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Miller BJ, Lemos H, Schooler NR, Goff DC, Kopelowicz A, Lauriello J, Manschreck T, Mendelowitz A, Miller DD, Severe JB, Wilson DR, Ames D, Bustillo J, Kane JM, Rapaport MH, Buckley PF. Longitudinal study of inflammation and relapse in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2023; 252:88-95. [PMID: 36634452 PMCID: PMC9974903 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2022.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The clinical course of schizophrenia is often characterized by recurrent relapses. Blood inflammatory markers are altered in acute psychosis, and may be state markers for illness relapse in schizophrenia. Few studies have investigated longitudinal, intra-individual changes in inflammatory markers as a predictor of relapse. In the present study, we explored this association in a relapse prevention trial in patients with schizophrenia. METHODS We analyzed blood inflammatory markers in 200 subjects, with a mean 11 samples per subject, during the 30 month Preventing Relapse in schizophrenia: Oral Antipsychotics Compared to Injectable: eValuating Efficacy (PROACTIVE) trial. Associations between longitudinal changes in inflammatory markers and relapse were analyzed using a within-subjects design. RESULTS 70 (35 %) of subjects relapsed during the study period. There were no significant differences in mean inflammatory marker levels based on relapse status (yes/no). Baseline levels of inflammatory markers did not predict incident relapse. Among subjects who relapsed, there was a significant decrease in mean blood IL-6 (n = 38, p = 0.019) and IFN-γ (n = 44, p = 0.012) levels from the visit before the relapse to the visit after relapse. CONCLUSION Although there was some evidence for inflammation as a potential state marker for acute psychosis, we did not find significant evidence for its utility as a relapse-predictive marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Miller
- Department of Psychiatry, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States.
| | - Henrique Lemos
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Donald C Goff
- Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, United States
| | - Alexander Kopelowicz
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - John Lauriello
- University of Missouri, Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Theo Manschreck
- Harvard Medical School, Corrigan MH Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Alan Mendelowitz
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, United States
| | - Del D Miller
- University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | | | - Daniel R Wilson
- Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Donna Ames
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Juan Bustillo
- University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - John M Kane
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, United States
| | - Mark H Rapaport
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Peter F Buckley
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
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2
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Ulloa JL. The Control of Movements via Motor Gamma Oscillations. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 15:787157. [PMID: 35111006 PMCID: PMC8802912 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.787157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to perform movements is vital for our daily life. Our actions are embedded in a complex environment where we need to deal efficiently in the face of unforeseen events. Neural oscillations play an important role in basic sensorimotor processes related to the execution and preparation of movements. In this review, I will describe the state of the art regarding the role of motor gamma oscillations in the control of movements. Experimental evidence from electrophysiological studies has shown that motor gamma oscillations accomplish a range of functions in motor control beyond merely signaling the execution of movements. However, these additional aspects associated with motor gamma oscillation remain to be fully clarified. Future work on different spatial, temporal and spectral scales is required to further understand the implications of gamma oscillations in motor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Ulloa
- Programa de Investigación Asociativa (PIA) en Ciencias Cognitivas, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Cognitivas (CICC), Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
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3
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Tanra AJ, Sabaruddin H, Liaury K, Zainuddin AA. Effect of Adjuvant Vitamin C on Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Levels and Improvement of Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenic Patients. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2021.7086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM: This study aims to determine the effect of adjuvant Vitamin C on brain-derived neurotropic factors (BDNF) levels and improvement of negative symptoms in schizophrenic patients.
METHODS: This study was conducted at Hasanuddin University Hospital and its affiliate with 60 schizophrenic patients (30 controls, 27 treatments, and three dropout patients). The ELISA sample examination method was used to examine blood levels of BDNF, and Vitamin C levels before and after administration of Vitamin C. In addition, the negative symptoms were measured using the PANSS score.
RESULTS: There was a significant increase in BDNF levels in treatments group compared the control at 4th–8th weeks with p = 0.005 (4th week) and ≤0.0001 (<0.05) (8th week). The improvement in PANSS scores for negative symptoms in the treatment groups compared to the controls at the 2nd, 4th, and 8th weeks resulted in p = 0.042 (2nd week) and <0.0001 (4th–8th weeks). Furthermore, there was an increase in serum Vitamin C levels in the treatment groups with an initial average value = 4.762 and after 8 weeks = 148.155. Strong correlation between increased BDNF levels and improvement in negative symptoms on the PANSS score was found with p = 0.001 (4th week) and ≤0.0001 (8th week).
CONCLUSION: The administration of Vitamin C significantly increases BDNF levels and improves the PANSS score for negative symptoms in the treatments compared to the control groups.
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Stone TW. Relationships and Interactions between Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors and Nicotinic Receptors in the CNS. Neuroscience 2021; 468:321-365. [PMID: 34111447 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although ionotropic glutamate receptors and nicotinic receptors for acetylcholine (ACh) have usually been studied separately, they are often co-localized and functionally inter-dependent. The objective of this review is to survey the evidence for interactions between the two receptor families and the mechanisms underlying them. These include the mutual regulation of subunit expression, which change the NMDA:AMPA response balance, and the existence of multi-functional receptor complexes which make it difficult to distinguish between individual receptor sites, especially in vivo. This is followed by analysis of the functional relationships between the receptors from work on transmitter release, cellular electrophysiology and aspects of behavior where these can contribute to understanding receptor interactions. It is clear that nicotinic receptors (nAChRs) on axonal terminals directly regulate the release of glutamate and other neurotransmitters, α7-nAChRs generally promoting release. Hence, α7-nAChR responses will be prevented not only by a nicotinic antagonist, but also by compounds blocking the indirectly activated glutamate receptors. This accounts for the apparent anticholinergic activity of some glutamate antagonists, including the endogenous antagonist kynurenic acid. The activation of presynaptic nAChRs is by the ambient levels of ACh released from pre-terminal synapses, varicosities and glial cells, acting as a 'volume neurotransmitter' on synaptic and extrasynaptic sites. In addition, ACh and glutamate are released as CNS co-transmitters, including 'cholinergic' synapses onto spinal Renshaw cells. It is concluded that ACh should be viewed primarily as a modulator of glutamatergic neurotransmission by regulating the release of glutamate presynaptically, and the location, subunit composition, subtype balance and sensitivity of glutamate receptors, and not primarily as a classical fast neurotransmitter. These conclusions and caveats should aid clarification of the sites of action of glutamate and nicotinic receptor ligands in the search for new centrally-acting drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor W Stone
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK; Institute of Neuroscience, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
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5
