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McAnnis KE, Mbydeen TH, Jonnakuti VS, Davila PA, Laylani NA, Jurkute N, Ondo WG, Lee AG. Candidate GRN Variant in Patient With Progressive Supranuclear Palsy. J Neuroophthalmol 2024:00041327-990000000-00664. [PMID: 38913951 DOI: 10.1097/wno.0000000000002192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E McAnnis
- Western University of Pacific Health Sciences (KEM), Lebanon, Oregon; Department of Neurology (THM), University of Leicester, Kettering General Hospital, Kettering, United Kingdom; Medical Scientist Training Program (VSJ), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Department of Ophthalmology and Neurology (PAD, NAL, WO, AGL), Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas; Department of Neuro-ophthalmology (NJ), Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neuro-ophthalmology (NJ), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Ophthalmology (NJ), University College London, London, United Kingdom; Departments of Ophthalmology, Neurology, and Neurosurgery (WO, AGL), Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York; Department of Ophthalmology (AGL), University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (AGL), Houston, Texas; Texas A and M College of Medicine (AGL), Bryan, Texas; and Department of Ophthalmology (AGL), The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa
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2
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Liu C, Dong L, Wang J, Li J, Huang X, Lei D, Mao C, Chu S, Sha L, Xu Q, Peng B, Cui L, Gao J. GRN mutation spectrum and genotype-phenotype correlation in Chinese dementia patients: data from PUMCH dementia cohort. J Med Genet 2024; 61:543-548. [PMID: 38228392 DOI: 10.1136/jmg-2023-109499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND METHODS: The GRN mutations, especially of the loss of function type, are causative of frontotemporal dementia (FTD). However, several GRN variants can be found in other neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease. So far, there have been over 300 GRN mutations reported globally. However, the genetic spectrum and phenotypic characteristics have not been fully elucidated in Chinese population.The participants were from the dementia cohort of Peking Union Medical College Hospital (n=1945). They received history inquiry, cognitive evaluation, brain imaging and exome sequencing. The dementia subjects carrying the rare variants of the GRN were included in this study. Those with the pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants of other dementia-related genes were excluded. RESULTS 14 subjects carried the rare variants of GRN. They were clinically diagnosed with behavioural variant of FTD (n=2), non-fluent/agrammatic variant primary progressive aphasia (PPA, n=3), semantic variant PPA (n=1), AD (n=6) and mixed dementia (n=2). 13 rare variants of GRN were found, including 6 novel variants (W49X, S226G, M152I, A91E, G79E and A303S). The most prevalent symptom was amnesia (85.7%, 12/14), followed by psychiatric and behavioural disorder (78.6%, 11/14). In terms of lobar atrophy, temporal atrophy/hypometabolism was the most common (85.7%, 12/14), followed by parietal atrophy/hypometabolism (78.6%, 11/14). CONCLUSION The novel GRN variants identified in this study contribute to enrich the GRN mutation repertoire. There is phenotypic similarity and diversity among Chinese patients with the GRN mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyan Liu
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Dongcheng-qu, China
| | - Liling Dong
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Dongcheng-qu, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Dongcheng-qu, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Dongcheng-qu, China
| | - Xinying Huang
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Dongcheng-qu, China
| | - Dan Lei
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Dongcheng-qu, China
| | - Chenhui Mao
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Dongcheng-qu, China
| | - Shanshan Chu
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Dongcheng-qu, China
| | - Longze Sha
- Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Xu
- Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Peng
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Dongcheng-qu, China
| | - Liying Cui
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Dongcheng-qu, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Dongcheng-qu, China
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3
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Scott SR, Millwood SN, Manczak EM. Adipocytokine correlates of childhood and adolescent mental health: A systematic review. Dev Psychobiol 2023; 65:e22379. [PMID: 36946681 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this systematic review was to determine the current state of the literature regarding how adipocytokines associate with mental health symptoms/disorders in youth. Findings summarized in this review suggested that in neurodevelopmental disorders, higher levels of leptin, ghrelin, resistin, and visfatin as well as lower levels of adiponectin, retinol-binding protein 4, and progranulin predicted increased risk for or were conflated with autism spectrum disorder. Adipocytokine correlates of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and related symptoms included higher apelin, higher leptin-to-adiponectin ratio, and lower adiponectin. Evidence from studies examining anxiety symptoms evinced mixed results regarding leptin, and one study suggested higher levels of ghrelin. Depressive symptoms correlated with higher leptin and ghrelin. Research examining posttraumatic stress symptoms found higher levels of ghrelin. In research examining broadband symptoms, conflicting results emerged for associations between internalizing symptoms (i.e., symptoms of emotional stress) and leptin in youth. Low levels of adiponectin and high levels of leptin predicted externalizing symptoms. Total symptom difficulties were associated with a higher leptin-to-adiponectin ratio. Our findings suggest that adipocytokines may be an important set of biomarkers to consider as underlying mechanisms contributing to developmental psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha R Scott
- Biology, Environments, and Mood Studies Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Summer N Millwood
- Biology, Environments, and Mood Studies Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Erika M Manczak
- Biology, Environments, and Mood Studies Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
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Arzhanov I, Sintakova K, Romanyuk N. The Role of miR-20 in Health and Disease of the Central Nervous System. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091525. [PMID: 35563833 PMCID: PMC9100679 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Current understanding of the mechanisms underlying central nervous system (CNS) injury is limited, and traditional therapeutic methods lack a molecular approach either to prevent acute phase or secondary damage, or to support restorative mechanisms in the nervous tissue. microRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous, non-coding RNA molecules that have recently been discovered as fundamental and post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression. The capacity of microRNAs to regulate the cell state and function through post-transcriptionally silencing hundreds of genes are being acknowledged as an important factor in the pathophysiology of both acute and chronic CNS injuries. In this study, we have summarized the knowledge concerning the pathophysiology of several neurological disorders, and the role of most canonical miRNAs in their development. We have focused on the miR-20, the miR-17~92 family to which miR-20 belongs, and their function in the normal development and disease of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Arzhanov
- Department of Neuroregeneration, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (I.A.); (K.S.)
- Department of Neuroscience, 2nd Medical Faculty, Charles University, 150 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kristyna Sintakova
- Department of Neuroregeneration, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (I.A.); (K.S.)
- Department of Neuroscience, 2nd Medical Faculty, Charles University, 150 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Nataliya Romanyuk
- Department of Neuroregeneration, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (I.A.); (K.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Huber N, Korhonen S, Hoffmann D, Leskelä S, Rostalski H, Remes AM, Honkakoski P, Solje E, Haapasalo A. Deficient neurotransmitter systems and synaptic function in frontotemporal lobar degeneration-Insights into disease mechanisms and current therapeutic approaches. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:1300-1309. [PMID: 34799692 PMCID: PMC9095474 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01384-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) comprises a heterogenous group of fatal neurodegenerative diseases and, to date, no validated diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers or effective disease-modifying therapies exist for the different clinical or genetic subtypes of FTLD. Current treatment strategies rely on the off-label use of medications for symptomatic treatment. Changes in several neurotransmitter systems including the glutamatergic, GABAergic, dopaminergic, and serotonergic systems have been reported in FTLD spectrum disease patients. Many FTLD-related clinical and neuropsychiatric symptoms such as aggressive and compulsive behaviour, agitation, as well as altered eating habits and hyperorality can be explained by disturbances in these neurotransmitter systems, suggesting that their targeting might possibly offer new therapeutic options for treating patients with FTLD. This review summarizes the present knowledge on neurotransmitter system deficits and synaptic dysfunction in model systems and patients harbouring the most common genetic causes of FTLD, the hexanucleotide repeat expansion in C9orf72 and mutations in the granulin (GRN) and microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) genes. We also describe the current pharmacological treatment options for FLTD that target different neurotransmitter systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Huber
- grid.9668.10000 0001 0726 2490A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sonja Korhonen
- grid.9668.10000 0001 0726 2490A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Dorit Hoffmann
- grid.9668.10000 0001 0726 2490A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Stina Leskelä
- grid.9668.10000 0001 0726 2490A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hannah Rostalski
- grid.9668.10000 0001 0726 2490A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anne M. Remes
- grid.10858.340000 0001 0941 4873Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Neurology, University of Oulu, P. O. Box 8000, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland ,grid.412326.00000 0004 4685 4917MRC Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, P. O. Box 8000, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Paavo Honkakoski
- grid.9668.10000 0001 0726 2490School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland ,grid.10698.360000000122483208Department of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Eino Solje
- grid.9668.10000 0001 0726 2490Institute of Clinical Medicine—Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland ,grid.410705.70000 0004 0628 207XNeuro Center, Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, KYS, FI-70029 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Annakaisa Haapasalo
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
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6
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Nalls MA, Blauwendraat C, Sargent L, Vitale D, Leonard H, Iwaki H, Song Y, Bandres-Ciga S, Menden K, Faghri F, Heutink P, Cookson MR, Singleton AB. Evidence for GRN connecting multiple neurodegenerative diseases. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab095. [PMID: 34693284 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research using genome-wide association studies has identified variants that may contribute to lifetime risk of multiple neurodegenerative diseases. However, whether there are common mechanisms that link neurodegenerative diseases is uncertain. Here, we focus on one gene, GRN, encoding progranulin, and the potential mechanistic interplay between genetic risk, gene expression in the brain and inflammation across multiple common neurodegenerative diseases. We utilized genome-wide association studies, expression quantitative trait locus mapping and Bayesian colocalization analyses to evaluate potential causal and mechanistic inferences. We integrate various molecular data types from public resources to infer disease connectivity and shared mechanisms using a data-driven process. Expression quantitative trait locus analyses combined with genome-wide association studies identified significant functional associations between increasing genetic risk in the GRN region and decreased expression of the gene in Parkinson's, Alzheimer's and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Additionally, colocalization analyses show a connection between blood-based inflammatory biomarkers relating to platelets and GRN expression in the frontal cortex. GRN expression mediates neuroinflammation function related to multiple neurodegenerative diseases. This analysis suggests shared mechanisms for Parkinson's, Alzheimer's and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike A Nalls
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Data Tecnica International LLC, Glen Echo, MD 20812, USA
| | - Cornelis Blauwendraat
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lana Sargent
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dan Vitale
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Data Tecnica International LLC, Glen Echo, MD 20812, USA
| | - Hampton Leonard
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Data Tecnica International LLC, Glen Echo, MD 20812, USA.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Hirotaka Iwaki
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Data Tecnica International LLC, Glen Echo, MD 20812, USA
| | - Yeajin Song
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Data Tecnica International LLC, Glen Echo, MD 20812, USA
