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Hersey M, Mereu M, Jones CS, Bartole MK, Chen AY, Cao J, Hiranita T, Chun LE, Lopez JP, Katz JL, Newman AH, Tanda G. Dual DAT and sigma receptor inhibitors attenuate cocaine effects on nucleus accumbens dopamine dynamics in rats. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 59:2436-2449. [PMID: 38444104 PMCID: PMC11108740 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Psychostimulant use disorders (PSUD) are prevalent; however, no FDA-approved medications have been made available for treatment. Previous studies have shown that dual inhibitors of the dopamine transporter (DAT) and sigma receptors significantly reduce the behavioral/reinforcing effects of cocaine, which have been associated with stimulation of extracellular dopamine (DA) levels resulting from DAT inhibition. Here, we employ microdialysis and fast scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) procedures to investigate the effects of dual inhibitors of DAT and sigma receptors in combination with cocaine on nucleus accumbens shell (NAS) DA dynamics in naïve male Sprague Dawley rats. In microdialysis studies, administration of rimcazole (3, 10 mg/kg; i.p.) or its structural analog SH 3-24 (1, 3 mg/kg; i.p.), compounds that are dual inhibitors of DAT and sigma receptors, significantly reduced NAS DA efflux stimulated by increasing doses of cocaine (0.1, 0.3, 1.0 mg/kg; i.v.). Using the same experimental conditions, in FSCV tests, we show that rimcazole pretreatments attenuated cocaine-induced stimulation of evoked NAS DA release but produced no additional effect on DA clearance rate. Under the same conditions, JJC8-091, a modafinil analog and dual inhibitor of DAT and sigma receptors, similarly attenuated cocaine-induced stimulation of evoked NAS DA release but produced no additional effect on DA clearance rate. Our results provide the neurochemical groundwork towards understanding actions of dual inhibitors of DAT and sigma receptors on DA dynamics that likely mediate the behavioral effects of psychostimulants like cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Hersey
- Medication Development Program, NIDA IRP, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Maddalena Mereu
- Medication Development Program, NIDA IRP, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Claire S. Jones
- Medication Development Program, NIDA IRP, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | | | - Andy Y. Chen
- Medication Development Program, NIDA IRP, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Jianjing Cao
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, NIDA IRP, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | | | - Lauren E. Chun
- Medication Development Program, NIDA IRP, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Jessica P. Lopez
- Medication Development Program, NIDA IRP, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | | | - Amy Hauck Newman
- Medication Development Program, NIDA IRP, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, NIDA IRP, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Gianluigi Tanda
- Medication Development Program, NIDA IRP, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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2
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Hersey M, Bacon AK, Bailey LG, Lee MR, Chen AY, Leggio L, Tanda G. Oxytocin receptors mediate oxytocin potentiation of methylphenidate-induced stimulation of accumbens dopamine in rats. J Neurochem 2023; 164:613-623. [PMID: 36420597 PMCID: PMC10766115 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
While the illicit use and misuse of stimulants like cocaine and methylphenidate (MP) has increased, there remains no FDA-approved treatments for psychostimulant use disorders (PSUD). Oxytocin (OT) has shown promise as a potential pharmacotherapy for PSUD. Dopamine (DA) neurotransmission plays a significant role in PSUD. We have recently shown that OT blunts the reinforcing effects of MP but, surprisingly, enhanced MP-induced stimulation of DA levels. Such effects have been suggested as a result of activation of OT receptors or, alternatively, could be mediated by direct actions of OT on MP blockade of the DA transporter. Here, we employed fast scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) to investigate the effects of systemic OT on MP-induced changes in the dynamics of DA, phasic release and uptake, in the nucleus accumbens shell (NAS) of Sprague-Dawley rats. We also tested the systemic effects of an antagonist of OT receptors, atosiban, to counteract the OT enhancement of dopaminergic effects of MP under microdialysis procedures in the NAS in rats. Administration of OT alone (2 mg/kg; i.p.) did not significantly modify evoked NAS DA dynamics measured by FSCV, and when administered 10 min before MP (0.1, 0.3, 1.0 mg/kg; i.v.), OT did not potentiate MP-induced increases in phasic DA release and did not alter DA clearance rate, suggesting no direct interactions of OT with the MP-induced blockade of DA uptake. Also, OT alone did not elicit significant changes in tonic, extracellular NAS DA levels measured by microdialysis. However, consistent with previous studies, we observed that OT pretreatments (2 mg/kg; i.p.) potentiated MP-induced (0.1, 0.3, 1.0 mg/kg; i.v.) efflux of extracellular NAS DA levels. This effect was abolished when rats were pretreated with atosiban (2 mg/kg; i.p.), suggesting that OT receptors mediate this OT action. Overall, our results suggest that OT receptors mediated OT potentiation of MP-induced stimulation of extracellular NAS DA levels, likely driven by modulation of DA receptor signaling pathways, without affecting MP blockade of DAT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mary R. Lee
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Andy Y. Chen
- Medication Development Program, NIDA IRP, Baltimore, MD
| | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Medication Development Program, NIDA IRP, Baltimore, MD
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, NIDA/NIAAA IRP, Baltimore, MD
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3
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Barreto A, Santos J, Capitão A, Eusébio R, Pinheiro Damasceno É, Luísa Machado A, Rocha LS, Calisto V, Amorim MJB, Maria VL. Assessment of diphenhydramine toxicity - Is its mode of action conserved between human and zebrafish? ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 164:107263. [PMID: 35504231 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The main aim of the study is to evaluate the effects of the pharmaceutical diphenhydramine (DPH) on embryo-larvae Danio rerio across distinct levels of organization - individual and subcellular - and correlate those effects with the DPH mode of action (MoA) assessed by in silico analysis. An embryos heartbeat rate reduction was observed at 10 mg/L DPH, but 0.001 to 10 mg/L did not significantly affect the zebrafish survival, hatching and morphology. Larvae swimming distance decreased (hypoactivity) at 1 and 10 mg/L DPH. Moreover, the straightforward movements decrease and the increase in the zigzag movements or movements with direction changes, shown an erratic swimming behavior. Energy budgets decreased for lipid (0.01 mg/L DPH) and carbohydrate (10 mg/L DPH) contents. Cholinesterase (neural function) and glutathione S-transferase (Phase II biotransformation/antioxidant processes) increased their activities at 10 mg/L DPH, where a decrease in the total glutathione content (antioxidant system) was observed. DNA damage was found at 0.01 and 10 mg/L DPH. However, a DNA repair occurred after subsequent 72 h in clean media. The in silico study revealed a relevant conservation between human and zebrafish DPH target molecules. These data provide a valuable ecotoxicological information about the DPH effects and MoA to non-target organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Barreto
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Joana Santos
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Capitão
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Eusébio
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - Ana Luísa Machado
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Luciana S Rocha
- Department of Chemistry & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Vânia Calisto
- Department of Chemistry & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Mónica J B Amorim
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Vera L Maria
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Tyagi P, Garg S, Tejan V, Dhillon MK. An unusual case of dependence of megadose of veterinary intravenous pheniramine with opioid use disorder. Indian J Pharmacol 2022; 54:148-149. [PMID: 35546468 PMCID: PMC9249150 DOI: 10.4103/ijp.ijp_868_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Priya Tyagi
- Department of Psychiatry, Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Shobit Garg
- Department of Psychiatry, Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India,Address for correspondence: Dr. Shobit Garg, Department of Psychiatry, Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, Patel Nagar, Dehradun – 248 001, Uttarakhand, India. E-mail:
| | - Veena Tejan
- Department of Psychiatry, Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Mantaz Kaur Dhillon
- Department of Psychiatry, Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
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Halim SA, Low JH, Chee YC, Alias MR. Seizures among young adults consuming kratom beverages in Malaysia: A case series. Epilepsy Behav 2021; 121:108057. [PMID: 34052638 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.108057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report a case series of young adults who were admitted to hospital with seizures after regular kratom beverage consumption. This study aimed to determine kratom consumption habits and seizure characteristics and to explore whether chronic kratom ingestion without concomitant drug abuse leads to recurrent seizure or epilepsy. All patients underwent blood investigations, a brain computed tomography (CT) scan, electroencephalography, and urine testing for mitragynine and drug toxicology. Eleven participants who had a positive urine mitragynine test were included in the study. The longest duration of kratom consumption was 84 months: - most drank more than eight times per month (>200 mL/drink). Seizure developed within 10 minutes or up to 72 hours post-ingestion. Seizure occurred one to three times per year in most cases. Four patients had a focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizure whereas the remaining participants had a generalized tonic-clonic seizure. Four patients mixed kratom with diphenhydramine syrup, and one patient took methamphetamine. Two patients had positive urine results for recreational drugs (opioid and amphetamine). This study provided indirect evidence that chronic kratom use with or without concomitant drug abuse can cause recurrent seizures in susceptible individuals, which may progress to epilepsy or require antiepileptic medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanihah Abdul Halim
- Department of Internal Medicine (Neurology), School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia; Brain and Behaviour Cluster, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia; Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
| | - Jen Hou Low
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia; Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Yong Chuan Chee
- Department of Internal Medicine (Neurology), School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia; Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Muhamad Ridzuan Alias
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Nolen A, Dai T. Diphenhydramine Use Disorder and Complicated Withdrawal in a Palliative Care Patient. J Palliat Med 2020; 23:1279-1282. [DOI: 10.1089/jpm.2019.0308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Nolen
- Division of Palliative Care, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tianyang Dai
- Division of Palliative Care, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Modafinil potentiates cocaine self-administration by a dopamine-independent mechanism: possible involvement of gap junctions. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:1518-1526. [PMID: 32340023 PMCID: PMC7360549 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-0680-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Modafinil and methylphenidate are medications that inhibit the neuronal reuptake of dopamine, a mechanism shared with cocaine. Their use as "smart drugs" by healthy subjects poses health concerns and requires investigation. We show that methylphenidate, but not modafinil, maintained intravenous self-administration in Sprague-Dawley rats similar to cocaine. Both modafinil and methylphenidate pretreatments potentiated cocaine self-administration. Cocaine, at self-administered doses, stimulated mesolimbic dopamine levels. This effect was potentiated by methylphenidate, but not by modafinil pretreatments, indicating dopamine-dependent actions for methylphenidate, but not modafinil. Modafinil is known to facilitate electrotonic neuronal coupling by actions on gap junctions. Carbenoxolone, a gap junction inhibitor, antagonized modafinil, but not methylphenidate potentiation of cocaine self-administration. Our results indicate that modafinil shares mechanisms with cocaine and methylphenidate but has a unique pharmacological profile that includes facilitation of electrotonic coupling and lower abuse liability, which may be exploited in future therapeutic drug design for cocaine use disorder.