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Miller BJ, Herzig KH, Jokelainen J, Karhu T, Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi S, Järvelin MR, Veijola J, Viinamäki H, Päivikki Tanskanen, Jääskeläinen E, Isohanni M, Timonen M. Inflammation, hippocampal volume, and cognition in schizophrenia: results from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2021; 271:609-622. [PMID: 32382794 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-020-01134-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Increased blood interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels are a replicated abnormality in schizophrenia, and may be associated with smaller hippocampal volumes and greater cognitive impairment. These findings have not been investigated in a population-based birth cohort. The general population Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 was followed until age 43. Subjects with schizophrenia were identified through the national Finnish Care Register. Blood IL-6 levels were measured in n = 82 subjects with schizophrenia and n = 5373 controls at age 31. Additionally, 31 patients with schizophrenia and 63 healthy controls underwent brain structural MRI at age 34, and cognitive testing at ages 34 and 43. Patients with schizophrenia had significantly higher median (interquartile range) blood IL-6 levels than controls (5.31, 0.85-17.20, versus 2.42, 0.54-9.36, p = 0.02) after controlling for potential confounding factors. In both schizophrenia and controls, higher blood IL-6 levels were predictors of smaller hippocampal volumes, but not cognitive performance at age 34. We found evidence for increased IL-6 levels in patients with midlife schizophrenia from a population-based birth cohort, and replicated associations between IL-6 levels and hippocampal volumes. Our results complement and extend the previous findings, providing additional evidence that IL-6 may play a role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and associated brain alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Miller
- Department of Psychiatry and Health Behavior, Augusta University, 997 Saint Sebastian Way, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
| | - Karl-Heinz Herzig
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center (MRC) and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jari Jokelainen
- Medical Research Center (MRC) and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.,Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Toni Karhu
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sirkka Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi
- Medical Research Center (MRC) and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.,Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Medical Research Center (MRC) and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.,Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.,MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Juha Veijola
- Medical Research Center (MRC) and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry, Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Heimo Viinamäki
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Erika Jääskeläinen
- Department of Psychiatry, Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Matti Isohanni
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Markku Timonen
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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6
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Feng T, McEvoy JP, Miller BJ. Longitudinal study of inflammatory markers and psychopathology in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2020; 224:58-66. [PMID: 33289658 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Schizophrenia is associated with abnormal levels of blood inflammatory markers, which may be correlated with levels of psychopathology. Few previous studies have explored whether baseline inflammatory marker levels predict longitudinal changes in psychopathology. In the present study, we explored this association in a cohort of patients with schizophrenia. METHOD We investigated inflammatory markers and psychopathology after 3, 6, and 12 months of antipsychotic treatment for subjects with baseline and follow-up data from the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) schizophrenia trial. Linear regression models, controlling for multiple potential confounding factors, were used to investigate these associations. RESULTS There was a significant decrease in monocyte, ICAM, and adiponectin levels between baseline and 12 months. Higher baseline blood interleukin-6 (IL-6) predicted greater reduction in PANSS total and general subscale scores at 3 and 6 months, and PANSS negative subscale scores at 3 months (β = -0.10 to -0.16, p < 0.05 for each). Higher baseline blood leptin levels predicted greater reduction in PANSS total, negative and general subscale scores at 6 months (β = -0.09 to -0.11, p < 0.05 for each). In post-hoc analyses, associations between baseline IL-6 levels and symptom reduction were strongest in patients treated with either ziprasidone or quetiapine. Changes in blood inflammatory markers were generally not associated with changes in psychopathology. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide additional support that measuring blood inflammatory markers may be relevant to the clinical care of patients with schizophrenia. Specifically, these markers may help guide selection of antipsychotic treatment towards more personalized medicine approaches for patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tami Feng
- Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Joseph P McEvoy
- Department of Psychiatry, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Brian J Miller
- Department of Psychiatry, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States.
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Chintha V, Wudayagiri R. Bioavailability and Neuroprotectivity of 3-(3, 4-dimethoxy phenyl)-1-4 (methoxy phenyl) prop-2-en-1-one against Schizophrenia: an in silico approach. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2019; 39:392-398. [DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2019.1702689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Venkataramaiah Chintha
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, India
| | - Rajendra Wudayagiri
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, India
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8
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Cortés N, Guzmán-Martínez L, Andrade V, González A, Maccioni RB. CDK5: A Unique CDK and Its Multiple Roles in the Nervous System. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 68:843-855. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-180792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Cortés
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- International Center for Biomedicine (ICC), Santiago, Chile
| | - Leonardo Guzmán-Martínez
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- International Center for Biomedicine (ICC), Santiago, Chile
| | - Víctor Andrade
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- International Center for Biomedicine (ICC), Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea González
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- International Center for Biomedicine (ICC), Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo B. Maccioni
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- International Center for Biomedicine (ICC), Santiago, Chile
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, East Campus, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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9
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Miller BJ, Buckley PF, McEvoy JP. Inflammation, substance use, psychopathology, and cognition in phase 1 of the clinical antipsychotic trials of intervention effectiveness study. Schizophr Res 2018; 195:275-282. [PMID: 28843438 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Schizophrenia has been associated with aberrant blood levels of inflammatory markers. However, patients with comorbid illicit drug use have been inadequately studied with respect to immune function. Furthermore, associations between inflammatory markers, psychopathology, and cognition have been inconsistently considered. We investigated relationships between inflammatory markers, comorbid marijuana and cocaine use, and psychopathology and cognition in patients with schizophrenia. METHOD For subjects with available fasting data from the baseline visit of the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) schizophrenia trial, inflammatory markers were investigated as predictors of psychopathology and cognition in patients with and without comorbid marijuana or cocaine use, using linear regression models controlling for potential confounding factors. RESULTS Compared to subjects with a negative urine drug screen (UDS), marijuana use was a predictor of higher lymphocytes and E-selectin, and lower leptin (p≤0.04 for each); cocaine use was a predictor of higher adiponectin (p=0.04). In subjects with marijuana use, lower WBC and higher IL-6 were predictors of higher PANSS total score (p<0.05 for each). In subjects with cocaine use, lower total and differential WBC were predictors of higher PANSS total score (p<0.04 for each). In younger, non-obese subjects with a negative UDS, higher monocytes and IL-6 were predictors of PANSS total score (p<0.04 for each). CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide additional evidence that inflammation may be associated with psychopathology and cognition in some patients with schizophrenia. Furthermore, there is preliminary evidence for differential effects of comorbid marijuana and cocaine use on these relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Miller
- Department of Psychiatry and Health Behavior, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States.