| | - Sara Bandres-Ciga
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kevin Menden
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Faraz Faghri
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Data Tecnica International LLC, Glen Echo, MD 20812, USA
| | - Peter Heutink
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Mark R Cookson
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Andrew B Singleton
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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7
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de Groot AE, Myers KV, Krueger TE, Kiemen AL, Nagy NH, Brame A, Torres VE, Zhang Z, Trabzonlu L, Brennen WN, Wirtz D, De Marzo AM, Amend SR, Pienta KJ. Characterization of tumor-associated macrophages in prostate cancer transgenic mouse models. Prostate 2021; 81:629-647. [PMID: 33949714 PMCID: PMC8720375 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are critical components of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in prostate cancer. Commonly used orthotopic models do not accurately reflect the complete TME of a human patient or the natural initiation and progression of a tumor. Therefore, genetically engineered mouse models are essential for studying the TME as well as advancing TAM-targeted therapies. Two common transgenic (TG) models of prostate cancer are Hi-Myc and transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP), but the TME and TAM characteristics of these models have not been well characterized. METHODS To advance the Hi-Myc and TRAMP models as tools for TAM studies, macrophage infiltration and characteristics were assessed using histopathologic, flow cytometric, and expression analyses in these models at various timepoints during tumor development and progression. RESULTS In both Hi-Myc and TRAMP models, macrophages adopt a more pro-tumor phenotype in higher histological grade tumors and in older prostate tissue. However, the Hi-Myc and TRAMP prostates differ in their macrophage density, with Hi-Myc tumors exhibiting increased macrophage density and TRAMP tumors exhibiting decreased macrophage density compared to age-matched wild type mice. CONCLUSIONS The macrophage density and the adenocarcinoma cancer subtype of Hi-Myc appear to better mirror patient tumors, suggesting that the Hi-Myc model is the more appropriate in vivo TG model for studying TAMs and TME-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber E. de Groot
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Kayla V. Myers
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Timothy E.G. Krueger
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ashley L. Kiemen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, MD
| | - Natalia H. Nagy
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Alexandria Brame
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Vicente E. Torres
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Zhongyuan Zhang
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Levent Trabzonlu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL
| | - W. Nathaniel Brennen
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Denis Wirtz
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Pathology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Angelo M. De Marzo
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Pathology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Sarah R. Amend
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Kenneth J. Pienta
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Corresponding author,
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8
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Hummel R, Lang M, Walderbach S, Wang Y, Tegeder I, Gölz C, Schäfer MKE. Single intracerebroventricular progranulin injection adversely affects the blood-brain barrier in experimental traumatic brain injury. J Neurochem 2021; 158:342-357. [PMID: 33899947 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) is a neurotrophic and anti-inflammatory factor with protective effects in animal models of ischemic stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and traumatic brain injury (TBI). Administration of recombinant (r) PGRN prevents exaggerated brain pathology after TBI in Grn-deficient mice, suggesting that local injection of recombinant progranulin (rPGRN) provides therapeutic benefit in the acute phase of TBI. To test this hypothesis, we subjected adult male C57Bl/6N mice to the controlled cortical impact model of TBI, administered a single dose of rPGRN intracerebroventricularly (ICV) shortly before the injury, and examined behavioral and biological effects up to 5 days post injury (dpi). The anti-inflammatory bioactivity of rPGRN was confirmed by its capability to inhibit the inflammation-induced hypertrophy of murine primary microglia and astrocytes in vitro. In C57Bl/6N mice, however, ICV administration of rPGRN failed to attenuate behavioral deficits over the 5-day observation period. (Immuno)histological gene and protein expression analyses at 5 dpi did not reveal a therapeutic benefit in terms of brain injury size, brain inflammation, glia activation, cell numbers in neurogenic niches, and neuronal damage. Instead, we observed a failure of TBI-induced mRNA upregulation of the tight junction protein occludin and increased extravasation of serum immunoglobulin G into the brain parenchyma at 5 dpi. In conclusion, single ICV administration of rPGRN had not the expected protective effects in the acute phase of murine TBI, but appeared to cause an aggravation of blood-brain barrier disruption. The data raise questions about putative PGRN-boosting approaches in other types of brain injuries and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Hummel
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Manuel Lang
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Simona Walderbach
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Irmgard Tegeder
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christina Gölz
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael K E Schäfer
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Focus Program Translational Neurosciences (FTN) of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI) of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Fujii A, Mizutani YH, Kawamura M, Matusyama K, Mizutani Y, Shu E, Seishima M. Serum progranulin level is a novel tool for monitoring disease activity of dermatomyositis with antimelanoma differentiation‐associated protein 5 antibodies. JOURNAL OF CUTANEOUS IMMUNOLOGY AND ALLERGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cia2.12160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Asami Fujii
- Department of Dermatology Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine Gifu Japan
| | - Yuki H. Mizutani
- Department of Dermatology Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine Gifu Japan
| | - Miho Kawamura
- Department of Dermatology Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine Gifu Japan
| | - Kanako Matusyama
- Department of Dermatology Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine Gifu Japan
| | - Yoko Mizutani
- Department of Dermatology Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine Gifu Japan
| | - En Shu
- Department of Dermatology Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine Gifu Japan
| | - Mariko Seishima
- Department of Dermatology Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine Gifu Japan
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10
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Early Reciprocal Effects in a Murine Model of Traumatic Brain Injury and Femoral Fracture. Mediators Inflamm 2021; 2021:8835730. [PMID: 33531878 PMCID: PMC7834824 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8835730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) represents a major cause of death and disability in early adulthood. Concomitant extracranial injury such as long bone fracture was reported to exacerbate TBI pathology. However, early reciprocal effects and mechanisms have been barely investigated. To address this issue, C57BL/6N mice were subjected to either the controlled cortical impact (CCI) model of TBI, fracture of the left femur (FF), combined injury (CCI+FF), or sham procedure. Behavioral alterations were monitored until 5 days post injury (dpi), followed by (immuno-)histology, gene and protein expression analyses using quantitative PCR, western blot, and ELISA. We found that CCI+FF mice exhibited increased neurological impairments, reduced recovery, and altered anxiety-related behavior compared to single injury groups. At 5 dpi, cerebral lesion size was not affected by combined injury but exaggerated hippocampal substance loss and increased perilesional astrogliosis were observed in CCI+FF mice compared to isolated CCI. Bone gene expression of the osteogenic markers Runx2, osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase, and bone sialoprotein was induced by fracture injury but attenuated by concomitant TBI. Plasma concentrations of the biomarkers osteopontin and progranulin were elevated in CCI+FF mice compared to other experimental groups. Taken together, using a murine model of TBI and femoral fracture, we report early reciprocal impairments of brain tissue maintenance, behavioral recovery, and bone repair gene expression. Increased circulating levels of the biomarkers osteopontin and progranulin indicate ongoing tissue inflammation and repair. Our results may have implications for future therapeutic approaches to interfere with the pathological crosstalk between TBI and concomitant bone fracture.
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11
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Kim YJ, Jeon HR, Kim SW, Kim YH, Im GB, Im J, Um SH, Cho SM, Lee JR, Kim HY, Joung YK, Kim DI, Bhang SH. Lightwave-reinforced stem cells with enhanced wound healing efficacy. J Tissue Eng 2021; 12:20417314211067004. [PMID: 34987748 PMCID: PMC8721371 DOI: 10.1177/20417314211067004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Comprehensive research has led to significant preclinical outcomes in modified human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hADSCs). Photobiomodulation (PBM), a technique to enhance the cellular capacity of stem cells, has attracted considerable attention owing to its effectiveness and safety. Here, we suggest a red organic light-emitting diode (OLED)-based PBM strategy to augment the therapeutic efficacy of hADSCs. In vitro assessments revealed that hADSCs basked in red OLED light exhibited enhanced angiogenesis, cell adhesion, and migration compared to naïve hADSCs. We demonstrated that the enhancement of cellular capacity was due to an increased level of intracellular reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, accelerated healing and regulated inflammatory response was observed in mice transplanted with red light-basked hADSCs. Overall, our findings suggest that OLED-based PBM may be an easily accessible and attractive approach for tissue regeneration that can be applied to various clinical stem cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jin Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering,
Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Ran Jeon
- Department of Health Sciences and
Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Republic of
Korea
- Division of Vascular Surgery,
Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine,
Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Won Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering,
Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Hwan Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering,
Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang-Bum Im
- School of Chemical Engineering,
Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisoo Im
- School of Chemical Engineering,
Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Soong Ho Um
- School of Chemical Engineering,
Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Min Cho
- School of Chemical Engineering,
Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Ro Lee
- Center for Biomaterials,
Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology,
Seoungbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Young Kim
- Department of Biomedical-Chemical
Engineering, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi, Republic
of Korea
| | - Yoon Ki Joung
- Center for Biomaterials,
Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology,
Seoungbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science
& Technology, University of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon,
Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Ik Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and
Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Republic of
Korea
- Division of Vascular Surgery,
Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine,
Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Ho Bhang
- School of Chemical Engineering,
Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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12
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Simpson DSA, Oliver PL. ROS Generation in Microglia: Understanding Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Neurodegenerative Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E743. [PMID: 32823544 PMCID: PMC7463655 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9080743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 415] [Impact Index Per Article: 103.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, are a global public health burden with poorly understood aetiology. Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress (OS) are undoubtedly hallmarks of neurodegeneration, contributing to disease progression. Protein aggregation and neuronal damage result in the activation of disease-associated microglia (DAM) via damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). DAM facilitate persistent inflammation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. However, the molecular mechanisms linking DAM activation and OS have not been well-defined; thus targeting these cells for clinical benefit has not been possible. In microglia, ROS are generated primarily by NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) and activation of NOX2 in DAM is associated with DAMP signalling, inflammation and amyloid plaque deposition, especially in the cerebrovasculature. Additionally, ROS originating from both NOX and the mitochondria may act as second messengers to propagate immune activation; thus intracellular ROS signalling may underlie excessive inflammation and OS. Targeting key kinases in the inflammatory response could cease inflammation and promote tissue repair. Expression of antioxidant proteins in microglia, such as NADPH dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1), is promoted by transcription factor Nrf2, which functions to control inflammation and limit OS. Lipid droplet accumulating microglia (LDAM) may also represent a double-edged sword in neurodegenerative disease by sequestering peroxidised lipids in non-pathological ageing but becoming dysregulated and pro-inflammatory in disease. We suggest that future studies should focus on targeted manipulation of NOX in the microglia to understand the molecular mechanisms driving inflammatory-related NOX activation. Finally, we discuss recent evidence that therapeutic target identification should be unbiased and founded on relevant pathophysiological assays to facilitate the discovery of translatable antioxidant and anti-inflammatory therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic S. A. Simpson