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Febbraro S, Shea T, Cravo AS. Bioavailability of Triprolidine as a Single Agent or in Combination With Pseudoephedrine: A Randomized, Open-Label Crossover Study in Healthy Volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2020; 9:486-495. [PMID: 32133778 PMCID: PMC7318178 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Antihistamines have been in clinical use for more than 70 years to treat allergic and nonallergic symptoms including relief from cold and flu symptoms. Despite their widespread use, pharmacokinetic (PK) data are sparse for older, first-generation antihistamines. This phase 1 single-center open-label, randomized, single-dose, 3-way crossover trial evaluated the PK profiles of 2 doses of film-coated triprolidine caplets (2.5 and 5 mg) compared with a reference combination tablet (triprolidine 2.5 mg + pseudoephedrine 60 mg) in 24 healthy adults. Blood samples were collected predose and at specified intervals across a 24-hour period after administration, and triprolidine was quantified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Maximum plasma concentration of triprolidine for the 2.5 mg and dose-normalized 5 mg single-agent tablets were comparable (8.4 versus 7.1 ng/mL, respectively) and higher for the combination tablet (9.5 ng/mL). PK parameters, including time to maximum plasma concentration (∼1.5 hours) and elimination half-life (∼4 hours), were comparable between the 3 treatment arms. The safety profile of this sedating antihistamine was as expected; however, adverse effects were reported in a markedly higher proportion of women than men. There were no significant sex differences in any of the measured PK parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tim Shea
- Reckitt Benckiser Health LLC, Parsippany, New Jersey, USA
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Lai YY, Hsieh KC, Cheng YH, Chew KT, Nguyen D, Ramanathan L, Siegel JM. Striatal histamine mechanism in the pathogenesis of restless legs syndrome. Sleep 2020; 43:5610750. [PMID: 31671173 PMCID: PMC8491621 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Restless legs syndrome (RLS) has been hypothesized to be generated by abnormal striatal dopamine transmission. Dopaminergic drugs are effective for the treatment of RLS. However, long-term use of dopaminergic drugs causes adverse effects. We used iron-deficient (ID) and iron-replacement (IR) rats to address the neuropathology of RLS and to determine if a histamine H3 receptor (H3R) antagonist might be a useful treatment. Histamine H3R antagonists have been shown to decrease motor activity. METHODS Control and ID rats were surgically implanted with electrodes for polysomnographic recording. After 3 days of baseline polysomnographic recordings, rats were systemically injected with the H3R agonist, α-methylhistamine, and antagonist, thioperamide. Recordings were continued after drug injection. Striatal H3R levels from control, ID, and IR rats were determined by western blots. Blood from control, ID, and IR rats was collected for the measurement of hematocrit levels. RESULTS α-Methylhistamine and thioperamide increased and decreased motor activity, respectively, in control rats. In ID rats, α-methylhistamine had no effect on motor activity, whereas thioperamide decreased periodic leg movement (PLM) in sleep. Sleep-wake states were not significantly altered under any conditions. Striatal H3R levels were highest in ID rats, moderate to low in IR rats, and lowest in control rats. Striatal H3R levels were also found to positively and negatively correlate with PLM in sleep and hematocrit levels, respectively. CONCLUSIONS A striatal histamine mechanism may be involved in ID anemia-induced RLS. Histamine H3R antagonists may be useful for the treatment of RLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yang Lai
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kung-Chiao Hsieh
- Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles HealthCare System (VAGLAHS), Sepulveda, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Yu-Hsuan Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Keng-Tee Chew
- Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles HealthCare System (VAGLAHS), Sepulveda, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Darian Nguyen
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Lalini Ramanathan
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jerome M Siegel
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA.,Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles HealthCare System (VAGLAHS), Sepulveda, Los Angeles, CA
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Lee MR, Rohn MC, Zanettini C, Coggiano MA, Leggio L, Tanda G. Effect of systemically administered oxytocin on dose response for methylphenidate self-administration and mesolimbic dopamine levels. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1455:173-184. [PMID: 31074517 PMCID: PMC10014164 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide oxytocin (OT) alters behaviors related to the administration of drugs of abuse, including stimulants. OT also plays a key role in social bonding, which involves an interaction between OT and dopamine (DA) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). The nature of the interaction between OT and DA in the striatum in the context of psychostimulants is unclear. We investigated the effect of OT, delivered intraperitoneally, on the methylphenidate (MP) dose-response function for self-administration in rats. Food was used as a control condition. In a microdialysis study, we measured the effect of intraperitoneal OT on MP-stimulated striatal DA levels. Systemic OT pretreatment caused a downward shift in the MP dose-response function for self-administration, while having no effect on motor activity. OT also caused a reduction in food self-administration, although a significantly higher dose of OT was required for this effect compared with that required for a reduction of MP self-administration. Systemic OT pretreatment caused a potentiation of MP-stimulated DA levels in the NAc shell but not in the core. The significance of these findings is discussed, including the potential of OT as a therapeutic agent for addictive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary R. Lee
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Basic Research and National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Matthew C.H. Rohn
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Basic Research and National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Claudio Zanettini
- Medications Development Program, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Mark A. Coggiano
- Medications Development Program, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Basic Research and National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- Medications Development Program, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Gianluigi Tanda
- Medications Development Program, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
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Keighron JD, Giancola JB, Shaffer RJ, DeMarco EM, Coggiano MA, Slack RD, Hauck Newman A, Tanda G. Distinct effects of (R)-modafinil and its (R)- and (S)-fluoro-analogs on mesolimbic extracellular dopamine assessed by voltammetry and microdialysis in rats. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 50:2045-2053. [PMID: 30402972 PMCID: PMC8294075 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Psychostimulant use disorders remain an unabated public health concern worldwide, but no FDA approved medications are currently available for treatment. Modafinil (MOD), like cocaine, is a dopamine reuptake inhibitor and one of the few drugs evaluated in clinical trials that has shown promise for the treatment of cocaine or methamphetamine use disorders in some patient subpopulations. Recent structure-activity relationship and preclinical studies on a series of MOD analogs have provided insight into modifications of its chemical structure that may lead to advancements in clinical efficacy. Here, we have tested the effects of the clinically available (R)-enantiomer of MOD on extracellular dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens shell, a mesolimbic dopaminergic projection field that plays significant roles in various aspects of psychostimulant use disorders, measured in vivo by fast-scan cyclic voltammetry and by microdialysis in Sprague-Dawley rats. We have compared these results with those obtained under identical experimental conditions with two novel and enantiopure bis(F) analogs of MOD, JBG1-048 and JBG1-049. The results show that (R)-modafinil (R-MOD), JBG1-048, and JBG1-049, when administered intravenously with cumulative drug-doses, will block the dopamine transporter and reduce the clearance rate of dopamine, increasing its extracellular levels. Differences among the compounds in their maximum stimulation of dopamine levels, and in their time course of effects were also observed. These data highlight the mechanistic underpinnings of R-MOD and its bis(F) analogs as pharmacological tools to guide the discovery of novel medications to treat psychostimulant use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline D. Keighron
- Medication Development Program, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services; 333 Cassell Drive, TRIAD Bldg., Baltimore, MD, USA, 21224
| | - JoLynn B. Giancola
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services; 333 Cassell Drive, TRIAD Bldg., Baltimore, MD, USA, 21224
| | - Rachel J. Shaffer
- Medication Development Program, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services; 333 Cassell Drive, TRIAD Bldg., Baltimore, MD, USA, 21224
| | - Emily M. DeMarco
- Medication Development Program, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services; 333 Cassell Drive, TRIAD Bldg., Baltimore, MD, USA, 21224
| | - Mark A. Coggiano
- Medication Development Program, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services; 333 Cassell Drive, TRIAD Bldg., Baltimore, MD, USA, 21224
| | - Rachel D. Slack
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services; 333 Cassell Drive, TRIAD Bldg., Baltimore, MD, USA, 21224
| | - Amy Hauck Newman
- Medication Development Program, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services; 333 Cassell Drive, TRIAD Bldg., Baltimore, MD, USA, 21224
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services; 333 Cassell Drive, TRIAD Bldg., Baltimore, MD, USA, 21224
| | - Gianluigi Tanda
- Medication Development Program, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services; 333 Cassell Drive, TRIAD Bldg., Baltimore, MD, USA, 21224
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Decrease of cocaine, but not heroin, self-administration and relapse by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor masitinib in male Sprague Dawley rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235. [PMID: 29520592 PMCID: PMC5920000 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4865-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Accumulating evidence shows that cocaine, and also heroin, influence several tyrosine kinases, expressed in neurons and in non-neuronal populations such as microglia, astrocytes and mast-cells. Drug-induced activation of mast cells both triggers inflammatory processes in the brain mediated by the glial cells they activate, and facilitates histamine release which may directly influence the dopamine system. Thus, by triggering the activation and degranulation of mast cells dependent on the tyrosine kinase c-kit and Fyn, the latter being also involved in NMDA-dependent synaptic plasticity, cocaine and heroin may indirectly influence the neural mechanisms that mediate their reinforcing properties. Masitinib, a novel tyrosine kinase inhibitor with high selectivity for c-Kit, Fyn and Lyn, may alter the aberrant consequences of the activation of these tyrosine kinases by cocaine and heroin. OBJECTIVE We investigated in rats the effect of a chronic oral treatment with masitinib (20 mg/kg) on the reinforcing and motivational properties of self-administered cocaine (250 μg/infusion) and heroin (40 μg/infusion). METHODS Three different cohorts of rats were trained instrumentally to respond for cocaine, heroin or food under continuous reinforcement. In each group, we assessed the influence of chronic daily treatment with masitinib on the maintenance of instrumental responding and intake and the motivation for the reinforcer. Thus, masitinib and vehicle-treated rats were challenged to adapt to high behavioural demand, to respond under a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement and to reinstate instrumental responding after extinction and/or abstinence. RESULTS Masitinib selectively decreased cocaine intake, the motivation for cocaine and the subsequent propensity to respond for cocaine under extinction, while having no effect on instrumental responding for heroin or food. CONCLUSION The present findings suggest masitinib, a drug with proven efficacy in CNS disorders, could represent a novel treatment for cocaine addiction provided its influence on the reinforcing and incentive properties of the drug is confirmed.