| | - Peter F Buckley
- School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Joseph P McEvoy
- Department of Psychiatry and Health Behavior, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
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10
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Wang X, Fei F, Qu J, Li C, Li Y, Zhang S. The role of septin 7 in physiology and pathological disease: A systematic review of current status. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:3298-3307. [PMID: 29602250 PMCID: PMC6010854 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Septins are a conserved family of cytoskeletal GTPases present in different organisms, including yeast, drosophila, Caenorhabditis elegans and humans. In humans, septins are involved in various cellular processes, including exocytosis, apoptosis, leukemogenesis, carcinogenesis and neurodegeneration. Septin 7 is unique out of 13 human septins. Mammalian septin 6, septin 7, septin 2 and septin 9 coisolate together in complexes to form the core unit for the generation of the septin filaments. Physiological septin filaments are hetero‐oligomeric complexes consisting of core septin hexamers and octamers. Furthermore, septin 7 plays a crucial role in cytokinesis and mitosis. Septin 7 is localized to the filopodia and branches of developing hippocampal neurons, and is the most abundant septin in the adult rat forebrain as well as a structural component of the human and mouse sperm annuli. Septin 7 is crucial to the spine morphogenesis and dendrite growth in neurons, and is also a structural constituent of the annulus in human and mouse sperm. It can suppress growth of some tumours such as glioma and papillary thyroid carcinoma. However, the molecular mechanisms of involvement of septin 7 in human disease, especially in the development of cancer, remain unclear. This review focuses on the structure, function and mechanism of septin 7 in vivo, and summarizes the role of septin 7 in cell proliferation, cytokinesis, nervous and reproductive systems, as well as the underlying molecular events linking septin 7 to various diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus, tumour and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlu Wang
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Department of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Fei Fei
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China.,Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jie Qu
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China.,Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunyuan Li
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China.,Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuwei Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Shiwu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
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Wang AK, Miller BJ. Meta-analysis of Cerebrospinal Fluid Cytokine and Tryptophan Catabolite Alterations in Psychiatric Patients: Comparisons Between Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder, and Depression. Schizophr Bull 2018; 44:75-83. [PMID: 28338954 PMCID: PMC5768046 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbx035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder (MDD) have all been associated with immune system dysfunction, including aberrant cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of cytokines and tryptophan catabolites; however, the pattern of alterations has not been compared across disorders. We performed a meta-analysis of CSF cytokine and tryptophan catabolites in patients with these major psychiatric disorders. METHODS Articles were identified by searching Pub Med, PsycInfo, and Web of Science, and the reference lists of these studies. RESULTS Twenty-eight studies met the inclusion criteria (16 schizophrenia, 4 bipolar disorder, and 9 MDD). CSF levels of IL-1β and kynurenic acid were significantly increased in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder compared to healthy controls (P < .001). CSF levels of IL-6 and IL-8 were significantly increased in patients with schizophrenia and MDD compared to healthy controls (P ≤ .013). DISCUSSION There is preliminary evidence for similarities in the pattern of CSF cytokine and tryptophan catabolite alterations across major psychiatric disorders, although findings must be interpreted with caution in light of small numbers of studies/subjects. Many CSF alterations are also concordant with those in the peripheral blood, particularly for schizophrenia. Findings have important implications for our understanding of the pathophysiology and treatment of major psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian J Miller
- Department of Psychiatry and Health Behavior, Augusta University, Augusta, GA,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Psychiatry and Health Behavior, Augusta University, 997 Saint Sebastian Way, Augusta, GA 30912, US; tel: +1-706-721-4445, fax: +1-706-721-1793, e-mail:
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12
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Crosstalk between endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress in schizophrenia: The dawn of new therapeutic approaches. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 83:589-603. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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13
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Ding J, Zhou HH, Ma QR, He ZY, Ma JB, Liu YM, Zhang YW, He YQ, Liu J. Expression of NR1 and apoptosis levels in the hippocampal cells of mice treated with MK‑801. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:8359-8364. [PMID: 28990059 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the characteristics of N‑methyl‑D‑aspartate receptor R1 (NR1) expression and apoptosis in the nerve cells of the hippocampus in schizophrenia‑like mice. C57BL/6 mice were randomly allocated to the following groups: i) Blank group; ii) MK‑801 group; iii) MK‑801+NMDA group, according to body weight. The NMDAR antagonist, MK‑801 (0.6 mg/kg/d) was intraperitoneally injected daily for 14 days to induce a schizophrenia‑like phenotype mouse model, and the effect of the NMDA injection via the lateral ventricle was observed. The results demonstrated that the number of NR1 positive cells in the MK‑801 group increased in the CA1 and DG regions, indicating that NMDA may reverse this change. The level of damage decreased in the MK‑801 treated group when compared with the blank group in the CA3 region. The protein expression of NR1 increased however, at the mRNA expression level, NR1 was lower in the MK‑801 treated group when compared to the blank group; NMDA also reversed this change. In addition, early and total apoptosis detected in the hippocampal nerve cells was significantly increased in the MK‑801 group when compared with the blank group, which was reversible following treatment with NMDA. These results indicated that NMDA may regulate the expression of NR1 and suppress apoptosis in hippocampal nerve cells in schizophrenia‑like mice. Thus, NR1 may be a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ding
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Hui Zhou
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Quan-Rui Ma
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Zhong-Yi He
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Jiang-Bo Ma
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Yin-Ming Liu
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Wei Zhang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Qing He
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Juan Liu
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
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14
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Ning H, Cao D, Wang H, Kang B, Xie S, Meng Y. Effects of haloperidol, olanzapine, ziprasidone, and PHA-543613 on spatial learning and memory in the Morris water maze test in naïve and MK-801-treated mice. Brain Behav 2017; 7:e00764. [PMID: 28828223 PMCID: PMC5561323 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cognitive impairment is the core symptom of schizophrenia, significantly impacting the functional outcome. Improvement of cognitive function has been an important aspect of the treatment of schizophrenia. Therefore, this study is to demonstrate the effects of first-generation antipsychotic haloperidol, second-generation antipsychotic olanzapine and ziprasidone, and alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist PHA-543613 on spatial learning and memory. MATERIAL AND METHODS C57BL/6 mice received intraperitoneal injections of haloperidol (2 mg/kg), olanzapine (2.5 mg/kg), ziprasidone (2 mg/kg), and PHA-543613 (1 mg/kg), and cognitive dysfunctions were induced by MK-801 (0.1 mg/kg). Morris water maze was used for investigating the effects of all agents. RESULTS Mk-801 significantly increased the mean escape latency to the platform and decreased the number of platform area crossings. Ziprasidone had no effect on the mean escape latency to platform and the number of platform area crossings in naïve mice, but haloperidol, olanzapine, and PHA-543613 did not. Haloperidol and olanzapine significantly increased the mean escape latency to platform and decreased the number of platform area crossings, while ziprasidone and PHA-543613 did not. All the agents had no effect on swimming speed. CONCLUSIONS Ziprasidone and alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist PHA-543613 might be helpful in the treatment of CIAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houxu Ning