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK;
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Peter L. Oliver
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK;
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
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13
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Niklowitz P, Rothermel J, Lass N, Barth A, Reinehr T. Is there a link between progranulin, obesity, and parameters of the metabolic syndrome in children? Findings from a longitudinal intervention study. Pediatr Diabetes 2019; 20:1047-1055. [PMID: 31469472 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The inflammatory cytokine progranulin has been proposed to play a role in obesity and its associated comorbidities such as insulin resistance. OBJECTIVE In a longitudinal study, we analyzed the links between progranulin, parameters of fat mass, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in obese children. METHODS We measured the following parameters in 88 obese children at baseline, at the end of a 1-year lifestyle intervention and 1-year later (=2 years after baseline): progranulin, bioactive leptin, body mass index-SD score (BMI-SDS), waist circumference, body fat based on skinfold measurements and bioimpedance analyses, lipids, transaminases, insulin resistance index homeostasis model assessment (HOMA), and blood pressure. As a control, we determined progranulin in 23 normal-weight children. RESULTS The progranulin concentrations did not differ significantly (P = .795) between obese and normal-weight children. Progranulin concentrations decreased significantly during and after the lifestyle intervention in children with and without decrease of BMI-SDS. There was no relationship between progranulin concentrations and pubertal stage or gender. Progranulin was not significantly associated with insulin resistance HOMA, parameters of the MetS or transaminases both in cross-sectional and longitudinal multiple linear regression analyses adjusted to multiple confounders. Progranulin was significantly, negatively related to age (b-coefficient -1.24 ± .97, P = .012, r2 = .07). CONCLUSIONS Our data do not support the hypothesis that progranulin is an important link between obesity, insulin resistance, and MetS in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Niklowitz
- Vestische Hospital for Children and Adolescents Datteln, University of Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany
| | - Juliane Rothermel
- Vestische Hospital for Children and Adolescents Datteln, University of Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany
| | - Nina Lass
- Vestische Hospital for Children and Adolescents Datteln, University of Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany
| | - Andre Barth
- Vestische Hospital for Children and Adolescents Datteln, University of Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany
| | - Thomas Reinehr
- Vestische Hospital for Children and Adolescents Datteln, University of Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany
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14
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Farag AGA, Shoaib MA, Samaka RM, Abdou AG, Mandour MM, Ibrahim RAL. Progranulin and beta-catenin in psoriasis: An immunohistochemical study. J Cosmet Dermatol 2019; 18:2019-2026. [PMID: 31091001 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.12966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Progranulin (PGRN) is a secreted glycoprotein that was investigated in many skin diseases. It plays an important role in inflammatory response and autophagy which could be mediated through Wnt/β-catenin pathway. However, the role of PGRN in pathogenesis of psoriasis has not been clearly well-known. Therefore, we aimed by this study to investigate the possible role of progranulin in psoriasis pathogenesis through evaluation of its immunohistochemical expression in lesional and perilesional skin of psoriasis patients and to investigate if its hypothesized role is mediated through β-catenin or not. METHODS This case-control study was carried out on 37 patients presented with variable degrees of psoriasis vulgaris severity vs 37 age and sex-matched apparently healthy volunteers. Psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) score was used to evaluate the severity of psoriasis. From all cases (lesional and perilesional) and controls, skin biopsies were taken for histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluation of PGRN and β-catenin. RESULTS There was a significant stepwise upregulation of PGRN from controls (76.2 ± 11.9) to perilesional (178.7 ± 11.8) and lesional (242.7 ± 12.7) psoriatic skin (P < 0.001). PGRN expression was significantly correlated with psoriasis severity (r = 0.61; P < 0.001). β-catenin showed a significant stepwise downregulation from control (210.0 ± 19.3) to perilesional (131.4 ± 9.2) and lesional (97.3 ± 11.5) psoriatic skin(P < 0.001). There was a significant negative correlation between PGRN and β-catenin expression in psoriatic skin (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Progranulin has a pro-inflammatory effect in the psoriasis pathogenesis, which could be mediated through a decreasing β-catenin expression in psoriasis. PGRN may be used as a target for immunotherapy in psoriasis management program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza Gaber Antar Farag
- Department of Dermatology, Andrology and STDs, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El Kom, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Abdalmoneim Shoaib
- Department of Dermatology, Andrology and STDs, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El Kom, Egypt
| | - Rehab Mounir Samaka
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El Kom, Egypt
| | - Asmaa Gaber Abdou
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El Kom, Egypt
| | | | - Reda Abdel Latif Ibrahim
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El Kom, Egypt
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15
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van der Ende EL, Meeter LH, Stingl C, van Rooij JGJ, Stoop MP, Nijholt DAT, Sanchez-Valle R, Graff C, Öijerstedt L, Grossman M, McMillan C, Pijnenburg YAL, Laforce R, Binetti G, Benussi L, Ghidoni R, Luider TM, Seelaar H, van Swieten JC. Novel CSF biomarkers in genetic frontotemporal dementia identified by proteomics. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2019; 6:698-707. [PMID: 31019994 PMCID: PMC6469343 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify novel CSF biomarkers in GRN-associated frontotemporal dementia (FTD) by proteomics using mass spectrometry (MS). METHODS Unbiased MS was applied to CSF samples from 19 presymptomatic and 9 symptomatic GRN mutation carriers and 24 noncarriers. Protein abundances were compared between these groups. Proteins were then selected for validation if identified by ≥4 peptides and if fold change was ≤0.5 or ≥2.0. Validation and absolute quantification by parallel reaction monitoring (PRM), a high-resolution targeted MS method, was performed on an international cohort (n = 210) of presymptomatic and symptomatic GRN, C9orf72 and MAPT mutation carriers. RESULTS Unbiased MS revealed 20 differentially abundant proteins between symptomatic mutation carriers and noncarriers and nine between symptomatic and presymptomatic carriers. Seven of these proteins fulfilled our criteria for validation. PRM analyses revealed that symptomatic GRN mutation carriers had significantly lower levels of neuronal pentraxin receptor (NPTXR), receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase N2 (PTPRN2), neurosecretory protein VGF, chromogranin-A (CHGA), and V-set and transmembrane domain-containing protein 2B (VSTM2B) than presymptomatic carriers and noncarriers. Symptomatic C9orf72 mutation carriers had lower levels of NPTXR, PTPRN2, CHGA, and VSTM2B than noncarriers, while symptomatic MAPT mutation carriers had lower levels of NPTXR and CHGA than noncarriers. INTERPRETATION We identified and validated five novel CSF biomarkers in GRN-associated FTD. Our results show that synaptic, secretory vesicle, and inflammatory proteins are dysregulated in the symptomatic stage and may provide new insights into the pathophysiology of genetic FTD. Further validation is needed to investigate their clinical applicability as diagnostic or monitoring biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L van der Ende
- Department of Neurology Erasmus Medical Center PO Box 2040 3015 GD Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Lieke H Meeter
- Department of Neurology Erasmus Medical Center PO Box 2040 3015 GD Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Christoph Stingl
- Laboratory of Neuro-oncology Clinical and Cancer Proteomics Department of Neurology Erasmus Medical Center PO Box 2040 3000 CA Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen G J van Rooij
- Department of Neurology Erasmus Medical Center PO Box 2040 3015 GD Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine Erasmus Medical Center PO Box 2040 3015 GD Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Marcel P Stoop
- Laboratory of Neuro-oncology Clinical and Cancer Proteomics Department of Neurology Erasmus Medical Center PO Box 2040 3000 CA Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Diana A T Nijholt
- Laboratory of Neuro-oncology Clinical and Cancer Proteomics Department of Neurology Erasmus Medical Center PO Box 2040 3000 CA Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Raquel Sanchez-Valle
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit Department of Neurology Hospital Clínic Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer Villarroel, 170 08036 Barcelona Spain
| | - Caroline Graff
- Division of Neurogeriatrics Department NVS Karolinska Institutet Center for Alzheimer Research Visionsgatan 4 171 64 Solna Stockholm Sweden
- Unit for Hereditary Dementias Theme Aging Karolinska University Hospital-Solna 171 64 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Linn Öijerstedt
- Division of Neurogeriatrics Department NVS Karolinska Institutet Center for Alzheimer Research Visionsgatan 4 171 64 Solna Stockholm Sweden
- Unit for Hereditary Dementias Theme Aging Karolinska University Hospital-Solna 171 64 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Murray Grossman
- Department of Neurology Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Corey McMillan
- Department of Neurology Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Yolande A L Pijnenburg
- Alzheimer Center and Department of Neurology Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam VU University Medical Center PO Box 7057 1007 MB Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Robert Laforce
- Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (CIME) CHU de Québec Département des Sciences Neurologiques Université Laval Québec Québec Canada
| | - Giuliano Binetti
- Molecular Markers Laboratory IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli via Pilastroni 4 Brescia 25125 Italy
- MAC Memory Clinic IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli via Pilastroni 4 Brescia 25125 Italy
| | - Luisa Benussi
- Molecular Markers Laboratory IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli via Pilastroni 4 Brescia 25125 Italy
| | - Roberta Ghidoni
- Molecular Markers Laboratory IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli via Pilastroni 4 Brescia 25125 Italy
| | - Theo M Luider
- Laboratory of Neuro-oncology Clinical and Cancer Proteomics Department of Neurology Erasmus Medical Center PO Box 2040 3000 CA Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Harro Seelaar
- Department of Neurology Erasmus Medical Center PO Box 2040 3015 GD Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - John C van Swieten
- Department of Neurology Erasmus Medical Center PO Box 2040 3015 GD Rotterdam The Netherlands
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16
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Cysteine-rich granulin-3 rapidly promotes amyloid-β fibrils in both redox states. Biochem J 2019; 476:859-873. [PMID: 30782973 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Granulins (GRNs 1-7) are cysteine-rich proteolytic products of progranulin (PGRN) that have recently been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases including frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Their precise mechanism in these pathologies remains uncertain, but both inflammatory and lysosomal roles have been observed for GRNs. Among the seven GRNs, GRN-3 is well characterized and is implicated within the context of FTD. However, the relationship between GRN-3 and amyloid-β (Aβ), a protein relevant in AD pathology, has not yet been explored. To gain insight into this mechanism, we investigated the effect of both oxidized and reduced GRN-3 on Aβ aggregation and found that both GRN-3 (oxidized) and rGRN-3 (reduced) bind to monomeric and oligomeric Aβ42 to promote rapid fibril formation with subtle rate differences. As low molecular weight oligomers of Aβ are well-established neurotoxins, rapid promotion of fibrils by GRN-3 mitigates Aβ42-induced cellular apoptosis. These data provide valuable insights in understanding GRN-3's ability to modulate Aβ-induced toxicity under redox control and presents a new perspective toward AD pathology. These results also prompt further investigation into the role(s) of other GRNs in AD pathogenesis.