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Das S, Palappallil DS, B C M, Chatterjee SS. Chlorpheniramine dependence presenting as mania. Asian J Psychiatr 2017; 30:29-30. [PMID: 28711681 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Salem H, Nagpal C, Pigott T, Teixeira AL. Revisiting Antipsychotic-induced Akathisia: Current Issues and Prospective Challenges. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 15:789-798. [PMID: 27928948 PMCID: PMC5771055 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666161208153644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Akathisia continues to be a significant challenge in current neurological and psychiatric practice. Prompt and accurate detection is often difficult and there is a lack of consensus concerning the neurobiological basis of akathisia. No definitive treatment has been established for akathisia despite numerous preclinical and clinical studies.] Method: We reviewed antipsychotic-induced akathisia including its clinical presentation, proposed underlying pathophysiology, current and under investigation therapeutic strategies. CONCLUSION Despite the initial promise that second generation antipsychotics would be devoid of akathisia effects, this has not been confirmed. Currently, there are limited therapeutic options for the clinical practice and the evidence supporting the most widely used treatments (beta blockers, anticholinergic drugs) is still absent or inconsistent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitham Salem
- Neuropsychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Harris County Psychiatric Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Caesa Nagpal
- Harris County Psychiatric Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Teresa Pigott
- Harris County Psychiatric Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Antonio Lucio Teixeira
- Neuropsychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Harris County Psychiatric Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Tanda G, Mereu M, Hiranita T, Quarterman JC, Coggiano M, Katz JL. Lack of Specific Involvement of (+)-Naloxone and (+)-Naltrexone on the Reinforcing and Neurochemical Effects of Cocaine and Opioids. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:2772-81. [PMID: 27296151 PMCID: PMC5026747 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Effective medications for drug abuse remain a largely unmet goal in biomedical science. Recently, the (+)-enantiomers of naloxone and naltrexone, TLR4 antagonists, have been reported to attenuate preclinical indicators of both opioid and stimulant abuse. To further examine the potential of these compounds as drug-abuse treatments, we extended the previous assessments to include a wider range of doses and procedures. We report the assessment of (+)-naloxone and (+)-naltrexone on the acute dopaminergic effects of cocaine and heroin determined by in vivo microdialysis, on the reinforcing effects of cocaine and the opioid agonist, remifentanil, tested under intravenous self-administration procedures, as well as the subjective effects of cocaine determined by discriminative-stimulus effects in rats. Pretreatments with (+)-naloxone or (+)-naltrexone did not attenuate, and under certain conditions enhanced the stimulation of dopamine levels produced by cocaine or heroin in the nucleus accumbens shell. Furthermore, although an attenuation of either cocaine or remifentanil self-administration was obtained at the highest doses of (+)-naloxone and (+)-naltrexone, those doses also attenuated rates of food-maintained behaviors, indicating a lack of selectivity of TLR4 antagonist effects for behaviors reinforced with drug injections. Drug-discrimination studies failed to demonstrate a significant interaction of (+)-naloxone with subjective effects of cocaine. The present studies demonstrate that under a wide range of doses and experimental conditions, the TLR4 antagonists, (+)-naloxone and (+)-naltrexone, did not specifically block neurochemical or behavioral abuse-related effects of cocaine or opioid agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluigi Tanda
- Medication Development Program, Molecular Targets and Medication Discovery Branch, NIDA-IRP, NIH/DHHS, Baltimore, MD, USA,Medication Development Program, TRIAD Building, NIDA Suite 3301, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA, Tel: +1-443-740-2580, Fax: +1-443-740-2111, E-mail:
| | - Maddalena Mereu
- Medication Development Program, Molecular Targets and Medication Discovery Branch, NIDA-IRP, NIH/DHHS, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Takato Hiranita
- Psychobiology Section, Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, NIDA-IRP, NIH/DHHS, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Juliana C Quarterman
- Medication Development Program, Molecular Targets and Medication Discovery Branch, NIDA-IRP, NIH/DHHS, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mark Coggiano
- Medication Development Program, Molecular Targets and Medication Discovery Branch, NIDA-IRP, NIH/DHHS, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan L Katz
- Psychobiology Section, Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, NIDA-IRP, NIH/DHHS, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Worth AC, Wismer TA, Dorman DC. Diphenhydramine exposure in dogs: 621 cases (2008-2013). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016; 249:77-82. [PMID: 27308885 DOI: 10.2460/javma.249.1.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the signalment, dose response, and clinical signs of diphenhydramine toxicosis in dogs. DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS 621 dogs with diphenhydramine exposure. PROCEDURES The electronic medical record database for an animal poison control center was reviewed from January 2008 through December 2013 to identify dogs that had ingested or been injected with diphenhydramine. Information extracted from the records and evaluated included the signalment, clinical signs observed, and estimated exposure dose of diphenhydramine. Clinical signs were categorized as none, mild, moderate, and severe. RESULTS The mean ± SEM age of dogs was 3.6 ± 0.1 years (range, 0.1 to 16 years). Diphenhydramine exposure was by ingestion for 581 (93.6%) dogs and injection for 40 (6.4%) dogs. Only 146 (23.5%) dogs developed ≥ 1 clinical signs of toxicosis, the most common of which were associated with the nervous (lethargy, hyperactivity, agitation, hyperthermia, ataxia, tremors, and fasciculations) or cardiovascular (tachycardia) systems, and 3 dogs died. Although the presence and extent of clinical signs varied greatly among dogs, the exposure dose of diphenhydramine was positively associated with the severity of clinical signs in a dose-dependent manner regardless of the route of exposure (ingestion or injection). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that dogs exposed to diphenhydramine developed clinical signs of toxicosis fairly infrequently, and those clinical signs were generally mild and primarily affected the neurologic and cardiovascular systems. Supportive treatment for diphenhydramine toxicosis should be administered on the basis of the clinical signs observed.
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Preclinical studies on the reinforcing effects of cannabinoids. A tribute to the scientific research of Dr. Steve Goldberg. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:1845-66. [PMID: 27026633 PMCID: PMC5073892 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4244-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The reinforcing effects of most abused drugs have been consistently demonstrated and studied in animal models, although those of marijuana were not, until the demonstration 15 years ago that delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) could serve as a reinforcer in self-administration (SA) procedures in squirrel monkeys. Until then, those effects were inferred using indirect assessments. OBJECTIVES The aim of this manuscript is to review the primary preclinical procedures used to indirectly and directly infer reinforcing effects of cannabinoid drugs. METHODS Results will be reviewed from studies of cannabinoid discrimination, intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS), conditioned place preference (CPP), as well as change in levels of dopamine assessed in brain areas related to reinforcement, and finally from self-administration procedures. For each procedure, an evaluation will be made of the predictive validity in detecting the potential abuse liability of cannabinoids based on seminal papers, with the addition of selected reports from more recent years especially those from Dr. Goldberg's research group. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS ICSS and CPP do not provide consistent results for the assessment of potential for abuse of cannabinoids. However, drug discrimination and neurochemistry procedures appear to detect potential for abuse of cannabinoids, as well as several novel "designer cannabinoid drugs." Though after 15 years transfer of the self-administration model of marijuana abuse from squirrel monkeys to other species remains somewhat problematic, studies with the former species have substantially advanced the field, and several reports have been published with consistent self-administration of cannabinoid agonists in rodents.
