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Demirel S, Tuzcu F, Uysal Harzadin N, Kandiş S, Kızıldağ S, Kanıt L. Examination of Empathy-Like Behaviour in Nicotine-Preferring Rat Lines. Int J Neurosci 2024:1-20. [PMID: 38318673 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2024.2312989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Addiction is an important global health issue, impacting also addicts environment and society. Empathy plays crucial role in establishing successful social relationships and is a fundamental component of social life. The aim of this study is to investigate how nicotine preferring (NP) strain and oral forced nicotine administration affects empathy-like behaviour in rats, with gender differences. Sprague-Dawley NP rats (10 males/10 females) and wild-type control rats (10 males/10 females) were used. Behavioural tests were administered to all rats before and after oral forced nicotine administration. The behavioural tests were completed in the fourth week of nicotine administration. Anxiety levels that could affect empathy-like behaviour were evaluated with open field, elevated plus maze tests and with blood cortisol levels. Oxytocin receptor and arginine vasopressin (AVP) levels, which have been shown to be related to empathy-like behaviour, were examined in the prefrontal cortex and amygdala regions using the enzyme-linked immunoassay method. It was observed that males from the NP strain showed less empathy-like behaviour than all other groups, and nicotine administration did not cause a significant change in the results. Higher levels of locomotor activity (LA) were found in control females than in all other groups. Blood nicotine and corticosterone levels were higher in NP rats. No significant differences were found in AVP and oxytocin receptor levels in the prefrontal cortex and amygdala. In conclusion, it was found that coming from an addicted strain particularly reduces empathy-like behaviour in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinem Demirel
- Ege University, Institude of Health Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Fulya Tuzcu
- Ege University, Institude of Health Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Izmir, Turkey
- Ege University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Nazan Uysal Harzadin
- Dokuz Eylul University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sevim Kandiş
- Dokuz Eylul University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Servet Kızıldağ
- Dokuz Eylul University, Vocational School of Health Services, Medical Laboratory Techniques Program, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Lütfiye Kanıt
- Ege University, Institude of Health Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Izmir, Turkey
- Ege University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Izmir, Turkey
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2
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Gozen O, Aypar B, Ozturk Bintepe M, Tuzcu F, Balkan B, Koylu EO, Kanit L, Keser A. Chronic Nicotine Consumption and Withdrawal Regulate Melanocortin Receptor, CRF, and CRF Receptor mRNA Levels in the Rat Brain. Brain Sci 2024; 14:63. [PMID: 38248278 PMCID: PMC10813117 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14010063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the various neuropeptide systems in the mesocorticolimbic circuitry have been implicated in negative effects associated with drug withdrawal. The corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone are two peptides that may be involved. This study investigated the regulatory effects of chronic nicotine exposure and withdrawal on the mRNA levels of melanocortin receptors (MC3R, MC4R), CRF, and CRF receptors (CRFR1 and CRFR2) expressed in the mesocorticolimbic system. Rats were given drinking water with nicotine or without nicotine (control group) for 12 weeks, after which they continued receiving nicotine (chronic exposure) or were withdrawn from nicotine for 24 or 48 h. The animals were decapitated following behavioral testing for withdrawal signs. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis demonstrated that nicotine exposure (with or without withdrawal) increased levels of CRF and CRFR1 mRNA in the amygdala, CRF mRNA in the medial prefrontal cortex, and CRFR1 mRNA in the septum. Nicotine withdrawal also enhanced MC3R and MC4R mRNA levels in different brain regions, while chronic nicotine exposure was associated with increased MC4R mRNA levels in the nucleus accumbens. These results suggest that chronic nicotine exposure and withdrawal regulate CRF and melanocortin signaling in the mesocorticolimbic system, possibly contributing to negative affective state and nicotine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oguz Gozen
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Turkey; (O.G.)
- Center for Brain Research, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Buket Aypar
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Turkey; (O.G.)
| | - Meliha Ozturk Bintepe
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Turkey; (O.G.)
| | - Fulya Tuzcu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Turkey; (O.G.)
| | - Burcu Balkan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Turkey; (O.G.)
- Center for Brain Research, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ersin O. Koylu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Turkey; (O.G.)
- Center for Brain Research, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Lutfiye Kanit
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Turkey; (O.G.)
- Center for Brain Research, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Aysegul Keser
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Turkey; (O.G.)
- Center for Brain Research, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Turkey
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Bayoglu M, Ozturk Bintepe M, Kanit L, Balkan B, Gozen O, Koylu EO, Keser A. Decreased anxiety-like behavior in a selectively bred high nicotine-preferring rat line. Int J Neurosci 2023:1-11. [PMID: 37929683 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2023.2279505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Genetic vulnerability contributes significantly to the individual variability observed in nicotine dependence. Selective breeding for sensitivity to a particular effect of abused drugs has produced rodent lines useful for studying genetic vulnerability to drug addiction. Previous research showed that anxiety-related personality traits are associated with nicotine dependence. Therefore, we examined the differences in anxiety-like behavior between a high nicotine-preferring rat line and their controls. At the beginning of the study, all rats, naïve to any drug, were exposed sequentially to open field arena, marble-burying and elevated plus-maze paradigms. In the second step, all rats received nicotine in drinking water for 7 weeks. Behavioral tests were rerun on the final 2 weeks of chronic nicotine treatment. Elevated plus-maze testings under basal condition and during chronic nicotine treatment showed that the time spent on the open arms, preference for being in the open arms, and the latency to enter the closed arms were higher, whereas open arm avoidance index was lower in nicotine-preferring rats compared to the controls. In the open field test, nicotine-preferring rats spent longer time in the central zone and excreted less fecal pellets; they buried less marbles in the marble-burying test. These findings indicate a lower level of anxiety-like behavior in nicotine-preferring rat line under basal conditions and during chronic nicotine treatment. We conclude that lower anxiety level in nicotine-preferring rat line is consistent with novelty-seeking personality type and may increase vulnerability to nicotine dependence in this rat line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Bayoglu
- Neuroscience Department, Ege University, Institute of Health Sciences, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Lutfiye Kanit
- Neuroscience Department, Ege University, Institute of Health Sciences, Izmir, Turkey
- Faculty of Medicine, Physiology Department, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
- Center for Brain Research, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Burcu Balkan
- Neuroscience Department, Ege University, Institute of Health Sciences, Izmir, Turkey
- Faculty of Medicine, Physiology Department, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
- Center for Brain Research, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Oguz Gozen
- Neuroscience Department, Ege University, Institute of Health Sciences, Izmir, Turkey
- Faculty of Medicine, Physiology Department, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
- Center for Brain Research, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ersin O Koylu
- Neuroscience Department, Ege University, Institute of Health Sciences, Izmir, Turkey
- Faculty of Medicine, Physiology Department, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
- Center for Brain Research, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Aysegul Keser
- Neuroscience Department, Ege University, Institute of Health Sciences, Izmir, Turkey
- Faculty of Medicine, Physiology Department, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
- Center for Brain Research, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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Lai JIC, Porcu A, Romoli B, Keisler M, Manfredsson FP, Powell SB, Dulcis D. Nicotine-Mediated Recruitment of GABAergic Neurons to a Dopaminergic Phenotype Attenuates Motor Deficits in an Alpha-Synuclein Parkinson's Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:4204. [PMID: 36835612 PMCID: PMC9960650 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous work revealed an inverse correlation between tobacco smoking and Parkinson's disease (PD) that is associated with nicotine-induced neuroprotection of dopaminergic (DA) neurons against nigrostriatal damage in PD primates and rodent models. Nicotine, a neuroactive component of tobacco, can directly alter the activity of midbrain DA neurons and induce non-DA neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) to acquire a DA phenotype. Here, we investigated the recruitment mechanism of nigrostriatal GABAergic neurons to express DA phenotypes, such as transcription factor Nurr1 and DA-synthesizing enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and the concomitant effects on motor function. Wild-type and α-syn-overexpressing (PD) mice treated with chronic nicotine were assessed by behavioral pattern monitor (BPM) and immunohistochemistry/in situ hybridization to measure behavior and the translational/transcriptional regulation of neurotransmitter phenotype following selective Nurr1 overexpression or DREADD-mediated chemogenetic activation. We found that nicotine treatment led to a transcriptional TH and translational Nurr1 upregulation within a pool of SN GABAergic neurons in wild-type animals. In PD mice, nicotine increased Nurr1 expression, reduced the number of α-syn-expressing neurons, and simultaneously rescued motor deficits. Hyperactivation of GABA neurons alone was sufficient to elicit de novo translational upregulation of Nurr1. Retrograde labeling revealed that a fraction of these GABAergic neurons projects to the dorsal striatum. Finally, concomitant depolarization and Nurr1 overexpression within GABA neurons were sufficient to mimic nicotine-mediated dopamine plasticity. Revealing the mechanism of nicotine-induced DA plasticity protecting SN neurons against nigrostriatal damage could contribute to developing new strategies for neurotransmitter replacement in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica IChi Lai
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Alessandra Porcu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Benedetto Romoli
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Maria Keisler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Susan B. Powell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Davide Dulcis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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5
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Nicotine Has a Therapeutic Window of Effectiveness in a Drosophila melanogaster Model of Parkinson’s Disease. PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 2022:9291077. [PMID: 35844833 PMCID: PMC9286976 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9291077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Strong epidemiological evidence and studies in models of Parkinson's disease (PD) suggest that nicotine may be therapeutically beneficial in PD patients. However, a number of clinical trials utilizing nicotine in PD patients have had mixed results, indicating that either nicotine is not beneficial in PD patients, or an important aspect of nicotine therapy was absent. We hypothesized that nicotine must be administered early in the adult fly life in order to have beneficial effects. We show that continuous early nicotine administration improves both climbing and flight deficiencies present in homozygous park25 mutant PD model Drosophila melanogaster. Using a new climbing assay, we identify several climbing deficiencies in this PD model that are improved or rescued by continuous nicotine treatment. Amongst these benefits, it appears that nicotine improves the ability of the park25 flies to descend the climbing vial by being able to climb down more. In support of our hypothesis, we show that in order for nicotine benefits on climbing and flight to happen, nicotine administration must occur in a discrete time frame following adult fly eclosure: within one day for climbing or five days for flight. This therapeutic window of nicotine administration in this PD model fly may help to explain the lack of efficacy of nicotine in human clinical trials.