- Department of Psychiatry of Chinese Medicine Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Dong Cao
- Department of Psychiatry Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Haidong Wang
- Department of Psychiatry of Chinese Medicine Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Bing Kang
- Department of Psychiatry of Chinese Medicine Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Shiping Xie
- Department of Psychiatry Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Yujing Meng
- Department of Psychiatry Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
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15
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Wu S, Barger SW. Disrupted-in-schizophrenia-1 as a broader link of glutamatergic transmission to schizophrenia impacts cerebral neurochemistry via the production of the 'gliotransmitter' d-serine, a NMDA receptor coagonist. J Neurochem 2017; 138:503-5. [PMID: 27501180 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This Editorial highlights a study by Xia and coworkers in the current issue of the Journal of Neurochemistry, in which the authors reveal a possible mechanistic link between DISC1 (disrupted-in-schizophrenia-1), a genetic risk factor for schizophrenia, and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) that is also linked with schizophrenia. The authors show that perturbed communication between DISC1 and NMDARs represents a hidden perpetrator for abnormal dendritic and synaptic maturation. Read the highlighted article 'DISC1, astrocytes and neuronal maturation: a possible mechanistic link with implications for mental disorders' on page 518.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengzhou Wu
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmolgy and the Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Steven W Barger
- Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.,Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.,Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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16
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Axonal Type III Nrg1 Controls Glutamate Synapse Formation and GluA2 Trafficking in Hippocampal-Accumbens Connections. eNeuro 2017; 4:eN-NWR-0232-16. [PMID: 28275713 PMCID: PMC5329619 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0232-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered neuregulin 1 (Nrg1)/ErbB signaling and glutamatergic hypofunction have been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Here, we employed gene chimeric ventral hippocampus (vHipp)-nucleus accumbens (nAcc) coculture from mouse, electrophysiology, immunocytochemistry, FM1-43 vesicle fusion, and electron microscopy techniques to examine the pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms of genetic deficits in Nrg1/ErbB signaling-induced glutamatergic dysfunctions. Reduced presynaptic type III Nrg1 expression along vHipp axons decreases the number of glutamate synapses and impairs GluA2 trafficking in the postsynaptic nAcc neurons, resulting in decreased frequency and amplitude of miniature EPSCs (mEPSCs). Reduced expression of axonal type III Nrg1 along vHipp projections also decreases functional synaptic vesicle (SV) clustering and vesicular trafficking to presynaptic vHipp axonal terminals. These findings suggest that Nrg1/ErbB signaling modulate glutamatergic transmission via both pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms.
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17
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Haussleiter IS, Wandinger KP, Juckel G. A case of GABAR antibodies in schizophrenia. BMC Psychiatry 2017; 17:9. [PMID: 28068943 PMCID: PMC5223378 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-016-1157-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the last couple of years, schizophrenia was often discussed as autoimmune disease. Several antibodies were suspected, but so far there has been no proof of Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor antibodies in patients with schizophrenia. CASE PRESENTATION In this case report we present a 21-year old woman with schizophrenic symptoms, who showed anti-GABAB1 antibodies when screened by a vast recombinant neurology mosaic on Human Embryonic Kidney Cells 293 (HEK293) cells. The young woman presented with various psychotic symptoms as well as speech and motor ataxia, with the neurological signs starting in childhood. CONCLUSION A hypofunction of the GABAergic system is a possible cause of severe schizophrenic symptoms. Postmortem studies proved this hypothesis by showing dysfunctional GABAergic interneurons in various brain areas. Therefore one should always think of an immune-mediated pathogenesis as well memory impairment and behavioral changes co-occur with frequent seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida S. Haussleiter
- Department of Psychiatry, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Alexandrinen Str. 1, 44791 Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Georg Juckel
- Department of Psychiatry, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Alexandrinen Str. 1, 44791, Bochum, Germany.
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18
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Miller BJ, Goldsmith DR. Towards an Immunophenotype of Schizophrenia: Progress, Potential Mechanisms, and Future Directions. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:299-317. [PMID: 27654215 PMCID: PMC5143505 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The evidence to date, coupled with advances in immunology and genetics has afforded the field an unparalleled opportunity to investigate the hypothesis that a subset of patients with schizophrenia may manifest an immunophenotype, toward new potential diagnostics and therapeutics to reduce risk, alleviate symptoms, and improve quality of life in both at-risk populations and patients with established schizophrenia. In this paper, we will first summarize the findings on immune dysfunction in schizophrenia, including (1) genetic, prenatal, and premorbid immune risk factors and (2) immune markers across the clinical course of the disorder, including cytokines; C-reactive protein; immune cells; antibodies, autoantibodies and comorbid autoimmune disorders; complement; oxidative stress; imaging of neuroinflammation; infections; and clinical trials of anti-inflammatory agents and immunotherapy. We will then discuss a potential mechanistic framework toward increased understanding of a potential schizophrenia immunophenotype. We will then critically appraise the existing literature, and discuss suggestions for the future research agenda in this area that are needed to rigorously evaluate this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Miller
- Department of Psychiatry and Health Behavior, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - David R Goldsmith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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19
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Abstract
Administration of the diuretic and NKCC1 chloride cotransporter antagonist bumetanide reduces the severity of autism spectrum disorders in children, and this effect is mediated by a reduction of the elevated intracellular chloride concentrations and a reinforcement of GABAergic inhibition (Lemonnier et al Transl Psychiatry. 2012;2:e202; Tyzio et al Science. 2014;343:675-679). Here, we report that this treatment also reduces the severity of symptoms in an adolescent with schizophrenia. Long-term treatment reduced hallucinations significantly, suggesting that this treatment may also be useful to treat schizophrenia. Further clinical trials and experimental studies are warranted to test this hypothesis.