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17
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Pawlitzki M, Sweeney-Reed CM, Bittner D, Lux A, Vielhaber S, Schreiber S, Paul F, Neumann J. CSF-Progranulin and Neurofilament Light Chain Levels in Patients With Radiologically Isolated Syndrome-Sign of Inflammation. Front Neurol 2018; 9:1075. [PMID: 30619038 PMCID: PMC6305325 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.01075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers of disease in patients with radiologically isolated syndrome (RIS) are the subject of intense investigation, because they have the potential to enhance our understanding of the natural disease course and provide insights into similarities and differences between RIS and other multiple sclerosis (MS) disease identities. Methods: Here we compared neurofilament light chain (NFL) and progranulin (PGRN) levels in the CSF in RIS patients with levels in patients with different subtypes of MS and healthy controls (HC) using Kruskal–Wallis one-way analysis of variance. Results: Median CSF NFL concentrations in RIS patients did not differ to those in HC and clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) patients, but were significantly lower than in relapsing remitting (RRMS) and primary progressive (PPMS) MS patients. In contrast, RIS patients exhibited higher median CSF PGRN levels than HC and showed no significant differences compared with CIS, RRMS, and PPMS cases. Conclusion: We postulate that elevated PGRN values in the CSF of RIS patients might indicate inflammatory and repair activity prior to axonal disintegration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Pawlitzki
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital of Muenster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Daniel Bittner
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anke Lux
- Department for Biometrics and Medical Informatics, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Vielhaber
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schreiber
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Friedemann Paul
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Neurology, Berlin, Germany.,Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Neumann
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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18
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Arrant AE, Nicholson AM, Zhou X, Rademakers R, Roberson ED. Partial Tmem106b reduction does not correct abnormalities due to progranulin haploinsufficiency. Mol Neurodegener 2018; 13:32. [PMID: 29929528 PMCID: PMC6013889 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-018-0264-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Loss of function mutations in progranulin (GRN) are a major cause of frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Progranulin is a secreted glycoprotein that localizes to lysosomes and is critical for proper lysosomal function. Heterozygous GRN mutation carriers develop FTD with TDP-43 pathology and exhibit signs of lysosomal dysfunction in the brain, with increased levels of lysosomal proteins and lipofuscin accumulation. Homozygous GRN mutation carriers develop neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL), an earlier-onset lysosomal storage disorder caused by severe lysosomal dysfunction. Multiple genome-wide association studies have shown that risk of FTD in GRN mutation carriers is modified by polymorphisms in TMEM106B, which encodes a lysosomal membrane protein. Risk alleles of TMEM106B may increase TMEM106B levels through a variety of mechanisms. Brains from FTD patients with GRN mutations exhibit increased TMEM106B expression, and protective TMEM106B polymorphisms are associated with decreased TMEM106B expression. Together, these data raise the possibility that reduction of TMEM106B levels may protect against the pathogenic effects of progranulin haploinsufficiency. Methods We crossed Tmem106b+/− mice with Grn+/− mice, which model the progranulin haploinsufficiency of GRN mutation carriers and develop age-dependent social deficits and lysosomal abnormalities in the brain. We tested whether partial Tmem106b reduction could normalize the social deficits and lysosomal abnormalities of Grn+/− mice. Results Partial reduction of Tmem106b levels did not correct the social deficits of Grn+/− mice. Tmem106b reduction also failed to normalize most lysosomal abnormalities of Grn+/− mice, except for β-glucuronidase activity, which was suppressed by Tmem106b reduction and increased by progranulin insufficiency. Conclusions These data do not support the hypothesis that Tmem106b reduction protects against the pathogenic effects of progranulin haploinsufficiency, but do show that Tmem106b reduction normalizes some lysosomal phenotypes in Grn+/− mice. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13024-018-0264-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Arrant
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1825 University Blvd., SHEL, Birmingham, AL, 1110, USA
| | - Alexandra M Nicholson
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Xiaolai Zhou
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Rosa Rademakers
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
| | - Erik D Roberson
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1825 University Blvd., SHEL, Birmingham, AL, 1110, USA.
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19
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Progranulin Gene Therapy Improves Lysosomal Dysfunction and Microglial Pathology Associated with Frontotemporal Dementia and Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis. J Neurosci 2018; 38:2341-2358. [PMID: 29378861 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3081-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in progranulin, a lysosomal glycoprotein, cause neurodegenerative disease. Progranulin haploinsufficiency causes frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and complete progranulin deficiency causes CLN11 neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL). Progranulin replacement is a rational therapeutic strategy for these disorders, but there are critical unresolved mechanistic questions about a progranulin gene therapy approach, including its potential to reverse existing pathology. Here, we address these issues using an AAV vector (AAV-Grn) to deliver progranulin in Grn-/- mice (both male and female), which model aspects of NCL and FTD pathology, developing lysosomal dysfunction, lipofuscinosis, and microgliosis. We first tested whether AAV-Grn could improve preexisting pathology. Even with treatment after onset of pathology, AAV-Grn reduced lipofuscinosis in several brain regions of Grn-/- mice. AAV-Grn also reduced microgliosis in brain regions distant from the injection site. AAV-expressed progranulin was only detected in neurons, not in microglia, indicating that the microglial activation in progranulin deficiency can be improved by targeting neurons and thus may be driven at least in part by neuronal dysfunction. Even areas with sparse transduction and almost undetectable progranulin showed improvement, indicating that low-level replacement may be sufficiently effective. The beneficial effects of AAV-Grn did not require progranulin binding to sortilin. Finally, we tested whether AAV-Grn improved lysosomal function. AAV-derived progranulin was delivered to the lysosome, ameliorated the accumulation of LAMP-1 in Grn-/- mice, and corrected abnormal cathepsin D activity. These data shed light on progranulin biology and support progranulin-boosting therapies for NCL and FTD due to GRN mutations.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Heterozygous loss-of-function progranulin (GRN) mutations cause frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and homozygous mutations cause neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL). Here, we address several mechanistic questions about the potential of progranulin gene therapy for these disorders. GRN mutation carriers with NCL or FTD exhibit lipofuscinosis and Grn-/- mouse models develop a similar pathology. AAV-mediated progranulin delivery reduced lipofuscinosis in Grn-/- mice even after the onset of pathology. AAV delivered progranulin only to neurons, not microglia, but improved microgliosis in several brain regions, indicating cross talk between neuronal and microglial pathology. Its beneficial effects were sortilin independent. AAV-derived progranulin was delivered to lysosomes and corrected lysosomal abnormalities. These data provide in vivo support for the efficacy of progranulin-boosting therapies for FTD and NCL.
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20
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Curtis AF, Masellis M, Hsiung GYR, Moineddin R, Zhang K, Au B, Millett G, Mackenzie I, Rogaeva E, Tierney MC. Sex differences in the prevalence of genetic mutations in FTD and ALS: A meta-analysis. Neurology 2017; 89:1633-1642. [PMID: 28916533 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000004494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To conduct a meta-analysis that investigates sex differences in the prevalence of mutations in the 3 most common genes that cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD)-chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9orf72), progranulin (GRN), or microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT)-in patients clinically diagnosed with these conditions. METHODS MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PsycINFO databases were searched (inception to June 30, 2016). Studies of patients with FTD or ALS that reported the number of men and women with and without mutations of interest were selected. Female to male pooled risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for each mutation were calculated using random-effects models. RESULTS Thirty-two articles reporting 12,784 patients with ALS (including 1,244 C9orf72 mutation carriers) revealed a higher prevalence of female patients with C9orf72-related ALS (RR 1.16, 95% CI 1.04-1.29). Twenty-three articles reporting 5,320 patients with FTD (including 488 C9orf72 mutation carriers) revealed no sex differences in C9orf72-related FTD (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.81-1.12). Thirty-six articles reporting 3,857 patients with FTD (including 369 GRN mutation carriers) revealed a higher prevalence of female patients with GRN-related FTD (RR 1.33, 95% CI 1.09-1.62). Finally, 21 articles reporting 2,377 patients with FTD (including 215 MAPT mutation carriers) revealed no sex difference in MAPT-related FTD (RR 1.21, 95% CI 0.95-1.55). CONCLUSIONS Higher female prevalence of C9orf72 hexanucleotide repeat expansions in ALS and GRN mutations in FTD suggest that sex-related risk factors might moderate C9orf72 and GRN-mediated phenotypic expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley F Curtis
- From the Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute (A.F.C., M.M., K.Z., M.C.T.), Primary Care Research Unit (A.F.C., K.Z., B.A., G.M., M.C.T.), and Cognitive & Movement Disorders Clinic (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Toronto; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.) and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (I.M.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Departments of Family and Community Medicine (R.M., M.C.T.) and Medicine (E.R.) and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (E.R.), University of Toronto; and Department of Neuropathology (I.M.), Vancouver General Hospital, Canada
| | - Mario Masellis
- From the Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute (A.F.C., M.M., K.Z., M.C.T.), Primary Care Research Unit (A.F.C., K.Z., B.A., G.M., M.C.T.), and Cognitive & Movement Disorders Clinic (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Toronto; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.) and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (I.M.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Departments of Family and Community Medicine (R.M., M.C.T.) and Medicine (E.R.) and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (E.R.), University of Toronto; and Department of Neuropathology (I.M.), Vancouver General Hospital, Canada
| | - Ging-Yuek Robin Hsiung
- From the Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute (A.F.C., M.M., K.Z., M.C.T.), Primary Care Research Unit (A.F.C., K.Z., B.A., G.M., M.C.T.), and Cognitive & Movement Disorders Clinic (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Toronto; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.) and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (I.M.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Departments of Family and Community Medicine (R.M., M.C.T.) and Medicine (E.R.) and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (E.R.), University of Toronto; and Department of Neuropathology (I.M.), Vancouver General Hospital, Canada
| | - Rahim Moineddin
- From the Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute (A.F.C., M.M., K.Z., M.C.T.), Primary Care Research Unit (A.F.C., K.Z., B.A., G.M., M.C.T.), and Cognitive & Movement Disorders Clinic (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Toronto; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.) and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (I.M.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Departments of Family and Community Medicine (R.M., M.C.T.) and Medicine (E.R.) and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (E.R.), University of Toronto; and Department of Neuropathology (I.M.), Vancouver General Hospital, Canada
| | - Kathy Zhang
- From the Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute (A.F.C., M.M., K.Z., M.C.T.), Primary Care Research Unit (A.F.C., K.Z., B.A., G.M., M.C.T.), and Cognitive & Movement Disorders Clinic (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Toronto; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.) and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (I.M.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Departments of Family and Community Medicine (R.M., M.C.T.) and Medicine (E.R.) and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (E.R.), University of Toronto; and Department of Neuropathology (I.M.), Vancouver General Hospital, Canada
| | - Bonnie Au
- From the Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute (A.F.C., M.M., K.Z., M.C.T.), Primary Care Research Unit (A.F.C., K.Z., B.A., G.M., M.C.T.), and Cognitive & Movement Disorders Clinic (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Toronto; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.) and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (I.M.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Departments of Family and Community Medicine (R.M., M.C.T.) and Medicine (E.R.) and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (E.R.), University of Toronto; and Department of Neuropathology (I.M.), Vancouver General Hospital, Canada
| | - Geneva Millett
- From the Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute (A.F.C., M.M., K.Z., M.C.T.), Primary Care Research Unit (A.F.C., K.Z., B.A., G.M., M.C.T.), and Cognitive & Movement Disorders Clinic (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Toronto; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.) and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (I.M.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Departments of Family and Community Medicine (R.M., M.C.T.) and Medicine (E.R.) and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (E.R.), University of Toronto; and Department of Neuropathology (I.M.), Vancouver General Hospital, Canada
| | - Ian Mackenzie
- From the Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute (A.F.C., M.M., K.Z., M.C.T.), Primary Care Research Unit (A.F.C., K.Z., B.A., G.M., M.C.T.), and Cognitive & Movement Disorders Clinic (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Toronto; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.) and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (I.M.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Departments of Family and Community Medicine (R.M., M.C.T.) and Medicine (E.R.) and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (E.R.), University of Toronto; and Department of Neuropathology (I.M.), Vancouver General Hospital, Canada
| | - Ekaterina Rogaeva
- From the Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute (A.F.C., M.M., K.Z., M.C.T.), Primary Care Research Unit (A.F.C., K.Z., B.A., G.M., M.C.T.), and Cognitive & Movement Disorders Clinic (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Toronto; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.) and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (I.M.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Departments of Family and Community Medicine (R.M., M.C.T.) and Medicine (E.R.) and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (E.R.), University of Toronto; and Department of Neuropathology (I.M.), Vancouver General Hospital, Canada
| | - Mary C Tierney
- From the Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute (A.F.C., M.M., K.Z., M.C.T.), Primary Care Research Unit (A.F.C., K.Z., B.A., G.M., M.C.T.), and Cognitive & Movement Disorders Clinic (M.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Toronto; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.) and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (I.M.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Departments of Family and Community Medicine (R.M., M.C.T.) and Medicine (E.R.) and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (E.R.), University of Toronto; and Department of Neuropathology (I.M.), Vancouver General Hospital, Canada.