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Hong SW, Teesdale-Spittle P, Page R, Ellenbroek B, Truman P. Biologically Active Compounds Present in Tobacco Smoke: Potential Interactions Between Smoking and Mental Health. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:885489. [PMID: 35557609 PMCID: PMC9087043 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.885489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco dependence remains one of the major preventable causes of premature morbidity and mortality worldwide. There are well over 8,000 compounds present in tobacco and tobacco smoke, but we do not know what effect, if any, many of them have on smokers. Major interest has been on nicotine, as well as on toxic and carcinogenic effects and several major and minor components of tobacco smoke responsible for the negative health effects of smoking have been elucidated. Smokers themselves report a variety of positive effects from smoking, including effects on depression, anxiety and mental acuity. Smoking has also been shown to have protective effects in Parkinson’s Disease. Are the subjective reports of a positive effect of smoking due to nicotine, of some other components of tobacco smoke, or are they a manifestation of the relief from nicotine withdrawal symptoms that smoking provides? This mini-review summarises what is currently known about the components of tobacco smoke with potential to have positive effects on smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sa Weon Hong
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Paul Teesdale-Spittle
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Rachel Page
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Bart Ellenbroek
- Department of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Penelope Truman
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
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Birdogan A, Salur E, Tuzcu F, Gokmen RC, Ozturk Bintepe M, Aypar B, Keser A, Balkan B, Koylu EO, Kanit L, Gozen O. Chronic oral nicotine administration and withdrawal regulate the expression of neuropeptide Y and its receptors in the mesocorticolimbic system. Neuropeptides 2021; 90:102184. [PMID: 34425507 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2021.102184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and its receptors are involved in the regulation of mood, stress, and anxiety. In parallel, NPY signaling may play a vital role in the negative affective state induced by drug withdrawal. This study examined the changes in the transcript levels of NPY, Y1, Y2, and Y5 receptors in the mesocorticolimbic system during chronic nicotine exposure and withdrawal. Rats were administered with nicotine (initial dose: 25 μg/ml, maintenance dose: 50 μg/ml, free base) in drinking water for 12 weeks. Control group received only tap water. In the final week of the study, some of the nicotine-treated animals continued to receive nicotine (0-W), whereas some were withdrawn for either 24 (24-W) or 48 (48-W) h. All animals were decapitated after the evaluation of somatic signs (frequency of gasps, eye blinks, ptosis, shakes, teeth chatter) and the duration of locomotor activity and immobility. mRNA levels of NPY, Y1, Y2, and Y5 receptors in the mesocorticolimbic system were measured by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Results showed that nicotine withdrawal increased overall somatic signs. Moreover, chronic nicotine treatment increased the duration of locomotor activity, whereas withdrawal increased the duration of immobility. qRT-PCR analysis revealed that chronic nicotine treatment increased NPY mRNA levels in the hippocampus. On the other hand, 24- and 48-h withdrawals increased NPY mRNA levels in the amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), Y1 and Y2 mRNA levels in the nucleus accumbens and mPFC, and Y5 mRNA levels in the mPFC. These findings suggest that nicotine withdrawal enhances NPY signaling in the mesocorticolimbic system, which could be an important mechanism involved in regulating the negative affective state triggered during nicotine withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Birdogan
- Ege University, Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Elif Salur
- Ege University, Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Fulya Tuzcu
- Ege University, School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ramazan C Gokmen
- Ege University, School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Buket Aypar
- Ege University, Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Izmir, Turkey; Ege University, School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Aysegul Keser
- Ege University, Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Izmir, Turkey; Ege University, Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Izmir, Turkey; Ege University, School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Izmir, Turkey; Ege University, Center for Brain Research, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Burcu Balkan
- Ege University, Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Izmir, Turkey; Ege University, Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Izmir, Turkey; Ege University, School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Izmir, Turkey; Ege University, Center for Brain Research, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ersin O Koylu
- Ege University, Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Izmir, Turkey; Ege University, Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Izmir, Turkey; Ege University, School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Izmir, Turkey; Ege University, Center for Brain Research, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Lutfiye Kanit
- Ege University, Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Izmir, Turkey; Ege University, Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Izmir, Turkey; Ege University, School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Izmir, Turkey; Ege University, Center for Brain Research, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Oguz Gozen
- Ege University, Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Izmir, Turkey; Ege University, Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Izmir, Turkey; Ege University, School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Izmir, Turkey; Ege University, Center for Brain Research, Izmir, Turkey.
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8
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Djemil S, Ressel CR, Abdel-Ghani M, Schneeweis AK, Pak DTS. Central Cholinergic Synapse Formation in Optimized Primary Septal-Hippocampal Co-cultures. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 41:1787-1799. [PMID: 32860154 PMCID: PMC7914286 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00948-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Septal innervation of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons to the hippocampus is critical for normal learning and memory and is severely degenerated in Alzheimer's disease. To understand the molecular events underlying physiological cholinergic synaptogenesis and remodeling, as well as pathological loss, we developed an optimized primary septal-hippocampal co-culture system. Hippocampal and septal tissue were harvested from embryonic Sprague-Dawley rat brain and cultured together at varying densities, cell ratios, and in the presence of different growth factors. We identified conditions that produced robust septal-hippocampal synapse formation. We used confocal microscopy with primary antibodies and fluorescent ligands to validate that this system was capable of generating developmentally mature cholinergic synapses. Such synapses were comprised of physiological synaptic partners and mimicked the molecular composition of in vivo counterparts. This co-culture system will facilitate the study of the formation, plasticity, and dysfunction of central mammalian cholinergic synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarra Djemil
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Claire R Ressel
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Mai Abdel-Ghani
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Amanda K Schneeweis
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Daniel T S Pak
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., USA.
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., USA.
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9
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Iarkov A, Mendoza C, Echeverria V. Cholinergic Receptor Modulation as a Target for Preventing Dementia in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:665820. [PMID: 34616271 PMCID: PMC8488354 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.665820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) in the midbrain resulting in progressive impairment in cognitive and motor abilities. The physiological and molecular mechanisms triggering dopaminergic neuronal loss are not entirely defined. PD occurrence is associated with various genetic and environmental factors causing inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction in the brain, leading to oxidative stress, proteinopathy, and reduced viability of dopaminergic neurons. Oxidative stress affects the conformation and function of ions, proteins, and lipids, provoking mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutation and dysfunction. The disruption of protein homeostasis induces the aggregation of alpha-synuclein (α-SYN) and parkin and a deficit in proteasome degradation. Also, oxidative stress affects dopamine release by activating ATP-sensitive potassium channels. The cholinergic system is essential in modulating the striatal cells regulating cognitive and motor functions. Several muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR) and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are expressed in the striatum. The nAChRs signaling reduces neuroinflammation and facilitates neuronal survival, neurotransmitter release, and synaptic plasticity. Since there is a deficit in the nAChRs in PD, inhibiting nAChRs loss in the striatum may help prevent dopaminergic neurons loss in the striatum and its pathological consequences. The nAChRs can also stimulate other brain cells supporting cognitive and motor functions. This review discusses the cholinergic system as a therapeutic target of cotinine to prevent cognitive symptoms and transition to dementia in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Iarkov
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción, Chile
| | - Cristhian Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción, Chile
| | - Valentina Echeverria
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción, Chile.,Research & Development Service, Bay Pines VA Healthcare System, Bay Pines, FL, United States
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10
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Capucciati A, Zucca FA, Monzani E, Zecca L, Casella L, Hofer T. Interaction of Neuromelanin with Xenobiotics and Consequences for Neurodegeneration; Promising Experimental Models. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060824. [PMID: 34064062 PMCID: PMC8224073 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuromelanin (NM) accumulates in catecholamine long-lived brain neurons that are lost in neurodegenerative diseases. NM is a complex substance made of melanic, peptide and lipid components. NM formation is a natural protective process since toxic endogenous metabolites are removed during its formation and as it binds excess metals and xenobiotics. However, disturbances of NM synthesis and function could be toxic. Here, we review recent knowledge on NM formation, toxic mechanisms involving NM, go over NM binding substances and suggest experimental models that can help identifying xenobiotic modulators of NM formation or function. Given the high likelihood of a central NM role in age-related human neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s, resembling such diseases using animal models that do not form NM to a high degree, e.g., mice or rats, may not be optimal. Rather, use of animal models (i.e., sheep and goats) that better resemble human brain aging in terms of NM formation, as well as using human NM forming stem cellbased in vitro (e.g., mid-brain organoids) models can be more suitable. Toxicants could also be identified during chemical synthesis of NM in the test tube.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Capucciati
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (A.C.); (E.M.); (L.C.)
| | - Fabio A. Zucca
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, 20054 Milan, Italy; (F.A.Z.); (L.Z.)
| | - Enrico Monzani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (A.C.); (E.M.); (L.C.)
