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Li YL, Zhang YY, Song QX, Liu F, Liu YJ, Li YK, Zhou C, Shen JF. N-methyl-D-aspartate Receptor Subunits 2A and 2B Mediate Connexins and Pannexins in the Trigeminal Ganglion Involved in Orofacial Inflammatory Allodynia during Temporomandibular Joint Inflammation. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04291-5. [PMID: 38976127 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04291-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJOA) is a severe form of temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD), and orofacial inflammatory allodynia is one of its common symptoms which lacks effective treatment. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), particularly its subtypes GluN2A and GluN2B, along with gap junctions (GJs), are key players in the mediation of inflammatory pain. However, the precise regulatory mechanisms of GluN2A, GluN2B, and GJs in orofacial inflammatory allodynia during TMJ inflammation still remain unclear. Here, we established the TMJ inflammation model by injecting Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) into the TMJ and used Cre/loxp site-specific recombination system to conditionally knock out (CKO) GluN2A and GluN2B in the trigeminal ganglion (TG). Von-frey test results indicated that CFA-induced mechanical allodynia in the TMJ region was relieved in GluN2A and GluN2B deficient mice. In vivo, CFA significantly up-regulated the expression of GluN2A and GluN2B, Gjb1, Gjb2, Gjc2 and Panx3 in the TG, and GluN2A and GluN2B CKO played different roles in mediating the expression of Gjb1, Gjb2, Gjc2 and Panx3. In vitro, NMDA up-regulated the expression of Gjb1, Gjb2, Gjc2 and Panx3 in satellite glial cells (SGCs) as well as promoted the intercellular communication between SGCs, and GluN2A and GluN2B knocking down (KD) altered the expression and function differently. NMDAR regulated Gjb1 and Panx3 through ERK1/2 pathway, and mediated Gjb2 and Gjc2 through MAPK, PKA, and PKC intracellular signaling pathways. These findings shed light on the distinct functions of GluN2A and GluN2B in mediating peripheral sensitization induced by TMJ inflammation in the TG, offering potential therapeutic targets for managing orofacial inflammatory allodynia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology &, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease& West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renmin Road South, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yan-Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology &, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease& West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renmin Road South, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qin-Xuan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology &, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease& West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renmin Road South, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Fei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology &, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease& West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renmin Road South, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ya-Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology &, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease& West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renmin Road South, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yi-Ke Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology &, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease& West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renmin Road South, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Cheng Zhou
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jie-Fei Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology &, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease& West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
- Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renmin Road South, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Sompol P. Targeting Reactive Astrocytes in Vascular Dementia: Investigation of Neuronal-Astrocyte-Vascular Interactions. Neurosci Insights 2024; 19:26331055241255332. [PMID: 38784154 PMCID: PMC11113058 DOI: 10.1177/26331055241255332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Historically known as neuronal support cells, astrocytes are now widely studied for their close structural and functional interactions with multiple neural cell types and cerebral vessels where they maintain an ideal environment for optimized brain function. Under pathological conditions, astrocytes become reactive and lose key protective functions. In this commentary, we discuss our recent work in The Journal of Neuroscience (Sompol et al., 2023) that showed Ca2+ dysregulation in reactive astrocytes, as well as hyperactivation of the Ca2+-dependent protein phosphatase calcineurin (CN) and the Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cells (NFATs), in a diet-induced hyperhomocystienemia (HHcy) mouse model of Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia (VCID). Intravital multiphoton imaging coupled with whisker stimulation was used to explore astrocyte Ca2+ signaling and neurovascular function under active phase, fully awake conditions. Interestingly, evoked Ca2+ transients in individual astrocytes were greater, even though intercorrelated Ca2+ signaling across networks of astrocytes was impaired in HHcy mice. Blockade of astrocytic CN/NFAT reduced signs of astrocyte reactivity, normalized cerebrovascular function, and improved hippocampal synaptic strength and hippocampal dependent cognition in HHcy mice, revealing a previously unrecognized deficit regarding neuron-astrocyte-vascular interactions. These findings strongly support the use of astrocyte targeting strategies to mitigate pathophysiological changes associated with VCID and other Alzheimer's-related dementias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradoldej Sompol
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
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Deep SN, Seelig S, Paul S, Poddar R. Homocysteine-induced sustained GluN2A NMDA receptor stimulation leads to mitochondrial ROS generation and neurotoxicity. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107253. [PMID: 38569938 PMCID: PMC11081806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Homocysteine, a sulfur-containing amino acid derived from methionine metabolism, is a known agonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) and is involved in neurotoxicity. Our previous findings showed that neuronal exposure to elevated homocysteine levels leads to sustained low-level increase in intracellular Ca2+, which is dependent on GluN2A subunit-containing NMDAR (GluN2A-NMDAR) stimulation. These studies further showed a role of ERK MAPK in homocysteine-GluN2A-NMDAR-mediated neuronal death. However, the intracellular mechanisms associated with such sustained GluN2A-NMDAR stimulation and subsequent Ca2+ influx have remained unexplored. Using live-cell imaging with Fluo3-AM and biochemical approaches, we show that homocysteine-GluN2A NMDAR-induced initial Ca2+ influx triggers sequential phosphorylation and subsequent activation of the proline rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) and Src family kinases, which in turn phosphorylates GluN2A-Tyr1325 residue of GluN2A-NMDARs to maintain channel activity. The continuity of this cycle of events leads to sustained Ca2+ influx through GluN2A-NMDAR. Our findings also show that lack of activation of the regulatory tyrosine phosphatase STEP, which can limit Pyk2 and Src family kinase activity further contributes to the maintenance of this cycle. Additional studies using live-cell imaging of neurons expressing a redox-sensitive GFP targeted to the mitochondrial matrix show that treatment with homocysteine leads to a progressive increase in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation, which is dependent on GluN2A-NMDAR-mediated sustained ERK MAPK activation. This later finding demonstrates a novel role of GluN2A-NMDAR in homocysteine-induced mitochondrial ROS generation and highlights the role of ERK MAPK as the intermediary signaling pathway between GluN2A-NMDAR stimulation and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya Narayan Deep
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Sarah Seelig
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Surojit Paul
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Ranjana Poddar
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.
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Ermakova E, Shaidullova K, Gafurov O, Kabirova A, Nurmieva D, Sitdikova G. Implications of high homocysteine levels in migraine pain: An experimental study of the excitability of peripheral meningeal afferents in rats with hyperhomocysteinemia. Headache 2024; 64:533-546. [PMID: 38650105 DOI: 10.1111/head.14710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Investigation of chronic homocysteine action on the excitability and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) sensitivity of the peripheral trigeminovascular system of rats. BACKGROUND Migraine is a neurological disease that affects 15%-20% of the general population. Epidemiological observations show that an increase of the sulfur-containing amino acid homocysteine in plasma-called hyperhomocysteinemia-is associated with a high risk of migraine, especially migraine with aura. In animal studies, rats with hyperhomocysteinemia demonstrated mechanical allodynia, photophobia, and anxiety, and higher sensitivity to cortical spreading depression. In addition, rats with hyperhomocysteinemia were more sensitive in a model of chronic migraine induced by nitroglycerin which indicated the involvement of peripheral nociceptive mechanisms. The present work aimed to analyze the excitability of meningeal afferents and neurons isolated from the trigeminal ganglion of rats with prenatal hyperhomocysteinemia. METHODS Experiments were performed on male rats born from females fed with a methionine-rich diet before and during pregnancy. The activity of meningeal afferents was recorded extracellularly in hemiskull preparations ex vivo and action potentials were characterized using cluster analysis. The excitability of trigeminal ganglion neurons was assessed using whole-cell patch clamp recording techniques and calcium imaging studies. Meningeal mast cells were stained using toluidine blue. RESULTS The baseline extracellular recorded electrical activity of the trigeminal nerve was higher in the hyperhomocysteinemia group with larger amplitude action potentials. Lower concentrations of KCl caused an increase in the frequency of action potentials of trigeminal afferents recorded in rat hemiskull ex vivo preparations. In trigeminal ganglion neurons of rats with hyperhomocysteinemia, the current required to elicit at least one action potential (rheobase) was lower, and more action potentials were induced in response to stimulus of 2 × rheobase. In controls, short-term application of homocysteine and its derivatives increased the frequency of action potentials of the trigeminal nerve and induced Ca2+ transients in neurons, which are associated with the activation of NMDA receptors. At the same time, in rats with hyperhomocysteinemia, we did not observe an increased response of the trigeminal nerve to NMDA. Similarly, the parameters of Ca2+ transients induced by NMDA, homocysteine, and its derivatives were not changed in rats with hyperhomocysteinemia. Acute incubation of the meninges in homocysteine and homocysteinic acid did not change the state of the mast cells, whereas in the model of hyperhomocysteinemia, an increased degranulation of mast cells in the meninges was observed. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated higher excitability of the trigeminal system of rats with hyperhomocysteinemia. Together with our previous finding about the lower threshold of generation of cortical spreading depression in rats with hyperhomocysteinemia, the present data provide evidence of homocysteine as a factor that increases the sensitivity of the peripheral migraine mechanisms, and the control of homocysteine level may be an important strategy for reducing the risk and/or severity of migraine headache attacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizaveta Ermakova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Kseniia Shaidullova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Oleg Gafurov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Alsu Kabirova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Dinara Nurmieva
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Guzel Sitdikova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