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Van Kampen JM, Kay DG. Progranulin gene delivery reduces plaque burden and synaptic atrophy in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182896. [PMID: 28837568 PMCID: PMC5570501 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) is a multifunctional protein that is widely expressed throughout the brain, where it has been shown to act as a critical regulator of CNS inflammation and also functions as an autocrine neuronal growth factor, important for long-term neuronal survival. PGRN has been shown to activate cell signaling pathways regulating excitoxicity, oxidative stress, and synaptogenesis, as well as amyloidogenesis. Together, these critical roles in the CNS suggest that PGRN has the potential to be an important therapeutic target for the treatment of various neurodegenerative disorders, particularly Alzheimer’s disease (AD). AD is the leading cause of dementia and is marked by the appearance of extracellular plaques consisting of aggregates of amyloid-β (Aβ), as well as neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, neuronal loss and synaptic atrophy. The ability of PGRN to target multiple key features of AD pathophysiology suggests that enhancing its expression may benefit this disease. Here, we describe the application of PGRN gene transfer using in vivo delivery of lentiviral expression vectors in a transgenic mouse model of AD. Viral vector delivery of the PGRN gene effectively enhanced PGRN expression in the hippocampus of Tg2576 mice. This elevated PGRN expression significantly reduced amyloid plaque burden in these mice, accompanied by reductions in markers of inflammation and synaptic atrophy. The overexpression of PGRN was also found to increase activity of neprilysin, a key amyloid beta degrading enzyme. PGRN regulation of neprilysin activity could play a major role in the observed alterations in plaque burden. Thus, PGRN may be an effective therapeutic target for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackalina M. Van Kampen
- Neurodyn Inc., Charlottetown, PE, Canada
- Dept. Biomedical Science, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
- Dept. Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Denis G. Kay
- Neurodyn Inc., Charlottetown, PE, Canada
- Dept. Pathology and Microbiology, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
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Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is the second most common cause of dementia following Alzheimer's disease (AD). Between 20 and 50% of cases are familial. Mutations in MAPT, GRN and C9orf72 are found in 60% of familial FTD cases. C9orf72 mutations are the most common and account for 25%. Rarer mutations (<5%) occur in other genes such as VPC, CHMP2B, TARDP, FUS, ITM2B, TBK1 and TBP. The diagnosis is often challenging due to symptom overlap with AD and other conditions. We review the genetics, clinical presentations, neuroimaging, neuropathology, animal studies and therapeutic trials in FTD. We describe clinical scenarios including the original family with the tau stem loop mutation (+14) and also the recently discovered 'missing tau' mutation +15 that 'closed the loop' in 2015.
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Hinz FI, Geschwind DH. Molecular Genetics of Neurodegenerative Dementias. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a023705. [PMID: 27940516 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a023705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative dementias are clinically heterogeneous, progressive diseases with frequently overlapping symptoms, such as cognitive impairments and behavior and movement deficits. Although a majority of cases appear to be sporadic, there is a large genetic component that has yet to be fully explained. Here, we review the recent genetic and genomic findings pertaining to Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia, Lewy body dementia, and prion dementia. In this review, we describe causal and susceptibility genes identified for these dementias and discuss recent research pertaining to the molecular function of these genes. Of particular interest, there is a large overlap in clinical phenotypes, genes, and/or aggregating protein products involved in these diseases, as well as frequent comorbid presentation, indicating that these dementias may represent a continuum of syndromes rather than individual diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora I Hinz
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095.,Center for Autism Research and Treatment and Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90024
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Mutation Frequency of the Major Frontotemporal Dementia Genes, MAPT, GRN and C9ORF72 in a Turkish Cohort of Dementia Patients. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162592. [PMID: 27632209 PMCID: PMC5025192 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
‘Microtubule-associated protein tau’ (MAPT), ‘granulin’ (GRN) and ‘chromosome 9 open reading frame72’ (C9ORF72) gene mutations are the major known genetic causes of frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Recent studies suggest that mutations in these genes may also be associated with other forms of dementia. Therefore we investigated whether MAPT, GRN and C9ORF72 gene mutations are major contributors to dementia in a random, unselected Turkish cohort of dementia patients. A combination of whole-exome sequencing, Sanger sequencing and fragment analysis/Southern blot was performed in order to identify pathogenic mutations and novel variants in these genes as well as other FTD-related genes such as the ‘charged multivesicular body protein 2B’ (CHMP2B), the ‘FUS RNA binding protein’ (FUS), the ‘TAR DNA binding protein’ (TARDBP), the ‘sequestosome1’ (SQSTM1), and the ‘valosin containing protein’ (VCP). We determined one pathogenic MAPT mutation (c.1906C>T, p.P636L) and one novel missense variant (c.38A>G, p.D13G). In GRN we identified a probably pathogenic TGAG deletion in the splice donor site of exon 6. Three patients were found to carry the GGGGCC expansions in the non-coding region of the C9ORF72 gene. In summary, a complete screening for mutations in MAPT, GRN and C9ORF72 genes revealed a frequency of 5.4% of pathogenic mutations in a random cohort of 93 Turkish index patients with dementia.
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Abstract
The diagnostic hallmarks of hippocampal sclerosis (HS) are severe volume loss of the hippocampus, severe neuronal loss, and reactive gliosis involving primarily two especially vulnerable fields, CA1 and the subiculum. Occasionally, HS may be the only neuropathological change detected in older individuals with dementia and is known as pure HS. In the majority of cases, HS occurs in the setting of other degenerative changes, usually Alzheimer's disease (AD). In these cases, it is classified as combined HS. Although a clinical profile for HS has been identified, its similarities with AD make the diagnosis during life quite challenging; thus, the diagnosis is often made postmortem. The pathogenesis of HS is not completely understood, but the strong association with transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43), in approximately 90%, and the recent discovery of genetic risk factors are important contributions to a better understanding of the disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana R Dutra
- Division of Aging and Dementia, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, 622 West 168th Street, PH-19, Room 121, New York, NY, 10032, USA,
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Meeter LH, Patzke H, Loewen G, Dopper EG, Pijnenburg YA, van Minkelen R, van Swieten JC. Progranulin Levels in Plasma and Cerebrospinal Fluid in Granulin Mutation Carriers. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra 2016; 6:330-340. [PMID: 27703466 PMCID: PMC5040889 DOI: 10.1159/000447738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathogenic mutations in the granulin gene (GRN) are causative in 5-10% of patients with frontotemporal dementia (FTD), mostly leading to reduced progranulin protein (PGRN) levels. Upcoming therapeutic trials focus on enhancing PGRN levels. METHODS Fluctuations in plasma PGRN (n = 41) and its relationship with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF, n = 32) and specific single nucleotide polymorphisms were investigated in pre- and symptomatic GRN mutation carriers and controls. RESULTS Plasma PGRN levels were lower in carriers than in controls and showed a mean coefficient of variation of 5.3% in carriers over 1 week. Although plasma PGRN correlated with CSF PGRN in carriers (r = 0.54, p = 0.02), plasma only explained 29% of the variability in CSF PGRN. rs5848, rs646776 and rs1990622 genotypes only partly explained the variability of PGRN levels between subjects. CONCLUSIONS Plasma PGRN is relatively stable over 1 week and therefore seems suitable for treatment monitoring of PGRN-enhancing agents. Since plasma PGRN only moderately correlated with CSF PGRN, CSF sampling will additionally be needed in therapeutic trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieke H.H. Meeter
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Holger Patzke
- Department of FORUM Pharmaceuticals Inc., Waltham, Mass., USA
| | - Gordon Loewen
- Department of FORUM Pharmaceuticals Inc., Waltham, Mass., USA
| | - Elise G.P. Dopper
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yolande A.L. Pijnenburg
- Department of Alzheimer Center and Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rick van Minkelen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John C. van Swieten
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Progranulin Reduced Neuronal Cell Death by Activation of Sortilin 1 Signaling Pathways After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Rats. Crit Care Med 2015; 43:e304-e311. [PMID: 26010686 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000001096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Progranulin has been reported to have neuroprotective actions in cultured neurons. This study investigated the effect of recombinant rat progranulin on early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage. DESIGN Controlled in vivo laboratory study. SETTING Animal research laboratory. SUBJECTS Two hundred thirty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 280-320 g. INTERVENTIONS Subarachnoid hemorrhage was induced in rats by endovascular perforation. Rat recombinant progranulin (1 and 3 ng) was administrated intracerebroventricularly at 1.5 hours after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Progranulin small interfering RNA was administrated by intracerebroventricularly at 1 day before subarachnoid hemorrhage induction. Subarachnoid hemorrhage grade, neurologic score, and brain water content were measured at 24 and 72 hours after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neural apoptosis was evaluated by double immunofluorescence staining using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated uridine 5'-triphosphate-biotin nick-end labeling and neuronal nuclei. For mechanistic study, the expression of progranulin, phosphorylated Akt, Akt, p-Erk, Erk, Bcl-2, and cleaved caspase-3 were analyzed by Western blot at 24 hours after subarachnoid hemorrhage. siRNA for sortilin 1 (a progranulin receptor) was used to intervene the downstream pathway. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The expression of progranulin decreased and reached the lowest point at 24 hours after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Administration of rat recombinant progranulin decreased brain water content and improved neurologic functions at both 24 and 72 hours after subarachnoid hemorrhage, while knockdown of endogenous progranulin aggravated neurologic deficits after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Rat recombinant progranulin treatment reduced neuronal apoptosis, while progranulin deficiency promoted neuronal apoptosis at 24 hours after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Rat recombinant progranulin promoted Akt activation, increased Bcl-2 level, but reduced caspase-3 level. Knockdown of progranulin binding factor sortilin 1 abolished the beneficial effects of rat recombinant progranulin at 24 hours after subarachnoid hemorrhage. CONCLUSION Rat recombinant progranulin alleviated neuronal death via sortilin 1-mediated and Akt-related antiapoptosis pathway. Rat recombinant progranulin may have potentials to ameliorate early brain injury for subarachnoid hemorrhage patients.
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Serum Levels of Progranulin Are Closely Associated with Microvascular Complication in Type 2 Diabetes. DISEASE MARKERS 2015; 2015:357279. [PMID: 26106251 PMCID: PMC4464678 DOI: 10.1155/2015/357279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Objective. Progranulin (PGRN) was recently introduced as a novel marker of chronic inflammatory response in obesity and type 2 diabetes capable of directly affecting the insulin signaling pathway. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between PGRN and type 2 diabetics with microvascular complications. Methods. PGRN serum levels and glucose metabolism related substance were measured in 84 type 2 diabetic patients with or without microangiopathies and 12 health persons. Further analyses of serum PGRN in different stages of diabetic microangiopathies were conducted. Results. Serum levels of PGRN were markedly higher in type 2 diabetic patients with microangiopathies. PGRN serum levels increased with the progress of diabetic microangiopathies with significantly highest values detectable in clinical diabetic nephropathy (CDN) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) groups. Serum PGRN concentrations in all individuals positively and markedly correlated with systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), body mass index (BMI), triglyceride (TG), urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (CRE), white blood cell (WBC), disease duration, IL-6, and TNF-α, while correlating negatively and significantly with eGFR. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that only UAER and CRE were independently associated with serum PGRN. Conclusion. PGRN might be considered as a marker for diabetic microangiopathy and its severity.