| | - Luigi Zecca
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, 20054 Milan, Italy; (F.A.Z.); (L.Z.)
| | - Luigi Casella
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (A.C.); (E.M.); (L.C.)
| | - Tim Hofer
- Department of Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 222 Skøyen, N-0213 Oslo, Norway
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +47-21076671
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11
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Nourse JB, Harshefi G, Marom A, Karmi A, Cohen Ben-Ami H, Caldwell KA, Caldwell GA, Treinin M. Conserved nicotine-activated neuroprotective pathways involve mitochondrial stress. iScience 2021; 24:102140. [PMID: 33665559 PMCID: PMC7900352 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is a risk factor for several human diseases. Conversely, smoking also reduces the prevalence of Parkinson's disease, whose hallmark is degeneration of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons (DNs). We use C. elegans as a model to investigate whether tobacco-derived nicotine activates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) to selectively protect DNs. Using this model, we demonstrate conserved functions of DN-expressed nAChRs. We find that DOP-2, a D3-receptor homolog; MCU-1, a mitochondrial calcium uniporter; PINK-1 (PTEN-induced kinase 1); and PDR-1 (Parkin) are required for nicotine-mediated protection of DNs. Together, our results support involvement of a calcium-modulated, mitochondrial stress-activated PINK1/Parkin-dependent pathway in nicotine-induced neuroprotection. This suggests that nicotine-selective protection of substantia nigra DNs is due to the confluence of two factors: first, their unique vulnerability to mitochondrial stress, which is mitigated by increased mitochondrial quality control due to PINK1 activation, and second, their specific expression of D3-receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Brucker Nourse
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, 35487 AL, USA
| | - Gilad Harshefi
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Hebrew University - Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Adi Marom
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Hebrew University - Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Abdelrahaman Karmi
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Hebrew University - Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Hagit Cohen Ben-Ami
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Hebrew University - Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Kim A Caldwell
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, 35487 AL, USA.,Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Nathan Shock Center of Excellence in the Basic Biology of Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, 35294 AL, USA
| | - Guy A Caldwell
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, 35487 AL, USA.,Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Nathan Shock Center of Excellence in the Basic Biology of Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, 35294 AL, USA
| | - Millet Treinin
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Hebrew University - Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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12
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Zhang CL, Han QW, Chen NH, Yuan YH. Research on developing drugs for Parkinson's disease. Brain Res Bull 2020; 168:100-109. [PMID: 33387636 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Current treatments for Parkinson's disease (PD) are mainly dopaminergic drugs. However, dopaminergic drugs are only symptomatic treatments and limited by several side effects. Recent studies into drug development focused on emerging new molecular mechanisms, including nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, nuclear receptor-related 1 (Nurr1), adenosine receptor A2, nicotine receptor, metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), and glucocerebrosidase (GCase). Also, immunotherapy and common pathological mechanisms shared with Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and diabetes have attracted much attention. In this review, we summarized the development of preclinical and clinical studies of novel drugs and the improvement of dopaminergic drugs to provide a prospect for PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica& Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Qi-Wen Han
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica& Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Nai-Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica& Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Yu-He Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica& Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
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13
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Becerra GP, Rojas-Rodríguez F, Ramírez D, Loaiza AE, Tobar-Tosse F, Mejía SM, González J. Structural and functional computational analysis of nicotine analogs as potential neuroprotective compounds in Parkinson disease. Comput Biol Chem 2020; 86:107266. [PMID: 32388154 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2020.107266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
As the mechanism of interaction between nicotinic receptors with nicotine analogs is not yet fully understood, information at molecular level obtained from computational calculations is needed. In this sense, this work is a computational study of eight nicotine analogs, all with pyrrolidine ring modifications over a nicotine-based backbone optimized with B3LYP-D3/aug-cc-pVDZ. A molecular characterization was performed focusing on geometrical parameters such as pseudo-rotation angles, atomic charges, HOMO and LUMO orbitals, reactivity indexes and intermolecular interactions. Three analogs, A2 (3-(1,3-dimethyl-4,5-dihydro-1h-pirazole-5-yl) pyridine), A3 (3-(3-methyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-pyridine) and A8 (5-methyl-3-(pyridine-3-yl)-4,5-dihydroisoxazole), were filtered suggesting putative neuroprotective activity taking into account different reactivity values, such as their lowest hardness: 2.37 eV (A8), 2.43 eV (A2) and 2.56 eV (A3), compared to the highest hardness value found: 2.71 eV for A5 (3-((2S,4R)-4-(fluoromethyl)-1-methylpyrrolidine-2-il) pyridine), similar to the value of nicotine (2.70 eV). Additionally, molecular docking of all 8 nicotine analogs with the α 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α 7 nAChR) was performed. High values of interaction between the receptor and the three nicotine analogs were obtained: A3 (-7.1 kcal/mol), A2 (-6.9 kcal/mol) and A8 (-6.8 kcal/mol); whereas the affinity energy of nicotine was -6.4 kcal/mol. Leu116 and Trp145 are key residues in the binding site of α 7 nAChR interacting with nicotine analogs. Therefore, based upon these results, possible application of these nicotine analogs as neuroprotective compounds and potential implication at the design of novel Parkinson's treatments is evidenced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Paola Becerra
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Computacional Estructural y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia; Laboratorio de Química Computacional, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Felipe Rojas-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Computacional Estructural y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - David Ramírez
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, El Llano Subercaseaux 2801-Piso 5, 8900000, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alix E Loaiza
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Fabian Tobar-Tosse
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Cali, Cali, Colombia
| | - Sol M Mejía
- Laboratorio de Química Computacional, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Janneth González
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Computacional Estructural y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia.
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14
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Characterization of AN317, a novel selective agonist of α6β2-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 174:113786. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Targeting the cholinergic system in Parkinson's disease. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2020; 41:453-463. [PMID: 32132659 PMCID: PMC7468250 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-0380-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor control in the striatum is an orchestra played by various neuronal populations. Loss of harmony due to dopamine deficiency is considered the primary pathological cause of the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Recent progress in experimental approaches has enabled us to examine the striatal circuitry in a much more comprehensive manner, not only reshaping our understanding of striatal functions in movement regulation but also leading to new opportunities for the development of therapeutic strategies for treating PD. In addition to dopaminergic innervation, giant aspiny cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) within the striatum have long been recognized as a critical node for balancing dopamine signaling and regulating movement. With the roles of ChIs in motor control further uncovered and more specific manipulations available, striatal ChIs and their corresponding receptors are emerging as new promising therapeutic targets for PD. This review summarizes recent progress in functional studies of striatal circuitry and discusses the translational implications of these new findings for the treatment of PD.
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16
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Iarkov A, Barreto GE, Grizzell JA, Echeverria V. Strategies for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease: Beyond Dopamine. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:4. [PMID: 32076403 PMCID: PMC7006457 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second-leading cause of dementia and is characterized by a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra alongside the presence of intraneuronal α-synuclein-positive inclusions. Therapies to date have been directed to the restoration of the dopaminergic system, and the prevention of dopaminergic neuronal cell death in the midbrain. This review discusses the physiological mechanisms involved in PD as well as new and prospective therapies for the disease. The current data suggest that prevention or early treatment of PD may be the most effective therapeutic strategy. New advances in the understanding of the underlying mechanisms of PD predict the development of more personalized and integral therapies in the years to come. Thus, the development of more reliable biomarkers at asymptomatic stages of the disease, and the use of genetic profiling of patients will surely permit a more effective treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Iarkov
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción, Chile
| | - George E Barreto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - J Alex Grizzell
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Valentina Echeverria
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción, Chile.,Research & Development Service, Bay Pines VA Healthcare System, Bay Pines, FL, United States
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17
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Lai IC, Dulcis D. Nicotine-induced dopamine plasticity: a gateway to neurotransmitter replacement? Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:73-74. [PMID: 31535653 PMCID: PMC6862394 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.264451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- I-Chi Lai
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Davide Dulcis
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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18
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van Hout M, Klein J, Ahring PK, Brown DT, Thaneshwaran S, Dos Santos AB, Jensen AA, Kohlmeier KA, Christophersen P, Dyhring T. Characterization of AN6001, a positive allosteric modulator of α6β2-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 174:113788. [PMID: 31887290 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
α6β2-Containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α6β2* nAChRs) are predominantly expressed in midbrain dopaminergic neurons, including substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) neurons and their projections to striatal regions, where they regulate dopamine release and nigrostriatal activity. It is well established that nAChR agonists exert protection against dopaminergic neurotoxicity in cellular assays and parkinsonian animal models. Historically, drug development in the nAChR field has been mostly focused on development of selective agonists and positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) for the predominant neuronal nAChRs, α7 and α4β2. Here, we report the discovery and characterization of AN6001, a novel selective α6β2* nAChR PAM. AN6001 mediated increases in both nicotine potency and efficacy at the human α6/α3β2β3V9'S nAChR in HEK293 cells, and it positively modulated ACh-evoked currents through both α6/α3β2β3V9'S and a concatenated β3-α6-β2-α6-β2 receptor in Xenopus oocytes, displaying EC50 values of 0.58 µM and 0.40 µM, respectively. In contrast, the compound did not display significant modulatory activity at α4β2, α3β4, α7 and muscle nAChRs. AN6001 also increased agonist-induced dopamine release from striatal synaptosomes and augmented agonist-induced global cellular responses and inward currents in dopaminergic neurons in SNc slices (measured by Ca2+ imaging and patch clamp recordings, respectively). Finally, AN6001 potentiated the neuroprotective effect of nicotine at MPP+-treated primary dopaminergic neurons. Overall, our studies demonstrate the existence of allosteric sites on α6β2* nAChRs and that positive modulation of native α6β2* receptors strengthens DA signaling. Hence, AN6001 represents an important tool for studies of α6β2* nAChRs and furthermore underlines the therapeutic potential in these receptors in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marloes van Hout