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Pall ML. Central Causation of Autism/ASDs via Excessive [Ca 2+]i Impacting Six Mechanisms Controlling Synaptogenesis during the Perinatal Period: The Role of Electromagnetic Fields and Chemicals and the NO/ONOO(-) Cycle, as Well as Specific Mutations. Brain Sci 2024; 14:454. [PMID: 38790433 PMCID: PMC11119459 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14050454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The roles of perinatal development, intracellular calcium [Ca2+]i, and synaptogenesis disruption are not novel in the autism/ASD literature. The focus on six mechanisms controlling synaptogenesis, each regulated by [Ca2+]i, and each aberrant in ASDs is novel. The model presented here predicts that autism epidemic causation involves central roles of both electromagnetic fields (EMFs) and chemicals. EMFs act via voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC) activation and [Ca2+]i elevation. A total of 15 autism-implicated chemical classes each act to produce [Ca2+]i elevation, 12 acting via NMDA receptor activation, and three acting via other mechanisms. The chronic nature of ASDs is explained via NO/ONOO(-) vicious cycle elevation and MeCP2 epigenetic dysfunction. Genetic causation often also involves [Ca2+]i elevation or other impacts on synaptogenesis. The literature examining each of these steps is systematically examined and found to be consistent with predictions. Approaches that may be sed for ASD prevention or treatment are discussed in connection with this special issue: The current situation and prospects for children with ASDs. Such approaches include EMF, chemical avoidance, and using nutrients and other agents to raise the levels of Nrf2. An enriched environment, vitamin D, magnesium, and omega-3s in fish oil may also be helpful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin L Pall
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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Chi X, Lu J, Guo Z, Wang J, Liu G, Jin Z, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Sun T, Ji N, Zhang Y. Susceptibility to preoperative seizures in glioma patients with elevated homocysteine levels. Epilepsia Open 2023; 8:1350-1361. [PMID: 37491869 PMCID: PMC10690701 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Seizures are a common clinical presentation in patients with glioma and substantially impact patients' quality of life. Hyperhomocysteinemia is defined as abnormally high serum levels of homocysteine (Hcy) and is reportedly linked to susceptibility to various nervous system diseases. However, it remains unclear whether and how hyperhomocysteinemia and its associated genetic polymorphisms promote seizures in glioma patients. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed all medical data from 127 patients with malignant gliomas, who underwent initial tumor resection by our team between July 2019 and June 2021 and had preoperative measurements of serum Hcy levels. According to whether they had at least one seizure before surgery, they were divided into the seizure and nonseizure groups. We also detected polymorphisms in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene and measured intratumoral Hcy levels in these patients. RESULTS Hyperhomocysteinemia was a susceptibility factor for preoperative seizures in glioma patients according to both univariate analyses (P < 0.001) and multivariate logistic regression analyses (OR 1.239, 95% CI 1.062-1.445, P = 0.007). Patients with the MTHFR C677T variant exhibited elevated serum Hcy levels (P = 0.027) and an increased prevalence of preoperative seizures (P = 0.019). Intratumoral Hcy levels were positively correlated with serum Hcy levels (R = 0.231, P = 0.046) and were elevated in patients with hyperhomocysteinemia (P = 0.031), the MTHFR C677T variant (P = 0.002) and preoperative seizures (P = 0.003). High intratumoral Hcy levels, rather than hyperhomocysteinemia or the MTHFR C677T variant, emerged as an independent risk factor for preoperative seizures (OR 1.303, 95% CI 1.015-1.673, P = 0.038). Furthermore, the effects of hyperhomocysteinemia on epileptic susceptibility were reduced to nonsignificance when intratumoral Hcy was controlled to the same level between groups. SIGNIFICANCE Glioma patients with hyperhomocysteinemia and the MTHFR C677T variant were susceptible to preoperative seizures, suggesting their potential as biomarkers for the management of seizures in glioma patients. The elevation of intratumoral Hcy is a possible mechanism underlying this susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Chi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijingChina
| | - Jingjing Lu
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijingChina
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Zhengguang Guo
- Core Facility of Instrument, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/School of Basic MedicinePeking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Junmei Wang
- Department of NeuropathologyBeijing Neurosurgical InstituteBeijingChina
| | - Gaifen Liu
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijingChina
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Zeping Jin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijingChina
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijingChina
| | - Qianhe Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijingChina
| | - Tai Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijingChina
| | - Nan Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijingChina
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijingChina
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Liwinski T, Lang UE. Folate and Its Significance in Depressive Disorders and Suicidality: A Comprehensive Narrative Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:3859. [PMID: 37686891 PMCID: PMC10490031 DOI: 10.3390/nu15173859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Depressive disorders pose significant challenges to global public health, necessitating effective prevention and management strategies. Notably, the occurrence of suicide frequently coincides with depressive episodes. Suicide is as a paramount global health concern that demands efficacious preventive strategies. Current psychiatric approaches heavily rely on pharmacological interventions but have had limited success in addressing the global burden of mental health issues. Suboptimal nutrition, with its impact on the neuroendocrine system, has been implicated in the underlying pathology of depressive disorders. Folate, a group of water-soluble compounds, plays a crucial role in various central nervous system functions. Depressed individuals often exhibit low levels of serum and red blood cell folate. Multiple studies and systematic reviews have investigated the efficacy of folic acid and its derivative, L-methylfolate, which can cross the blood-brain barrier, as stand-alone or adjunct therapies for depression. Although findings have been mixed, the available evidence generally supports the use of these compounds in depressed individuals. Recent studies have established links between the one-carbon cycle, folate-homocysteine balance, immune system function, glutamate excitation via NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors, and gut microbiome eubiosis in mood regulation. These findings provide insights into the complex neurobiological mechanisms underlying the effects of folate and related compounds in depression. Through a comprehensive review of the existing literature, this study aims to advance our understanding of the therapeutic potential of folic acid and related compounds in depression treatment. It also seeks to explore their role in addressing suicidal tendencies and shed light on the neurobiological mechanisms involved, leveraging the latest discoveries in depression research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timur Liwinski
- Clinic for Adult Psychiatry, University Psychiatric Clinics, University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland;
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Ramires Júnior OV, Silveira JS, Dos Santos TM, Ferreira FS, Vizuete AFK, Gonçalves CA, Wyse ATS. Homocysteine May Decrease Glucose Uptake and Alter the Akt/GSK3β/GLUT1 Signaling Pathway in Hippocampal Slices: Neuroprotective Effects of Rivastigmine and Ibuprofen. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:5468-5481. [PMID: 37314655 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03408-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Homocysteine (Hcy) is a risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's Disease, and is related to cellular and tissue damage. In the present study, we verified the effect of Hcy on neurochemical parameters (redox homeostasis, neuronal excitability, glucose, and lactate levels) and the Serine/Threonine kinase B (Akt), Glucose synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) and Glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) signaling pathway in hippocampal slices, as well as the neuroprotective effects of ibuprofen and rivastigmine alone or in combination in such effects. Male Wistar rats (90 days old) were euthanized and the brains were dissected. The hippocampus slices were pre-treated for 30 min [saline medium or Hcy (30 µM)], then the other treatments were added to the medium for another 30 min [ibuprofen, rivastigmine, or ibuprofen + rivastigmine]. The dichlorofluorescein formed, nitrite and Na+, K+-ATPase activity was increased by Hcy at 30 µM. Ibuprofen reduced dichlorofluorescein formation and attenuated the effect of Hcy. The reduced glutathione content was reduced by Hcy. Treatments with ibuprofen and Hcy + ibuprofen increased reduced glutathione. Hcy at 30 µM caused a decrease in hippocampal glucose uptake and GLUT1 expression, and an increase in Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein-protein expression. Phosphorylated GSK3β and Akt levels were reduced by Hcy (30 µM) and co-treatment with Hcy + rivastigmine + ibuprofen reversed these effects. Hcy toxicity on glucose metabolism can promote neurological damage. The combination of treatment with rivastigmine + ibuprofen attenuated such effects, probably by regulating the Akt/GSK3β/GLUT1 signaling pathway. Reversal of Hcy cellular damage by these compounds may be a potential neuroprotective strategy for brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osmar Vieira Ramires Júnior
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Neurometabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035003, Brazil
| | - Josiane Silva Silveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Neurometabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035003, Brazil
| | - Tiago Marcon Dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Neurometabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035003, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Silva Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Neurometabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035003, Brazil
| | - Adriana Fernanda K Vizuete
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Laboratório de Proteínas Ligantes de Cálcio no SNC, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035003, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Gonçalves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Laboratório de Proteínas Ligantes de Cálcio no SNC, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035003, Brazil
| | - Angela T S Wyse
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Neurometabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035003, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Neuroprotection and Neurometabolic Diseases (Wyse´s Lab), Department of Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035003, Brazil.
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Kovalska M, Hnilicova P, Kalenska D, Adamkov M, Kovalska L, Lehotsky J. Alzheimer's Disease-like Pathological Features in the Dorsal Hippocampus of Wild-Type Rats Subjected to Methionine-Diet-Evoked Mild Hyperhomocysteinaemia. Cells 2023; 12:2087. [PMID: 37626897 PMCID: PMC10453870 DOI: 10.3390/cells12162087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Multifactorial interactions, including nutritional state, likely participate in neurodegeneration's pathogenesis and evolution. Dysregulation in methionine (Met) metabolism could lead to the development of hyperhomocysteinaemia (hHcy), playing an important role in neuronal dysfunction, which could potentially lead to the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD)-like pathological features. This study combines proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) with immunohistochemical analysis to examine changes in the metabolic ratio and histomorphological alterations in the dorsal rat hippocampus (dentate gyrus-DG) subjected to a high Met diet. Male Wistar rats (420-480 g) underwent hHcy evoked by a Met-enriched diet (2 g/kg of weight/day) lasting four weeks. Changes in the metabolic ratio profile and significant histomorphological alterations have been found in the DG of hHcy rats. We have detected increased morphologically changed neurons and glial cells with increased neurogenic markers and apolipoprotein E positivity parallel with a diminished immunosignal for the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptor 1 in hHcy animals. A Met diet induced hHcy, likely via direct Hcy neurotoxicity, an interference with one carbon unit metabolism, and/or epigenetic regulation. These conditions lead to the progression of neurodegeneration and the promotion of AD-like pathological features in the less vulnerable hippocampal DG, which presents a plausible therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kovalska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia; (M.K.); (M.A.)
| | - Petra Hnilicova
- Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia;
| | - Dagmar Kalenska
- Department of Anatomy, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia;
| | - Marian Adamkov
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia; (M.K.); (M.A.)