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20
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Castillo RI, Rojo LE, Henriquez-Henriquez M, Silva H, Maturana A, Villar MJ, Fuentes M, Gaspar PA. From Molecules to the Clinic: Linking Schizophrenia and Metabolic Syndrome through Sphingolipids Metabolism. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:488. [PMID: 27877101 PMCID: PMC5100552 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a prevalent and severe comorbidity observed in schizophrenia (SZ). The exact nature of this association is controversial and very often accredited to the effects of psychotropic medications and disease-induced life-style modifications, such as inactive lifestyle, poor dietary choices, and smoking. However, drug therapy and disease-induced lifestyle factors are likely not the only factors contributing to the observed converging nature of these conditions, since an increased prevalence of MS is also observed in first episode and drug-naïve psychosis populations. MS and SZ share common intrinsic susceptibility factors and etiopathogenic mechanisms, which may change the way we approach clinical management of SZ patients. Among the most relevant common pathogenic pathways of SZ and MS are alterations in the sphingolipids (SLs) metabolism and SLs homeostasis. SLs have important structural functions as they participate in the formation of membrane “lipid rafts.” SLs also play physiological roles in cell differentiation, proliferation, and inflammatory processes, which might be part of MS/SZ common pathophysiological processes. In this article we review a plausible mechanism to explain the link between MS and SZ through a disruption in SL homeostasis. Additionally, we provide insights on how this hypothesis can lead to the developing of new diagnostic/therapeutic technologies for SZ patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolando I Castillo
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Clínica Psiquiátrica Universitaria, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Leonel E Rojo
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcela Henriquez-Henriquez
- Departamento de Laboratorios Clínicos, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile; Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia UniversityNew York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia UniversityNew York, NY, USA
| | - Hernán Silva
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Clínica Psiquiátrica Universitaria, Hospital Clínico Universidad de ChileSantiago, Chile; Facultad de Medicina, Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Universidad de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Alejandro Maturana
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Clínica Psiquiátrica Universitaria, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - María J Villar
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Clínica Psiquiátrica Universitaria, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Manuel Fuentes
- Departamento de Psiquiatría, Clínica Alemana Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A Gaspar
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Clínica Psiquiátrica Universitaria, Hospital Clínico Universidad de ChileSantiago, Chile; Facultad de Medicina, Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Universidad de ChileSantiago, Chile; Departamento de Psiquiatría, Clínica AlemanaSantiago, Chile
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21
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The Gut-Brain Axis, BDNF, NMDA and CNS Disorders. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:2819-2835. [PMID: 27553784 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2039-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Gastro-intestinal (GI) microbiota and the 'gut-brain axis' are proving to be increasingly relevant to early brain development and the emergence of psychiatric disorders. This review focuses on the influence of the GI tract on Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and its relationship with receptors for N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDAR), as these are believed to be involved in synaptic plasticity and cognitive function. NMDAR may be associated with the development of schizophrenia and a range of other psychopathologies including neurodegenerative disorders, depression and dementias. An analysis of the routes and mechanisms by which the GI microbiota contribute to the pathophysiology of BDNF-induced NMDAR dysfunction could yield new insights relevant to developing novel therapeutics for schizophrenia and related disorders. In the absence of GI microbes, central BDNF levels are reduced and this inhibits the maintenance of NMDAR production. A reduction of NMDAR input onto GABA inhibitory interneurons causes disinhibition of glutamatergic output which disrupts the central signal-to-noise ratio and leads to aberrant synaptic behaviour and cognitive deficits. Gut microbiota can modulate BDNF function in the CNS, via changes in neurotransmitter function by affecting modulatory mechanisms such as the kynurenine pathway, or by changes in the availability and actions of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the brain. Interrupting these cycles by inducing changes in the gut microbiota using probiotics, prebiotics or antimicrobial drugs has been found promising as a preventative or therapeutic measure to counteract behavioural deficits and these may be useful to supplement the actions of drugs in the treatment of CNS disorders.
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22
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Mahone IH, Maphis CF, Snow DE. Effective Strategies for Nurses Empowering Clients With Schizophrenia: Medication Use as a Tool in Recovery. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2016; 37:372-9. [PMID: 27111300 PMCID: PMC4898146 DOI: 10.3109/01612840.2016.1157228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Clients with schizophrenia require maintenance treatment with antipsychotic medication and psychosocial therapy to maintain symptom control. Rates of medication adherence or follow-through are low in clients with schizophrenia. This increases the risk of relapse and contributes to poor quality of life. As educators and advisers, psychiatric nurses can collaborate with clients to improve adherence and other outcomes using shared decision-making techniques and tools that engage and empower clients to actively participate in decisions about their treatment. This article outlines effective strategies used by psychiatric nurses to improve outcomes in clients with schizophrenia and uses a case example for demonstrating this strategy in a client with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma H Mahone
- a University of Virginia , School of Nursing, Office for Nursing Research, Charlottesville , Virginia , USA
| | | | - Diane E Snow
- c University of Texas at Arlington , College of Nursing and Health Innovation , Arlington , Texas , USA
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23
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Kosten L, Verhaeghe J, Verkerk R, Thomae D, De Picker L, Wyffels L, Van Eetveldt A, Dedeurwaerdere S, Stroobants S, Staelens S. Multiprobe molecular imaging of an NMDA receptor hypofunction rat model for glutamatergic dysfunction. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2016; 248:1-11. [PMID: 26803479 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There are many indications of a connection between abnormal glutamate transmission through N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor hypofunction and the occurrence of schizophrenia. The importance of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGluR5) became generally recognized due to its physical link through anchor proteins with NMDAR. Neuroinflammation as well as the kynurenine (tryptophan catabolite; TRYCAT) pathway are equally considered as major contributors to the pathology. We aimed to investigate this interplay between glutamate release, neuronal activation and inflammatory markers, by using small-animal positron emission tomography (PET) in a rat model known to induce schizophrenia-like symptoms. Daily intraperitoneal injection of MK801 or saline were administered to induce the model together with N-Acetyl-cysteine (NAc) or saline as the treatment in 24 male Sprague Dawley rats for one month. Biweekly in vivo [(11)C]-ABP688 microPET was performed together with mGluR5 immunohistochemistry. Simultaneously, weekly in vivo [(18)F]-FDG microPET imaging data for glucose metabolism was acquired and microglial activation was investigated with biweekly in vivo [(18)F]-PBR111 scans versus OX42 immunohistochemistry. Finally, plasma samples were analyzed for TRYCAT metabolites. We show that chronic MK801 administration (and thus elevated endogenous glutamate) causes significant tissue loss in rat brain, enhances neuroinflammatory pathways and may upregulate mGluR5 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Kosten