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Possible treatment of circadian sleep disorders using daily ketotifen administration. Sleep Biol Rhythms 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s41105-015-0021-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Rao MG, Varambally S, Venkatasubramanian G, Gangadhar BN. Hazards of antihistamine dependence in psychiatric patients: A case report. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RISK & SAFETY IN MEDICINE 2015; 27:153-7. [DOI: 10.3233/jrs-150656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Reith ME, Blough BE, Hong WC, Jones KT, Schmitt KC, Baumann MH, Partilla JS, Rothman RB, Katz JL. Behavioral, biological, and chemical perspectives on atypical agents targeting the dopamine transporter. Drug Alcohol Depend 2015; 147:1-19. [PMID: 25548026 PMCID: PMC4297708 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment of stimulant-use disorders remains a formidable challenge, and the dopamine transporter (DAT) remains a potential target for antagonist or agonist-like substitution therapies. METHODS This review focuses on DAT ligands, such as benztropine, GBR 12909, modafinil, and DAT substrates derived from phenethylamine or cathinone that have atypical DAT-inhibitor effects, either in vitro or in vivo. The compounds are described from a molecular mechanistic, behavioral, and medicinal-chemical perspective. RESULTS Possible mechanisms for atypicality at the molecular level can be deduced from the conformational cycle for substrate translocation. For each conformation, a crystal structure of a bacterial homolog is available, with a possible role of cholesterol, which is also present in the crystal of Drosophila DAT. Although there is a direct relationship between behavioral potencies of most DAT inhibitors and their DAT affinities, a number of compounds bind to the DAT and inhibit dopamine uptake but do not share cocaine-like effects. Such atypical behavior, depending on the compound, may be related to slow DAT association, combined sigma-receptor actions, or bias for cytosol-facing DAT. Some structures are sterically small enough to serve as DAT substrates but large enough to also inhibit transport. Such compounds may display partial DA releasing effects, and may be combined with release or uptake inhibition at other monoamine transporters. CONCLUSIONS Mechanisms of atypical DAT inhibitors may serve as targets for the development of treatments for stimulant abuse. These mechanisms are novel and their further exploration may produce compounds with unique therapeutic potential as treatments for stimulant abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten E.A. Reith
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA,Corresponding author: Maarten E.A. Reith, Department of Psychiatry, Alexandria Center of Life Sciences, New York University School of Medicine, 450 E 29th Street, Room 803, New York, NY 10016. Tel.: 212 - 263 8267; Fax: 212 – 263 8183;
| | - Bruce E. Blough
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Weimin C. Hong
- Psychobiology Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Kymry T. Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Kyle C. Schmitt
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Michael H. Baumann
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - John S. Partilla
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Richard B. Rothman
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Jonathan L. Katz
- Psychobiology Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Kohut SJ, Hiranita T, Hong SK, Ebbs AL, Tronci V, Green J, Garcés-Ramírez L, Chun LE, Mereu M, Newman AH, Katz JL, Tanda G. Preference for distinct functional conformations of the dopamine transporter alters the relationship between subjective effects of cocaine and stimulation of mesolimbic dopamine. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 76:802-9. [PMID: 24853388 PMCID: PMC4353924 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subjective effects of cocaine are mediated primarily by dopamine (DA) transporter (DAT) blockade. The present study assessed the hypothesis that different DAT conformational equilibria regulate differences in cocaine-like subjective effects and extracellular DA induced by diverse DA-uptake inhibitors (DUIs). METHODS The relationship between cocaine-like subjective effects and stimulation of mesolimbic DA levels by standard DUIs (cocaine, methylphenidate, WIN35,428) and atypical DUIs (benztropine analogs: AHN1-055, AHN2-005, JHW007) was investigated using cocaine discrimination and DA microdialysis procedures in rats. RESULTS All drugs stimulated DA levels with different maxima and time courses. Standard DUIs, which preferentially bind outward-facing DAT conformations, fully substituted for cocaine, consistently producing cocaine-like subjective effects at DA levels of 100-125% over basal values, regardless of dose or pretreatment time. The atypical DUIs, with DAT binding minimally affected by DAT conformation, produced inconsistent cocaine-like subjective effects. Full effects were obtained, if at all, only at a few doses and pretreatment times and at DA levels 600-700% greater than basal values. Importantly, the linear, time-independent, relationship between cocaine-like subjective effects and DA stimulation obtained with standard DUIs was not obtained with the atypical DUIs. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest a time-related desensitization process underlying the reduced cocaine subjective effects of atypical DUIs that may be differentially induced by the binding modalities identified using molecular approaches. Since the DAT is the target of several drugs for treating neuropsychiatric disorders, such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, these results help to identify safe and effective medications with minimal cocaine-like subjective effects that contribute to abuse liability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Kohut
- Psychobiology, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse/Intramural Research Program/National Institutes of Health/Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Takato Hiranita
- Psychobiology, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse/Intramural Research Program/National Institutes of Health/Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Soo-Kyung Hong
- Psychobiology, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse/Intramural Research Program/National Institutes of Health/Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Aaron L Ebbs
- Psychobiology, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse/Intramural Research Program/National Institutes of Health/Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Valeria Tronci
- Psychobiology, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse/Intramural Research Program/National Institutes of Health/Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jennifer Green
- Psychobiology, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse/Intramural Research Program/National Institutes of Health/Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Linda Garcés-Ramírez
- Psychobiology, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse/Intramural Research Program/National Institutes of Health/Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, Maryland; Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, México
| | - Lauren E Chun
- Psychobiology, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse/Intramural Research Program/National Institutes of Health/Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Maddalena Mereu
- Psychobiology, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse/Intramural Research Program/National Institutes of Health/Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Amy H Newman
- Medicinal Chemistry Sections, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse/Intramural Research Program/National Institutes of Health/Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, Maryland; Medications Development Program, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse/Intramural Research Program/National Institutes of Health/Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jonathan L Katz
- Psychobiology, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse/Intramural Research Program/National Institutes of Health/Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Gianluigi Tanda
- Psychobiology, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse/Intramural Research Program/National Institutes of Health/Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, Maryland; Medications Development Program, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse/Intramural Research Program/National Institutes of Health/Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, Maryland.
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Pilkinton PD, Pilkinton JC. Prescribing in prison: minimizing psychotropic drug diversion in correctional practice. JOURNAL OF CORRECTIONAL HEALTH CARE 2014; 20:95-104. [PMID: 24532812 DOI: 10.1177/1078345813518629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Correctional facilities are a major provider of mental health care throughout the United States. In spite of the numerous benefits of providing care in this setting, clinicians are sometimes concerned about entering into correctional care because of uncertainty in prescribing practices. This article provides an introduction to prescription drug use, abuse, and diversion in the correctional setting, including systems issues in prescribing, commonly abused prescription medications, motivation for and detection of prescription drug abuse, and the use of laboratory monitoring. By understanding the personal and systemic factors that affect prescribing habits, the clinician can develop a more rewarding correctional practice and improve care for inmates with mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia D Pilkinton
- 1Research and Development, Tuscaloosa Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
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Desai RI, Grandy DK, Lupica CR, Katz JL. Pharmacological characterization of a dopamine transporter ligand that functions as a cocaine antagonist. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 348:106-15. [PMID: 24194528 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.208538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An N-butyl analog of benztropine, JHW007 [N-(n-butyl)-3α-[bis(4'-fluorophenyl)methoxy]-tropane], binds to dopamine transporters (DAT) but has reduced cocaine-like behavioral effects and antagonizes various effects of cocaine. The present study further examined mechanisms underlying these effects. Cocaine dose-dependently increased locomotion, whereas JHW007 was minimally effective but increased activity 24 hours after injection. JHW007 (3-10 mg/kg) dose-dependently and fully antagonized the locomotor-stimulant effects of cocaine (5-60 mg/kg), whereas N-methyl and N-allyl analogs and the dopamine (DA) uptake inhibitor GBR12909 [1-(2-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl)-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine dihydrochloride] stimulated activity and failed to antagonize effects of cocaine. JHW007 also blocked the locomotor-stimulant effects of the DAT inhibitor GBR12909 but not stimulation produced by the δ-opioid agonist SNC 80 [4-[(R)-[(2S,5R)-4-allyl-2,5-dimethylpiperazin-1-yl](3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-N,N-diethylbenzamide], which increases activity through nondopaminergic mechanisms. JHW007 blocked locomotor-stimulant effects of cocaine in both DA D2- and CB1-receptor knockout and wild-type mice, indicating a lack of involvement of these targets. Furthermore, JHW007 blocked effects of cocaine on stereotyped rearing but enhanced stereotyped sniffing, suggesting that interference with locomotion by enhanced stereotypies is not responsible for the cocaine-antagonist effects of JHW007. Time-course data indicate that administration of JHW007 antagonized the locomotor-stimulant effects of cocaine within 10 minutes of injection, whereas occupancy at the DAT, as determined in vivo, did not reach a maximum until 4.5 hours after injection. The σ1-receptor antagonist BD 1008 [N-[2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]-N-methyl-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)ethylamine dihydrobromide] blocked the locomotor-stimulant effects of cocaine. Overall, these findings suggest that JHW007 has cocaine-antagonist effects that are deviate from its DAT occupancy and that some other mechanism, possibly σ-receptor antagonist activity, may contribute to the cocaine-antagonist effect of JHW007 and like drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev I Desai
- Psychobiology Section (R.I.D., J.L.K.) and Electrophysiology Research Section (C.R.L.), National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, Maryland; and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon (D.K.G.)