| | - Libusa Kovalska
- Clinic of Stomatology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia;
| | - Jan Lehotsky
- Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia;
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia
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10
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Coppo L, Scheggi S, DeMontis G, Priora R, Frosali S, Margaritis A, Summa D, Di Giuseppe D, Ulivelli M, Di Simplicio P. Does Risk of Hyperhomocysteinemia Depend on Thiol-Disulfide Exchange Reactions of Albumin and Homocysteine? Antioxid Redox Signal 2023; 38:920-958. [PMID: 36352822 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Increased plasma concentrations of total homocysteine (tHcy; mild-moderate hyperhomocysteinemia: 15-50 μM tHcy) are considered an independent risk factor for the onset/progression of various diseases, but it is not known about how the increase in tHcy causes pathological conditions. Recent Advances: Reduced homocysteine (HSH ∼1% of tHcy) is presumed to be toxic, unlike homocystine (∼9%) and mixed disulfide between homocysteine and albumin (HSS-ALB; homocysteine [Hcy]-albumin mixed disulfide, ∼90%). This and other notions make it difficult to explain the pathogenicity of Hcy because: (i) lowering tHcy does not improve pathological outcomes; (ii) damage due to HSH usually emerges at supraphysiological doses; and (iii) it is not known why tiny increments in plasma concentrations of HSH can be pathological. Critical Issues: Albumin may have a role in Hcy toxicity, because HSS-ALB could release toxic HSH via thiol-disulfide (SH/SS) exchange reactions in cells. Similarly, thiol-disulfide exchange processes of reduced albumin (albumin with free SH group of Cys34 [HS-ALB]) or N-homocysteinylated albumin are plausible alternatives for initiating Hcy pathological events. Adverse effects of albumin and other data reviewed here suggest the hypothesis of a role of albumin in Hcy toxicity. Future Directions: HSS-ALB might be involved in disruption of the antioxidant/oxidant balance in critical tissues (brain, liver, kidney). Since homocysteine-albumin mixed disulfide is a possible intermediate of thiol-disulfide exchange reactions, we suggest that homocysteinylated albumin could be a new pathological factor, and that studies on the redox role of albumin and mixed disulfide production via thiol-disulfide exchange reactions could offer new therapeutic insights for reducing Hcy toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Coppo
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Simona Scheggi
- Department of Molecular and Development Medicine and Medical Science and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Graziella DeMontis
- Department of Molecular and Development Medicine and Medical Science and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Raffaella Priora
- Department of Molecular and Development Medicine and Medical Science and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Simona Frosali
- Department of Molecular and Development Medicine and Medical Science and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Antonio Margaritis
- Department of Molecular and Development Medicine and Medical Science and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Domenico Summa
- Department of Molecular and Development Medicine and Medical Science and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Danila Di Giuseppe
- Department of Molecular and Development Medicine and Medical Science and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Monica Ulivelli
- Department of Surgery, Medical Science and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Paolo Di Simplicio
- Department of Molecular and Development Medicine and Medical Science and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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11
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Palanivel V, Gupta V, Mirshahvaladi SSO, Sharma S, Gupta V, Chitranshi N, Mirzaei M, Graham SL, Basavarajappa D. Neuroprotective Effects of Neuropeptide Y on Human Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cells in Glutamate Excitotoxicity and ER Stress Conditions. Cells 2022; 11:cells11223665. [PMID: 36429093 PMCID: PMC9688085 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY), a sympathetic neurotransmitter, is involved in various physiological functions, and its dysregulation is implicated in several neurodegenerative diseases. Glutamate excitotoxicity, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and oxidative stress are the common mechanisms associated with numerous neurodegenerative illnesses. The present study aimed to elucidate the protective effects of NPY against glutamate toxicity and tunicamycin-induced ER stress in the human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line. We exposed the SH-SY5Y cells to glutamate and tunicamycin for two different time points and analyzed the protective effects of NPY at different concentrations. The protective effects of NPY treatments were assessed by cell viability assay, and the signalling pathway changes were evaluated by biochemical techniques such as Western blotting and immunofluorescence assays. Our results showed that treatment of SH-SY5Y cells with NPY significantly increased the viability of the cells in both glutamate toxicity and ER stress conditions. NPY treatments significantly attenuated the glutamate-induced pro-apoptotic activation of ERK1/2 and JNK/BAD pathways. The protective effects of NPY were further evident against tunicamycin-induced ER stress. NPY treatments significantly suppressed the ER stress activation by downregulating BiP, phospho-eIF2α, and CHOP expression. In addition, NPY alleviated the Akt/FoxO3a pathway in acute oxidative conditions caused by glutamate and tunicamycin in SH-SY5Y cells. Our results demonstrated that NPY is neuroprotective against glutamate-induced cell toxicity and tunicamycin-induced ER stress through anti-apoptotic actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viswanthram Palanivel
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
- Correspondence: (V.P.); (D.B.)
| | - Vivek Gupta
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Seyed Shahab Oddin Mirshahvaladi
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Samridhi Sharma
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Veer Gupta
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Nitin Chitranshi
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Mehdi Mirzaei
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Stuart L Graham
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
- Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
| | - Devaraj Basavarajappa
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
- Correspondence: (V.P.); (D.B.)
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12
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Genetic Markers for Thrombophilia and Cardiovascular Disease Associated with Multiple Sclerosis. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102665. [PMID: 36289926 PMCID: PMC9599167 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) with an unknown etiology, although genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors are thought to play a role. Recently, coagulation components have been shown to provide immunomodulatory and pro-inflammatory effects in the CNS, leading to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. The current study aimed to determine whether patients with MS exhibited an overrepresentation of polymorphisms implicated in the coagulation and whether such polymorphisms are associated with advanced disability and disease progression. The cardiovascular disease (CVD) strip assay was applied to 48 MS patients and 25 controls to analyze 11 genetic polymorphisms associated with thrombosis and CVD. According to our results, FXIIIVal34Leu heterozygosity was less frequent (OR: 0.35 (95% CI: 0.12-0.99); p = 0.04), whereas PAI-1 5G/5G homozygosity was more frequent in MS (OR: 6.33 (95% CI: 1.32-30.24); p = 0.016). In addition, carriers of the HPA-1a/1b were likely to have advanced disability (OR: 1.47 (95% CI: 1.03-2.18); p = 0.03) and disease worsening (OR: 1.42 (95% CI: 1.05-2.01); p = 0.02). The results of a sex-based analysis revealed that male HPA-1a/1b carriers were associated with advanced disability (OR: 3.04 (95% CI: 1.22-19.54); p = 0.01), whereas female carriers had an increased likelihood of disease worsening (OR: 1.56 (95% CI: 1.04-2.61); p = 0.03). Our findings suggest that MS may be linked to thrombophilia-related polymorphisms, which warrants further investigation.
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13
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Martínez-Lazcano JC, González-Guevara E, Boll C, Cárdenas G. Gut dysbiosis and homocysteine: a couple for boosting neurotoxicity in Huntington disease. Rev Neurosci 2022; 33:819-827. [PMID: 35411760 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2021-0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD), a neurodegenerative disorder caused by an expansion of the huntingtin triplet (Htt), is clinically characterized by cognitive and neuropsychiatric alterations. Although these alterations appear to be related to mutant Htt (mHtt)-induced neurotoxicity, several other factors are involved. The gut microbiota is a known modulator of brain-gut communication and when altered (dysbiosis), several complaints can be developed including gastrointestinal dysfunction which may have a negative impact on cognition, behavior, and other mental functions in HD through several mechanisms, including increased levels of lipopolysaccharide, proinflammatory cytokines and immune cell response, as well as alterations in Ca2+ signaling, resulting in both increased intestinal and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. Recently, the presence of dysbiosis has been described in both transgenic mouse models and HD patients. A bidirectional influence between host brain tissues and the gut microbiota has been observed. On the one hand, the host diet influences the composition and function of microbiota; and on the other hand, microbiota products can affect BBB permeability, synaptogenesis, and the regulation of neurotransmitters and neurotrophic factors, which has a direct effect on host metabolism and brain function. This review summarizes the available evidence on the pathogenic synergism of dysbiosis and homocysteine, and their role in the transgression of BBB integrity and their potential neurotoxicity of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Martínez-Lazcano
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Molecular y Nanotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía MVS, Mexico City 14629, Mexico
| | - Edith González-Guevara
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Molecular y Nanotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía MVS, Mexico City 14629, Mexico
| | - Catherine Boll
- Laboratorio de Investigación clínica, Clínica de Ataxias y Coreas, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas Raras, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía MVS, Mexico City 14629, Mexico
| | - Graciela Cárdenas
- Departamento de Neurología y Enfermedades Neuro-Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía MVS, Mexico City 14629, Mexico
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14
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Ilahi Z, Janardhan S, Dave M, Khariton M, Feuer P, Venkataraman A, Romanos-Sirakis E. Ketamine as an Adjunct for Treatment of Methotrexate-induced Neurotoxicity. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2022; 44:e512-e513. [PMID: 35200225 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0000000000002366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Methotrexate (MTX) is used in the treatment of several childhood cancers and is a main component of the treatment regimen for osteosarcoma. MTX has been linked with side effects of varying severity; headaches, nausea, emesis, lethargy, blurred vision, aphasia, hemiparesis, paresis, convulsions, leukoencephalopathy, and arachnoiditis are symptoms of MTX toxicity. MTX-induced neurotoxicity can occur in up to 15% of patients receiving high-dose MTX. The effects may be transient but can have life-threatening implications, sometimes requiring intubation for respiratory support and airway protection. Elevated homocysteine levels in the cerebrospinal fluid are documented in cases of MTX-induced neurotoxicity; dextromethorphan is used as an initial treatment for MTX-induced neurotoxicity as it works as a noncompetitive antagonist for the N-methyl D-aspartate receptors and suppresses homocysteine activity. In severe cases requiring intubation, medications for sedation are utilized. Ketamine is also an N-methyl D-aspartate receptor antagonist, and as such, may be considered as an optimal treatment choice when sedation is required. We describe the use of ketamine in a pediatric patient with MTX-induced neurotoxicity. The use of ketamine in the treatment of MTX-induced neurotoxicity has not been described in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Eleny Romanos-Sirakis
- Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Staten Island University Hospital Northwell Health, Staten Island, NY
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15
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Lionaki E, Ploumi C, Tavernarakis N. One-Carbon Metabolism: Pulling the Strings behind Aging and Neurodegeneration. Cells 2022; 11:cells11020214. [PMID: 35053330 PMCID: PMC8773781 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
One-carbon metabolism (OCM) is a network of biochemical reactions delivering one-carbon units to various biosynthetic pathways. The folate cycle and methionine cycle are the two key modules of this network that regulate purine and thymidine synthesis, amino acid homeostasis, and epigenetic mechanisms. Intersection with the transsulfuration pathway supports glutathione production and regulation of the cellular redox state. Dietary intake of micronutrients, such as folates and amino acids, directly contributes to OCM, thereby adapting the cellular metabolic state to environmental inputs. The contribution of OCM to cellular proliferation during development and in adult proliferative tissues is well established. Nevertheless, accumulating evidence reveals the pivotal role of OCM in cellular homeostasis of non-proliferative tissues and in coordination of signaling cascades that regulate energy homeostasis and longevity. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on OCM and related pathways and discuss how this metabolic network may impact longevity and neurodegeneration across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Lionaki
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (E.L.); (C.P.)
| | - Christina Ploumi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (E.L.); (C.P.)
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Nektarios Tavernarakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (E.L.); (C.P.)
