormalities in choline uptake and choline phospholipid metabolism in cancer cells using the imaging of cancer with positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). The aberrant choline metabolism in cancer cells is strongly correlated with their malignant progression. Using quantitative real-time PCR, the mRNA expression of choline transporters was measured, and it was found that choline transporter-like proteins CTLs/SLC44 family are highly expressed in various cancer cell lines. Choline uptake through CTLs is associated with cell viability, and the functional inhibition of CTLs could promote apoptotic cell death. Furthermore, non-neuronal cholinergic systems that include CTLs-mediated choline transport are associated with cell proliferation and their inhibition promotes apoptotic cell death in colon cancer, small cell lung cancer and human leukemic T-cells. The identification of this new CTLs-mediated choline transport system provides a potential new target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Inazu
- Institute of Medical Science, Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Taguchi C, Inazu M, Saiki I, Yara M, Hara N, Yamanaka T, Uchino H. Functional analysis of [methyl-(3)H]choline uptake in glioblastoma cells: Influence of anti-cancer and central nervous system drugs. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 88:303-12. [PMID: 24530235 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) and PET/computed tomography (PET-CT) studies with (11)C- or (18)F-labeled choline derivatives are used for PET imaging in glioblastoma patients. However, the nature of the choline transport system in glioblastoma is poorly understood. In this study, we performed a functional characterization of [methyl-(3)H]choline uptake and sought to identify the transporters that mediate choline uptake in the human glioblastoma cell lines A-172 and U-251MG. In addition, we examined the influence of anti-cancer drugs and central nervous system drugs on the transport of [methyl-(3)H]choline. High- and low-affinity choline transport systems were present in A-172 cells, U-251MG cells and astrocytes, and these were Na(+)-independent and pH-dependent. Cell viability in A-172 cells was not affected by choline deficiency. However, cell viability in U-251MG cells was significantly inhibited by choline deficiency. Both A-172 and U-251MG cells have two different choline transporters, choline transporter-like protein 1 (CTL1) and CTL2. In A-172 cells, CTL1 is predominantly expressed, whereas in U-251MG cells, CTL2 is predominantly expressed. Treatment with anti-cancer drugs such as cisplatin, etoposide and vincristine influenced [methyl-(3)H]choline uptake in U-251MG cells, but not A-172 cells. Central nervous system drugs such as imipramine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, reboxetine, citalopram and donepezil did not affect cell viability or [methyl-(3)H]choline uptake. The data presented here suggest that CTL1 and CTL2 are functionally expressed in A-172 and U-251MG cells and are responsible for [methyl-(3)H]choline uptake that relies on a directed H(+) gradient as a driving force. Furthermore, while anti-cancer drugs altered [methyl-(3)H]choline uptake, central nervous system drugs did not affect [methyl-(3)H]choline uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Taguchi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjyuku, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Masato Inazu
- Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjyuku, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan; Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjyuku, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan.
| | - Iwao Saiki
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjyuku, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Miki Yara
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjyuku, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Naomi Hara
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjyuku, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Yamanaka
- Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjyuku, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Uchino
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjyuku, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
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Tachikawa M, Uchida Y, Ohtsuki S, Terasaki T. Recent Progress in Blood–Brain Barrier and Blood–CSF Barrier Transport Research: Pharmaceutical Relevance for Drug Delivery to the Brain. DRUG DELIVERY TO THE BRAIN 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-9105-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Nabokina SM, Inoue K, Subramanian VS, Valle JE, Yuasa H, Said HM. Molecular identification and functional characterization of the human colonic thiamine pyrophosphate transporter. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:4405-16. [PMID: 24379411 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.528257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Colonic microbiota synthesize a considerable amount of thiamine in the form of thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP). Recent functional studies from our laboratory have shown the existence of a specific, high-affinity, and regulated carrier-mediated uptake system for TPP in human colonocytes. Nothing, however, is known about the molecular identity of this system. Here we report on the molecular identification of the colonic TPP uptake system as the product of the SLC44A4 gene. We cloned the cDNA of SLC44A4 from human colonic epithelial NCM460 cells, which, upon expression in ARPE19 cells, led to a significant (p < 0.01, >5-fold) induction in [(3)H]TPP uptake. Uptake by the induced system was also found to be temperature- and energy-dependent; Na(+)-independent, slightly higher at acidic buffer pH, and highly sensitive to protonophores; saturable as a function of TPP concentration, with an apparent Km of 0.17 ± 0.064 μM; and highly specific for TPP and not affected by free thiamine, thiamine monophosphate, or choline. Expression of the human TPP transporter was found to be high in the colon and negligible in the small intestine. A cell surface biotinylation assay and live cell confocal imaging studies showed the human TPP transporter protein to be expressed at the apical membrane domain of polarized epithelia. These results show, for the first time, the molecular identification and characterization of a specific and high-affinity TPP uptake system in human colonocytes. The findings further support the hypothesis that the microbiota-generated TPP is absorbable and could contribute toward host thiamine homeostasis, especially toward cellular nutrition of colonocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana M Nabokina
- From the Departments of Medicine and Physiology/Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