- Saniona A/S, Ballerup, Denmark; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Philip K Ahring
- Saniona A/S, Ballerup, Denmark; School of Pharmacy, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Siganya Thaneshwaran
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Altair B Dos Santos
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders A Jensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristi A Kohlmeier
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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19
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Bono F, Mutti V, Savoia P, Barbon A, Bellucci A, Missale C, Fiorentini C. Nicotine prevents alpha-synuclein accumulation in mouse and human iPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons through activation of the dopamine D3- acetylcholine nicotinic receptor heteromer. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 129:1-12. [PMID: 31051233 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently found that in mouse dopaminergic neurons, the heteromer formed by the dopamine D3 receptor (D3R) and the β2 subunit of acetylcholine nicotinic receptor (nAChR) exerts neurotrophic effects when activated by nicotine, leading to neurons with enlarged cell bodies and increased dendrite arborization. Beside this action, we now show that nicotine, by activating the D3R-nAChR heteromer, protects dopaminergic neurons against neuronal injury. In primary cultures of mouse dopaminergic neurons, in fact, the ability of nicotine to inhibit both the pathological accumulation of alpha-synuclein induced by glucose deprivation and the consequent morphological defects were strongly prevented by disrupting the D3R-nAChR heteromer with specific interfering TAT-peptides; the relevance of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) intracellular signaling in mediating nicotine prevention of alpha-synuclein aggregation has been also demonstrated. Moreover, the ability of nicotine in restoring the ubiquitin-proteasome system has been found as a mechanism contributing to the neuroprotective properties of nicotine. By using the proximity ligation assay, we have shown that the D3R-nAChR heteromer is also expressed in human dopaminergic neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells. In this human cell model, nicotine exerts neuroprotective effects specifically acting through the D3R-nAChR complex thus indicating that this heteromer is a relevant molecular effector involved in the protection of human dopaminergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Bono
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; Laboratory of Personalized and Preventive Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Veronica Mutti
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Paola Savoia
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Barbon
- Unit of Biology and Genetic, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Arianna Bellucci
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; Laboratory of Personalized and Preventive Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Cristina Missale
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Chiara Fiorentini
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
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20
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Leino S, Kohtala S, Rantamäki T, Koski SK, Rannanpää S, Salminen O. Dyskinesia and brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels after long-term levodopa and nicotinic receptor agonist treatments in female mice with near-total unilateral dopaminergic denervation. BMC Neurosci 2018; 19:77. [PMID: 30497382 PMCID: PMC6267795 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-018-0478-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The treatment of Parkinson's disease is often complicated by levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID). Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists can alleviate LID in animal models but may be less effective in conditions of severe dopaminergic denervation. While the mechanisms of LID remain incompletely understood, elevated corticostriatal levels of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) have been suggested to play a role. Here, female mice with near-total unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine-induced nigrostriatal lesions were chronically treated with levodopa, and the effects of the α7 nicotinic receptor partial agonist AZD0328 and nicotine on LID were assessed. At the end of the experiment, BDNF protein levels in the prefrontal cortex and striatum were measured. RESULTS Five-day treatments with three escalating doses of AZD0328 and a 10-week treatment with nicotine failed to alleviate LID. BDNF levels in the lesioned striatum correlated positively with LID severity, but no evidence was found for a levodopa-induced elevation of corticostriatal BDNF in the lesioned hemisphere. The nicotine treatment decreased BDNF levels in the prefrontal cortex but had no effect on striatal BDNF. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that treatment of LID with nicotinic agonists may lose its effectiveness as the disease progresses, represent further evidence for a role for BDNF in LID, and expand previous knowledge on the effects of long-term nicotine treatment on BDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakari Leino
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Samuel Kohtala
- Laboratory of Neurotherapeutics, Division of Physiology and Neuroscience, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tomi Rantamäki
- Laboratory of Neurotherapeutics, Division of Physiology and Neuroscience, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sini K Koski
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Saara Rannanpää
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Outi Salminen
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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21
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Mouhape C, Costa G, Ferreira M, Abin-Carriquiry JA, Dajas F, Prunell G. Nicotine-Induced Neuroprotection in Rotenone In Vivo and In Vitro Models of Parkinson’s Disease: Evidences for the Involvement of the Labile Iron Pool Level as the Underlying Mechanism. Neurotox Res 2018; 35:71-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9931-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Conti MM, Chambers N, Bishop C. A new outlook on cholinergic interneurons in Parkinson's disease and L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 92:67-82. [PMID: 29782883 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, dopamine (DA) and acetylcholine (ACh) striatal systems were considered antagonistic and imbalances or aberrant signaling between these neurotransmitter systems could be detrimental to basal ganglia activity and pursuant motor function, such as in Parkinson's disease (PD) and L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID). Herein, we discuss the involvement of cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) in striatally-mediated movement in a healthy, parkinsonian, and dyskinetic state. ChIs integrate numerous neurotransmitter signals using intrinsic glutamate, serotonin, and DA receptors and convey the appropriate transmission onto nearby muscarinic and nicotinic ACh receptors to produce movement. In PD, severe DA depletion causes abnormal rises in ChI activity which promote striatal signaling to attenuate normal movement. When treating PD with L-DOPA, hyperkinetic side effects, or LID, develop due to increased striatal DA; however, the role of ChIs and ACh transmission, until recently has been unclear. Fortunately, new technology and pharmacological agents have facilitated understanding of ChI function and ACh signaling in the context of LID, thus offering new opportunities to modify existing and discover future therapeutic strategies in movement disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Conti
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, 4400 Vestal Parkway East, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, USA.
| | - Nicole Chambers
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, 4400 Vestal Parkway East, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, USA.
| | - Christopher Bishop
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, 4400 Vestal Parkway East, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, USA.
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23
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Effects of antidyskinetic nicotine treatment on dopamine release in dorsal and ventral striatum. Neurosci Lett 2018; 672:40-45. [PMID: 29474871 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of Parkinson's disease is often complicated by levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID), and antidyskinetic treatment options are currently sparse. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors have been suggested as potential targets for treatment of LID, as nicotinic agonists have been reported to alleviate LID in animal models. We aimed at the first independent replication of an antidyskinetic effect by nicotine using a mouse model of LID, and at investigation of its mechanisms by studying the release of [3H]dopamine from synaptosomes prepared from the dorsal and ventral striatum. Chronic nicotine treatment in drinking water inhibited the development of LID in mice lesioned unilaterally with 6-hydroxydopamine and treated chronically with levodopa and benserazide. The antidyskinetic nicotine treatment had no effect on [3H]dopamine release mediated by α4β2* nicotinic receptors, but decreased α6β2*-mediated [3H]dopamine release in the lesioned dorsal striatum and the ventral striatum. In addition, nicotine treatment restored [3H]dopamine release in the lesioned ventral striatum to intact levels. The results support a role for nicotinic receptors as drug targets for treatment of LID, and suggest that striatal presynaptic α6β2* receptors are important mediators of nicotine's antidyskinetic effect.
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24
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Prior nicotine self-administration attenuates subsequent dopaminergic deficits of methamphetamine in rats: role of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Behav Pharmacol 2017; 27:422-30. [PMID: 26871405 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical studies have demonstrated that oral nicotine exposure attenuates long-term dopaminergic damage induced by toxins, including repeated, high doses of methamphetamine. It is suggested that alterations in nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) expression, including α4β2* and α6β2* subtypes, likely contribute to this protection. The current study extended these findings by investigating whether nicotine self-administration in male, Sprague-Dawley rats (a) attenuates short-term dopaminergic damage induced by methamphetamine and (b) causes alterations in levels of α4β2* and α6β2* nAChR subtypes. The findings indicate that nicotine self-administration (0.032 mg/kg/infusion for 14 days) per se did not alter α4β2* and α6β2* nAChR expression or dopamine transporter (DAT) expression and function. Interestingly, prior nicotine self-administration attenuated methamphetamine-induced decreases in DAT function when assessed 24 h, but not 1 h, after methamphetamine treatment (4×7.5 mg/kg/injection). The ability of nicotine to attenuate the effects of methamphetamine on DAT function corresponded with increases in α4β2*, but not α6β2*, nAChR binding density. Understanding the role of nAChRs in methamphetamine-induced damage has the potential to elucidate mechanisms underlying the etiology of disorders involving dopaminergic dysfunction, as well as to highlight potential new therapeutic strategies for prevention or reduction of dopaminergic neurodegeneration.
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25
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Effect of varenicline on behavioral deficits in a rat model of Parkinson's disease induced by unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesion of substantia nigra. Behav Pharmacol 2017; 29:327-335. [PMID: 29064842 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Varenicline tartrate is a partial agonist at α4β2 and full agonist at α7 neuronal nAChR subunits. A unilateral lesion of the substantia nigra (SN) has been used as a reliable model of PD. This study aimed to investigate the effect of varenicline on locomotor and nonlocomotor behavioral deficits induced by a unilateral lesion of the SN induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) (8 µg/4 µl). Varenicline (1 mg/kg) was administered to the lesioned rats daily for 2 weeks, which commenced 3 weeks after 6-OHDA administration. The results showed that varenicline improved motor deficits induced by 6-OHDA. It improved locomotor and nonlocomotor activities such as forelimb use, rotarod performance, and forelimb asymmetry. Varenicline did not change rearing or vibrissae-elicited forelimb placing but did increase apomorphine-induced rotation. In conclusion, the present results suggest that drugs with specific partial/full agonistic activity on nAChR subunits could be of value in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders such as PD.