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2810-391069
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16
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Liu C, Zhao H, Ji ZH, Yu XY. Hyperhomocysteinemia Induces Rat Memory Impairment Via Injuring Hippocampal CA3 Neurons and Downregulating cAMP Response Element-Binding Protein (CREB) Phosphorylation. Neurochem Res 2021; 47:762-767. [PMID: 34787820 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03485-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Accumulated evidence demonstrated that an elevated plasma homocysteine level, hyperhomocysteinemia, induced cognitive impairment in animals, elderly and the patients with neurodegenerative diseases. To date, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms by which hyperhomocysteinemia induces cognitive impairment has not been clearly defined. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible cellular and molecular mechanisms behind hyperhomocysteinemia signaling in rat memory impairment. The results from this study demonstrated that hyperhomocysteinemia induced neuronal damage and loss in hippocampal CA3 region and downregulated the cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation. The findings of this study provide evidence that hyperhomocysteinemia induces rat memory impairment via injuring hippocampal CA3 neurons and downregulating CREB phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Dalian University, Dalian, 116622, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Dalian University, Dalian, 116622, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Hong Ji
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Dalian University, Dalian, 116622, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Yu Yu
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Dalian University, Dalian, 116622, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Peleg LC, Rabinovitch D, Lavie Y, Rabbie DM, Horowitz I, Fruchter E, Gruenwald I. Post-SSRI Sexual Dysfunction (PSSD): Biological Plausibility, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Presumed Risk Factors. Sex Med Rev 2021; 10:91-98. [PMID: 34627736 DOI: 10.1016/j.sxmr.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Post-SSRI sexual-dysfunction (PSSD) is an iatrogenicsyndrome, the underlying neurobiological mechanisms of which areunclear. Symptom onset follows cessation of serotonergicantidepressants i.e. Selective Serotonin and Norepinephrine ReuptakeInhibitors (SSRI's, SNRI's), and Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA's). PSSDsymptoms include genital anesthesia, erectile dysfunction andorgasmic/ejaculatory anhedonia, and should be differentiated fromdepression-related sexual-dysfunction. Recently, accumulated data of numerous case-reports suggest additional non-sexual symptoms including, anhedonia, apathy, and blunted affect. PSSD gained official recognition after the European medical agency concluded that PSSD is a medical condition that persists after discontinuation of SSRI's and SNRI's. OBJECTIVE To review possible underlying neurobiological mechanisms ofthis syndrome, update information on the pathophysiology, present a listof potential risk-factors and discuss potential management options forPSSD. METHODS Extensive literature review on the main symptom-patterns ofthis disorder was undertaken using PubMed. It includes introductoryexplications of relevant neurobiology with the objective of generatinghypothesis. RESULTS Precipitating factors for PSSD include previous exposure to certain drugs, genetic predisposition, psychological stress or chemical stressful reaction to antidepressants along pre-existing medical conditions affecting neuroplasticity. Different theories have been proposed to explain the pathophysiology of PSSD: epigenetic gene expression, dopamine-serotonin interactions, serotonin neurotoxicity and hormonal changes. The diagnosis of PSSD is by excluding all other etiologies of sexual-dysfunction. Treatment is challenging, and many strategies have been suggested without definitive outcomes. We offerthe contours of a future neurobiological research agenda, and propose several underlying mechanisms for the various symptoms of PSSD which could be the foundation for a future treatment algorithm. CONCLUSION There is a need for well-designed neurobiological research in this domain, as well as in the prevalence, pathophysiology, and treatment of PSSD. Practitioners should be alert to the distinctive features of PSSD. Misdiagnosing this syndrome might lead to harmful Sexual Medicine Reviews. Peleg LC, Rabinovitch D, Lavie Y, et al. Post-SSRI Sexual Dysfunction (PSSD): Biological Plausibility, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Presumed Risk Factors. Sex Med Rev 2021;XX:XXX-XXX.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Deya M Rabbie
- Ahram Canadian University, Neuropharmacology, 6th of October City, Egypt
| | - Itai Horowitz
- Rambam Healthcare Campus, Psychiatry Department, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Ilan Gruenwald
- Rambam Healthcare Campus, Neuro-Urology Unit, Haifa, Israel.
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18
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Chu M, Teng J, Guo L, Wang Y, Zhang L, Gao J, Liu L. Mild hyperhomocysteinemia induces blood-brain barrier dysfunction but not neuroinflammation in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of wild-type mice. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 99:847-856. [PMID: 34161158 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2020-0507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study explored the potential effects of mild hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) on the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and neuroinflammation. Seven-week-old male wild-type C57BL/6 mice were fed normal mouse chow (the control group) or a methionine-enriched diet (the HHcy group) for 14 weeks. Mice in the HHcy group exhibited a slight increase in serum Hcy levels (13.56 ± 0.61 μmol/L). Activation of the ERK signaling pathway, up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and degradation of tight junction proteins (occludin and claudin-5) were observed in both the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of mice with mild HHcy. However, microglia were not activated and the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were not changed in either the cerebral cortex or hippocampus of mice with mild HHcy. Moreover, the signaling activity of STAT3 also did not differ significantly between the two groups. These findings demonstrate that the BBB is highly vulnerable to homocysteine insult. Even a slight increase in serum homocysteine levels up-regulates MMP-9 expression and disrupts the BBB integrity. Meanwhile, microglia activation or the STAT3 pathway might not contribute to the effects of mild HHcy on the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chu
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Jijun Teng
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Lei Guo
- Department of Urology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Yuyang Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Lijun Liu
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, Shandong, China
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19
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Tawfik A, Elsherbiny NM, Zaidi Y, Rajpurohit P. Homocysteine and Age-Related Central Nervous System Diseases: Role of Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126259. [PMID: 34200792 PMCID: PMC8230490 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is remarkably common among the aging population. The relation between HHcy and the development of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and eye diseases, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) in elderly people, has been established. Disruption of the blood barrier function of the brain and retina is one of the most important underlying mechanisms associated with HHcy-induced neurodegenerative and retinal disorders. Impairment of the barrier function triggers inflammatory events that worsen disease pathology. Studies have shown that AD patients also suffer from visual impairments. As an extension of the central nervous system, the retina has been suggested as a prominent site of AD pathology. This review highlights inflammation as a possible underlying mechanism of HHcy-induced barrier dysfunction and neurovascular injury in aging diseases accompanied by HHcy, focusing on AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany Tawfik
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (N.M.E.); (Y.Z.); (P.R.)
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, MCG, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia (MCG), Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, MCG, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Eye Research Institue, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-706-721-2582; Fax: +1-706-721-9415
| | - Nehal M. Elsherbiny
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (N.M.E.); (Y.Z.); (P.R.)
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, MCG, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Yusra Zaidi
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (N.M.E.); (Y.Z.); (P.R.)
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, MCG, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Pragya Rajpurohit
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (N.M.E.); (Y.Z.); (P.R.)
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, MCG, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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20
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Abstract
Objective: Vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to many different types of neurological symptoms and seizure can be seen as the first symptom. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate patients with seizures who were found to have vitamin B12 deficiency and whose seizures resolved with vitamin B12 treatment. Methods: A total of 26 infants were included in this retrospective study. The patients were evaluated in terms of clinical findings, laboratory tests including homocysteine, electrophysiological studies, neuroimaging studies, and other neurological examination findings. Results: Of 26 patients, 14 (53.8%) were male. The mean age of the patients was 8±4.8 months. Sixteen patients had generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and two patients had epileptic spasm (West syndrome)-type seizures. Six patients had abnormal discharge on electroencephalography. Twelve patients had abnormal findings in brain magnetic resonance imaging studies. Homocysteine level was high in all patients at admission. Conclusion: The presence of seizures, including infantile spasm, is a very important and treatable manifestation of vitamin B12 deficiency. Considering the irreversible sequelae of increased homocysteine, vitamin B12 supplementation administered for an appropriate period and at an appropriate dose both prevents the use of unnecessary antiepileptic drugs and eliminates the need for unnecessary tests and examinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serkan Kirik
- Pediatric Neurology, Fırat University School of Medicine, Elazig, TUR
| | - Zekiye Çatak
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Elazig Fethi Sekin City Hospital, Elazig, TUR
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21
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Poddar R. Hyperhomocysteinemia is an emerging comorbidity in ischemic stroke. Exp Neurol 2021; 336:113541. [PMID: 33278453 PMCID: PMC7856041 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia or systemic elevation of the amino acid homocysteine is a common metabolic disorder that is considered to be a risk factor for ischemic stroke. However, it is still unclear whether predisposition to hyperhomocysteinemia could contribute to the severity of stroke outcome. This review highlights the advantages and limitations of the current rodent models of hyperhomocysteinemia, describes the consequence of mild hyperhomocysteinemia on the severity of ischemic brain damage in preclinical studies and summarizes the mechanisms involved in homocysteine induced neurotoxicity. The findings provide the premise for establishing hyperhomocysteinemia as a comorbidity for ischemic stroke and should be taken into consideration while developing potential therapeutic agents for stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjana Poddar
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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22
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Li J, Ge P, Zhang Q, Lin F, Wang R, Zhang Y, Zhang D, Wang W, Zhao J. Hyperhomocysteinemia is a risk factor for postoperative ischemia in adult patients with moyamoya disease. Neurosurg Rev 2021; 44:2913-2921. [PMID: 33506361 DOI: 10.1007/s10143-021-01482-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence has suggested that hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is a risk factor for cerebral infarction. However, the effect of HHcy on postoperative cerebral ischemia is still unclear. We aim to investigate the relationship between HHcy and postoperative ischemia of adult patients with moyamoya disease (MMD). A total of 138 adult patients with MMD were prospectively recruited from July 1 to December 31, 2019. After excluding 14 patients accepting conservative therapy, all 124 patients who underwent surgical treatment were enrolled. Patients were grouped according to postoperative ischemia and HHcy presentation, respectively. Clinical data and laboratory examinations were compared by statistical analyses. Potential risk factors were evaluated by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Comparing to the normal, patients with postoperative ischemia were higher in serum homocysteine (Hcy) level (P = 0.039) and HHcy ratio (P = 0.035). Furthermore, HHcy was more common in males (P = 0.007) than females. Logistic analysis results showed that HHcy (OR 5.234, 95% CI 1.127-24.315; P = 0.035) was an independent risk factor. HHcy was significantly associated with postoperative ischemia in MMD patients. Our study found that HHcy was correlated to the risk of postoperative ischemia. HHcy can be used as an indicator and a potential therapeutic target for postoperative ischemia in adult patients with MMD. URL: http://www.chictr.org . Unique identifier: ChiCTR2000031412.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsheng Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Nan Si Huan Xi Road 119, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China.,Beijing Translational Engineering Center for 3D Printer in Clinical Neuroscience, Beijing, China
| | - Peicong Ge
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Nan Si Huan Xi Road 119, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China.,Beijing Translational Engineering Center for 3D Printer in Clinical Neuroscience, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Nan Si Huan Xi Road 119, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China.,Beijing Translational Engineering Center for 3D Printer in Clinical Neuroscience, Beijing, China
| | - Fa Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Nan Si Huan Xi Road 119, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China.,Beijing Translational Engineering Center for 3D Printer in Clinical Neuroscience, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Nan Si Huan Xi Road 119, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China.,Beijing Translational Engineering Center for 3D Printer in Clinical Neuroscience, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Nan Si Huan Xi Road 119, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China.,Beijing Translational Engineering Center for 3D Printer in Clinical Neuroscience, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Nan Si Huan Xi Road 119, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China.,Beijing Translational Engineering Center for 3D Printer in Clinical Neuroscience, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Nan Si Huan Xi Road 119, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China. .,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China. .,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China. .,Beijing Translational Engineering Center for 3D Printer in Clinical Neuroscience, Beijing, China.
| | - Jizong Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Nan Si Huan Xi Road 119, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China. .,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China. .,Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China. .,Beijing Translational Engineering Center for 3D Printer in Clinical Neuroscience, Beijing, China. .,Savaid Medical School, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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23
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Involvements of Hyperhomocysteinemia in Neurological Disorders. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11010037. [PMID: 33419180 PMCID: PMC7825518 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Homocysteine (HCY), a physiological amino acid formed when proteins break down, leads to a pathological condition called hyperhomocysteinemia (HHCY), when it is over a definite limit. It is well known that an increase in HCY levels in blood, can contribute to arterial damage and several cardiovascular disease, but the knowledge about the relationship between HCY and brain disorders is very poor. Recent studies demonstrated that an alteration in HCY metabolism or a deficiency in folate or vitamin B12 can cause altered methylation and/or redox potentials, that leads to a modification on calcium influx in cells, or into an accumulation in amyloid and/or tau protein involving a cascade of events that culminate in apoptosis, and, in the worst conditions, neuronal death. The present review will thus summarize how much is known about the possible role of HHCY in neurodegenerative disease.