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Alexander SPH, Benson HE, Faccenda E, Pawson AJ, Sharman JL, Spedding M, Peters JA, Harmar AJ. The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14: transporters. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 170:1706-96. [PMID: 24528242 PMCID: PMC3892292 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14 provides concise overviews of the key properties of over 2000 human drug targets with their pharmacology, plus links to an open access knowledgebase of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. The full contents can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.12444/full. Transporters are one of the seven major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others being G protein-coupled receptors, ligand-gated ion channels, ion channels, catalytic receptors, nuclear hormone receptors and enzymes. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading. A new landscape format has easy to use tables comparing related targets. It is a condensed version of material contemporary to late 2013, which is presented in greater detail and constantly updated on the website www.guidetopharmacology.org, superseding data presented in previous Guides to Receptors and Channels. It is produced in conjunction with NC-IUPHAR and provides the official IUPHAR classification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate. It consolidates information previously curated and displayed separately in IUPHAR-DB and the Guide to Receptors and Channels, providing a permanent, citable, point-in-time record that will survive database updates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen PH Alexander
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical SchoolNottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Helen E Benson
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Elena Faccenda
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Adam J Pawson
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Joanna L Sharman
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | | | - John A Peters
- Neuroscience Division, Medical Education Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of DundeeDundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Anthony J Harmar
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
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Functional expression of choline transporter-like protein 1 (CTL1) in small cell lung carcinoma cells: A target molecule for lung cancer therapy. Pharmacol Res 2013; 76:119-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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44
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The choline transporter-like family SLC44: properties and roles in human diseases. Mol Aspects Med 2013; 34:646-54. [PMID: 23506897 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Na(+)-independent, high affinity choline carrier system proposed to supply choline for the synthesis of cell membrane phospholipids was recently associated with SLC44 family members (SLC44A1-5) also called choline-like transporter family. SLC44A1 is widely expressed throughout the nervous system in both neurons and oligodendrocytes, while SLC44A2-4 are mainly detected in peripheral tissues. The subcellular localization of the proteins was mainly addressed for SLC44A1 through the development of specific antibodies. SLC44A1 is detected in both the plasma and mitochondrial membranes where the protein is able to transport choline at high affinity and in a Na(+)-independent manner. The physiological relevance of SLC44A1 as a choline carrier is indicated by its likely involvement in membrane synthesis for cell growth or repair, and also by its role in phospholipid production for the generation of lung surfactant. Moreover, an autoimmune disease has been related to the blockade of SLC44A2 function, which results in the alteration of hair cells in the inner ear and leads to autoimmune hearing loss. In the alloimmune syndrome called transfusion-related acute lung injury, antibodies to SLC44A2 cause a deleterious aggregation of granulocytes. Therefore transporters of the SLC44 family represent attractive and promising targets for therapeutic and diagnostic applications regarding both immune and degenerative diseases.
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Bayat B, Tjahjono Y, Sydykov A, Werth S, Hippenstiel S, Weissmann N, Sachs UJ, Santoso S. Anti-human neutrophil antigen-3a induced transfusion-related acute lung injury in mice by direct disturbance of lung endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:2538-48. [PMID: 24008160 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.301206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Antibodies against human neutrophil antigen-3a (HNA-3a) located on choline transporter-like protein 2 induce severe transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI). This study aims to identify the mechanism implicated in anti-HNA-3a-mediated TRALI. APPROACH AND RESULTS Our analysis shows that anti-HNA-3a recognizes 2 choline transporter-like protein 2 isoforms (P1 and P2) on human microvascular endothelial cells from lung blood vessels but reacts only with the P1 isoform on neutrophils. Direct treatment of HNA-3a-positive endothelial cells with anti-HNA-3a, but not with anti-HNA-3b, leads to reactive oxygen species production, increased albumin influx, and decreased endothelial resistance associated with the formation of actin stress filaments and loosening of junctional vascular endothelium-cadherin. In a novel in vivo mouse model, TRALI was documented by significant increase in lung water content, albumin concentration, and neutrophil numbers in the bronchoalveolar lavage on injection of human anti-HNA-3a in lipopolysaccharides-treated, as well as nontreated mice. Interestingly, although neutrophil depletion alleviated severity of lung injury, it failed to prevent TRALI in this model. Infusion of anti-HNA-3a F(ab')2 fragments caused moderate TRALI. Finally, mice lacking nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX2(y/-)) were protected from anti-HNA-3a-mediated TRALI. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate the initiation of endothelial barrier dysfunction in vitro and in vivo by direct binding of anti-HNA-3a on endothelial cells. It seems, however, that the presence of neutrophils aggravates barrier dysfunction. This novel mechanism of TRALI primarily mediated by endothelial cell dysfunction via choline transporter-like protein 2 may help to define new treatment strategies to decrease TRALI-related mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Bayat
- From the Institute for Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany (B.B., Y.T., S.W., U.J.S., S.S.); Department of Internal Medicine II/V, ECCPS, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the DZL, Giessen, Germany (A.S., N.W.); and Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine of the Charité Medical University, Berlin, Germany (S.H.)