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de la Encarnación A, Alquézar C, Esteras N, Martín-Requero Á. Progranulin Deficiency Reduces CDK4/6/pRb Activation and Survival of Human Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 52:1714-1725. [PMID: 25377796 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8965-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Null mutations in GRN are associated with frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 inclusions (FTLD-TDP). However, the influence of progranulin (PGRN) deficiency in neurodegeneration is largely unknown. In neuroblastoma cells, silencing of GRN gene causes significantly reduced cell survival after serum withdrawal. The following observations suggest that alterations of the CDK4/6/retinoblastoma protein (pRb) pathway, secondary to changes in PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 activation induced by PGRN deficiency, are involved in the control of serum deprivation-induced apoptosis: (i) inhibiting CDK4/6 levels or their associated kinase activity by sodium butyrate or PD332991 sensitized control SH-SY5Y cells to serum deprivation-induced apoptosis without affecting survival of PGRN-deficient cells; (ii) CDK4/6/pRb seems to be downstream of the PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 signaling pathways since their specific inhibitors, LY294002 and PD98059, were able to decrease CDK6-associated kinase activity and induce death of control SH-SY5Y cells; (iii) PGRN-deficient cells show reduced stimulation of PI3K/Akt, ERK1/2, and CDK4/6 activities compared with control cells in the absence of serum; and (iv) supplementation of recombinant human PGRN was able to rescue survival of PGRN-deficient cells. These observations highlight the important role of PGRN-mediated stimulation of the PI3K/Akt-ERK1/2/CDK4/6/pRb pathway in determining the cell fate survival/death under serum deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana de la Encarnación
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Alquézar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Monforte de Lemos 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noemí Esteras
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Ángeles Martín-Requero
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Monforte de Lemos 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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Van Kampen JM, Baranowski D, Kay DG. Progranulin gene delivery protects dopaminergic neurons in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97032. [PMID: 24804730 PMCID: PMC4013129 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by tremor, rigidity and akinesia/bradykinesia resulting from the progressive loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. To date, only symptomatic treatment is available for PD patients, with no effective means of slowing or stopping the progression of the disease. Progranulin (PGRN) is a 593 amino acid multifunction protein that is widely distributed throughout the CNS, localized primarily in neurons and microglia. PGRN has been demonstrated to be a potent regulator of neuroinflammation and also acts as an autocrine neurotrophic factor, important for long-term neuronal survival. Thus, enhancing PGRN expression may strengthen the cells resistance to disease. In the present study, we have used the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) model of PD to investigate the possible use of PGRN gene delivery as a therapy for the prevention or treatment of PD. Viral vector delivery of the PGRN gene was an effective means of elevating PGRN expression in nigrostriatal neurons. When PGRN expression was elevated in the SNC, nigrostriatal neurons were protected from MPTP toxicity in mice, along with a preservation of striatal dopamine content and turnover. Further, protection of nigrostriatal neurons by PGRN gene therapy was accompanied by reductions in markers of MPTP-induced inflammation and apoptosis as well as a complete preservation of locomotor function. We conclude that PGRN gene therapy may have beneficial effects in the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackalina M. Van Kampen
- Neurodyn Inc., Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Denis G. Kay
- Neurodyn Inc., Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
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Suh HS, Gelman BB, Lee SC. Potential roles of microglial cell progranulin in HIV-associated CNS pathologies and neurocognitive impairment. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2014; 9:117-32. [PMID: 23959579 PMCID: PMC3930627 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-013-9495-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) is a highly unusual molecule with both neuronal and microglial expression with two seemingly unrelated functions, i.e., as a neuronal growth factor and a modulator of neuroinflammation. Haploinsufficiency due to loss of function mutations lead to a fatal presenile dementing illness (frontotemporal lobar degeneration), indicating that adequate expression of PGRN is essential for successful aging. PGRN might be a particularly relevant factor in the pathogenesis of HIVencephalitis (HIVE) and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). We present emerging data and a review of the literature which show that cells of myeloid lineage such as macrophages and microglia are the primary sources of PGRN and that PGRN expression contributes to pathogenesis of CNS diseases. We also present evidence that PGRN is a macrophage antiviral cytokine. For example, PGRN mRNA and protein expression are significantly upregulated in brain specimens with HIVE, and in HIV infected microglia in vitro. Paradoxically, our preliminary CHARTER data analyses indicate that lower PGRN levels in CSF trended towards an association with HAND, particularly in those without detectable virus. Based upon these findings, we introduce the hypothesis that PGRN plays dual roles in modulating antiviral immunity and neuronal dysfunction in the context of HIV infection. In the presence of active viral replication, PGRN expression is increased functioning as an anti-viral factor as well as a neuroprotectant. In the absence of active HIV replication, ongoing inflammation or other stressors suppress PGRN production from macrophages/microglia contributing to neurocognitive dysfunction. We propose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Sook Suh
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Benjamin B. Gelman
- Departments of Pathology and Neuroscience & Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Sunhee C. Lee
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
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Nguyen AD, Nguyen TA, Martens LH, Mitic LL, Farese RV. Progranulin: at the interface of neurodegenerative and metabolic diseases. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2013; 24:597-606. [PMID: 24035620 PMCID: PMC3842380 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Progranulin is a widely expressed, cysteine-rich, secreted glycoprotein originally discovered for its growth factor-like properties. Its subsequent identification as a causative gene for frontotemporal dementia (FTD), a devastating early-onset neurodegenerative disease, has catalyzed a surge of new discoveries about progranulin function in the brain. More recently, progranulin was recognized as an adipokine involved in diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance, revealing its metabolic function. We review here progranulin biology in both neurodegenerative and metabolic diseases. In particular, we highlight the growth factor-like, trophic, and anti-inflammatory properties of progranulin as potential unifying themes in these seemingly divergent conditions. We also discuss potential therapeutic options for raising progranulin levels to treat progranulin-deficient FTD, as well as the possible consequences of such treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Nguyen
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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Neltner JH, Abner EL, Baker S, Schmitt FA, Kryscio RJ, Jicha GA, Smith CD, Hammack E, Kukull WA, Brenowitz WD, Van Eldik LJ, Nelson PT. Arteriolosclerosis that affects multiple brain regions is linked to hippocampal sclerosis of ageing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 137:255-67. [PMID: 24271328 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hippocampal sclerosis of ageing is a prevalent brain disease that afflicts older persons and has been linked with cerebrovascular pathology. Arteriolosclerosis is a subtype of cerebrovascular pathology characterized by concentrically thickened arterioles. Here we report data from multiple large autopsy series (University of Kentucky Alzheimer's Disease Centre, Nun Study, and National Alzheimer's Coordinating Centre) showing a specific association between hippocampal sclerosis of ageing pathology and arteriolosclerosis. The present analyses incorporate 226 cases of autopsy-proven hippocampal sclerosis of ageing and 1792 controls. Case-control comparisons were performed including digital pathological assessments for detailed analyses of blood vessel morphology. We found no evidence of associations between hippocampal sclerosis of ageing pathology and lacunar infarcts, large infarcts, Circle of Willis atherosclerosis, or cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Individuals with hippocampal sclerosis of ageing pathology did not show increased rates of clinically documented hypertension, diabetes, or other cardiac risk factors. The correlation between arteriolosclerosis and hippocampal sclerosis of ageing pathology was strong in multiple brain regions outside of the hippocampus. For example, the presence of arteriolosclerosis in the frontal cortex (Brodmann area 9) was strongly associated with hippocampal sclerosis of ageing pathology (P < 0.001). This enables informative evaluation of anatomical regions outside of the hippocampus. To assess the morphology of brain microvasculature far more rigorously than what is possible using semi-quantitative pathological scoring, we applied digital pathological (Aperio ScanScope) methods on a subsample of frontal cortex sections from hippocampal sclerosis of ageing (n = 15) and control (n = 42) cases. Following technical studies to optimize immunostaining methods for small blood vessel visualization, our analyses focused on sections immunostained for smooth muscle actin (a marker of arterioles) and CD34 (an endothelial marker), with separate analyses on grey and white matter. A total of 43 834 smooth muscle actin-positive vascular profiles and 603 798 CD34-positive vascular profiles were evaluated. In frontal cortex of cases with hippocampal sclerosis of ageing, smooth muscle actin-immunoreactive arterioles had thicker walls (P < 0.05), larger perimeters (P < 0.03), and larger vessel areas (P < 0.03) than controls. Unlike the arterioles, CD34-immunoreactive capillaries had dimensions that were unchanged in cases with hippocampal sclerosis of ageing versus controls. Arteriolosclerosis appears specific to hippocampal sclerosis of ageing brains, because brains with Alzheimer's disease pathology did not show the same morphological alterations. We conclude that there may be a pathogenetic change in aged human brain arterioles that impacts multiple brain areas and contributes to hippocampal sclerosis of ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna H Neltner
- 1 Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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Crevicular fluid and serum concentrations of progranulin and high sensitivity CRP in chronic periodontitis and type 2 diabetes. DISEASE MARKERS 2013; 35:389-94. [PMID: 24191130 PMCID: PMC3809747 DOI: 10.1155/2013/803240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction. This study was designed to correlate the serum and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of progranulin (PGRN) and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs CRP) in chronic periodontitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Design. PGRN and hs CRP levels were estimated in 3 groups: healthy, chronic periodontitis, and type 2 DM with chronic periodontitis. Results. The mean PGRN and hs CRP concentrations in serum and GCF were the highest for group 3 followed by group 2 and the least in group 1. Conclusion. PGRN and hs CRP may be biomarkers of the inflammatory response in type 2 DM and chronic periodontitis.
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Abstract
The DNA binding activity of the photosystem-specific repressor PpsR is known to be repressed by the antirepressor AppA. AppA contains a blue-light-absorbing BLUF domain and a heme-binding SCHIC domain that controls the interaction of AppA with PpsR in response to light and heme availability. In this study, we have solved the structure of the SCHIC domain and identified the histidine residue that is critical for heme binding. We also demonstrate that dark-adapted AppA binds heme better than light-excited AppA does and that heme bound to the SCHIC domain significantly reduces the length of the BLUF photocycle. We further show that heme binding to the SCHIC domain is affected by the redox state of a disulfide bridge located in the Cys-rich carboxyl-terminal region. These results demonstrate that light, redox, and heme are integrated inputs that control AppA’s ability to disrupt the DNA binding activity of PpsR. Photosynthetic bacteria must coordinate synthesis of the tetrapyrroles cobalamin, heme, and bacteriochlorophyll, as overproduction of the latter two is toxic to cells. A key regulator controlling tetrapyrrole biosynthesis is PpsR, and the activity of PpsR is controlled by the heme-binding and light-regulated antirepressor AppA. We show that AppA binds heme only under dark conditions and that heme binding significantly affects the length of the AppA photocycle. Since AppA interacts with PpsR only in the dark, bound heme thus stimulates the antirepressor activity of PpsR. This causes the redirection of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis away from heme into the bacteriochlorophyll branch.