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Verhaeghe
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Robert Verkerk
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - David Thomae
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Livia De Picker
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Leonie Wyffels
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | | | - Sigrid Stroobants
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Steven Staelens
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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24
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Guidi M, Rani A, Karic S, Severance B, Kumar A, Foster TC. Contribution of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors to attention and episodic spatial memory during senescence. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2015; 125:36-46. [PMID: 26234588 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2015.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A decrease in N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) function is associated with age-related cognitive impairments. However, NMDAR antagonists are prescribed for cognitive decline associated with age-related neurodegenerative disease, raising questions as to the role of NMDAR activity in cognitive function during aging. The current studies examined effects of NMDAR blockade on cognitive task that are sensitive to aging. Young and middle-age rats were trained on the five-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT) and challenged with MK-801 (0.025, 0.05, and 0.1mg/kg or vehicle). Attention deficits were apparent in middle-age and performance of young and middle-age rats was enhanced for low doses of MK-801 (0.025 and 0.05). The beneficial effects on attention were reversed by the highest dose of MK-801. Older animals exhibited a delay-dependent impairment of episodic spatial memory examined on a delayed-matching to place water maze task. Similarly, a low dose of MK-801 (0.05mg/kg) impaired performance with increasing delay and aged animals were more susceptible to disruption by NMDAR blockade. Despite MK-801 impairment of episodic spatial memory, MK-801 had minimal effects on spatial reference memory. Our results confirm that NMDARs contribute to rapidly acquired and flexible spatial memory and support the idea that a decline in NMDAR function contributes to the age-related impairments in cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Guidi
- Noldus Information Technology, 1503 Edwards Ferry Road, Suite 310, Leesburg, VA 20176, USA
| | - Asha Rani
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Semir Karic
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Barrett Severance
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Thomas C Foster
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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25
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Yang Y, Li W, Zhang H, Yang G, Wang X, Ding M, Jiang T, Lv L. Association Study of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Subunit 2B (GRIN2B) Polymorphisms and Schizophrenia Symptoms in the Han Chinese Population. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125925. [PMID: 26020650 PMCID: PMC4447394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a common and complex psychiatric disorder that has a significant genetic component. The glutamatergic system is the major excitatory neurotransmitter system in the central nervous system, and is mediated by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Disturbances in this system have been hypothesized to play a major role in SZ pathogenesis. Several studies have revealed that the NMDA receptor subunit 2B (GRIN2B) potentially associates with SZ and its psychiatric symptoms. In this study, we performed a case–control study to identify polymorphisms of the GRIN2B gene that may confer susceptibility to SZ in the Han Chinese population. Thirty-four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in 528 paranoid SZ patients and 528 control subjects. A significant association was observed in allele and genotype between SZ and controls at rs2098469 (χ2 = 8.425 and 4.994; p = 0.025 and 0.014, respectively). Significant associations were found in the allele at rs12319804 (χ2 = 4.436; p = 0.035), as well as in the genotype at rs12820037 and rs7298664 between SZ and controls (χ2 = 11.162 and 38.204; p = 0.003 and 4.27×10-8, respectively). After applying the Bonferroni correction, rs7298664 still had significant genotype associations with SZ (p = 1.71×10-7). In addition, rs2098469 genotype and allele frequencies, and 12820037 allele frequencies were nominally associated with SZ. Three haplotypes, CGA (rs10845849—rs12319804—rs10845851), CC (rs12582848—rs7952915), and AAGAC (rs2041986—rs11055665—rs7314376—rs7297101—rs2098469), had significant differences between SZ and controls (χ2 = 4.324, 4.582, and 4.492; p = 0.037, 0.032, and 0.034, respectively). In addition, three SNPs, rs2098469, rs12820037, and rs7298664, were significantly associated with cognition factors PANSS subscores in SZ (F = 16.799, 7.112, and 13.357; p = 0.000, 0.017, and 0.000, respectively). In conclusion, our study provides novel evidence for an association between GRIN2B polymorphisms and SZ susceptibility and symptoms in the Han Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Yang
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Department of Psychiatry, Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Wenqiang Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Hongxing Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Ge Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiujuan Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Minli Ding
- Department of Psychiatry, Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Tianzi Jiang
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- * E-mail: (LXL); (TZJ)
| | - Luxian Lv
- Department of Psychiatry, Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- * E-mail: (LXL); (TZJ)
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26
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Smith CC, Gibbs TT, Farb DH. Pregnenolone sulfate as a modulator of synaptic plasticity. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:3537-56. [PMID: 24997854 PMCID: PMC4625978 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3643-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The neurosteroid pregnenolone sulfate (PregS) acts as a cognitive enhancer and modulator of neurotransmission, yet aligning its pharmacological and physiological effects with reliable measurements of endogenous local concentrations and pharmacological and therapeutic targets has remained elusive for over 20 years. OBJECTIVES New basic and clinical research concerning neurosteroid modulation of the central nervous system (CNS) function has emerged over the past 5 years, including important data involving pregnenolone and various neurosteroid precursors of PregS that point to a need for a critical status update. RESULTS Highly specific actions of PregS affecting excitatory N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-mediated synaptic transmission and the pharmacological effects of PregS on various receptors and ion channels are discussed. The discovery of a high potency (nanomolar) signal transduction pathway for PregS-induced NMDAR trafficking to the cell surface via a Ca(2+)- and G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-dependent mechanism and a potent (EC50 ~ 2 pM) direct enhancement of intracellular Ca(2+) levels is discussed in terms of its agonist effects on long-term potentiation (LTP) and memory. Lastly, preclinical and clinical studies assessing the promnestic effects of PregS and pregnenolone toward cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia, and altered serum levels in epilepsy and alcohol dependence, are reviewed. CONCLUSIONS PregS is present in human and rodent brain at physiologically relevant concentrations and meets most of the criteria for an endogenous neurotransmitter/neuromodulator. PregS likely plays a significant role in modulation of glutamatergic excitatory synaptic transmission underlying learning and memory, yet the molecular target(s) for its action awaits identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor C. Smith
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St., Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Terrell T. Gibbs
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St., Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - David H. Farb