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Sun LL, Li M, Suo F, Liu XM, Shen EZ, Yang B, Dong MQ, He WZ, Du LL. Global analysis of fission yeast mating genes reveals new autophagy factors. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003715. [PMID: 23950735 PMCID: PMC3738441 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy (autophagy) is crucial for cell survival during starvation and plays important roles in animal development and human diseases. Molecular understanding of autophagy has mainly come from the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and it remains unclear to what extent the mechanisms are the same in other organisms. Here, through screening the mating phenotype of a genome-wide deletion collection of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, we obtained a comprehensive catalog of autophagy genes in this highly tractable organism, including genes encoding three heretofore unidentified core Atg proteins, Atg10, Atg14, and Atg16, and two novel factors, Ctl1 and Fsc1. We systematically examined the subcellular localization of fission yeast autophagy factors for the first time and characterized the phenotypes of their mutants, thereby uncovering both similarities and differences between the two yeasts. Unlike budding yeast, all three Atg18/WIPI proteins in fission yeast are essential for autophagy, and we found that they play different roles, with Atg18a uniquely required for the targeting of the Atg12–Atg5·Atg16 complex. Our investigation of the two novel factors revealed unforeseen autophagy mechanisms. The choline transporter-like protein Ctl1 interacts with Atg9 and is required for autophagosome formation. The fasciclin domain protein Fsc1 localizes to the vacuole membrane and is required for autophagosome-vacuole fusion but not other vacuolar fusion events. Our study sheds new light on the evolutionary diversity of the autophagy machinery and establishes the fission yeast as a useful model for dissecting the mechanisms of autophagy. Autophagy is a eukaryotic cellular process that transports cytoplasmic contents into lysosomes/vacuoles for degradation. It has been linked to multiple human diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. The molecular machinery of autophagy was first identified and has been best characterized in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but little is known about the autophagy machinery in another important unicellular model organism, the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. In this study, we performed an unbiased and comprehensive screening of the fission yeast autophagy genes by profiling the mating phenotypes of nearly 3000 deletion strains. Following up on the screening results, we systematically characterized both previously known and newly identified fission yeast autophagy factors by examining their localization and the phenotype of their mutants. Our analysis increased the number of experimentally defined fission yeast autophagy factors from 14 to 23, including two novel factors that act in ways different from all previously known autophagy proteins. Together, our data reveal unexpected evolutionary divergence of autophagy mechanisms and establish a new model system for unraveling the molecular details of the autophagy process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ling Sun
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Suo
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Man Liu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - En-Zhi Shen
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Yang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meng-Qiu Dong
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wan-Zhong He
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Lin Du
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Song P, Rekow SS, Singleton CA, Sekhon HS, Dissen GA, Zhou M, Campling B, Lindstrom J, Spindel ER. Choline transporter-like protein 4 (CTL4) links to non-neuronal acetylcholine synthesis. J Neurochem 2013; 126:451-61. [PMID: 23651124 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of acetylcholine (ACh) by non-neuronal cells is now well established and plays diverse physiologic roles. In neurons, the Na(+) -dependent, high affinity choline transporter (CHT1) is absolutely required for ACh synthesis. In contrast, some non-neuronal cells synthesize ACh in the absence of CHT1 indicating a fundamental difference in ACh synthesis compared to neurons. The aim of this study was to identify choline transporters, other than CHT1, that play a role in non-neuronal ACh synthesis. ACh synthesis was studied in lung and colon cancer cell lines focusing on the choline transporter-like proteins, a five gene family choline-transporter like protein (CTL)1-5. Supporting a role for CTLs in choline transport in lung cancer cells, choline transport was Na(+) -independent and CTL1-5 were expressed in all cells examined. CTL1, 2, and 5 were expressed at highest levels and knockdown of CTL1, 2, and 5 decreased choline transport in H82 lung cancer cells. Knockdowns of CTL1, 2, 3, and 5 had no effect on ACh synthesis in H82 cells. In contrast, knockdown of CTL4 significantly decreased ACh secretion by both lung and colon cancer cells. Conversely, increasing expression of CTL4 increased ACh secretion. These results indicate that CTL4 mediates ACh synthesis in non-neuronal cell lines and presents a mechanism to target non-neuronal ACh synthesis without affecting neuronal ACh synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingfang Song