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26
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Chronic Nicotine Mitigates Aberrant Inhibitory Motor Learning Induced by Motor Experience under Dopamine Deficiency. J Neurosci 2017; 36:5228-40. [PMID: 27170121 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2754-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Although dopamine receptor antagonism has long been associated with impairments in motor performance, more recent studies have shown that dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) antagonism, paired with a motor task, not only impairs motor performance concomitant with the pharmacodynamics of the drug, but also impairs future motor performance once antagonism has been relieved. We have termed this phenomenon "aberrant motor learning" and have suggested that it may contribute to motor symptoms in movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Here, we show that chronic nicotine (cNIC), but not acute nicotine, treatment mitigates the acquisition of D2R-antagonist-induced aberrant motor learning in mice. Although cNIC mitigates D2R-mediated aberrant motor learning, cNIC has no effect on D1R-mediated motor learning. β2-containing nicotinic receptors in dopamine neurons likely mediate the protective effect of cNIC against aberrant motor learning, because selective deletion of β2 nicotinic subunits in dopamine neurons reduced D2R-mediated aberrant motor learning. Finally, both cNIC treatment and β2 subunit deletion blunted postsynaptic responses to D2R antagonism. These results suggest that a chronic decrease in function or a downregulation of β2-containing nicotinic receptors protects the striatal network against aberrant plasticity and aberrant motor learning induced by motor experience under dopamine deficiency. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Increasingly, aberrant plasticity and aberrant learning are recognized as contributing to the development and progression of movement disorders. Here, we show that chronic nicotine (cNIC) treatment or specific deletion of β2 nicotinic receptor subunits in dopamine neurons mitigates aberrant motor learning induced by dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) blockade in mice. Moreover, both manipulations also reduced striatal dopamine release and blunt postsynaptic responses to D2R antagonists. These results suggest that chronic downregulation of function and/or receptor expression of β2-containing nicotinic receptors alters presynaptic and postsynaptic striatal signaling to protect against aberrant motor learning. Moreover, these results suggest that cNIC treatment may alleviate motor symptoms and/or delay the deterioration of motor function in movement disorders by blocking aberrant motor learning.
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Dutertre S, Nicke A, Tsetlin VI. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor inhibitors derived from snake and snail venoms. Neuropharmacology 2017. [PMID: 28623170 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) represents the prototype of ligand-gated ion channels. It is vital for neuromuscular transmission and an important regulator of neurotransmission. A variety of toxic compounds derived from diverse species target this receptor and have been of elemental importance in basic and applied research. They enabled milestone discoveries in pharmacology and biochemistry ranging from the original formulation of the receptor concept, the first isolation and structural analysis of a receptor protein (the nAChR) to the identification, localization, and differentiation of its diverse subtypes and their validation as a target for therapeutic intervention. Among the venom-derived compounds, α-neurotoxins and α-conotoxins provide the largest families and still represent indispensable pharmacological tools. Application of modified α-neurotoxins provided substantial structural and functional details of the nAChR long before high resolution structures were available. α-bungarotoxin represents not only a standard pharmacological tool and label in nAChR research but also for unrelated proteins tagged with a minimal α-bungarotoxin binding motif. A major advantage of α-conotoxins is their smaller size, as well as superior selectivity for diverse nAChR subtypes that allows their development into ligands with optimized pharmacological and chemical properties and potentially novel drugs. In the following, these two groups of nAChR antagonists will be described focusing on their respective roles in the structural and functional characterization of nAChRs and their development into research tools. In addition, we provide a comparative overview of the diverse α-conotoxin selectivities that can serve as a practical guide for both structure activity studies and subtype classification. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Venom-derived Peptides as Pharmacological Tools.'
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Dutertre
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, Université Montpellier - CNRS, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Annette Nicke
- Walther Straub Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Nußbaumstr. 26, 80336 Munich, Germany.
| | - Victor I Tsetlin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya str.16/10, Moscow 117999, Russian Federation
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Cai Y, Zhang X, Zhou X, Wu X, Li Y, Yao J, Bai J. Nicotine suppresses the neurotoxicity by MPP + /MPTP through activating α7nAChR/PI3K/Trx-1 and suppressing ER stress. Neurotoxicology 2017; 59:49-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Haining RL, Jones TM, Hernandez A. Saturation Binding of Nicotine to Synthetic Neuromelanin Demonstrated by Fluorescence Spectroscopy. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:3356-3363. [PMID: 27662849 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2068-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Revised: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuromelanin (NM) has long been considered as an aging pigment, perhaps an unavoidable and undesirable byproduct of dopaminergic neural transmission. However, NM is carefully packaged into double membrane-bound structures within cells of the substantia nigra and other neural tissues, suggesting a beneficial function to maintaining these stores. It is well established that NM is able to concentrate toxic xenobiotics within pigmented cells due to its unique chemical environment. In doing so, such agents may confer susceptibility to Parkinson's disease (PD) as illustrated by model PD-inducing neurotoxins such as methyl-phenyl-pyridinium ion. It is possible that high-affinity binding interactions toward NM may contribute to the adverse effects of PD-inducing toxins, as well as neuroprotective agents. Here we aim to develop a generalized assay capable of elucidating the binding constants of chemical agents to synthetic and natural neuromelanins. Toward this end, a model neuromelanin synthesized from dopamine and cysteine was prepared according to published procedure. Using a UV/Visible spectroscopic assay, we show that dopamine, 6-hydroxy dopamine, and nicotine bind to the synthetic neuromelanin, while caffeine did not. More importantly, nicotine was further found to induce a fluorescence signal in the presence of NM which was used to establish a binding constant estimated at 0.65 mM. Dopamine appears to enhance this signal, also in a saturable manner, with an estimated Kd of 0.05 mM in our isolated chemical system. In summary, the micro-scale fluorescence assay described herein will allow us to overcome many of the problems inherent in the study of chemical interaction with NM through traditional spectroscopic means. Using a single standardized signal, it should now be possible to rank a number of PD-related toxins based on NM-binding affinity and shed further light on this important problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Haining
- School of Science and Technology, Georgia Gwinnett College, 1000 University Center Ln, Lawrenceville, GA, 30043, USA.
| | - Travis M Jones
- School of Science and Technology, Georgia Gwinnett College, 1000 University Center Ln, Lawrenceville, GA, 30043, USA
| | - Aubrey Hernandez
- School of Science and Technology, Georgia Gwinnett College, 1000 University Center Ln, Lawrenceville, GA, 30043, USA
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Karlsson O, Lindquist NG. Melanin and neuromelanin binding of drugs and chemicals: toxicological implications. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:1883-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1757-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Trenkwalder C, Berg D, Rascol O, Eggert K, Ceballos-Baumann A, Corvol JC, Storch A, Zhang L, Azulay JP, Broussolle E, Defebvre L, Geny C, Gostkowski M, Stocchi F, Tranchant C, Derkinderen P, Durif F, Espay AJ, Feigin A, Houeto JL, Schwarz J, Di Paolo T, Feuerbach D, Hockey HU, Jaeger J, Jakab A, Johns D, Linazasoro G, Maruff P, Rozenberg I, Sovago J, Weiss M, Gomez-Mancilla B. A Placebo-Controlled Trial of AQW051 in Patients With Moderate to Severe Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesia. Mov Disord 2016; 31:1049-54. [PMID: 26990766 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This phase 2 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluated the efficacy and safety of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α7 agonist AQW051 in patients with Parkinson's disease and levodopa-induced dyskinesia. METHODS Patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease and moderate to severe levodopa-induced dyskinesia were randomized to AQW051 10 mg (n = 24), AQW051 50 mg (n = 24), or placebo (n = 23) once daily for 28 days. Coprimary end points were change in Modified Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale and Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale part III scores. Secondary outcomes included pharmacokinetics. RESULTS In total, 67 patients completed the study. AQW051-treated patients experienced no significant improvements in Modified Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale or Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale part III scores by day 28. AQW051 was well tolerated; the most common adverse events were dyskinesia, fatigue, nausea, and falls. CONCLUSIONS AQW051 did not significantly reduce dyskinesia or parkinsonian severity. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Trenkwalder
- Paracelsus-Elena Hospital, Kassel, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany.,German Parkinson Study Group, Marburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Berg
- German Parkinson Study Group, Marburg, Germany.,Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Olivier Rascol
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, NeuroToul Excellence Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University UPS of Toulouse III, CIC-9302/INSERM UMR825, Hôpital Purpan - Pavillon Riser, Toulouse, France.,NS PARK/FCRIN Network, France
| | - Karla Eggert