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St., Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Wilson WW, Onyenwe W, Bradner JM, Nennig SE, Caudle WM. Developmental exposure to the organochlorine insecticide endosulfan alters expression of proteins associated with neurotransmission in the frontal cortex. Synapse 2014; 68:485-97. [PMID: 25042905 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental contaminants, such as organochlorine insecticides during critical periods of neurodevelopment has been shown to be a major contributor to several neuropsychological deficits seen in children, adolescence, and adults. Although the neurobehavioral outcomes resulting from exposure to these compounds are known the neurotransmitter circuitry and molecular targets that mediate these endpoints have not been identified. Given the importance of the frontal cortex in facilitating numerous neuropsychological processes, our current study sought to investigate the effects of developmental exposure to the organochlorine insecticide, endosulfan, on the expression of specific proteins associated with neurotransmission in the frontal cortex. Utilizing in vitro models we were able to show endosulfan reduces cell viability in IMR-32 neuroblastoma cells in addition to reducing synaptic puncta and neurite outgrowth in primary cultured neurons isolated from the frontal cortex of mice. Elaborating these findings to an in vivo model we found that developmental exposure of female mice to endosulfan during gestation and lactation elicited significant alterations to the GABAergic (GAT1, vGAT, GABAA receptor), glutamatergic (vGlut and GluN2B receptor), and dopaminergic (DAT, TH, VMAT2, and D2 receptor) neurotransmitter systems in the frontal cortex of male offspring. These findings identify damage to critical neurotransmitter circuits and proteins in the frontal cortex, which may underlie the neurobehavioral deficits observed following developmental exposure to endosulfan and other organochlorine insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Wyatt Wilson
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322-3090
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Sánchez-Blázquez P, Rodríguez-Muñoz M, Garzón J. The cannabinoid receptor 1 associates with NMDA receptors to produce glutamatergic hypofunction: implications in psychosis and schizophrenia. Front Pharmacol 2014; 4:169. [PMID: 24427139 PMCID: PMC3877778 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system is widespread throughout the central nervous system and its type 1 receptor (CB1) plays a crucial role in preventing the neurotoxicity caused by activation of glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs). Indeed, it is the activity of NMDARs themselves that provides the demands on the endogenous cannabinoids in order to control their calcium currents. Therefore, a physiological role of this system is to maintain NMDAR activity within safe limits, thereby protecting neural cells from excitotoxicity. Thus, cannabinoids may be able to control NMDAR overactivation-related neural dysfunctions; however, the major obstacles to the therapeutic utilization of these compounds are their psychotropic effects and negative influence on cognitive performance. Studies in humans have indicated that abuse of smoked cannabis can promote psychosis and even circumstantially precipitate symptoms of schizophrenia, although the latter appears to require a prior vulnerability in the individual. It is possible that cannabinoids provoke psychosis/schizophrenia reflecting a mechanism common to neuroprotection: the reduction of NMDAR activity. Cannabinoids are proposed to produce such effect by reducing the pre-synaptic release of glutamate or interfering with post-synaptic NMDAR-regulated signaling pathways. The efficacy of such control requires the endocannabinoid system to apply its negative influence in a manner that is proportional to the strength of NMDAR signaling. Thus, cannabinoids acting at the wrong time or exerting an inappropriate influence on their receptors may cause NMDAR hypofunction. The purpose of the present review is to draw the attention of the reader to the newly described functional and physical CB1-NMDAR association, which may elucidate the scenario required for the rapid and efficacious control of NMDAR activity. Whether alterations in these mechanisms may increase NMDAR hypofunction leading to vulnerability to schizophrenia will be outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Sánchez-Blázquez
- Neurofarmacología, Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas Madrid, Spain
| | - María Rodríguez-Muñoz
- Neurofarmacología, Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Garzón
- Neurofarmacología, Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas Madrid, Spain
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King MV, Kurian N, Qin S, Papadopoulou N, Westerink BHC, Cremers TI, Epping-Jordan MP, Le Poul E, Ray DE, Fone KCF, Kendall DA, Marsden CA, Sharp TV. Lentiviral delivery of a vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGLUT1)-targeting short hairpin RNA vector into the mouse hippocampus impairs cognition. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:464-76. [PMID: 24037344 PMCID: PMC3870793 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate is the principle excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain, and dysregulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission is implicated in the pathophysiology of several psychiatric and neurological diseases. This study utilized novel lentiviral short hairpin RNA (shRNA) vectors to target expression of the vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGLUT1) following injection into the dorsal hippocampus of adult mice, as partial reductions in VGLUT1 expression should attenuate glutamatergic signaling and similar reductions have been reported in schizophrenia. The VGLUT1-targeting vector attenuated tonic glutamate release in the dorsal hippocampus without affecting GABA, and selectively impaired novel object discrimination (NOD) and retention (but not acquisition) in the Morris water maze, without influencing contextual fear-motivated learning or causing any adverse locomotor or central immune effects. This pattern of cognitive impairment is consistent with the accumulating evidence for functional differentiation along the dorsoventral axis of the hippocampus, and supports the involvement of dorsal hippocampal glutamatergic neurotransmission in both spatial and nonspatial memory. Future use of this nonpharmacological VGLUT1 knockdown mouse model could improve our understanding of glutamatergic neurobiology and aid assessment of novel therapies for cognitive deficits such as those seen in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine V King
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Nisha Kurian
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Si Qin
- Department of Biomonitoring and Sensoring, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Brains On-Line BV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nektaria Papadopoulou
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ben HC Westerink
- Department of Biomonitoring and Sensoring, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Brains On-Line BV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas I Cremers
- Department of Biomonitoring and Sensoring, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Brains On-Line BV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - David E Ray
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Kevin CF Fone
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - David A Kendall
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Charles A Marsden
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Tyson V Sharp
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
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Linz K, Miller BJ. Meta-analysis of anti-ribosomal P antibodies in lupus psychosis. World J Meta-Anal 2013; 1:121-129. [DOI: 10.13105/wjma.v1.i3.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To perform a meta-analysis of the prevalence of anti-ribosomal P (aRP) antibodies in lupus psychosis, and the odds of psychosis in aRP-positive subjects.
METHODS: We identified articles by searching PubMed, PsychInfo, and ISI, and the reference lists of identified studies.
RESULTS: Twenty-four studies met the inclusion criteria. Positive aRP antibodies were found in 51% (91 of 179 total cases) of cases of lupus psychosis. There was an almost 3.5-fold increased odds of psychosis in aRP-positive patients (OR = 3.46, 95%CI: 1.97-6.09, P < 0.001). The population attributable risk percentage was 36% for aRP antibodies.
CONCLUSION: aRP antibodies are common in lupus psychosis, although the potential mechanism(s) underlying this association remain unclear. Given the overlap between the clinical presentation and risk factors for lupus psychosis and schizophrenia, further investigation of aRP antibodies in schizophrenia is warranted.