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA
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Organic cation transporters in the blood-air barrier: expression and implications for pulmonary drug delivery. Ther Deliv 2012; 3:735-47. [PMID: 22838069 DOI: 10.4155/tde.12.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies concerning the impact that hepatic, renal and intestinal transporters have on drug disposition have been frequently reported in the literature. Surprisingly, however, little is known regarding the distribution and function of drug-transporter proteins of the lung epithelium. Many drugs (delivered to the lung) have a net positive charge and, thus, are potential substrates of organic cation transporters; currently marketed compounds (e.g., bronchodilators), as well as novel drug candidates in development, are such substrates. It is the aim of this review to summarize the current state of organic cation-transporter expression analysis in the lung and in in vitro models of bronchial and alveolar barriers. Moreover, activity of selected transporters in lung epithelium in situ and in vitro will be highlighted, and their potential role in pulmonary drug disposition will be addressed. One example included here is the transporter-dependent absorption of beta2-agonists in respiratory epithelial cells.
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Abstract
Abnormal choline metabolism is emerging as a metabolic hallmark that is associated with oncogenesis and tumour progression. Following transformation, the modulation of enzymes that control anabolic and catabolic pathways causes increased levels of choline-containing precursors and breakdown products of membrane phospholipids. These increased levels are associated with proliferation, and recent studies emphasize the complex reciprocal interactions between oncogenic signalling and choline metabolism. Because choline-containing compounds are detected by non-invasive magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), increased levels of these compounds provide a non-invasive biomarker of transformation, staging and response to therapy. Furthermore, enzymes of choline metabolism, such as choline kinase, present novel targets for image-guided cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Glunde
- The Johns Hopkins University In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Center, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, 720 Rutland Avenue, 212 Traylor Building, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
| | - Zaver M. Bhujwalla
- The Johns Hopkins University In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Center, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, 720 Rutland Avenue, 212 Traylor Building, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
| | - Sabrina M. Ronen
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, UCSF Mission Bay Campus, Byers Hall, San Francisco, California CA94158-2330, USA
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Yao X, Zeng M, Wang H, Fei S, Rao S, Ji Y. Metabolite detection of pancreatic carcinoma by in vivo proton MR spectroscopy at 3T: initial results. Radiol Med 2011; 117:780-8. [PMID: 22095426 DOI: 10.1007/s11547-011-0757-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The authors sought to identify metabolic features of pancreatic carcinoma by in vivo proton magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy at 3 Tesla. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty healthy volunteers and 40 patients with pancreatic carcinoma confirmed by histopathology underwent T2-weighted imaging for localisation of the single voxel. Respiration-triggered (1)H MR spectroscopy was used to detect metabolites in normal pancreas and cancerous tissue. All spectral data were processed with SAGE software. Unsuppressed water at 4.7 ppm was used as an internal reference to determine metabolite concentrations. Each ratio among the different peak areas was statistically evaluated between normal pancreas and pancreatic carcinoma. RESULTS The following five groups of spectra were detected: unsaturated fatty acids (-CH = CH-) at 5.4 ppm; residual water at 4.7 ppm; choline metabolites at 3.2 ppm; unsaturated fatty acids (-CH2-CH = CH-) or a combination of N-acetylaspartate (NAA), N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG), glutamine, glutamate, macromolecules and unsaturated fatty acids (-CH2-CH = CH-) at 2.0 ppm and lipids at 1.3 ppm. Ratio of lipids to unsuppressed water in normal pancreas was statistically greater than that in pancreatic cancer (p=0.004). Ratio of choline to unsuppressed water in normal pancreas was statistically greater than that in pancreatic cancer (p=0.0001). Ratio of fatty acids (-CH = CH-) to lipids in normal pancreas was statistically lower than that in pancreatic cancer (p=0.006). CONCLUSIONS Compared with normal pancreas, pancreatic carcinoma has a higher ratio of fatty acids (-CH = CH-) to lipids and lower ratios of lipids to unsuppressed water and choline to unsuppressed water at 3T.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Yao
- Department of Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University and Department of Medical Image, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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