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A translational pharmacology approach to understanding the predictive value of abuse potential assessments. Behav Pharmacol 2013; 24:410-36. [PMID: 23873088 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0b013e3283644d2e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Within the drug development industry the assessment of abuse potential for novel molecules involves the generation and review of data from multiple sources, ranging from in-vitro binding and functional assays through to in-vivo nonclinical models in mammals, as well as collection of information from studies in humans. This breadth of data aligns with current expectations from regulatory agencies in both the USA and Europe. To date, there have been a limited number of reviews on the predictive value of individual models within this sequence, but there has been no systematic review on how each of these models contributes to our overall understanding of abuse potential risk. To address this, we analyzed data from 100 small molecules to compare the predictive validity for drug scheduling status of a number of models that typically contribute to the abuse potential assessment package. These models range from the assessment of in-vitro binding and functional profiles at receptors or transporters typically associated with abuse through in-vivo models including locomotor activity, drug discrimination, and self-administration in rodents. Data from subjective report assessments in humans following acute dosing of compounds were also included. The predictive value of each model was then evaluated relative to the scheduling status of each drug in the USA. In recognition of the fact that drug scheduling can be influenced by factors other than the pharmacology of the drug, we also evaluated the predictive value of each assay for the outcome of the human subjective effects assessment. This approach provides an objective and statistical assessment of the predictive value of many of the models typically applied within the pharmaceutical industry to evaluate abuse potential risk. In addition, the impact of combining information from multiple models was examined. This analysis adds to our understanding of the predictive value of each model, allows us to critically evaluate the benefits and limitations of each model, and provides a method for identifying opportunities for improving our assessment and prediction of abuse liability risk in the future.
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Mereu M, Bonci A, Newman AH, Tanda G. The neurobiology of modafinil as an enhancer of cognitive performance and a potential treatment for substance use disorders. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 229:415-34. [PMID: 23934211 PMCID: PMC3800148 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3232-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Modafinil (MOD) and its R-enantiomer (R-MOD) are approved medications for narcolepsy and other sleep disorders. They have also been used, off-label, as cognitive enhancers in populations of patients with mental disorders, including substance abusers that demonstrate impaired cognitive function. A debated nonmedical use of MOD in healthy individuals to improve intellectual performance is raising questions about its potential abuse liability in this population. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS MOD has low micromolar affinity for the dopamine transporter (DAT). Inhibition of dopamine (DA) reuptake via the DAT explains the enhancement of DA levels in several brain areas, an effect shared with psychostimulants like cocaine, methylphenidate, and the amphetamines. However, its neurochemical effects and anatomical pattern of brain area activation differ from typical psychostimulants and are consistent with its beneficial effects on cognitive performance processes such as attention, learning, and memory. At variance with typical psychostimulants, MOD shows very low, if any, abuse liability, in spite of its use as a cognitive enhancer by otherwise healthy individuals. Finally, recent clinical studies have focused on the potential use of MOD as a medication for treatment of drug abuse, but have not shown consistent outcomes. However, positive trends in several result measures suggest that medications that improve cognitive function, like MOD or R-MOD, may be beneficial for the treatment of substance use disorders in certain patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Mereu
- Molecular Targets & Medication Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, DHHS; 251 Bayview Blvd., NIDA suite 200, Baltimore, MD, 21224
| | - Antonello Bonci
- Synaptic Plasticity Section, Cellular Neurobiology Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, DHHS; 251 Bayview Blvd., NIDA suite 200, Baltimore, MD, 21224
| | - Amy Hauck Newman
- Molecular Targets & Medication Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, DHHS; 251 Bayview Blvd., NIDA suite 200, Baltimore, MD, 21224
| | - Gianluigi Tanda
- Molecular Targets & Medication Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, DHHS; 251 Bayview Blvd., NIDA suite 200, Baltimore, MD, 21224
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Tanda G, Li SM, Mereu M, Thomas AM, Ebbs AL, Chun LE, Tronci V, Green JL, Zou MF, Kopajtic TA, Newman AH, Katz JL. Relations between stimulation of mesolimbic dopamine and place conditioning in rats produced by cocaine or drugs that are tolerant to dopamine transporter conformational change. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 229:307-21. [PMID: 23612854 PMCID: PMC3758386 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3109-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Dopamine transporter (DAT) conformation plays a role in the effectiveness of cocaine-like and other DAT inhibitors. Cocaine-like stimulants are intolerant to DAT conformation changes having decreased potency in cells transfected with DAT constructs that face the cytosol compared to wild-type DAT. In contrast, analogs of benztropine (BZT) are among compounds that are less affected by DAT conformational change. METHODS We compared the displacement of radioligand binding to various mammalian CNS sites, acute stimulation of accumbens shell dopamine levels, and place conditioning in rats among cocaine and four BZT analogs with Cl substitutions on the diphenyl-ether system including two with carboalkoxy substitutions at the 2-position of the tropane ring. RESULTS Binding assays confirmed high-affinity and selectivity for the DAT with the BZT analogs which also produced significant stimulation of mesolimbic dopamine efflux. Because BZT analogs produced temporal patterns of extracellular dopamine levels different from those by cocaine (3-10 mg/kg, i.p.), the place conditioning produced by BZT analogs and cocaine was compared at doses and times at which both the increase in dopamine levels and rates of increase were similar to those produced by an effective dose of cocaine. Despite this equilibration, none of the BZT analogs tested produced significant place conditioning. CONCLUSIONS The present results extend previous findings suggesting that cocaine-like actions are dependent on a binding equilibrium that favors the outward conformational state of the DAT. In contrast, BZT analogs with reduced dependence on DAT conformation have reduced cocaine-like behavioral effects and may prove useful in development of medications for stimulant abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluigi Tanda
- Psychobiology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health; 251 Bayview Blvd., NIDA suite 200, Baltimore, MD, 21224
| | - Su Min Li
- Psychobiology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health; 251 Bayview Blvd., NIDA suite 200, Baltimore, MD, 21224
| | - Maddalena Mereu
- Psychobiology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health; 251 Bayview Blvd., NIDA suite 200, Baltimore, MD, 21224
| | - Alexandra M. Thomas
- Psychobiology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health; 251 Bayview Blvd., NIDA suite 200, Baltimore, MD, 21224
| | - Aaron L. Ebbs
- Psychobiology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health; 251 Bayview Blvd., NIDA suite 200, Baltimore, MD, 21224
| | | | - Valeria Tronci
- Psychobiology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health; 251 Bayview Blvd., NIDA suite 200, Baltimore, MD, 21224
| | - Jennifer L. Green
- Psychobiology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health; 251 Bayview Blvd., NIDA suite 200, Baltimore, MD, 21224
| | - Mu-Fa Zou
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health; 251 Bayview Blvd., NIDA suite 200, Baltimore, MD, 21224
| | - Theresa A. Kopajtic
- Psychobiology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health; 251 Bayview Blvd., NIDA suite 200, Baltimore, MD, 21224
| | - Amy Hauck Newman
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health; 251 Bayview Blvd., NIDA suite 200, Baltimore, MD, 21224
| | - Jonathan L. Katz
- Psychobiology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health; 251 Bayview Blvd., NIDA suite 200, Baltimore, MD, 21224
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Hiranita T, Mereu M, Soto PL, Tanda G, Katz JL. Self-administration of cocaine induces dopamine-independent self-administration of sigma agonists. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:605-15. [PMID: 23187725 PMCID: PMC3572457 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2012.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Sigma(1) receptors (σ(1)Rs) are intracellularly mobile chaperone proteins implicated in several disease processes, as well as psychiatric disorders and substance abuse. Here we report that although selective σ(1)R agonists (PRE-084, (+)-pentazocine) lacked reinforcing effects in drug-naive rats, over the course of 28 experimental sessions, which was more than sufficient for acquisition of cocaine self-administration, responding was not maintained by either σ(1)R agonist. In contrast, after subjects self-administered cocaine σ(1)R agonists were readily self-administered. The induced reinforcing effects were long lasting; a response for which subjects had no history of reinforcement was newly conditioned with both σ(1)R agonists, extinguished when injections were discontinued, and reconditioned when σ(1)R agonists again followed responses. Experience with food reinforcement was ineffective as an inducer of σ(1)R agonist reinforcement. Although a variety of dopamine receptor antagonists blocked cocaine self-administration, consistent with its dopaminergic mechanism, PRE-084 self-administration was entirely insensitive to these drugs. Conversely, the σR antagonist, BD1063, blocked PRE-084 self-administration but was inactive against cocaine. In microdialysis studies i.v. PRE-084 did not significantly stimulate dopamine at doses that were self-administered in rats either with or without a cocaine self-administration experience. The results indicate that cocaine experience induces reinforcing effects of previously inactive σ(1)R agonists, and that the mechanism underlying these reinforcing effects is dopamine independent. It is further suggested that induced σ(1)R mechanisms may have an essential role in treatment-resistant stimulant abuse, suggesting new approaches for the development of effective medications for stimulant abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takato Hiranita
- Psychobiology Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maddalena Mereu
- Psychobiology Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Paul L Soto
- Behavioral Biology Research Center, Johns Hopkins University Medical School, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gianluigi Tanda
- Psychobiology Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan L Katz