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24
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Tawfik A, Mohamed R, Kira D, Alhusban S, Al-Shabrawey M. N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor activation, novel mechanism of homocysteine-induced blood-retinal barrier dysfunction. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 99:119-130. [PMID: 33159240 PMCID: PMC7785674 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-02000-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Elevated levels of amino acid homocysteine (Hcy) recognized as hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) was reported in several human visual disorders, such as diabetic retinopathy (DR) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Breakdown of blood-retinal barrier (BRB) is concomitant with vision loss in DR and AMD. We previously reported that HHcy alters BRB. Here, we tested the hypothesis that HHcy alters BRB via activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR). Human retinal endothelial cells subjected to high level of Hcy and mouse model of HHcy were used. We injected Hcy intravitreal and used a mouse model of HHcy that lacks cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS). RT-PCR, western blot, and immunofluorescence showed that retinal endothelial cells (RECs) express NMDAR at the gene and protein levels both in vitro and in vivo and this was increased by HHcy. We assessed BRB function and retinal morphology using fluorescein angiogram and optical coherence tomography (OCT) under HHcy with and without pharmacological inhibition of NMDAR by (MK801) or in mice lacking endothelial NMDAR (NMDARE-/- mouse). Additionally, retinal albumin leakage and tight junction proteins ZO-1 and occludin were assessed by western blotting analysis. Inhibition or elimination of NMDAR was able to improve the altered retinal hyperpermeability and morphology under HHcy as indicated by significant decrease in retinal albumin leakage and restoration of tight junction proteins ZO-1 and occludin. Our findings underscore a potential role for endothelial NMDAR in mediating Hcy-induced breakdown of BRB and subsequently as a potential therapeutic target in retinal diseases associated with HHcy such as DR and AMD. KEY MESSAGES: • Elevated levels of homocysteine (Hcy) are defined as hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy). • HHcy is implicated in diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration. • HHcy alters BRB via activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany Tawfik
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, CB 1114, Augusta, GA, 30912-2000, USA.
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia (MCG), Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia (MCG), Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia (MCG), Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
| | - Riyaz Mohamed
- Department of Physiology Medical College of Georgia (MCG), Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Dina Kira
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, CB 1114, Augusta, GA, 30912-2000, USA
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia (MCG), Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Suhib Alhusban
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, CB 1114, Augusta, GA, 30912-2000, USA
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia (MCG), Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Mohamed Al-Shabrawey
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, CB 1114, Augusta, GA, 30912-2000, USA
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia (MCG), Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia (MCG), Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia (MCG), Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
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25
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Engin A, Engin AB. N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Signaling-Protein Kinases Crosstalk in Cerebral Ischemia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1275:259-283. [PMID: 33539019 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-49844-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Although stroke is very often the cause of death worldwide, the burden of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke varies between regions and over time regarding differences in prognosis, prevalence of risk factors, and treatment strategies. Excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier, neuroinflammation, and lysosomal membrane permeabilization, sequentially lead to the progressive death of neurons. In this process, protein kinases-related checkpoints tightly regulate N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor signaling pathways. One of the major hallmarks of cerebral ischemia is excitotoxicity, characterized by overactivation of glutamate receptors leading to intracellular Ca2+ overload and ultimately neuronal death. Thus, reduced expression of postsynaptic density-95 protein and increased protein S-nitrosylation in neurons is responsible for neuronal vulnerability in cerebral ischemia. In this chapter death-associated protein kinases, cyclin-dependent kinase 5, endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced protein kinases, hyperhomocysteinemia-related NMDA receptor overactivation, ephrin-B-dependent amplification of NMDA-evoked neuronal excitotoxicity and lysosomocentric hypothesis have been discussed.Consequently, ample evidences have demonstrated that enhancing extrasynaptic NMDA receptor activity triggers cell death after stroke. In this context, considering the dual roles of NMDA receptors in both promoting neuronal survival and mediating neuronal damage, selective augmentation of NR2A-containing NMDA receptor activation in the presence of NR2B antagonist may constitute a promising therapy for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atilla Engin
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayse Basak Engin
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
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26
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Kaplan P, Tatarkova Z, Sivonova MK, Racay P, Lehotsky J. Homocysteine and Mitochondria in Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Systems. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207698. [PMID: 33080955 PMCID: PMC7589705 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated concentration of homocysteine (Hcy) in the blood plasma, hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy), has been implicated in various disorders, including cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Accumulating evidence indicates that pathophysiology of these diseases is linked with mitochondrial dysfunction. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge concerning the effects of HHcy on mitochondrial homeostasis, including energy metabolism, mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, and mitochondrial dynamics. The recent studies suggest that the interaction between Hcy and mitochondria is complex, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are possible mediators of Hcy effects. We focus on mechanisms contributing to HHcy-associated oxidative stress, such as sources of ROS generation and alterations in antioxidant defense resulting from altered gene expression and post-translational modifications of proteins. Moreover, we discuss some recent findings suggesting that HHcy may have beneficial effects on mitochondrial ROS homeostasis and antioxidant defense. A better understanding of complex mechanisms through which Hcy affects mitochondrial functions could contribute to the development of more specific therapeutic strategies targeted at HHcy-associated disorders.
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27
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GluN2 Subunit-Dependent Redox Modulation of NMDA Receptor Activation by Homocysteine. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10101441. [PMID: 33066432 PMCID: PMC7602226 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Homocysteine (HCY) molecule combines distinct pharmacological properties as an agonist of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) and a reducing agent. Whereas NMDAR activation by HCY was elucidated, whether the redox modulation contributes to its action is unclear. Here, using patch-clamp recording and imaging of intracellular Ca2+, we study dithiothreitol (DTT) effects on currents and Ca2+ responses activated by HCY through native NMDARs and recombinant diheteromeric GluN1/2A, GluN1/2B, and GluN1/2C receptors. Within a wide range (1–800 μM) of [HCY]s, the concentration–activation relationships for recombinant NMDARs revealed a biphasicness. The high-affinity component obtained between 1 and 100 µM [HCY]s corresponding to the NMDAR activation was not affected by 1 mM DTT. The low-affinity phase observed at [HCY]s above 200 μM probably originated from thiol-dependent redox modulation of NMDARs. The reduction of NMDAR disulfide bonds by either 1 mM DTT or 1 mM HCY decreased GluN1/2A currents activated by HCY. In contrast, HCY-elicited GluN1/2B currents were enhanced due to the remarkable weakening of GluN1/2B desensitization. In fact, cleaving NMDAR disulfide bonds in neurons reversed the HCY-induced Ca2+ accumulation, making it dependent on GluN2B- rather than GluN2A-containing NMDARs. Thus, estimated concentrations for the HCY redox effects exceed those in the plasma during intermediate hyperhomocysteinemia but may occur during severe hyperhomocysteinemia.
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28
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Blood homocysteine levels in children with autism spectrum disorder: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res 2020; 291:113283. [PMID: 32763544 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Results of studies on peripheral blood levels of homocysteine (Hcy) in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are inconsistent, and conclusions from two previous meta-analyses on this subject published in 2012 are already outdated. Therefore, we conducted an updated systematic review and meta-analysis to quantitatively summarize the peripheral blood Hcy data in children with ASD compared with healthy controls (HC). We searched PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases from inception to September 2019 for eligible studies, with no language restriction. Using random-effects model, we computed summary statistics. Thirty-one studies (3304 participants including 1641 cases) were included. The pooled results showed that the peripheral blood Hcy levels were significantly elevated in children with ASD when compared to HC (Hedges's g = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.36 to 0.76, P < 0.001). By sensitivity analyses, we confirmed that our results were quite robust. Additionally, no publication bias was observed in this meta-analysis. In conclusion, our study support the association of increased circulating Hcy levels with ASD in children, and the involvement of Hcy in the occurrence of ASD. However, in view of the significant between-study heterogeneity, the conclusions should be interpreted cautiously and more investigation is required.
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29
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Dalangin R, Kim A, Campbell RE. The Role of Amino Acids in Neurotransmission and Fluorescent Tools for Their Detection. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6197. [PMID: 32867295 PMCID: PMC7503967 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotransmission between neurons, which can occur over the span of a few milliseconds, relies on the controlled release of small molecule neurotransmitters, many of which are amino acids. Fluorescence imaging provides the necessary speed to follow these events and has emerged as a powerful technique for investigating neurotransmission. In this review, we highlight some of the roles of the 20 canonical amino acids, GABA and β-alanine in neurotransmission. We also discuss available fluorescence-based probes for amino acids that have been shown to be compatible for live cell imaging, namely those based on synthetic dyes, nanostructures (quantum dots and nanotubes), and genetically encoded components. We aim to provide tool developers with information that may guide future engineering efforts and tool users with information regarding existing indicators to facilitate studies of amino acid dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochelin Dalangin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada; (R.D.); (A.K.)
| | - Anna Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada; (R.D.); (A.K.)
| | - Robert E. Campbell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada; (R.D.); (A.K.)
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo City, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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30
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Ivanova MA, Kokorina AD, Timofeeva PD, Karelina TV, Abushik PA, Stepanenko JD, Sibarov DA, Antonov SM. Calcium Export from Neurons and Multi-Kinase Signaling Cascades Contribute to Ouabain Neuroprotection in Hyperhomocysteinemia. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10081104. [PMID: 32722349 PMCID: PMC7464744 DOI: 10.3390/biom10081104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological homocysteine (HCY) accumulation in the human plasma, known as hyperhomocysteinemia, exacerbates neurodegenerative diseases because, in the brain, this amino acid acts as a persistent N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor agonist. We studied the effects of 0.1–1 nM ouabain on intracellular Ca2+ signaling, mitochondrial inner membrane voltage (φmit), and cell viability in primary cultures of rat cortical neurons in glutamate and HCY neurotoxic insults. In addition, apoptosis-related protein expression and the involvement of some kinases in ouabain-mediated effects were evaluated. In short insults, HCY was less potent than glutamate as a neurotoxic agent and induced a 20% loss of φmit, whereas glutamate caused a 70% decrease of this value. Subnanomolar ouabain exhibited immediate and postponed neuroprotective effects on neurons. (1) Ouabain rapidly reduced the Ca2+ overload of neurons and loss of φmit evoked by glutamate and HCY that rescued neurons in short insults. (2) In prolonged 24 h excitotoxic insults, ouabain prevented neuronal apoptosis, triggering proteinkinase A and proteinkinase C dependent intracellular neuroprotective cascades for HCY, but not for glutamate. We, therefore, demonstrated here the role of PKC and PKA involving pathways in neuronal survival caused by ouabain in hyperhomocysteinemia, which suggests existence of different appropriate pharmacological treatment for hyperhomocysteinemia and glutamate excitotoxicity.