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Goldman JS. New approaches to genetic counseling and testing for Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal degeneration. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2013; 12:502-10. [PMID: 22773362 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-012-0296-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of new autosomal dominant and susceptibility genes for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and frontotemporal degeneration (FTD) is revealing important new information about the neurodegenerative process and the risk for acquiring these diseases. It is becoming increasingly clear that both the mechanisms that drive these diseases and their phenotypes overlap. New technologies will assist access to genetic testing but may increase difficulty with genetic test interpretation. Thus, the process of genetic counseling and testing for these diseases is becoming more complex. This article will review current knowledge on the genetics of AD and FTD and suggest clinical guidelines for helping families to navigate through these complexities. The implications of future discoveries will be offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill S Goldman
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 W. 168th St., P & S Box 16, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Sun L, Eriksen JL. Recent insights into the involvement of progranulin in frontotemporal dementia. Curr Neuropharmacol 2012; 9:632-42. [PMID: 22654721 PMCID: PMC3263457 DOI: 10.2174/157015911798376361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Progranulin is a widely expressed protein that is involved in the regulation of multiple biological processes, including embryogenesis, host defense, and wound repair. In the central nervous system, progranulin is constitutively expressed at modest levels in neurons and microglia, but shows dramatic microglial immunoreactivity in degenerative diseases that exhibit prominent neuroinflammation. In addition to the role that PGRN plays in the periphery, its expression is of critical importance in brain health, as demonstrated by recent discovery that progranulin haploinsufficiency results in familial frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Since progranulin deficiency was first described, there has been an intense ongoing effort to decipher the mysterious role that this protein plays in dementia. This review provides an update on our understanding of the possible neuronal function and discusses the challenging problems related to progranulin expression within genetics, cell biology, and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Sun
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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Alquezar C, Esteras N, Alzualde A, Moreno F, Ayuso MS, López de Munain A, Martín-Requero Á. Inactivation of CDK/pRb pathway normalizes survival pattern of lymphoblasts expressing the FTLD-progranulin mutation c.709-1G>A. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37057. [PMID: 22623979 PMCID: PMC3356399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in the progranulin (PGRN) gene, leading to haploinsufficiency, cause familial frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD-TDP), although the pathogenic mechanism of PGRN deficit is largely unknown. Allelic loss of PGRN was previously shown to increase the activity of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) CDK6/pRb pathway in lymphoblasts expressing the c.709-1G>A PGRN mutation. Since members of the CDK family appear to play a role in neurodegenerative disorders and in apoptotic death of neurons subjected to various insults, we investigated the role of CDK6/pRb in cell survival/death mechanisms following serum deprivation. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We performed a comparative study of cell viability after serum withdrawal of established lymphoblastoid cell lines from control and carriers of c.709-1G>A PGRN mutation, asymptomatic and FTLD-TDP diagnosed individuals. Our results suggest that the CDK6/pRb pathway is enhanced in the c.709-1G>A bearing lymphoblasts. Apparently, this feature allows PGRN-deficient cells to escape from serum withdrawal-induced apoptosis by decreasing the activity of executive caspases and lowering the dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential and the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria. Inhibitors of CDK6 expression levels like sodium butyrate or the CDK6 activity such as PD332991 were able to restore the vulnerability of lymphoblasts from FTLD-TDP patients to trophic factor withdrawal. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE The use of PGRN-deficient lymphoblasts from FTLD-TDP patients may be a useful model to investigate cell biochemical aspects of this disease. It is suggested that CDK6 could be potentially a therapeutic target for the treatment of the FTLD-TDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Alquezar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
| | - Noemí Esteras
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ainhoa Alzualde
- Neuroscience Area-Institute Biodonostia, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Fermín Moreno
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Donostia, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Matilde S. Ayuso
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
| | - Adolfo López de Munain
- Neuroscience Area-Institute Biodonostia, San Sebastian, Spain
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Donostia, San Sebastian, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángeles Martín-Requero
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Suh HS, Choi N, Tarassishin L, Lee SC. Regulation of progranulin expression in human microglia and proteolysis of progranulin by matrix metalloproteinase-12 (MMP-12). PLoS One 2012; 7:e35115. [PMID: 22509390 PMCID: PMC3324426 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The essential role of progranulin (PGRN) as a neurotrophic factor has been demonstrated by the discovery that haploinsufficiency due to GRN gene mutations causes frontotemporal lobar dementia. In addition to neurons, microglia in vivo express PGRN, but little is known about the regulation of PGRN expression by microglia. Goal In the current study, we examined the regulation of expression and function of PGRN, its proteolytic enzyme macrophage elastase (MMP-12), as well as the inhibitor of PGRN proteolysis, secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), in human CNS cells. Methods Cultures of primary human microglia and astrocytes were stimulated with the TLR ligands (LPS or poly IC), Th1 cytokines (IL-1/IFNγ), or Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-13). Results were analyzed by Q-PCR, immunoblotting or ELISA. The roles of MMP-12 and SLPI in PGRN cleavage were also examined. Results Unstimulated microglia produced nanogram levels of PGRN, and PGRN release from microglia was suppressed by the TLR ligands or IL-1/IFNγ, but increased by IL-4 or IL-13. Unexpectedly, while astrocytes stimulated with proinflammatory factors released large amounts of SLPI, none were detected in microglial cultures. We also identified MMP-12 as a PGRN proteolytic enzyme, and SLPI as an inhibitor of MMP-12-induced PGRN proteolysis. Experiments employing PGRN siRNA demonstrated that microglial PGRN was involved in the cytokine and chemokine production following TLR3/4 activation, with its effect on TNFα being the most conspicuous. Conclusions Our study is the first detailed examination of PGRN in human microglia. Our results establish microglia as a significant source of PGRN, and MMP-12 and SLPI as modulators of PGRN proteolysis. Negative and positive regulation of microglial PGRN release by the proinflammatory/Th1 and the Th2 stimuli, respectively, suggests a fundamentally different aspect of PGRN regulation compared to other known microglial activation products. Microglial PGRN appears to function as an endogenous modulator of innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Sook Suh
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America.
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Leggett C, McGehee DS, Mastrianni J, Yang W, Bai T, Brorson JR. Tunicamycin produces TDP-43 cytoplasmic inclusions in cultured brain organotypic slices. J Neurol Sci 2012; 317:66-73. [PMID: 22459357 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2012.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The cellular distribution of TAR DNA binding protein (TDP-43) is disrupted in several neurodegenerative disorders, including frontotemporal lobar degeneration with ubiquitin-positive inclusions (FTLD-U subtype) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In these conditions, TDP-43 is found in neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions, with loss of the normal nuclear expression. The mechanisms leading to TDP-43 redistribution and its role in disease pathophysiology remain unknown. We describe an in vitro neural tissue model that reproduces TDP-43 relocalization and inclusion formation. Two week-old coronal organotypic mouse brain slice cultures were treated with tunicamycin for 7 days. In cortical regions of treated slice cultures, cytoplasmic inclusions of TDP-43 immunoreactivity were observed, with loss of nuclear TDP-43 immunoreactivity. These inclusions were found in both astrocytes and neurons, and were of both skein-like and round morphologies. In contrast, TDP-43 cytoplasmic inclusions were not found in slices treated with staurosporine to induce apoptosis, or with trans-4-carboxy-l-proline (PDC) to induce chronic glutamate excitotoxicity. Furthermore, TDP-43 cytoplasmic inclusions did not co-localize with cleaved caspase-3, suggesting that TDP-43 mislocalization does not generally accompany caspase activation or apoptosis. The induction of TDP-43 cytoplasmic translocation in cerebrocortical slice cultures by tunicamycin provides a platform for further mechanistic investigations of pathological processing of TDP-43.
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Nicholson AM, Gass J, Petrucelli L, Rademakers R. Progranulin axis and recent developments in frontotemporal lobar degeneration. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2012; 4:4. [PMID: 22277331 PMCID: PMC3372369 DOI: 10.1186/alzrt102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease that is the second most common form of dementia affecting individuals under age 65. The most common pathological subtype, FTLD with transactive response DNA-binding protein with a molecular weight of 43 kDa inclusions (FTLD-TDP), is often caused by autosomal dominant mutations in the progranulin gene (GRN) encoding the progranulin protein (PGRN). GRN pathogenic mutations result in haploinsufficiency, usually by nonsense-mediated decay of the mRNA. Since the discovery of these mutations in 2006, several groups have published data and animal models that provide further insight into the genetic and functional relevance of PGRN in the context of FTLD-TDP. These studies were critical in initiating our understanding of the role of PGRN in neural development, degeneration, synaptic transmission, cell signaling, and behavior. Furthermore, recent publications have now identified the receptors for PGRN, which will hopefully lead to additional therapeutic targets. Additionally, drug screens have been conducted to identify pharmacological regulators of PGRN levels to be used as potential treatments for PGRN haploinsufficiency. Here we review recent literature describing relevant data on GRN genetics, cell culture experiments describing the potential role and regulators of PGRN in the central nervous system, animal models of PGRN deficiency, and potential PGRN-related FTLD therapies that are currently underway. The present review aims to underscore the necessity of further elucidation of PGRN biology in FTLD-related neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Nicholson
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
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Progranulin deficiency decreases gross neural connectivity but enhances transmission at individual synapses. J Neurosci 2011; 31:11126-32. [PMID: 21813674 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.6244-10.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) has been linked to mutations in the progranulin gene (GRN) that lead to progranulin (PGRN) haploinsufficiency. Thus far, our understanding of the effects of PGRN depletion in the brain has been derived from investigation of gross pathology, and more detailed analyses of cellular function have been lacking. We report that knocking down PGRN levels in rat primary hippocampal cultures reduces neural connectivity by decreasing neuronal arborization and length as well as synapse density. Despite this, the number of synaptic vesicles per synapse and the frequency of mEPSCs are increased in PGRN knockdown cells, suggesting an increase in the probability of release at remaining synapses. Interestingly, we demonstrate that the number of vesicles per synapse is also increased in postmortem brain sections from FTD patients with PGRN haploinsufficiency, relative to controls. Our observations show that PGRN knockdown severely alters neuronal connectivity in vitro and that the synaptic vesicle phenotype observed in culture is consistent with that observed in the hippocampus of FTD patients.