- Psychobiology Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Harmey D, Griffin PR, Kenny PJ. Development of novel pharmacotherapeutics for tobacco dependence: progress and future directions. Nicotine Tob Res 2012; 14:1300-18. [PMID: 23024249 PMCID: PMC3611986 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nts201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The vast majority of tobacco smokers seeking to quit will relapse within the first month of abstinence. Currently available smoking cessation agents have limited utility in increasing rates of smoking cessation and in some cases there are notable safety concerns related to their use. Hence, there is a pressing need to develop safer and more efficacious smoking cessation medications. METHODS Here, we provide an overview of current efforts to develop new pharmacotherapeutic agents to facilitate smoking cessation, identified from ongoing clinical trials and published reports. RESULTS Nicotine is considered the major addictive agent in tobacco smoke, and the vast majority of currently available smoking cessation agents act by modulating nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) signaling. Accordingly, there is much effort directed toward developing novel small molecule therapeutics and biological agents such as nicotine vaccines for smoking cessation that act by modulating nAChR activity. Our increasing knowledge of the neurobiology of nicotine addiction has revealed new targets for novel smoking cessation therapeutics. Indeed, we highlight many examples of novel small molecule drug development around non-nAChR targets. Finally, there is a growing appreciation that medications already approved for other disease indications could show promise as smoking cessation agents, and we consider examples of such repurposing efforts. CONCLUSION Ongoing clinical assessment of potential smoking cessation agents offers the promise of new effective medications. Nevertheless, much of our current knowledge of molecular mechanisms of nicotine addiction derived from preclinical studies has not yet been leveraged for medications development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dympna Harmey
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute—Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL
| | - Patrick R. Griffin
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute—Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL
| | - Paul J. Kenny
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute—Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL
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Ikeda-Sagara M, Ozaki T, Shahid M, Morioka E, Wada K, Honda K, Hori A, Matsuya Y, Toyooka N, Ikeda M. Induction of prolonged, continuous slow-wave sleep by blocking cerebral H₁ histamine receptors in rats. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:167-82. [PMID: 21699505 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01547.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Classic H(1) histamine receptor (H(1)R) antagonists are non-selective for H(1)R and known to produce drowsiness. Modern antihistamines are more selective for H(1)R, and are 'non-drowsy' presumably due to reduced permeability through the blood-brain barrier. To characterize both histaminergic sleep regulation and the central actions of antihistamines, in the present study we analysed the effect of classic and modern antihistamines on rats' sleep using continuous i.c.v. infusions. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Effects of classic (d-chlorpheniramine; d-CPA) and second-generation (cetirizine) antihistamines on sleep were compared after i.p. injections or continuous i.c.v. infusions into rats. Fluorescent cetirizine/DBD-pz was synthesized to trace the approximate distribution of cerebral cetirizine. Furthermore, the effects of H(1) R antagonists on cultured preoptic neurons were examined using calcium imaging. KEY RESULTS d-CPA 4 mg·kg(-1) i.p. increased non-rapid eye movement (REM) sleep whereas 10-40 mg·kg(-1) d-CPA decreased non-REM sleep at dark onset time. Nocturnal i.c.v. infusions of d-CPA (10 µmol·100 µL(-1)·10 h(-1)) increased drowsiness but not non-REM sleep, whereas the same i.c.v. infusions of cetirizine significantly increased non-REM sleep, abolished REM sleep, and decreased wakefulness for more than 10 h. The medial preoptic area contained the greatest fluorescent labelling after i.c.v. cetirizine/DBD-pz infusions. Histamine-induced Ca(2+) increases in medial preoptic neurons were blocked by d-CPA or cetirizine, whereas d-CPA, but not cetirizine, increased Ca(2+) irrespective of antihistaminergic activity at ≥ 100 µM. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS The excitatory action of d-CPA may explain the seemingly inconsistent actions of d-CPA on sleep. Cerebral H(1)R inhibition by cetirizine induces synchronization of cerebral activity and prolonged, continuous slow-wave sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masami Ikeda-Sagara
- Graduate School of Innovative Life Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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Unno K, Ozaki T, Mohammad S, Tsuno S, Ikeda-Sagara M, Honda K, Ikeda M. First and second generation H₁ histamine receptor antagonists produce different sleep-inducing profiles in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 683:179-85. [PMID: 22449385 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
First generation H₁ histamine receptor antagonists, such as d-chlorpheniramine (d-CPA) and diphenhydramine, produce drowsiness in humans. They are currently used as over-the-counter sleep aids. However, the mechanisms underlying drowsiness induced by these H₁ histamine receptor antagonists remain obscure because they produce heterogeneous receptor-independent actions. Ketotifen is a second generation H₁ histamine receptor antagonist which is more permeable to the brain than newer H₁ histamine receptor antagonists. Therefore, to access sleep-inducing profiles by H₁ histamine receptor blocking actions, the present study compared the dose-dependent effects of diphenhydramine and ketotifen (1-40 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection at dark onset time) on daily sleep-wake patterns in rats. Ketotifen dose-dependently decreased rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep and increased non-REM sleep by amplifying slow-wave electroencephalogram powers. Diphenhydramine at 4 mg/kg transiently increased non-REM sleep and reduced REM sleep similar to the effects of ketotifen. The larger injections of diphenhydramine (10-40 mg/kg), however, reduced non-REM sleep, abolished slow-wave enhancements and facilitated wakefulness. The bi-directional action of diphenhydramine on sleep is similar to our former results using d-CPA. Taken together, the arousal effects caused by over-dose administrations of the first generation H₁ histamine receptor antagonists may be mediated by H₁ histamine receptor-independent actions. To further examine the tolerance of ketotifen-induced sleep, 3 mg/kg ketotifen was injected daily for 5 days 3 h before light onset time. These experiments consistently enhanced non-REM-sleep at the end of the active phase of rats, suggesting that ketotifen may function as a desirable sleep aid although the coincidental REM sleep reduction requires attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Unno
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
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31
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Oleson EB, Ferris MJ, España RA, Harp J, Jones SR. Effects of the histamine H₁ receptor antagonist and benztropine analog diphenylpyraline on dopamine uptake, locomotion and reward. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 683:161-5. [PMID: 22445882 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Diphenylpyraline hydrochloride (DPP) is an internationally available antihistamine that produces therapeutic antiallergic effects by binding to histamine H₁ receptors. The complete neuropharmacological and behavioral profile of DPP, however, remains uncharacterized. Here we describe studies that suggest DPP may fit the profile of a potential agonist replacement medication for cocaine addiction. Aside from producing the desired histamine reducing effects, many antihistamines can also elicit psychomotor activation and reward, both of which are associated with increased dopamine concentrations in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). The primary aim of this study was to investigate the potential ability of DPP to inhibit the dopamine transporter, thereby leading to elevated dopamine concentrations in the NAc in a manner similar to cocaine and other psychostimulants. The psychomotor activating and rewarding effects of DPP were also investigated. For comparative purposes cocaine, a known dopamine transporter inhibitor, psychostimulant and drug of abuse, was used as a positive control. As predicted, both cocaine (15 mg/kg) and an equimolar dose of DPP (14 mg/kg) significantly inhibited dopamine uptake in the NAc in vivo and produced locomotor activation, although the time-course of pharmacological effects of the two drugs was different. In comparison to cocaine, DPP showed a prolonged effect on dopamine uptake and locomotion. Furthermore, cocaine, but not DPP, produced significant conditioned place preference, a measure of drug reward. The finding that DPP functions as a potent dopamine uptake inhibitor without producing significant rewarding effects suggests that DPP merits further study as a potential candidate as an agonist pharmacotherapy for cocaine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik B Oleson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
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Tanaka T, Takasu A, Yoshino A, Terazumi K, Ide M, Nomura S, Sakamoto T. Diphenhydramine overdose mimicking serotonin syndrome. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2011; 65:534. [PMID: 21851465 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1819.2011.02234.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Sigma receptor agonists: receptor binding and effects on mesolimbic dopamine neurotransmission assessed by microdialysis. Biol Psychiatry 2011; 69:208-17. [PMID: 20950794 PMCID: PMC3015019 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Revised: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subtypes of sigma (σ) receptors, σ₁ and σ₂, can be pharmacologically distinguished, and each may be involved in substance-abuse disorders. σ-Receptor antagonists block cocaine place conditioning and σ-receptor agonists are self-administered in rats that previously self-administered cocaine. Self-administration of abused drugs has been related to increased dopamine (DA) neurotransmission, however, σ-receptor agonist effects on mesolimbic DA are not fully characterized. METHODS Receptor-binding studies assessed affinities of σ-receptor ligands for σ-receptor subtypes and the DA transporter; effects on DA transmission in the rat nucleus accumbens shell were assessed using in vivo microdialysis. RESULTS Cocaine (.1-1.0 mg/kg intravenous [IV]), the nonselective σ(½)-receptor agonist DTG (1.0-5.6 mg/kg IV), and the selective σ₁-receptor agonist PRE-084 (.32-10 mg/kg IV) dose-dependently increased DA to ∼275%, ∼150%, and ∼160% maxima, respectively. DTG-induced stimulation of DA was antagonized by the nonselective σ(½)-receptor antagonist BD 1008 (10 mg/kg intraperitoneal [IP]) and the preferential σ₂-receptor antagonist SN 79 (1-3 mg/kg IP), but not by the preferential σ₁-receptor antagonist, BD 1063 (10-30 mg/kg IP). Neither PRE-084 nor cocaine was antagonized by BD 1063 or BD 1008. CONCLUSIONS σ-Receptor agonists stimulated DA in a brain area critical for reinforcing effects of cocaine. DTG effects on DA appear to be mediated by σ₂-receptors rather than σ₁-receptors. However, DA stimulation by cocaine or PRE-084 does not likely involve σ-receptors. The relatively low potency on DA transmission of the selective σ₁-receptor agonist, PRE-084, and its previously reported potent reinforcing effects, suggest a dopamine-independent reinforcing pathway that may contribute to substance-abuse disorders.