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31
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Sleeman I, Lawson RA, Yarnall AJ, Duncan GW, Johnston F, Khoo TK, Burn DJ. Urate and Homocysteine: Predicting Motor and Cognitive Changes in Newly Diagnosed Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2020; 9:351-359. [PMID: 30909247 PMCID: PMC6597987 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-181535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urate and homocysteine are potential biomarkers for disease progression in Parkinson's disease (PD). Baseline serum urate concentration has been shown to predict motor but not cognitive decline. The relationship between serum homocysteine concentration and cognitive and motor impairment is unknown. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to examine the association between baseline serum urate and homocysteine, and prospective measures of disease progression and cognition over 54 months in early PD. METHODS 154 newly diagnosed PD participants and 99 age-matched controls completed a schedule of assessments at baseline, 18, 36 and 54 months. The Movement Disorders Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Scale Part III (MDS-UPDRS III) was used to assess motor severity. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) was used to assess global cognition. Serum samples drawn at baseline were analysed for urate, homocysteine, red cell folate and vitamin B12 concentrations. RESULTS Baseline urate was 331.4±83.8 and 302.7±78.0μmol/L for control and PD participants, respectively (p = 0.015). Baseline homocysteine was 9.6±3.3 and 11.1±3.8μmol/L for controls and PD participants, respectively (p < 0.01). Linear mixed effects modelling showed that lower baseline urate (β= 0.02, p < 0.001) and higher homocysteine (β= 0.29, p < 0.05) predicted decline in motor function. Only higher homocysteine concentrations at baseline, however, predicted declining MoCA scores over 54 months (β= 0.11, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Lower serum urate concentration is associated with worsening motor function; while higher homocysteine concentration is associated with change in motor function and cognitive decline. Therefore, urate and homocysteine may be suitable biomarkers for predicting motor and cognitive decline in early PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isobel Sleeman
- Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, UK.,Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, UK
| | | | | | - Gordon W Duncan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, UK.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Tien K Khoo
- School of Medicine and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David J Burn
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, UK
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32
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Salissou MTM, Mahaman YAR, Zhu F, Huang F, Wang Y, Xu Z, Ke D, Wang Q, Liu R, Wang JZ, Zhang B, Wang X. Methanolic extract of Tamarix Gallica attenuates hyperhomocysteinemia induced AD-like pathology and cognitive impairments in rats. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 10:3229-3248. [PMID: 30425189 PMCID: PMC6286848 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although few drugs are available today for the management of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and many plants and their extracts are extensively employed in animals’ studies and AD patients, yet no drug or plant extract is able to reverse AD symptoms adequately. In the present study, Tamarix gallica (TG), a naturally occurring plant known for its strong antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-amyloidogenic properties, was evaluated on homocysteine (Hcy) induced AD-like pathology and cognitive impairments in rats. We found that TG attenuated Hcy-induced oxidative stress and memory deficits. TG also improved neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation by upregulating synaptic proteins such as PSD95 and synapsin 1 and downregulating inflammatory markers including CD68 and GFAP with concomitant decrease in proinflammatory mediators interlukin-1β (IL1β) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα). TG attenuated tau hyperphosphorylation at multiple AD-related sites through decreasing some kinases and increasing phosphatase activities. Moreover, TG rescued amyloid-β (Aβ) pathology through downregulating BACE1. Our data for the first time provide evidence that TG attenuates Hcy-induced AD-like pathological changes and cognitive impairments, making TG a promising candidate for the treatment of AD-associated pathological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maibouge Tanko Mahamane Salissou
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yacoubou Abdoul Razak Mahaman
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Cognitive Impairment Ward of Neurology Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518001, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Feiqi Zhu
- Cognitive Impairment Ward of Neurology Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518001, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Fang Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yuman Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zhendong Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Dan Ke
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Rong Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jian-Zhi Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, JS, 226001, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Xiaochuan Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, JS, 226001, China
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Parkhitko AA, Jouandin P, Mohr SE, Perrimon N. Methionine metabolism and methyltransferases in the regulation of aging and lifespan extension across species. Aging Cell 2019; 18:e13034. [PMID: 31460700 PMCID: PMC6826121 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Methionine restriction (MetR) extends lifespan across different species and exerts beneficial effects on metabolic health and inflammatory responses. In contrast, certain cancer cells exhibit methionine auxotrophy that can be exploited for therapeutic treatment, as decreasing dietary methionine selectively suppresses tumor growth. Thus, MetR represents an intervention that can extend lifespan with a complementary effect of delaying tumor growth. Beyond its function in protein synthesis, methionine feeds into complex metabolic pathways including the methionine cycle, the transsulfuration pathway, and polyamine biosynthesis. Manipulation of each of these branches extends lifespan; however, the interplay between MetR and these branches during regulation of lifespan is not well understood. In addition, a potential mechanism linking the activity of methionine metabolism and lifespan is regulation of production of the methyl donor S-adenosylmethionine, which, after transferring its methyl group, is converted to S-adenosylhomocysteine. Methylation regulates a wide range of processes, including those thought to be responsible for lifespan extension by MetR. Although the exact mechanisms of lifespan extension by MetR or methionine metabolism reprogramming are unknown, it may act via reducing the rate of translation, modifying gene expression, inducing a hormetic response, modulating autophagy, or inducing mitochondrial function, antioxidant defense, or other metabolic processes. Here, we review the mechanisms of lifespan extension by MetR and different branches of methionine metabolism in different species and the potential for exploiting the regulation of methyltransferases to delay aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A. Parkhitko
- Department of GeneticsBlavatnik InstituteHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusetts
| | - Patrick Jouandin
- Department of GeneticsBlavatnik InstituteHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusetts
| | - Stephanie E. Mohr
- Department of GeneticsBlavatnik InstituteHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusetts
| | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of GeneticsBlavatnik InstituteHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusetts
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteBostonMassachusetts
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3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaric Acid Impairs Redox and Energy Homeostasis, Mitochondrial Dynamics, and Endoplasmic Reticulum–Mitochondria Crosstalk in Rat Brain. Neurotox Res 2019; 37:314-325. [PMID: 31721046 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-00122-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase (HL) deficiency is a neurometabolic disorder characterized by predominant accumulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid (HMG) in tissues and biological fluids. Patients often present in the first year of life with metabolic acidosis, non-ketotic hypoglycemia, hypotonia, lethargy, and coma. Since neurological symptoms may be triggered or worsened during episodes of metabolic decompensation, which are characterized by high urinary excretion of organic acids, this study investigated the effects of HMG intracerebroventricular administration on redox homeostasis, citric acid cycle enzyme activities, dynamics (mitochondrial fusion and fission), and endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-mitochondria crosstalk in the brain of neonatal rats euthanized 1 (short term) or 20 days (long term) after injection. HMG induced lipid peroxidation and decreased the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and citric acid cycle enzymes, suggesting bioenergetic and redox disruption, 1 day after administration. Levels of VDAC1, Grp75, and mitofusin-1, proteins involved in ER-mitochondria crosstalk and mitochondrial fusion, were increased by HMG. Furthermore, HMG diminished synaptophysin levels and tau phosphorylation, and increased active caspase-3 content, indicative of cell damage. Finally, HMG decreased GPx activity and synaptophysin levels, and changed MAPK phosphorylation 20 days after injection, suggesting that long-term toxicity is further induced by this organic acid. Taken together, these data show that HMG induces oxidative stress and disrupts bioenergetics, dynamics, ER-mitochondria communication, and signaling pathways in the brain of rats soon after birth. It may be presumed that these mechanisms underlie the onset and progression of symptoms during decompensation occurring in HL-deficient patients during the neonatal period.
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Rajagopal S, Fitzgerald AA, Deep SN, Paul S, Poddar R. Role of GluN2A NMDA receptor in homocysteine-induced prostaglandin E2 release from neurons. J Neurochem 2019; 150:44-55. [PMID: 31125437 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia or systemic elevation of homocysteine is a metabolic condition that has been linked to multiple neurological disorders where inflammation plays an important role in the progression of the disease. However, it is unclear whether hyperhomocysteinemia contributes to disease pathology by inducing an inflammatory response. The current study investigates whether exposure of primary cultures from rat and mice cortical neurons to high levels of homocysteine induces the expression and release of the proinflammatory prostanoid, Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Using enzymatic assays and immunoblot analysis we show concurrent increase in the activity of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) and level of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), two enzymes involved in PGE2 biosynthesis. The findings also show an increase in PGE2 release from neurons. Pharmacological inhibition of GluN2A-containing NMDAR (GluN2A-NMDAR) with NVP-AAM077 significantly reduces homocysteine-induced cPLA2 activity, COX2 expression, and subsequent PGE2 release. Whereas, inhibition of GluN2B-containing NMDAR (GluN2A-NMDAR) with Ro 25-6981 has no effect. Complementary studies in neuron cultures obtained from wild type and GluN2A knockout mice show that genetic deletion of GluN2A subunit of NMDAR attenuates homocysteine-induced neuronal increase in cPLA2 activity, COX2 expression, and PGE2 release. Pharmacological studies further establish the role of both extracellular-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase and p38 MAPK in homocysteine-GluN2A NMDAR-dependent activation of cPLA2-COX2-PGE2 pathway. Collectively, these findings reveal a novel role of GluN2A-NMDAR in facilitating homocysteine-induced proinflammatory response in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathyanarayanan Rajagopal
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Ashley Anne Fitzgerald
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Satya Narayan Deep
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Surojit Paul
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Ranjana Poddar
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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36
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Mahaman YAR, Huang F, Wu M, Wang Y, Wei Z, Bao J, Salissou MTM, Ke D, Wang Q, Liu R, Wang JZ, Zhang B, Chen D, Wang X. Moringa Oleifera Alleviates Homocysteine-Induced Alzheimer's Disease-Like Pathology and Cognitive Impairments. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 63:1141-1159. [PMID: 29710724 PMCID: PMC6004908 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is multifactorial with unclear etiopathology. Due to the complexity of AD, many attempted single therapy treatments, like Aβ immunization, have generally failed. Therefore, there is a need for drugs with multiple benefits. Naturally occurring phytochemicals with neuroprotective, anti-amyloidogenic, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory properties could be a possible way out. In this study, the effect of Moringa oleifera (MO), a naturally occurring plant with high antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects, was evaluated on hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) induced AD-like pathology in rats. Homocysteine (Hcy) injection for 14 days was used to induce AD-like pathology. Simultaneous MO extract gavage followed the injection as a preventive treatment or, after injection completion, MO gavage was performed for another 14 days as a curative treatment. MO was found to not only prevent but also rescue the oxidative stress and cognitive impairments induced by Hcy treatment. Moreover, MO recovered the decreased synaptic proteins PSD93, PSD95, Synapsin 1 and Synaptophysin, and improved neurodegeneration. Interestingly, MO decreased the Hyc-induced tau hyperphosphorylation at different sites including S-199, T-231, S-396, and S-404, and at the same time decreased Aβ production through downregulation of BACE1. These effects in HHcy rats were accompanied by a decrease in calpain activity under MO treatment, supporting that calpain activation might be involved in AD pathogenesis in HHcy rats. Taken together, our data, for the first time, provided evidence that MO alleviates tau hyperphosphorylation and Aβ pathology in a HHcy AD rat model. This and previous other studies support MO as a good candidate for, and could provide new insights into, the treatment of AD and other tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yacoubou Abdoul Razak Mahaman
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengjuan Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuman Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen Wei
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian Bao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Maibouge Tanko Mahamane Salissou
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dan Ke
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rong Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian-Zhi Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dan Chen
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaochuan Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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37
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Deep SN, Mitra S, Rajagopal S, Paul S, Poddar R. GluN2A-NMDA receptor-mediated sustained Ca 2+ influx leads to homocysteine-induced neuronal cell death. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:11154-11165. [PMID: 31167782 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Homocysteine, a metabolite of the methionine cycle, is a known agonist of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), a glutamate receptor subtype and is involved in NMDAR-mediated neurotoxicity. Our previous findings have shown that homocysteine-induced, NMDAR-mediated neurotoxicity is facilitated by a sustained increase in phosphorylation and activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK MAPK). In the current study, we investigated the role GluN1/GluN2A-containing functional NMDAR (GluN2A-NMDAR) and GluN1/GluN2B-containing functional NMDAR (GluN2B-NMDAR) in homocysteine-induced neurotoxicity. Our findings revealed that exposing primary cortical neuronal cultures to homocysteine leads to a sustained low-level increase in intracellular Ca2+ We also showed that pharmacological inhibition of GluN2A-NMDAR or genetic deletion of the GluN2A subunit attenuates homocysteine-induced increase in intracellular Ca2+ Our results further established the role of GluN2A-NMDAR in homocysteine-mediated sustained ERK MAPK phosphorylation and neuronal cell death. Of note, the preferential role of GluN2A-NMDAR in homocysteine-induced neurotoxicity was distinctly different from glutamate-NMDAR-induced excitotoxic cell death that involves overactivation of GluN2B-NMDAR and is independent of ERK MAPK activation. These findings indicate a critical role of GluN2A-NMDAR-mediated signaling in homocysteine-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya Narayan Deep
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Sumonto Mitra
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Sathyanarayanan Rajagopal
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Surojit Paul
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Ranjana Poddar
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
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Exposure to homocysteine leads to cell cycle damage and reactive gliosis in the developing brain. Reprod Toxicol 2019; 87:60-69. [PMID: 31082465 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Studies that investigate the cellular effects of homocysteine (Hcy) on the differentiation of neural cells, and their involvement in establishment of cell layers in the developing brain are scarce. This study evaluated how Hcy affects the neural cell cycle and proteins involved in neuronal differentiation in the telencephalon and mesencephalon using the chicken embryo as a model. Embryos at embryonic day 2 (E2) received 20 μmol D-L Hcy/50 μl saline and analyzed at E6. The Hcy treatment induced an increase in the ventricular length of the telencephalon and also a reduction of the mantle layer thickness. We observed that Hcy induced impairments to the neural cell cycle and differentiation, which compromised the cell layers establishment in the developing brain. Hcy treatment also induced changes in gene and protein expression of astrocytes, characteristic of reactive gliosis. Our results point to new perspectives of evaluation of cellular targets of Hcy toxicity.