- German Parkinson Study Group, Marburg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Andres Ceballos-Baumann
- German Parkinson Study Group, Marburg, Germany.,Schön Klinik München-Schwabing, München, Germany
| | - Jean-Christophe Corvol
- NS PARK/FCRIN Network, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, and INSERM UMRS 1127 /CIC-1422, and CNRS UMR 7225, and AP-HP, and ICM, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département des maladies du système nerveux, Paris, France
| | - Alexander Storch
- German Parkinson Study Group, Marburg, Germany.,Division of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, UC Davis MIND Institute, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Jean-Philippe Azulay
- NS PARK/FCRIN Network, France.,Service de Neurologie et pathologie du Mouvement, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille Cedex, France
| | - Emmanuel Broussolle
- NS PARK/FCRIN Network, France.,Univisité Lyon 1, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Service de Neurologie C, Lyon, France.,CNRS UMR 5229, Centre de Neurosciences Cognitives, Team Basal Ganglia, Bron, France
| | - Luc Defebvre
- NS PARK/FCRIN Network, France.,Service de Neurologie et Pathologie du movement, EA 1046, CHU de Lille, Hôpital Roger Salengro, Lille, France
| | - Christian Geny
- NS PARK/FCRIN Network, France.,Movement to Health (M2H) laboratory, Euromov, University Montpellier 1, Hôpital gui de Chauliac, Montpellier, France
| | - Michal Gostkowski
- Center for Neurological Restoration, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Fabrizio Stocchi
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Research and Medical Care, IROCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Christine Tranchant
- NS PARK/FCRIN Network, France.,Service de Neurologie, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg, France
| | - Pascal Derkinderen
- NS PARK/FCRIN Network, France.,Centre Investigation Clinique Neurologie, CHU Nantes, Hôpital G&R Laennec, Nantes, France
| | - Franck Durif
- NS PARK/FCRIN Network, France.,Service de Neurologie, Hôpital Gabriel Montpied, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Alberto J Espay
- Department of Neurology, James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Andrew Feigin
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore - LIJ Health System, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Jean-Luc Houeto
- NS PARK/FCRIN Network, France.,Service de Neurologie, CIC-INSERM 1402, CHU de Poitiers, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Johannes Schwarz
- German Parkinson Study Group, Marburg, Germany.,Klinik Haag, Haag, Germany
| | - Thérèse Di Paolo
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec, Canada.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Hans-Ulrich Hockey
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.,Biometrics Matters Ltd, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Judith Jaeger
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA, and CognitionMetrics, LLC, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
| | - Annamaria Jakab
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Donald Johns
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | | | | - Judit Sovago
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Weiss
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Baltazar Gomez-Mancilla
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
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Perez XA. Preclinical Evidence for a Role of the Nicotinic Cholinergic System in Parkinson's Disease. Neuropsychol Rev 2015; 25:371-83. [PMID: 26553323 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-015-9303-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
One of the primary deficits in Parkinson's disease (PD) is the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta which leads to striatal dopaminergic deficits that underlie the motor symptoms associated with the disease. A plethora of animal models have been developed over the years to uncover the molecular alterations that lead to PD development. These models have provided valuable information on neurotransmitter pathways and mechanisms involved. One such a system is the nicotinic cholinergic system. Numerous studies show that nigrostriatal damage affects nicotinic receptor-mediated dopaminergic signaling; therefore therapeutic modulation of the nicotinic cholinergic system may offer a novel approach to manage PD. In fact, there is evidence showing that nicotinic receptor drugs may be useful as neuroprotective agents to prevent Parkinson's disease progression. Additional preclinical studies also show that nicotinic receptor drugs may be beneficial for the treatment of L-dopa induced dyskinesias. Here, we review preclinical findings supporting the idea that nicotinic receptors are valuable therapeutic targets for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiomara A Perez
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
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33
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AlQot H, Elnozahi N, Mohy El-Din M, Bistawroos A, Abou Zeit-Har M. Facilitatory effect of dopamine on neuromuscular transmission mediated via dopamine D1-like receptors and prospective interaction with nicotine. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 765:51-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Vieira-Brock PL, McFadden LM, Nielsen SM, Ellis JD, Walters ET, Stout KA, McIntosh JM, Wilkins DG, Hanson GR, Fleckenstein AE. Chronic Nicotine Exposure Attenuates Methamphetamine-Induced Dopaminergic Deficits. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 355:463-72. [PMID: 26391161 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.221945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Repeated methamphetamine (METH) administrations cause persistent dopaminergic deficits resembling aspects of Parkinson's disease. Many METH abusers smoke cigarettes and thus self-administer nicotine; yet few studies have investigated the effects of nicotine on METH-induced dopaminergic deficits. This interaction is of interest because preclinical studies demonstrate that nicotine can be neuroprotective, perhaps owing to effects involving α4β2 and α6β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). This study revealed that oral nicotine exposure beginning in adolescence [postnatal day (PND) 40] through adulthood [PND 96] attenuated METH-induced striatal dopaminergic deficits when METH was administered at PND 89. This protection did not appear to be due to nicotine-induced alterations in METH pharmacokinetics. Short-term (i.e., 21-day) high-dose nicotine exposure also protected when administered from PND 40 to PND 61 (with METH at PND 54), but this protective effect did not persist. Short-term (i.e., 21-day) high-dose nicotine exposure did not protect when administered postadolescence (i.e., beginning at PND 61, with METH at PND 75). However, protection was engendered if the duration of nicotine exposure was extended to 39 days (with METH at PND 93). Autoradiographic analysis revealed that nicotine increased striatal α4β2 expression, as assessed using [(125)I]epibatidine. Both METH and nicotine decreased striatal α6β2 expression, as assessed using [(125)I]α-conotoxin MII. These findings indicate that nicotine protects against METH-induced striatal dopaminergic deficits, perhaps by affecting α4β2 and/or α6β2 expression, and that both age of onset and duration of nicotine exposure affect this protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula L Vieira-Brock
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (P.V.-B., L.M.M., S.M.N., J.D.E., E.T.W., K.A.S., G.R.H.), Psychiatry and Biology (J.M.M.), and Pathology (D.G.W.), School of Dentistry (G.R.H., A.E.F.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; and George E. Wahlen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (J.M.M.)
| | - Lisa M McFadden
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (P.V.-B., L.M.M., S.M.N., J.D.E., E.T.W., K.A.S., G.R.H.), Psychiatry and Biology (J.M.M.), and Pathology (D.G.W.), School of Dentistry (G.R.H., A.E.F.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; and George E. Wahlen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (J.M.M.)
| | - Shannon M Nielsen
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (P.V.-B., L.M.M., S.M.N., J.D.E., E.T.W., K.A.S., G.R.H.), Psychiatry and Biology (J.M.M.), and Pathology (D.G.W.), School of Dentistry (G.R.H., A.E.F.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; and George E. Wahlen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (J.M.M.)
| | - Jonathan D Ellis
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (P.V.-B., L.M.M., S.M.N., J.D.E., E.T.W., K.A.S., G.R.H.), Psychiatry and Biology (J.M.M.), and Pathology (D.G.W.), School of Dentistry (G.R.H., A.E.F.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; and George E. Wahlen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (J.M.M.)
| | - Elliot T Walters
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (P.V.-B., L.M.M., S.M.N., J.D.E., E.T.W., K.A.S., G.R.H.), Psychiatry and Biology (J.M.M.), and Pathology (D.G.W.), School of Dentistry (G.R.H., A.E.F.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; and George E. Wahlen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (J.M.M.)
| | - Kristen A Stout
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (P.V.-B., L.M.M., S.M.N., J.D.E., E.T.W., K.A.S., G.R.H.), Psychiatry and Biology (J.M.M.), and Pathology (D.G.W.), School of Dentistry (G.R.H., A.E.F.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; and George E. Wahlen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (J.M.M.)
| | - J Michael McIntosh
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (P.V.-B., L.M.M., S.M.N., J.D.E., E.T.W., K.A.S., G.R.H.), Psychiatry and Biology (J.M.M.), and Pathology (D.G.W.), School of Dentistry (G.R.H., A.E.F.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; and George E. Wahlen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (J.M.M.)
| | - Diana G Wilkins
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (P.V.-B., L.M.M., S.M.N., J.D.E., E.T.W., K.A.S., G.R.H.), Psychiatry and Biology (J.M.M.), and Pathology (D.G.W.), School of Dentistry (G.R.H., A.E.F.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; and George E. Wahlen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (J.M.M.)
| | - Glen R Hanson
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (P.V.-B., L.M.M., S.M.N., J.D.E., E.T.W., K.A.S., G.R.H.), Psychiatry and Biology (J.M.M.), and Pathology (D.G.W.), School of Dentistry (G.R.H., A.E.F.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; and George E. Wahlen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (J.M.M.)
| | - Annette E Fleckenstein
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (P.V.-B., L.M.M., S.M.N., J.D.E., E.T.W., K.A.S., G.R.H.), Psychiatry and Biology (J.M.M.), and Pathology (D.G.W.), School of Dentistry (G.R.H., A.E.F.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; and George E. Wahlen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (J.M.M.)