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Miyata S, Hirano S, Ohsawa M, Kamei J. Chlorpheniramine exerts anxiolytic-like effects and activates prefrontal 5-HT systems in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2011; 213:441-52. [PMID: 19823805 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-009-1695-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 10/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The traditional antihistamine chlorpheniramine ameliorates panic attacks, phobias, and lowered mood, and this therapeutic effect is independent of the blockade of histamine H(1) receptors. Since chlorpheniramine inhibits the reuptake of serotonin (5-HT), the anxiolytic-like effect of chlorpheniramine may be produced by an increase in serotonergic function. OBJECTIVE To elucidate the mechanisms underlying the anxiolytic-like effects of chlorpheniramine in mice, we examined the involvement of 5-HT systems in the prefrontal cortex that is a crucial region in the regulation of emotional function. RESULTS Chlorpheniramine (0.05-5 mg/kg, i.p.) dose-dependently and significantly decreased the duration of freezing behavior in both the elevated open-platform and conditioned fear tests. The anti-freezing effects of chlorpheniramine (5 mg/kg, i.p.) in these tests were inhibited by pretreatment with the non-selective antagonist at 5-HT receptors, methiothepin (0.01 mg/kg, s.c.). In addition, the local injection of chlorpheniramine (10-100 ng/mouse) and 5-HT (1-10 μg/mouse) into the medial part of the prefrontal cortex (mPFC) dose-dependently and significantly decreased the duration of freezing behavior in the elevated open-platform test. In a microdialysis study, chlorpheniramine (0.5 and 5 mg/kg, i.p.) dose-dependently and significantly increased the extracellular 5-HT level in the mPFC. In addition, the local perfusion of chlorpheniramine (10 and 30 μM), but not of the selective H1 receptor antagonist, cetirizine, into the mPFC markedly increased the extracellular 5-HT level in the mPFC. CONCLUSION The anxiolytic-like effect of chlorpheniramine is produced, at least in part, by the facilitation of serotonergic neurotransmission in the PFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Miyata
- Department of Pathophysiology and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan
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Levin ED, Slade S, Wells C, Pruitt M, Cousins V, Cauley M, Petro A, Hampton D, Rose J. Histamine H1 antagonist treatment with pyrilamine reduces nicotine self-administration in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 650:256-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2010] [Revised: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Gracious B, Abe N, Sundberg J. The importance of taking a history of over-the-counter medication use: a brief review and case illustration of "PRN" antihistamine dependence in a hospitalized adolescent. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2010; 20:521-4. [PMID: 21186972 PMCID: PMC3025184 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2010.0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription medication abuse has been rapidly increasing, yet publications on OTC abuse in adolescents are limited. We present a brief literature review and a novel report of antihistamine dependence emerging after admission in an adolescent, subsequently treated with naltrexone. This case highlights the need to take a thorough history of OTC, herbal, and prescription drug use from parents and patients separately and repeatedly, at initial presentation, and again if withdrawal symptoms emerge. General strategies for combating OTC and prescription abuse are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Gracious
- Department of Psychiatry, Nationwide Children's Hospital/The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA.
| | - Naomi Abe
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
| | - Jane Sundberg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
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Ohtsuki S, Yamaguchi H, Kang YS, Hori S, Terasaki T. Reduction of L-type amino acid transporter 1 mRNA expression in brain capillaries in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Biol Pharm Bull 2010; 33:1250-2. [PMID: 20606323 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.33.1250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) expresses transporters that influence both dopaminergic neuronal function and drug therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD). The purpose of the present study was to clarify changes of transporter mRNA expression at the BBB in mice treated with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) as a model of PD, in order to understand the pathophysiological role of BBB transport function in PD. At 7 d after MPTP treatment, mice showed a motor deficit and a loss of dopaminergic neurons. At the same time, L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) mRNA expression in the brain capillary fraction of the MPTP-treated mice was significantly reduced by 62.6% compared with saline-treated mice, while no significant change was observed in the expression of glucose transporter 1, creatine transporter 1, taurine transporter, organic cation transporter 2, serotonin transporter, norepinephrine transporter and dopamine transporter. LAT1 mRNA expression in whole brain was not affected at 1, 3 and 5 d after the treatment, but was reduced by 46.3% at 7 d. LAT1 mediates the transport of large neutral amino acids, including tyrosine, as well as the PD-therapeutic drug levodopa, across the BBB. Our findings indicate that decreased LAT1 expression at the BBB in PD patients may adversely affect amino acid supply from the circulating blood and levodopa distribution into the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumio Ohtsuki
- Division of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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Panula P, Nuutinen S. Histamine and H3 receptor in alcohol-related behaviors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 336:9-16. [PMID: 20864504 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.170928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Data from rat models for alcohol preference and histidine decarboxylase knockout (HDC KO) mice suggest that brain histamine regulates alcohol-related behaviors. Histamine levels are higher in alcohol-preferring than in alcohol-nonpreferring rat brains, and expression of histamine H(3) receptor (H(3)R) is different in key areas for addictive behavior. H(3)R inverse agonists decrease alcohol responding in one alcohol-preferring rat line. Conditioned place preference induced by alcohol is stronger in HDC KO mice than in control mice. The HDC KO mice display a weaker stimulatory response to acute alcohol than the wild-type (WT) mice. In male inbred C57BL/6 mice the H(3)R antagonist ciproxifan inhibits ethanol-evoked stimulation of locomotor activity. Ciproxifan also potentiates the ethanol reward, but does not alone result in the development of place preference. At least in one rat model developed to study alcohol sensitivity high histamine levels are characteristic of the alcohol-insensitive rat line, and lowering brain histamine with a HDC inhibitor increases alcohol sensitivity in the tilting plane test. However, the motor skills of HDC KO mice do not seem to differ from those of the WT mice. Current evidence suggests that the histaminergic system is involved in the regulation of place preference behavior triggered by alcohol, possibly through an interaction with the mesolimbic dopamine system. Histamine may also interact with dopamine in the regulation of the cortico-striato-pallido-thalamo-cortical motor pathway and cerebellar mechanisms, which may be important in different motor behaviors beyond alcohol-induced motor disturbances. H(3)R ligands may have significant effects on alcohol addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pertti Panula
- Neuroscience Center and Institute of Biomedicine/Anatomy, POB 63, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Kopajtic TA, Liu Y, Surratt CK, Donovan DM, Newman AH, Katz JL. Dopamine transporter-dependent and -independent striatal binding of the benztropine analog JHW 007, a cocaine antagonist with low abuse liability. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 335:703-14. [PMID: 20855444 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.171629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The benztropine analog N-(n-butyl)-3α-[bis(4'-fluorophenyl)methoxy]-tropane (JHW 007) displays high affinity for the dopamine transporter (DAT), but unlike typical DAT ligands, has relatively low abuse liability and blocks the effects of cocaine, including its self-administration. To determine sites responsible for the cocaine antagonist effects of JHW 007, its in vitro binding was compared with that of methyl (1R,2S,3S,5S)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylate (WIN 35428) in rats, mice, and human DAT (hDAT)-transfected cells. A one-site model, with K(d) values of 4.21 (rat) and 8.99 nM (mouse) best fit the [(3)H]WIN 35428 data. [(3)H]JHW 007 binding best fit a two-site model (rat, 7.40/4400 nM; mouse, 8.18/2750 nM), although a one-site fit was observed with hDAT membranes (43.7 nM). Drugs selective for the norepinephrine and serotonin transporters had relatively low affinity in competition with [(3)H]JHW 007 binding, as did drugs selective for other sites identified previously as potential JHW 007 binding sites. The association of [(3)H]WIN 35428 best fit a one-phase model, whereas the association of [(3)H]JHW 007 best fit a two-phase model in all tissues. Because cocaine antagonist effects of JHW 007 have been observed previously soon after injection, its rapid association observed here may contribute to those effects. Multiple [(3)H]JHW 007 binding sites were obtained in tissue from mice lacking the DAT, suggesting these as yet unidentified sites as potential contributors to the cocaine antagonist effects of JHW 007. Unlike WIN 35428, the binding of JHW 007 was Na(+)-independent. This feature of JHW 007 has been linked to the conformational status of the DAT, which in turn may contribute to the antagonism of cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa A Kopajtic
- Psychobiology Section, Medications Discovery Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
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Involvement of the brain histaminergic system in addiction and addiction-related behaviors: a comprehensive review with emphasis on the potential therapeutic use of histaminergic compounds in drug dependence. Prog Neurobiol 2010; 92:421-41. [PMID: 20638439 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Neurons that produce histamine are exclusively located in the tuberomamillary nucleus of the posterior hypothalamus and send widespread projections to almost all brain areas. Neuronal histamine is involved in many physiological and behavioral functions such as arousal, feeding behavior and learning. Although conflicting data have been published, several studies have also demonstrated a role of histamine in the psychomotor and rewarding effects of addictive drugs. Pharmacological and brain lesion experiments initially led to the proposition that the histaminergic system exerts an inhibitory influence on drug reward processes, opposed to that of the dopaminergic system. The purpose of this review is to summarize the relevant literature on this topic and to discuss whether the inhibitory function of histamine on drug reward is supported by current evidence from published results. Research conducted during the past decade demonstrated that the ability of many antihistaminic drugs to potentiate addiction-related behaviors essentially results from non-specific effects and does not constitute a valid argument in support of an inhibitory function of histamine on reward processes. The reviewed findings also indicate that histamine can either stimulate or inhibit the dopamine mesolimbic system through distinct neuronal mechanisms involving different histamine receptors. Finally, the hypothesis that the histaminergic system plays an inhibitory role on drug reward appears to be essentially supported by place conditioning studies that focused on morphine reward. The present review suggests that the development of drugs capable of activating the histaminergic system may offer promising therapeutic tools for the treatment of opioid dependence.