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Rosen EY, Wexler EM, Versano R, Coppola G, Gao F, Winden KD, Oldham MC, Martens LH, Zhou P, Farese RV, Geschwind DH. Functional genomic analyses identify pathways dysregulated by progranulin deficiency, implicating Wnt signaling. Neuron 2011; 71:1030-42. [PMID: 21943601 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Progranulin (GRN) mutations cause frontotemporal dementia (FTD), but GRN's function in the CNS remains largely unknown. To identify the pathways downstream of GRN, we used weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) to develop a systems-level view of transcriptional alterations in a human neural progenitor model of GRN-deficiency. This highlighted key pathways such as apoptosis and ubiquitination in GRN deficient human neurons, while revealing an unexpected major role for the Wnt signaling pathway, which was confirmed by analysis of gene expression data from postmortem FTD brain. Furthermore, we observed that the Wnt receptor Fzd2 was one of only a few genes upregulated at 6 weeks in a GRN knockout mouse, and that FZD2 reduction caused increased apoptosis, while its upregulation promoted neuronal survival in vitro. Together, these in vitro and in vivo data point to an adaptive role for altered Wnt signaling in GRN deficiency-mediated FTD, representing a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezra Y Rosen
- Interdepartmental Program for Neuroscience, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Al-Ayadhi LY, Mostafa GA. Low plasma progranulin levels in children with autism. J Neuroinflammation 2011; 8:111. [PMID: 21892962 PMCID: PMC3182917 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Autoimmunity to brain may play a pathogenic role in autism. In autoimmune disorders, the formation of antigen-antibody complexes triggers an inflammatory response by inducing the infiltration of neutrophils. Local administration of recombinant progranulin, which is an anti-inflammatory neurotrophic factor, potently inhibit neutrophilic inflammation in vivo, demonstrating that progranulin represents a crucial inflammation-suppressing mediator. We are the first to measure plasma progranulin levels in autism. Methods Plasma levels of progranulin were measured, by ELISA, in 40 autistic patients, aged between 3 and 12 years, and 40 healthy-matched children. Results Autistic children had significantly lower plasma progranulin levels, P = 0.001. Reduced plasma progranulin levels were found in 65% (26/40) of autistic children. On the other hand, there was a non significant difference between plasma progranulin levels of children with mild to moderate autism and patients with severe autism, P = 0.11. Conclusions Plasma progranulin levels were reduced in a subgroup of patients with autism. Progranulin insufficiency in some patients with autism may result in many years of reduced neutrotrophic support together with cumulative damage in association with dysregulated inflammation that may have a role in autism. However, these data should be treated with caution until further investigations are performed, with a larger subject population, to determine whether the decrease of plasma progranulin levels is a mere consequence of autism or has a pathogenic role in the disease. The role of progranulin therapy should also be studied in autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Y Al-Ayadhi
- Autism Research and Treatment Center, AL-Amodi Autism Research Chair, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Belcastro V, Siciliano V, Gregoretti F, Mithbaokar P, Dharmalingam G, Berlingieri S, Iorio F, Oliva G, Polishchuck R, Brunetti-Pierri N, di Bernardo D. Transcriptional gene network inference from a massive dataset elucidates transcriptome organization and gene function. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 39:8677-88. [PMID: 21785136 PMCID: PMC3203605 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We collected a massive and heterogeneous dataset of 20 255 gene expression profiles (GEPs) from a variety of human samples and experimental conditions, as well as 8895 GEPs from mouse samples. We developed a mutual information (MI) reverse-engineering approach to quantify the extent to which the mRNA levels of two genes are related to each other across the dataset. The resulting networks consist of 4 817 629 connections among 20 255 transcripts in human and 14 461 095 connections among 45 101 transcripts in mouse, with a inter-species conservation of 12%. The inferred connections were compared against known interactions to assess their biological significance. We experimentally validated a subset of not previously described protein–protein interactions. We discovered co-expressed modules within the networks, consisting of genes strongly connected to each other, which carry out specific biological functions, and tend to be in physical proximity at the chromatin level in the nucleus. We show that the network can be used to predict the biological function and subcellular localization of a protein, and to elucidate the function of a disease gene. We experimentally verified that granulin precursor (GRN) gene, whose mutations cause frontotemporal lobar degeneration, is involved in lysosome function. We have developed an online tool to explore the human and mouse gene networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Belcastro
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via P. Castellino, Naples, Italy.
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Loss of function mutations in the progranulin gene are related to pro-inflammatory cytokine dysregulation in frontotemporal lobar degeneration patients. J Neuroinflammation 2011; 8:65. [PMID: 21645364 PMCID: PMC3141503 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The progranulin gene (PGRN) encodes a pleiotropic molecule with anti-inflammatory actions and neuronal protective effects. Accordingly, PGRN-deficient mice have been demonstrated to develop enhanced inflammation and progressive neurodegeneration. Loss of function mutations of the PGRN gene have been also reported to cause frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), a neurodegenerative disease leading to dementia generally in the presenium. Since neurodegeneration might be negatively impacted by chronic inflammation, the possible influence of PGRN defects on inflammatory pathways appears to be of great relevance for the understanding of neurodegeneration pathogenic processes in those patients. However, no data about the inflammatory profile of PGRN-defective subjects have been so far provided. In this study, we analyzed serum levels of the pro-inflammatory mediators IL-6, TNF-α and IL-18 in FTLD patients with or without PGRN mutations, at both pre-symptomatic and symptomatic stages. We provide evidence that circulating IL-6 is increased in PGRN-mutated FTLD patients, as compared to both PGRN non-mutated FTLD patients and controls. In contrast, levels of IL-6 were not altered in asymptomatic subjects carrying the PGRN mutations. Finally, TNF-α and IL-18 serum levels did not differ among all groups of included subjects. We conclude that the profile of circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines is altered in PGRN-related symptomatic FTLD. Thus, our findings point to IL-6 as a possible specific mediator and a potential therapeutic target in this monogenic disease, suggesting that an enhanced inflammatory response might be indeed involved in its progression.
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Wex T, Kuester D, Schönberg C, Schindele D, Treiber G, Malfertheiner P. Mucosal Progranulin expression is induced by H. pylori, but independent of Secretory Leukocyte Protease Inhibitor (SLPI) expression. BMC Gastroenterol 2011; 11:63. [PMID: 21612671 PMCID: PMC3115905 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-11-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mucosal levels of Secretory Leukocyte Protease Inhibitor (SLPI) are specifically reduced in relation to H. pylori-induced gastritis. Progranulin is an epithelial growth factor that is proteolytically degraded into fragments by elastase (the main target of SLPI). Considering the role of SLPI for regulating the activity of elastase, we studied whether the H. pylori-induced reduction of SLPI and the resulting increase of elastase-derived activity would reduce the Progranulin protein levels both ex vivo and in vitro. Methods The expression of Progranulin was studied in biopsies of H. pylori-positive, -negative and -eradicated subjects as well as in the gastric tumor cell line AGS by ELISA, immunohistochemistry and real-time RT-PCR. Results H. pylori-infected subjects had about 2-fold increased antral Progranulin expression compared to H. pylori-negative and -eradicated subjects (P < 0.05). Overall, no correlations between mucosal Progranulin and SLPI levels were identified. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed the upregulation of Progranulin in relation to H. pylori infection; both epithelial and infiltrating immune cells contributed to the higher Progranulin expression levels. The H. pylori-induced upregulation of Progranulin was verified in AGS cells infected by H. pylori. The down-regulation of endogenous SLPI expression in AGS cells by siRNA methodology did not affect the Progranulin expression independent of the infection by H. pylori. Conclusions Taken together, Progranulin was identified as novel molecule that is upregulated in context to H. pylori infection. In contrast to other diseases, SLPI seems not to have a regulatory role for Progranulin in H. pylori-mediated gastritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wex
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str, 44, Magdeburg, D-39120, Germany.
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Cenik B, Sephton CF, Dewey CM, Xian X, Wei S, Yu K, Niu W, Coppola G, Coughlin SE, Lee SE, Dries DR, Almeida S, Geschwind DH, Gao FB, Miller BL, Farese RV, Posner BA, Yu G, Herz J. Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (vorinostat) up-regulates progranulin transcription: rational therapeutic approach to frontotemporal dementia. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:16101-8. [PMID: 21454553 PMCID: PMC3091219 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.193433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 03/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Progranulin (GRN) haploinsufficiency is a frequent cause of familial frontotemporal dementia, a currently untreatable progressive neurodegenerative disease. By chemical library screening, we identified suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), a Food and Drug Administration-approved histone deacetylase inhibitor, as an enhancer of GRN expression. SAHA dose-dependently increased GRN mRNA and protein levels in cultured cells and restored near-normal GRN expression in haploinsufficient cells from human subjects. Although elevation of secreted progranulin levels through a post-transcriptional mechanism has recently been reported, this is, to the best of our knowledge, the first report of a small molecule enhancer of progranulin transcription. SAHA has demonstrated therapeutic potential in other neurodegenerative diseases and thus holds promise as a first generation drug for the prevention and treatment of frontotemporal dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basar Cenik
- From the Departments of Neuroscience
- Molecular Genetics
| | | | | | | | - Shuguang Wei
- Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390-9111
| | | | - Wenze Niu
- From the Departments of Neuroscience
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- the Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90024
| | - Sarah E. Coughlin
- the Gladstone Institute for Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, California 94158
| | | | | | - Sandra Almeida
- the Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Daniel H. Geschwind
- the Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90024
| | - Fen-Biao Gao
- the Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | | | - Robert V. Farese
- the Gladstone Institute for Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, California 94158
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, and
| | - Bruce A. Posner
- Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390-9111
| | - Gang Yu
- From the Departments of Neuroscience
| | - Joachim Herz
- From the Departments of Neuroscience
- Molecular Genetics
- Neurology, and
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Gozal YM, Dammer EB, Duong DM, Cheng D, Gearing M, Rees HD, Peng J, Lah JJ, Levey AI. Proteomic analysis of hippocampal dentate granule cells in frontotemporal lobar degeneration: application of laser capture technology. Front Neurol 2011; 2:24. [PMID: 21577247 PMCID: PMC3085134 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2011.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is the most common cause of dementia with pre-senile onset, accounting for as many as 20% of cases. A common subset of FTLD cases is characterized by the presence of ubiquitinated inclusions in vulnerable neurons (FTLD-U). While the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration in FTLD-U have not yet been elucidated, the presence of inclusions in this disease indicates enhanced aggregation of one or several proteins. Moreover, these inclusions suggest altered expression, processing, or degradation of proteins during FTLD-U pathogenesis. Thus, one approach to understanding disease mechanisms is to delineate the molecular changes in protein composition in FTLD-U brain. Using a combined approach consisting of laser capture microdissection (LCM) and high-resolution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS), we identified 1252 proteins in hippocampal dentate granule cells excised from three post-mortem FTLD-U and three unaffected control cases processed in parallel. Additionally, we employed a labeling-free quantification technique to compare the abundance of the identified proteins between FTLD-U and control cases. Quantification revealed 54 proteins with selective enrichment in FTLD-U, including TAR–DNA binding protein 43 (TDP-43), a recently identified component of ubiquitinated inclusions. Moreover, 19 proteins were selectively decreased in FTLD-U. Subsequent immunohistochemical analysis of TDP-43 and three additional protein candidates suggests that our proteomic profiling of FTLD-U dentate granule cells reveals both inclusion-associated proteins and non-aggregated disease-specific proteins. Application of LCM is a valuable tool in the molecular analysis of complex tissues, and its application in the proteomic characterization of neurodegenerative disorders such as FTLD-U may be used to identify proteins altered in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yair M Gozal
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Emory University , Atlanta, GA, USA
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A neurodegenerative disease mutation that accelerates the clearance of apoptotic cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:4441-6. [PMID: 21368173 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1100650108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration is a progressive neurodegenerative syndrome that is the second most common cause of early-onset dementia. Mutations in the progranulin gene are a major cause of familial frontotemporal lobar degeneration [Baker M, et al. (2006) Nature 442:916-919 and Cruts M, et al. (2006) Nature 442:920-924]. Although progranulin is involved in wound healing, inflammation, and tumor growth, its role in the nervous system and the mechanism by which insufficient levels result in neurodegeneration are poorly understood [Eriksen and Mackenzie (2008) J Neurochem 104:287-297]. We have characterized the normal function of progranulin in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. We found that mutants lacking pgrn-1 appear grossly normal, but exhibit fewer apoptotic cell corpses during development. This reduction in corpse number is not caused by reduced apoptosis, but instead by more rapid clearance of dying cells. Likewise, we found that macrophages cultured from progranulin KO mice displayed enhanced rates of apoptotic-cell phagocytosis. Although most neurodegenerative diseases are thought to be caused by the toxic effects of aggregated proteins, our findings suggest that susceptibility to neurodegeneration may be increased by a change in the kinetics of programmed cell death. We propose that cells that might otherwise recover from damage or injury are destroyed in progranulin mutants, which in turn facilitates disease progression.
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