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Vieira-Brock PL, McFadden LM, Nielsen SM, Smith MD, Hanson GR, Fleckenstein AE. Nicotine Administration Attenuates Methamphetamine-Induced Novel Object Recognition Deficits. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 18:pyv073. [PMID: 26164716 PMCID: PMC4675982 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyv073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have demonstrated that methamphetamine abuse leads to memory deficits and these are associated with relapse. Furthermore, extensive evidence indicates that nicotine prevents and/or improves memory deficits in different models of cognitive dysfunction and these nicotinic effects might be mediated by hippocampal or cortical nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. The present study investigated whether nicotine attenuates methamphetamine-induced novel object recognition deficits in rats and explored potential underlying mechanisms. METHODS Adolescent or adult male Sprague-Dawley rats received either nicotine water (10-75 μg/mL) or tap water for several weeks. Methamphetamine (4 × 7.5mg/kg/injection) or saline was administered either before or after chronic nicotine exposure. Novel object recognition was evaluated 6 days after methamphetamine or saline. Serotonin transporter function and density and α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor density were assessed on the following day. RESULTS Chronic nicotine intake via drinking water beginning during either adolescence or adulthood attenuated the novel object recognition deficits caused by a high-dose methamphetamine administration. Similarly, nicotine attenuated methamphetamine-induced deficits in novel object recognition when administered after methamphetamine treatment. However, nicotine did not attenuate the serotonergic deficits caused by methamphetamine in adults. Conversely, nicotine attenuated methamphetamine-induced deficits in α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor density in the hippocampal CA1 region. Furthermore, nicotine increased α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor density in the hippocampal CA3, dentate gyrus and perirhinal cortex in both saline- and methamphetamine-treated rats. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these findings suggest that nicotine-induced increases in α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the hippocampus and perirhinal cortex might be one mechanism by which novel object recognition deficits are attenuated by nicotine in methamphetamine-treated rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula L Vieira-Brock
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (Dr Vieira-Brock, Dr McFadden, Ms Nielsen, Dr Smith, Dr Hanson, and Dr Fleckenstein), and School of Dentistry (Drs Smith, Hanson, and Fleckenstein), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Lisa M McFadden
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (Dr Vieira-Brock, Dr McFadden, Ms Nielsen, Dr Smith, Dr Hanson, and Dr Fleckenstein), and School of Dentistry (Drs Smith, Hanson, and Fleckenstein), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Shannon M Nielsen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (Dr Vieira-Brock, Dr McFadden, Ms Nielsen, Dr Smith, Dr Hanson, and Dr Fleckenstein), and School of Dentistry (Drs Smith, Hanson, and Fleckenstein), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Misty D Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (Dr Vieira-Brock, Dr McFadden, Ms Nielsen, Dr Smith, Dr Hanson, and Dr Fleckenstein), and School of Dentistry (Drs Smith, Hanson, and Fleckenstein), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Glen R Hanson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (Dr Vieira-Brock, Dr McFadden, Ms Nielsen, Dr Smith, Dr Hanson, and Dr Fleckenstein), and School of Dentistry (Drs Smith, Hanson, and Fleckenstein), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Annette E Fleckenstein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (Dr Vieira-Brock, Dr McFadden, Ms Nielsen, Dr Smith, Dr Hanson, and Dr Fleckenstein), and School of Dentistry (Drs Smith, Hanson, and Fleckenstein), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT.
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Bordia T, McGregor M, Papke RL, Decker MW, McIntosh JM, Quik M. The α7 nicotinic receptor agonist ABT-107 protects against nigrostriatal damage in rats with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions. Exp Neurol 2014; 263:277-84. [PMID: 25261754 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The finding that smoking is inversely correlated with Parkinson's disease and that nicotine attenuates nigrostriatal damage in Parkinsonian animals supports the idea that nicotine may be neuroprotective. Nicotine is thought to exert this effect by acting at nicotinic receptors (nAChRs), including the α7 subtype. The objective of this study was twofold: first, to test the protective potential of ABT-107, an agonist with high selectivity for α7 nAChRs; and second, to investigate its cellular mechanism of action. Rats were implanted with minipumps containing ABT-107 (0.25mg/kg/d). In addition, we tested the effect of nicotine (1mg/kg/d) as a positive control, and also DMXB (2mg/kg/d) which acts primarily with α7 but also α4β2* nAChRs. Two weeks after minipump placement, the rats were lesioned by unilateral administration of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the medial forebrain bundle. Lesioning alone decreased contralateral forelimb use and adjusted stepping, two measures of Parkinsonism. ABT-107 and nicotine treatment significantly improved these behaviors at all weeks tested, with variable improvement with DMXB. We next investigated the cellular mechanism involved. The striatal dopamine transporter (DAT), a marker of dopaminergic integrity, was reduced ~70% with lesioning. ABT-107 or nicotine treatment significantly increased DAT levels in lesioned striatum; these drugs did not alter DAT levels in intact striatum. ABT-107 and nicotine also significantly improved basal dopamine release from lesioned striatum, as well as nicotine-stimulated dopamine release mediated via α4β2* and α6β2* nAChRs. These data suggest that α7 nAChR agonists may improve motor behaviors associated with nigrostriatal damage by enhancing striatal dopaminergic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanuja Bordia
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave., Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Matthew McGregor
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave., Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Roger L Papke
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 3261, USA
| | - Michael W Decker
- AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064-6125, USA
| | - J Michael McIntosh
- George E. Wahlen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84148, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Maryka Quik
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave., Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
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Thiriez C, Villafane G, Grapin F, Fenelon G, Remy P, Cesaro P. Can nicotine be used medicinally in Parkinson’s disease? Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2014; 4:429-36. [DOI: 10.1586/ecp.11.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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38
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Posadas I, López-Hernández B, Ceña V. Nicotinic receptors in neurodegeneration. Curr Neuropharmacol 2013; 11:298-314. [PMID: 24179465 PMCID: PMC3648781 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x11311030005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many studies have focused on expanding our knowledge of the structure and diversity of peripheral and central nicotinic receptors. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are members of the Cys-loop superfamily of pentameric ligand-gated ion channels, which include GABA (A and C), serotonin, and glycine receptors. Currently, 9 alpha (α2-α10) and 3 beta (β2-β4) subunits have been identified in the central nervous system (CNS), and these subunits assemble to form a variety of functional nAChRs. The pentameric combination of several alpha and beta subunits leads to a great number of nicotinic receptors that vary in their properties, including their sensitivity to nicotine, permeability to calcium and propensity to desensitize. In the CNS, nAChRs play crucial roles in modulating presynaptic, postsynaptic, and extrasynaptic signaling, and have been found to be involved in a complex range of CNS disorders including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), schizophrenia, Tourette´s syndrome, anxiety, depression and epilepsy. Therefore, there is growing interest in the development of drugs that modulate nAChR functions with optimal benefits and minimal adverse effects. The present review describes the main characteristics of nAChRs in the CNS and focuses on the various compounds that have been tested and are currently in phase I and phase II trials for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases including PD, AD and age-associated memory and mild cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Posadas
- Unidad Asociada Neurodeath. CSIC-Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Departamento de Ciencias Médicas. Albacete, Spain and CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
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Kucinski A, Wersinger S, Stachowiak EK, Corso TD, Parry MJ, Zhang J, Jordan K, Letchworth S, Bencherif M, Stachowiak MK. Neuronal nicotinic receptor agonists ameliorate spontaneous motor asymmetries and motor discoordination in a unilateral mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2013; 111:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Karlsson O, Lindquist NG. Melanin affinity and its possible role in neurodegeneration. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2013; 120:1623-30. [PMID: 23821370 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-013-1062-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Certain drugs with melanin affinity are known to have caused pigmentary lesions in the eye and skin. This was the basis for the hypothesis that compounds with melanin affinity may cause damage also in other melanin-bearing tissues such as the substantia nigra. The heterogeneity of compounds that binds to melanin is large. Toxins, drugs, and several other compounds have melanin affinity. Compounds showing the highest affinity are mainly organic amines and metal ions. The binding of toxicants to melanin probably protects the cells initially. However, the binding is normally, slowly reversible and melanin may accumulate the toxicant and gradually release it into the cytosol. Several studies indicate that neuromelanin may play a significant role both in the initiation and in the progression of neurodegeneration. MPTP/MPP(+) that has been causally linked with Parkinsonism has high affinity for neuromelanin, and the induced dopaminergic denervation correlates with the neuromelanin content in the cells. This shows that the toxicological implications of the accumulation of toxicants in pigmented neurons and its possible role in neurodegeneration should not be neglected. Extracellular neuromelanin has been reported to activate dendritic cells and microglia. An initial neuronal damage induced by a neurotoxicant that leaks neuromelanin from the cells may therefore lead to a vicious cycle of neuroinflammation and further neurodegeneration. Although there are many clues to the particular vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons of substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease, the critical factors are not known. Further studies to determine the importance of neuromelanin in neurodegeneration and Parkinson's disease are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Karlsson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Box 591, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden,
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Association of nicotine dependence susceptibility gene, CHRNA5, with Parkinson's disease age at onset: Gene and smoking status interaction. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2013; 19:72-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 06/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Quik M, Wonnacott S. α6β2* and α4β2* nicotinic acetylcholine receptors as drug targets for Parkinson's disease. Pharmacol Rev 2012; 63:938-66. [PMID: 21969327 DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.003269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a debilitating movement disorder characterized by a generalized dysfunction of the nervous system, with a particularly prominent decline in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway. Although there is currently no cure, drugs targeting the dopaminergic system provide major symptomatic relief. As well, agents directed to other neurotransmitter systems are of therapeutic benefit. Such drugs may act by directly improving functional deficits in these other systems, or they may restore aberrant motor activity that arises as a result of a dopaminergic imbalance. Recent research attention has focused on a role for drugs targeting the nicotinic cholinergic systems. The rationale for such work stems from basic research findings that there is an extensive overlap in the organization and function of the nicotinic cholinergic and dopaminergic systems in the basal ganglia. In addition, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) drugs could have clinical potential for Parkinson's disease. Evidence for this proposition stems from studies with experimental animal models showing that nicotine protects against neurotoxin-induced nigrostriatal damage and improves motor complications associated with l-DOPA, the "gold standard" for Parkinson's disease treatment. Nicotine interacts with multiple central nervous system receptors to generate therapeutic responses but also produces side effects. It is important therefore to identify the nAChR subtypes most beneficial for treating Parkinson's disease. Here we review nAChRs with particular emphasis on the subtypes that contribute to basal ganglia function. Accumulating evidence suggests that drugs targeting α6β2* and α4β2* nAChR may prove useful in the management of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryka Quik
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
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Quik M, Perez XA, Bordia T. Nicotine as a potential neuroprotective agent for Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2012. [PMID: 22693036 DOI: 10.1002/mds.v27.810.1002/mds.25028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Converging research efforts suggest that nicotine and other drugs that act at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) may be beneficial in the management of Parkinson's disease. This idea initially stemmed from the results of epidemiological studies that demonstrated that smoking is associated with a decreased incidence of Parkinson's disease. The subsequent finding that nicotine administration protected against nigrostriatal damage in parkinsonian animal models led to the idea that nicotine in tobacco products may contribute to this apparent protective action. Nicotine most likely exerts its effects by interacting at nAChRs. Accumulating research indicates that multiple subtypes containing nAChRs, including α4β2, α6β2, and/or α7, may be involved. Stimulation of nAChRs initially activates various intracellular transduction pathways primarily via alterations in calcium signaling. Consequent adaptations in immune responsiveness and trophic factors may ultimately mediate nicotine's ability to reduce/halt the neuronal damage that arises in Parkinson's disease. In addition to a potential neuroprotective action, nicotine also has antidepressant properties and improves attention/cognition. Altogether, these findings suggest that nicotine and nAChR drugs represent promising therapeutic agents for the management of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryka Quik
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, California, USA.