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Nguyen TL, You IJ, Oh S, Yang CH, Lee SY, Jang CG. Assessment of the rewarding effects of dimenhydrinate using the conditioned place preference paradigm in mice. Neurosci Lett 2010; 471:38-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Revised: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Discovery of drugs to treat cocaine dependence: behavioral and neurochemical effects of atypical dopamine transport inhibitors. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2009; 57:253-89. [PMID: 20230764 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(08)57007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Stimulant drugs acting at the dopamine transporter (DAT), like cocaine, are widely abused, yet effective medical treatments for this abuse have not been found. Analogs of benztropine (BZT) that, like cocaine, act at the DAT have effects that differ from cocaine and in some situations block the behavioral, neurochemical, and reinforcing actions of cocaine. Neurochemical studies of dopamine levels in brain and behavioral studies have demonstrated that BZT analogs have a relatively slow onset and reduced maximal effects compared to cocaine. Pharmacokinetic studies, however, indicated that the BZT analogs rapidly access the brain at concentrations above their in vitro binding affinities, while binding in vivo demonstrates apparent association rates for BZT analogs lower than that for cocaine. Additionally, the off-target effects of these compounds do not fully explain their differences from cocaine. Initial structure-activity studies indicated that BZT analogs bind to DAT differently from cocaine and these differences have been supported by site-directed mutagenesis studies of the DAT. In addition, BZT analog-mediated inhibition of uptake was more resistant to mutations producing inward conformational DAT changes than cocaine analogs. The BZT analogs have provided new insights into the relation between the molecular and behavioral actions of cocaine and the diversity of effects produced by dopamine transport inhibitors. Novel interactions of BZT analogs with the DAT suggest that these drugs may have a pharmacology that would be useful in their development as treatments for cocaine abuse.
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Abstract
Dextromethorphan is a nonprescription antitussive which has been gaining in popularity as an abused drug, because of the hallucinogenic, dissociative, and intoxicating effects it produces at high doses. This report describes a series of eight drivers arrested for driving under the influence of the combined effects of dextromethorphan and chlorpheniramine, and a further four drivers under the influence of dextromethorphan alone. In the combined dextromethorphan/chlorpheniramine cases, blood dextromethorphan concentrations ranged from 150 to 1220 ng/mL (n = 8; mean 676 ng/mL, median 670 ng/mL), and chlorpheniramine concentrations ranged from 70 to 270 ng/mL (n = 8; mean 200 ng/mL, median 180 ng/mL). The four cases without chlorpheniramine present had blood dextromethorphan concentrations between 190 and 1000 ng/mL (mean 570 ng/mL, median 545 ng/mL). Some drivers had therapeutic concentrations of other drugs present. Drivers generally displayed symptoms of central nervous system (CNS) depressant intoxication, and there was gross evidence of impairment in their driving, including weaving, leaving the lane of travel, failing to obey traffic signals, and involvement in collisions. Drug Recognition Expert opinions confirmed that the subjects were under the influence of a drug in the CNS-depressant category.
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Banks ML, Andersen ML, Murnane KS, Meyer RC, Howell LL. Behavioral and neurochemical effects of cocaine and diphenhydramine combinations in rhesus monkeys. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2009; 205:467-74. [PMID: 19430765 PMCID: PMC3233267 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-009-1555-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Diphenhydramine (DPH) is an over-the-counter medication used in the treatment of allergic symptoms. While DPH abuse is infrequent, recent preclinical evidence suggests that DPH and cocaine combinations may have enhanced reinforcing properties. OBJECTIVE The aims were to assess the reinforcing effectiveness of cocaine and DPH alone or in combination under a second-order schedule of reinforcement and to examine the neurochemical basis of this interaction using in vivo microdialysis in awake rhesus monkeys. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cocaine (0.03-0.3 mg/kg per injection), DPH (0.3-3.0 mg/kg per injection), or a combination was available under a second-order schedule of intravenous drug reinforcement (n = 3). In microdialysis studies, noncontingent cocaine (0.1-1.0 mg/kg, iv), DPH (1.7 and 3.0 mg/kg, iv), or a combination was administered and changes in extracellular dopamine levels in the caudate nucleus were examined (n = 3-5). RESULTS Cocaine and DPH dose-dependently maintained operant responding. Dose combinations of 1.0 or 1.7 mg/kg per injection DPH and 0.03 mg/kg per injection cocaine maintained greater rates of operant responding than 0.03 mg/kg per injection cocaine alone in the second component of the behavioral session. In microdialysis studies, cocaine dose-dependently increased extracellular dopamine levels, but no dose of DPH tested significantly increased dopamine levels above baseline. Moreover, combining DPH with cocaine did not enhance cocaine-induced dopamine increases. CONCLUSIONS The results support previous evidence of enhanced reinforcement with cocaine and DPH combinations and extend this finding to operant behavior maintained under a second-order schedule. However, the reinforcing effects of DPH alone or in combination with cocaine do not appear to be mediated via changes in dopamine overflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L. Banks
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Rd, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Monica L. Andersen
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Rd, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA. Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kevin S. Murnane
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Rd, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Rebecca C. Meyer
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Rd, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Leonard L. Howell
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Rd, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Current world literature. Addictive disorder. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2009; 22:331-6. [PMID: 19365188 DOI: 10.1097/yco.0b013e32832ae253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wang Z, Woolverton WL. Super-additive interaction of the reinforcing effects of cocaine and H1-antihistamines in rhesus monkeys. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2008; 91:590-5. [PMID: 18930758 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2008.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Revised: 09/25/2008] [Accepted: 09/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Histamine H1 receptor antagonists can be sedating and have behavioral effects, including reinforcing and discriminative stimulus effects in non-humans, that predict abuse liability. Previous research has suggested that antihistamines can enhance the effects of some drugs of abuse. We have reported a synergistic interaction between cocaine and diphenhydramine (DPH) in a self-administration assay with monkeys. The present study was designed to extend those findings to other combinations of cocaine and DPH, and to the mixture of cocaine and another H1-antihistamine, pyrilamine. Rhesus monkeys were prepared with chronic i.v. catheters and allowed to self-administer cocaine, DPH or pyrilamine alone or as mixtures under a progressive-ratio schedule of reinforcement. Cocaine, DPH and pyrilamine alone maintained self-administration and cocaine was the stronger reinforcer. When cocaine was combined with DPH or pyrilamine in a 1:1, 1:2 or 2:1 ratio of the ED(50)s, the combinations were super-additive as reinforcers. Reinforcing strength of the combinations was greater than that of the antihistamines alone but not greater than cocaine. The data support the prediction that the combination of cocaine and histamine H1 receptor antagonists could have enhanced potential for abuse relative to either drug alone. The interaction may involve dopamine systems in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixia Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
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