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39
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Hyperhomocysteinemia leads to exacerbation of ischemic brain damage: Role of GluN2A NMDA receptors. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 127:287-302. [PMID: 30885791 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia has been implicated in several neurodegenerative disorders including ischemic stroke. However, the pathological consequences of ischemic insult in individuals predisposed to hyperhomocysteinemia and the associated etiology are unknown. In this study, we evaluated the outcome of transient ischemic stroke in a rodent model of hyperhomocysteinemia, developed by subcutaneous implantation of osmotic pumps containing L-homocysteine into male Wistar rats. Our findings show a 42.3% mortality rate in hyperhomocysteinemic rats as compared to 7.7% in control rats. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in the surviving rats shows that mild hyperhomocysteinemia leads to exacerbation of ischemic injury within 24 h, which remains elevated over time. Behavioral studies further demonstrate significant deficit in sensorimotor functions in hyperhomocysteinemic rats compared to control rats. Using pharmacological inhibitors targeting the NMDAR subtypes, the study further demonstrates that inhibition of GluN2A-containing NMDARs significantly reduces ischemic brain damage in hyperhomocysteinemic rats but not in control rats, indicating that hyperhomocysteinemia-mediated exacerbation of ischemic brain injury involves GluN2A-NMDAR signaling. Complementary studies in GluN2A-knockout mice show that in the absence of GluN2A-NMDARs, hyperhomocysteinemia-associated exacerbation of ischemic brain injury is blocked, confirming that GluN2A-NMDAR activation is a critical determinant of the severity of ischemic damage under hyperhomocysteinemic conditions. Furthermore, at the molecular level we observe GluN2A-NMDAR dependent sustained increase in ERK MAPK phosphorylation under hyperhomocysteinemic condition that has been shown to be involved in homocysteine-induced neurotoxicity. Taken together, the findings show that hyperhomocysteinemia triggers a unique signaling pathway that in conjunction with ischemia-induced pathways enhance the pathology of stroke under hyperhomocysteinemic conditions.
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Tan B, Venketasubramanian N, Vrooman H, Cheng CY, Wong TY, Ikram MK, Chen C, Hilal S. Homocysteine and Cerebral Atrophy: The Epidemiology of Dementia in Singapore Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 62:877-885. [PMID: 29480177 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasma homocysteine levels are increasingly studied as a potential risk factor for dementia. Elevated homocysteine levels have been linked with gray and white matter volume reduction among individuals with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. However, the effects of homocysteine on brain changes in preclinical stages of dementia remain unexplored. OBJECTIVE To examine the association of elevated homocysteine levels with markers of neurodegeneration, i.e., white and gray matter volume in an elderly population. METHODS The study included 768 participants (mean age: 69.6±6.5 years, 51.3% women) from the Epidemiology of Dementia In Singapore study. Participants underwent a brain MRI scan and blood tests. Serum homocysteine was measured using competitive immunoassay. Cortical thickness and subcortical structural volume were quantified using FreeSurfer whereas white matter volume was quantified using a previous validated method. RESULTS Higher homocysteine levels were significantly associated with decreased global white matter volume [mean difference (β) in volume (ml) per micromole per liter (μmol/l) increase in homocysteine levels: - 0.555, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): - 0.873; - 0.237], decreased parietal cortical thickness [β in thickness (μm) per μmol/l increase in homocysteine levels:- 1.429, 95% CI: - 2.781; - 0.077], and smaller volumes of the thalamus [β: - 0.017, 95% CI: - 0.026; - 0.008], brainstem [β: - 0.037, 95% CI: - 0.058; - 0.016], and accumbens [β: - 0.004, 95% CI: - 0.006; - 0.002]. CONCLUSION Higher homocysteine levels were associated with cerebral atrophy. Further studies are required to assess whether lowering plasma homocysteine levels may prevent neurodegenerative changes or delay progression of clinical symptoms before the development of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce Tan
- Memory Ageing and Cognition Center (MACC), National University Health System, Singapore
| | | | - Henri Vrooman
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Informatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore.,Academic Medicine Research Institute, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Tien Yin Wong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore.,Academic Medicine Research Institute, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | | | - Christopher Chen
- Memory Ageing and Cognition Center (MACC), National University Health System, Singapore.,Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Saima Hilal
- Memory Ageing and Cognition Center (MACC), National University Health System, Singapore.,Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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41
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Jakaria M, Park SY, Haque ME, Karthivashan G, Kim IS, Ganesan P, Choi DK. Neurotoxic Agent-Induced Injury in Neurodegenerative Disease Model: Focus on Involvement of Glutamate Receptors. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:307. [PMID: 30210294 PMCID: PMC6123546 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate receptors play a crucial role in the central nervous system and are implicated in different brain disorders. They play a significant role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Although many studies on NDDs have been conducted, their exact pathophysiological characteristics are still not fully understood. In in vivo and in vitro models of neurotoxic-induced NDDs, neurotoxic agents are used to induce several neuronal injuries for the purpose of correlating them with the pathological characteristics of NDDs. Moreover, therapeutic drugs might be discovered based on the studies employing these models. In NDD models, different neurotoxic agents, namely, kainic acid, domoic acid, glutamate, β-N-Methylamino-L-alanine, amyloid beta, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium, rotenone, 3-Nitropropionic acid and methamphetamine can potently impair both ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors, leading to the progression of toxicity. Many other neurotoxic agents mainly affect the functions of ionotropic glutamate receptors. We discuss particular neurotoxic agents that can act upon glutamate receptors so as to effectively mimic NDDs. The correlation of neurotoxic agent-induced disease characteristics with glutamate receptors would aid the discovery and development of therapeutic drugs for NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Jakaria
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Shin-Young Park
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Md. Ezazul Haque
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Govindarajan Karthivashan
- Department of Integrated Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Research Institute of Inflammatory Diseases (RID), Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - In-Su Kim
- Department of Integrated Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Research Institute of Inflammatory Diseases (RID), Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Palanivel Ganesan
- Department of Integrated Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Research Institute of Inflammatory Diseases (RID), Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Dong-Kug Choi
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
- Department of Integrated Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Research Institute of Inflammatory Diseases (RID), Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
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Association of Induced Hyperhomocysteinemia with Alzheimer's Disease-Like Neurodegeneration in Rat Cortical Neurons After Global Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:1766-1778. [PMID: 30003389 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2592-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder that results in massive hippocampal and neocortical neuronal loss leading to dementia and eventual death. The exact cause of Alzheimer's disease is not fully explored, although a number of risk factors have been recognized, including high plasma concentration of homocysteine (Hcy). Hyperhomocysteinemia (hHcy) is considered a strong, independent risk factor for stroke and dementia. However, the molecular background underlying these mechanisms linked with hHcy and ischemic stroke is not fully understood. Paper describes rat model of global forebrain ischemia combined with the experimentally induced hHcy. Global ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) was developed by 4-vessels occlusion lasting for 15 min followed by reperfusion period of 72 h. hHcy was induced by subcutaneous injection of 0.45 µmol/g of Hcy in duration of 14 days. The results showed remarkable neural cell death induced by hHcy in the brain cortex and neurodegeneration is further aggravated by global IRI. We demonstrated degeneration of cortical neurons, alterations in number and morphology of tissue astrocytes and dysregulation of oxidative balance with increased membrane protein oxidation. Complementary to, an immunohistochemical analysis of tau protein and β-amyloid peptide showed that combination of hHcy with the IRI might lead to the progression of AD-like pathological features. Conclusively, these findings suggest that combination of risk factor hHcy with IRI aggravates neurodegeneration processes and leads to development of AD-like pathology in cerebral cortex.