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Das D, Cherbuin N, Anstey KJ, Sachdev PS, Easteal S. Lifetime cigarette smoking is associated with striatal volume measures. Addict Biol 2012; 17:817-25. [PMID: 21392170 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2010.00301.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine, the primary addictive component of tobacco, affects the mammalian brain. Smokers' brains have smaller cortical grey matter volumes and/or lower densities compared with non-smokers'. Differences in subcortical structures like the striatum are however, less clear. A high concentration of nicotinic receptors makes the striatum a potential target for nicotine. In addition, striatal nuclei are essential components of the reward/reinforcement pathway involved in addiction. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between striatal nuclei (caudate, putamen and nucleus accumbens area) volumes and lifetime smoking in a large community-based sample of 'young-old' individuals. Brain volumes were measured using a semi-automated method in 315 participants aged 64-70 years who were selected from a larger randomly sampled cohort and who consented to a magnetic resonance imaging scan. Multiple regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between striatal volumes and cigarette smoking measures while controlling for age, sex, intracranial and total brain volumes and general physical and mental health measures. Greater lifetime use of cigarettes (measured in pack-years) was associated with smaller left nucleus accumbens area volume (P = 0.018) and larger left putamen volume (P = 0.025). Greater putaminal volume was also associated with a lower age at smoking initiation (P = 0.004). In this generally healthy cohort, lifetime use of cigarettes is significantly associated with striatal volume measures. These changes could indicate predisposing factors for nicotine addiction, or an effect of chronic nicotine exposure or a combination of both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debjani Das
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Australia.
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45
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Quik M, Perez XA, Bordia T. Nicotine as a potential neuroprotective agent for Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2012; 27:947-57. [PMID: 22693036 DOI: 10.1002/mds.25028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Converging research efforts suggest that nicotine and other drugs that act at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) may be beneficial in the management of Parkinson's disease. This idea initially stemmed from the results of epidemiological studies that demonstrated that smoking is associated with a decreased incidence of Parkinson's disease. The subsequent finding that nicotine administration protected against nigrostriatal damage in parkinsonian animal models led to the idea that nicotine in tobacco products may contribute to this apparent protective action. Nicotine most likely exerts its effects by interacting at nAChRs. Accumulating research indicates that multiple subtypes containing nAChRs, including α4β2, α6β2, and/or α7, may be involved. Stimulation of nAChRs initially activates various intracellular transduction pathways primarily via alterations in calcium signaling. Consequent adaptations in immune responsiveness and trophic factors may ultimately mediate nicotine's ability to reduce/halt the neuronal damage that arises in Parkinson's disease. In addition to a potential neuroprotective action, nicotine also has antidepressant properties and improves attention/cognition. Altogether, these findings suggest that nicotine and nAChR drugs represent promising therapeutic agents for the management of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryka Quik
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, California, USA.
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46
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Neurotoxin-based models of Parkinson's disease. Neuroscience 2012; 211:51-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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47
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Kucinski A, Wersinger S, Stachowiak EK, Radell M, Hesse R, Corso T, Parry M, Bencherif M, Jordan K, Letchworth S, Stachowiak MK. Unilateral 6-OHDA <i>th-fgfr1</i>(<i>tk-</i>) mouse model supports the role of FGFs in Parkinson’s disease and the effects of nicotine and L-DOPA on spontaneous motor impairments. Health (London) 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2012.431176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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48
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Cardinale A, Nastrucci C, Cesario A, Russo P. Nicotine: specific role in angiogenesis, proliferation and apoptosis. Crit Rev Toxicol 2011; 42:68-89. [PMID: 22050423 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2011.623150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, tobacco smoking is the cause of ~5-6 million deaths per year, counting 31% and 6% of all cancer deaths (affecting 18 different organs) in middle-aged men and women, respectively. Nicotine is the addictive component of tobacco acting on neuronal nicotinic receptors (nAChR). Functional nAChR, are also present on endothelial, haematological and epithelial cells. Although nicotine itself is regularly not referred to as a carcinogen, there is an ongoing debate whether nicotine functions as a 'tumour promoter'. Nicotine, with its specific binding to nAChR, deregulates essential biological processes like regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, inflammation and cell-mediated immunity in a wide variety of cells including foetal (regulation of development), embryonic and adult stem cells, adult tissues as well as cancer cells. Nicotine seems involved in fundamental aspects of the biology of malignant diseases, as well as of neurodegeneration. Investigating the biological effects of nicotine may provide new tools for therapeutic interventions and for the understanding of neurodegenerative diseases and tumour biology.
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Vieira-Brock PL, Miller EI, Nielsen SM, Fleckenstein AE, Wilkins DG. Simultaneous quantification of nicotine and metabolites in rat brain by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:3465-74. [PMID: 21963483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for simultaneous quantification of nicotine (NIC), cotinine (COT), nornicotine (NNIC), norcotinine (NCOT), nicotine-N-β-D-glucuronide (NIC GLUC), cotinine-N-β-D-glucuronide (COT GLUC), nicotine-1'-oxide (NNO), cotinine-N-oxide (CNO), trans-3'-hydroxycotinine (3-HC), anabasine (AB) and anatabine (AT) was modified and validated for quantification of these selected analytes in rat brain tissue. This analytical method provides support for preclinical NIC pharmacokinetic and toxicological studies after controlled dosing protocols. After brain homogenization and solid-phase extraction, target analytes and corresponding deuterated internal standards were chromatographically separated on a Discovery(®) HS F5 HPLC column with gradient elution and analyzed by LC-MS/MS in positive electrospray ionization (ESI) mode with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) data acquisition. Method linearity was assessed and calibration curves were determined over the following ranges: 0.1-7.5 ng/mg for NIC, COT GLUC and AB; and 0.025-7.5 ng/mg for COT, NNIC, NCOT, NIC GLUC, NNO, CNO, 3-HC and AT (R(2)≥0.99 for all analytes). Extraction recoveries ranged from 64% to 115%, LC-MS/MS matrix effects were ≤21%, and overall process efficiency ranged from 57% to 93% at low and high quality control concentrations. Intra- and inter-assay imprecisions and accuracy for all analytes were ≤12.9% and ≥86%, respectively. The method was successfully applied to quantification of NIC and metabolites in the brain of post-natal day 90 rats that were sacrificed 2-h after a single 0.8 mg/kg s.c. administration of (-)NIC. In these tissues, striatal concentrations were 204.8±49.4, 138.2±14.2 and 36.1±6.1 pg/mg of NIC, COT and NNIC, respectively. Concentrations of NIC, COT and NNIC in the remaining whole brain (RWhB) were 183.3±68.0, 130.0±14.1 and 46.7±10.3 pg/mg, respectively. Quantification of these same analytes in plasma was also performed by a previously validated method. NIC, COT, NNIC, NCOT, NNO and CNO were detected in plasma with concentrations comparable to those reported in previous studies. However, and in contrast to brain tissues, COT concentrations in plasma were significantly higher than were those of NIC (194.6±18.6 ng/mL versus 52.7±12.9 ng/mL). Taken together, these results demonstrate that a sensitive and selective method has been developed for the determination of NIC biomarkers in rat brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula L Vieira-Brock
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States.
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Role of α6 nicotinic receptors in CNS dopaminergic function: relevance to addiction and neurological disorders. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 82:873-82. [PMID: 21684266 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Although a relative newcomer to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) family, substantial evidence suggests that α6 containing nAChRs play a key role in CNS function. This subtype is unique in its relatively restricted localization to the visual system and catecholaminergic pathways. These latter include the mesolimbic and nigrostriatal dopaminergic systems, which may account for the involvement of α6 containing nAChRs in the rewarding properties of nicotine and in movement. Here, we review the literature on the role of α6 containing nAChRs with a focus on the striatum and nucleus accumbens. This includes molecular, electrophysiological and behavioral studies in control and lesioned animal models, as well as in different genetic models. Converging evidence suggest that the major α6 containing nAChRs subtypes in the nigrostriatal and mesolimbic dopamine system are the α6β2β3 and α6α4β2β3 nAChR populations. They appear to have a dominant role in regulating dopamine release, with consequent effects on nAChR-modulated dopaminergic functions such as reinforcement and motor behavior. Altogether these data suggest that drugs directed to α6 containing nAChRs may be of benefit for the treatment of addiction and for neurological disorders with locomotor deficits such as Parkinson's disease.
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