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Liu W, Wu W, Lin G, Cheng J, Zeng Y, Shi Y. Physical exercise promotes proliferation and differentiation of endogenous neural stem cells via ERK in rats with cerebral infarction. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:1455-1464. [PMID: 29901080 PMCID: PMC6072171 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise is beneficial for the functional recovery of neurons after stroke. It has been suggested that exercise regulates proliferation and differentiation of endogenous neural stem cells (NSCs); however, the underlying molecular mechanisms are still largely unknown. In the present study, the aim was to investigate whether physical exercise activates the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway to promote proliferation and differentiation of NSCs in rats with cerebral infarction, thereby improving neurological function. Following middle cerebral artery occlusion, rats underwent physical exercise and neurological behavior was analyzed at various time points. Immunofluorescence staining was performed to detect proliferation and differentiation of NSCs, and western blotting was used to analyze cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4), Cyclin D1, retinoblastoma protein (p-Rb), P-16, phosphorylated (p)-ERK1/2 and c-Fos expression. The results indicated that physical exercise promoted proliferation and differentiation of NSCs, and led to improved neural function. In addition, the expression levels of CDK4, Cyclin D1, p-Rb, p-ERK1/2 and c-Fos were upregulated, whereas the expression of P-16 was downregulated following exercise. U0126, an inhibitor of ERK signaling, reversed the beneficial effects of exercise. Therefore, it may be hypothesized that physical exercise enhances proliferation and differentiation of endogenous NSCs in the hippocampus of rats with cerebral infarction via the ERK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Wen Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Guangyong Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Jian Cheng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Yanyan Zeng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Yu Shi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
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Vann Jones S, Banerjee S, Smith AD, Refsum H, Lennox B. Elevated homocysteine and N-methyl-d-aspartate-receptor antibodies as a cause of behavioural and cognitive decline in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Oxf Med Case Reports 2018; 2017:omx076. [PMID: 29308211 PMCID: PMC5751082 DOI: 10.1093/omcr/omx076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A 19-year-old male with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome presented with a 4-year history of cognitive decline and symptoms suggestive of atypical psychosis. Potential for elevated homocysteine and NMDA-receptor antibodies in the pathogenesis of his symptoms was investigated. He had elevated blood homocysteine level (18.7 μmol/l), low-normal vitamin B12 and folate levels and was positive for NMDA-receptor antibodies. Treatment with daily folinic acid (0.8 mg) and vitamin B12 (1 mg) led to dramatic improvement in his cognitive and behavioural presentation. Subsequent plasma exchange resulted in a further, significant clinical improvement. Homocysteine levels and NMDA-R antibodies should be investigated as potential causes of behavioural and cognitive symptoms in patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Vann Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Subimal Banerjee
- Warneford Hospital, Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK
| | - A David Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Helga Refsum
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Postboks 1046, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Belinda Lennox
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK
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Chronic Mild Hyperhomocysteinemia Alters Inflammatory and Oxidative/Nitrative Status and Causes Protein/DNA Damage, as well as Ultrastructural Changes in Cerebral Cortex: Is Acetylsalicylic Acid Neuroprotective? Neurotox Res 2017; 33:580-592. [PMID: 29243196 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9847-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Homocysteine is a sulfur-containing amino acid derived from methionine metabolism. When plasma homocysteine levels exceed 10-15 μM, there is a condition known as hyperhomocysteinemia, which occur as a result of an inborn error of methionine metabolism or by non-genetic causes. Mild hyperhomocysteinemia is considered a risk factor for development of neurodegenerative diseases. The objective of the present study was to evaluate whether acetylsalicylic acid has neuroprotective role on the effect of homocysteine on inflammatory, oxidative/nitrative stress, and morphological parameters in cerebral cortex of rats subjected to chronic mild hyperhomocysteinemia. Wistar male rats received homocysteine (0.03 μmol/g of body weight) by subcutaneous injections twice a day and acetylsalicylic acid (25 mg/Kg of body weight) by intraperitoneal injections once a day from the 30th to the 60th postpartum day. Control rats received vehicle solution in the same volume. Results showed that rats subjected to chronic mild hyperhomocysteinemia significantly increased IL-1β, IL-6, and acetylcholinesterase activity and reduced nitrite levels. Homocysteine decreased catalase activity and immunocontent and superoxide dismutase activity, caused protein and DNA damage, and altered neurons ultrastructure. Acetylsalicylic acid totally prevented the effect of homocysteine on acetylcholinesterase activity and catalase activity and immunocontent, as well as the ultrastructural changes, and partially prevented alterations on IL-1β levels, superoxide dismutase activity, sulfhydryl content, and comet assay. Acetylsalicylic acid per se increased DNA damage index. In summary, our findings showed that chronic chemically induced model of mild hyperhomocysteinemia altered some parameters and acetylsalicylic acid administration seemed to be neuroprotective, at least in part, on neurotoxicity of homocysteine.
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Folate and microRNA: Bidirectional interactions. Clin Chim Acta 2017; 474:60-66. [PMID: 28882489 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Low folate status is linked to increased risk of a number of conditions, including developmental disorders, some cancers, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases. Some of the mechanisms of these associations are known, but much remains to be elucidated. Aberrant microRNA (miRNA) profiles are also signatures of these conditions, and as such, the association between folate status and miRNA are now being investigated. Potential associations are bidirectional, with miRNA linked to regulation of folate-mediated pathways, and folate linked to modulation of miRNA expression. miRNA are short non-coding RNA, involved in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression via complementary binding to mRNA. Evidence is emerging that links folate levels to the regulation of miRNA levels, and miRNA to the regulation of the expression of enzymes involved in folate mediated one carbon metabolism. One carbon metabolism is the source of methyl groups for methylation reactions, including DNA methylation and is important in DNA synthesis and repair. miRNA may be modulated by DNA methylation and other epigenetic mechanisms directly, or indirectly via modulation of upstream signalling pathways. As such, there may be bi-directional associations between folate status and miRNA profiles. miRNA may also act as biomarkers for diagnosis or prognosis of conditions associated with folate status.
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Poddar R, Chen A, Winter L, Rajagopal S, Paul S. Role of AMPA receptors in homocysteine-NMDA receptor-induced crosstalk between ERK and p38 MAPK. J Neurochem 2017; 142:560-573. [PMID: 28543279 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Homocysteine, a metabolite of the methionine cycle has been reported to play a role in neurotoxicity through activation of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDAR)-mediated signaling pathway. The proposed mechanisms associated with homocysteine-NMDAR-induced neurotoxicity involve a unique signaling pathway that triggers a crosstalk between extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 MAPKs, where activation of p38 MAPK is downstream of and dependent on ERK MAPK. However, the molecular basis of the ERK MAPK-mediated p38 MAPK activation is not understood. This study investigates whether α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPARs) play a role in facilitating the ERK MAPK-mediated p38 MAPK activation. Using surface biotinylation and immunoblotting approaches we show that treatment with homocysteine leads to a decrease in surface expression of GluA2-AMPAR subunit in neurons, but have no effect on the surface expression of GluA1-AMPAR subunit. Inhibition of NMDAR activation with D-AP5 or ERK MAPK phosphorylation with PD98059 attenuates homocysteine-induced decrease in surface expression of GluA2-AMPAR subunit. The decrease in surface expression of GluA2-AMPAR subunit is associated with p38 MAPK phosphorylation, which is inhibited by 1-napthyl acetyl spermine trihydrochloride (NASPM), a selective antagonist of GluA2-lacking Ca2+ -permeable AMPARs. These results suggest that homocysteine-NMDAR-mediated ERK MAPK phosphorylation leads to a decrease in surface expression of GluA2-AMPAR subunit resulting in Ca2+ influx through the GluA2-lacking Ca2+ -permeable AMPARs and p38 MAPK phosphorylation. Cell death assays further show that inhibition of AMPAR activity with 2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-1,2,3,4,tetrahydrobenzoquinoxaline-7-sulfonamide (NBQX)/6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3, -dione (CNQX) or GluA2-lacking Ca2+ -permeable AMPAR activity with NASPM attenuates homocysteine-induced neurotoxicity. We have identified an important mechanism involved in homocysteine-induced neurotoxicity that highlights the intermediary role of GluA2-lacking Ca2+ -permeable AMPARs in the crosstalk between ERK and p38 MAPKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjana Poddar
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Alexandria Chen
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Lucas Winter
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Sathyanarayanan Rajagopal
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Surojit Paul
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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Beckett EL, Martin C, Boyd L, Porter T, King K, Niblett S, Yates Z, Veysey M, Lucock M. Reduced plasma homocysteine levels in elderly Australians following mandatory folic acid fortification – A comparison of two cross-sectional cohorts. JOURNAL OF NUTRITION & INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnim.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Coppola M, Mondola R. Correlation between plasma homocysteine levels and craving in alcohol dependent stabilized patients. Clin Nutr 2017; 37:1061-1065. [PMID: 28527647 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Homocysteine is a sulfur amino acid strictly related with alcohol consumption. In alcoholics, hyperhomocysteinemia can increase the risk of various alcohol-related disorders such as: brain atrophy, epileptic seizures during withdrawal, and mood disorders. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the correlation among serum homocysteine concentrations, craving, hazardous and harmful patterns of alcohol consumption in patients stabilized for withdrawal symptoms. METHODS Participants were adult outpatients accessed at the Addiction Treatment Unit. Alcoholism was assessed using the following tools: Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview Plus (MINI Plus), Alcohol Use Disorder Identification test (AUDIT), Visual Analogic Scale for craving (VAS). Furthermore, during the first visit a blood sample was taken from all patients to measure the plasma concentration of both homocysteine and Carboxy Deficient Transferrin (CDT). Differences between groups in socio-demographic and clinical characteristics were analyzed using the t-test and the Mann-Whitney's U test for normally and non-normally distributed data, respectively. Correlation between clinical scale scores and plasma concentration of homocysteine and CDT was evaluated using the Pearson's correlation coefficient and the Kendall's Tau-b bivariate correlation coefficient for normally and non-normally distributed data, respectively. RESULTS Our study included 92 patients. No difference was found in socio-demographic characteristics between groups. The group with high homocysteine had higher prevalence of mood disorders (p < 0.001), plasma CDT percentage (p < 0.001), VAS score (p < 0.001) and AUDIT score (p < 0.001) than group with normal homocysteine. Plasma homocysteine showed a positive correlation with both VAS score (p < 0.001), and AUDIT score (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In our study, plasma homocysteine concentration is associated with craving, hazardous and harmful patterns of alcohol consumption. In particular, homocysteine is correlated with alcoholism in a bidirectional manner because its level appears to be related with alcohol degree, but simultaneously, hyperhomocysteinemia could enhance the alcohol consumption increasing the severity of craving in a circular self reinforcing mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Coppola
- Department of Addiction, ASL CN2, Corso Coppino 46, 12051 Alba (CN), Italy.
| | - Raffaella Mondola
- Department of Mental Health, ASL CN1, Via Torino 70/B, 12037 Saluzzo (CN), Italy
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da Silva VC, de Oliveira AC, D’Almeida V. Homocysteine and Psychiatric Disorders. JOURNAL OF INBORN ERRORS OF METABOLISM AND SCREENING 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/2326409817701471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vânia D’Almeida
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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