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Poletti S, Radaelli D, Bosia M, Buonocore M, Pirovano A, Lorenzi C, Cavallaro R, Smeraldi E, Benedetti F. Effect of glutamate transporter EAAT2 gene variants and gray matter deficits on working memory in schizophrenia. Eur Psychiatry 2013; 29:219-25. [PMID: 24076156 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, with up to 40% of all synapses being glutamatergic. An altered glutamatergic transmission could play a critical role in working memory deficts observed in schizophrenia and could underline progressive changes such as grey matter loss throughout the brain. The aim of the study was to investigate if gray matter volume and working memory could be modulated by a genetic polymorphism related to glutamatergic function. Fifty schizophrenia patients underwent magnetic resonance and working memory testing outside of the scanner and were genotyped for rs4354668 EAAT2 polymorphism. Carriers of the G allele had lower gray matter volumes than T/T homozygote and worse working memory performance. Poor working memory performance was associated with gray matter reduction. Differences between the three genotypes are more relevant among patients showing poor performance at the 2-back task. Since glutamate abnormalities are known to be involved in excitotoxic processes, the decrease in cortical thickness observed in schizophrenia patients could be linked to an excess of extracellular glutamate. The differential effect of EAAT2 observed between good and poor performers suggests that the effect of EEAT2 on gray matter might reveal in the presence of a pathological process affecting gray matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Poletti
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Scientific Institute and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Centro di Eccellenza Risonanza Magnetica ad Alto Campo (CERMAC), University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
| | - D Radaelli
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Scientific Institute and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Centro di Eccellenza Risonanza Magnetica ad Alto Campo (CERMAC), University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - M Bosia
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Scientific Institute and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - M Buonocore
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Scientific Institute and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - A Pirovano
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Scientific Institute and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - C Lorenzi
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Scientific Institute and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - R Cavallaro
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Scientific Institute and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - E Smeraldi
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Scientific Institute and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Centro di Eccellenza Risonanza Magnetica ad Alto Campo (CERMAC), University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - F Benedetti
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Scientific Institute and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Centro di Eccellenza Risonanza Magnetica ad Alto Campo (CERMAC), University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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Kitaichi Y, Hashimoto R, Inoue T, Abekawa T, Kakuta A, Hattori S, Koyama T. Abnormalities in extracellular glycine and glutamate levels in the striatum of sandy mice. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2013; 25:215-20. [PMID: 25287634 DOI: 10.1111/acn.12018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glycine regulates glutamatergic neurotransmission, and several papers have reported the relationship between glycine and schizophrenia. The dysbindin-1 (DTNBP1: dystrobrevin-binding protein 1) gene is related to glutamatergic neurotransmission and has been found to be a strong candidate gene for schizophrenia. In this study, we clarified the relationship between dysbindin, glutamate, and glycine with in vivo microdialysis methods. METHODS We measured extracellular glycine and glutamate levels in the striatum of sandy (sdy) mice using in vivo microdialysis methods. Sdy mice express no dysbindin protein owing to a deletion in the dysbindin-1 gene. In addition, we measured changes in those amino acids after methamphetamine (METH) administration. RESULTS The basal levels of extracellular glycine and glutamate in the striatum of sdy mice were elevated. These extracellular glutamate levels decreased gradually after METH administration and were not subsequently different from those of wild-type mice. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that dysbindin might modulate glycine and glutamate release in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Kitaichi
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ryota Hashimoto
- 2 Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Inoue
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Abekawa
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Aya Kakuta
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satoko Hattori
- 4 Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Koyama
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
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Alterations to the circuitry of the frontal cortex following exposure to the polybrominated diphenyl ether mixture, DE-71. Toxicology 2013; 312:48-55. [PMID: 23916505 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2013.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have identified exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) as a risk factor for deficits in cognitive functioning seen in children as well as adults. Additionally, similar alterations in learning and memory have also been observed in animal models of PBDE exposure. However, given these findings, the molecular alterations that may underlie these neurobehavioral endpoints have not been identified. As the frontal cortex is involved in modulating several cognitive functions, the purpose of our study was to investigate the possible changes to the GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmitter systems located in the frontal cortex following exposure to the PBDE mixture, DE-71. Primary cultured neurons isolated from the frontal cortex showed a dose-dependent reduction in neurons as well as neurite outgrowth. Furthermore, evaluation of DE-71 neurotoxicity in the frontal cortex using an in vivo model showed alterations to specific proteins involved in mediating GABA and glutamate neurotransmission, including GAD67, vGAT, vGlut, and GABA(A) 2α receptor subunit. Interestingly, these alterations appeared to be preferential for the GABA and glutamate systems located in the frontal cortex. These findings identify specific targets of PBDE neurotoxicity and provide a possible molecular mechanism for PBDE-mediated neurobehavioral deficits that arise from the frontal cortex.
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Nieto R, Kukuljan M, Silva H. BDNF and schizophrenia: from neurodevelopment to neuronal plasticity, learning, and memory. Front Psychiatry 2013; 4:45. [PMID: 23785335 PMCID: PMC3683823 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) is a neurotrophin that has been related not only to neurodevelopment and neuroprotection, but also to synapse regulation, learning, and memory. Research focused on the neurobiology of schizophrenia has emphasized the relevance of neurodevelopmental and neurotoxicity-related elements in the pathogenesis of this disease. Research focused on the clinical features of schizophrenia in the past decades has emphasized the relevance of cognitive deficits of this illness, considered a core manifestation and an important predictor for functional outcome. Variations in neurotrophins such as BDNF may have a role as part of the molecular mechanisms underlying these processes, from the neurodevelopmental alterations to the molecular mechanisms of cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Nieto
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Clínica Psiquiátrica Universitaria, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - M. Kukuljan
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - H. Silva
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Clínica Psiquiátrica Universitaria, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Kostakis E, Smith C, Jang MK, Martin SC, Richards KG, Russek SJ, Gibbs TT, Farb DH. The neuroactive steroid pregnenolone sulfate stimulates trafficking of functional N-methyl D-aspartate receptors to the cell surface via a noncanonical, G protein, and Ca2+-dependent mechanism. Mol Pharmacol 2013; 84:261-74. [PMID: 23716622 DOI: 10.1124/mol.113.085696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors (NMDARs) mediate fast excitatory synaptic transmission and play a critical role in synaptic plasticity associated with learning and memory. NMDAR hypoactivity has been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, and clinical studies have revealed reduced negative symptoms of schizophrenia with a dose of pregnenolone that elevates serum levels of the neuroactive steroid pregnenolone sulfate (PregS). This report describes a novel process of delayed-onset potentiation whereby PregS approximately doubles the cell's response to NMDA via a mechanism that is pharmacologically and kinetically distinct from rapid positive allosteric modulation by PregS. The number of functional cell-surface NMDARs in cortical neurons increases 60-100% within 10 minutes of exposure to PregS, as shown by surface biotinylation and affinity purification. Delayed-onset potentiation is reversible and selective for expressed receptors containing the NMDAR subunit subtype 2A (NR2A) or NR2B, but not the NR2C or NR2D, subunits. Moreover, substitution of NR2B J/K helices and M4 domain with the corresponding region of NR2D ablates rapid allosteric potentiation of the NMDA response by PregS but not delayed-onset potentiation. This demonstrates that the initial phase of rapid positive allosteric modulation is not a first step in NMDAR upregulation. Delayed-onset potentiation by PregS occurs via a noncanonical, pertussis toxin-sensitive, G protein-coupled, and Ca(2+)-dependent mechanism that is independent of NMDAR ion channel activation. Further investigation into the sequelae for PregS-stimulated trafficking of NMDARs to the neuronal cell surface may uncover a new target for the pharmacological treatment of disorders in which NMDAR hypofunction has been implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Kostakis
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Sanz-Clemente A, Nicoll RA, Roche KW. Diversity in NMDA receptor composition: many regulators, many consequences. Neuroscientist 2013; 19:62-75. [PMID: 22343826 PMCID: PMC3567917 DOI: 10.1177/1073858411435129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are a subtype of ionotropic glutamate receptor, which play a central role in learning, memory, and synaptic development. NMDARs are assembled as tetramers composed of two GluN1 subunits and two GluN2 or GluN3 subunits. Although NMDARs are widely expressed throughout the central nervous system, their number, localization, and subunit composition are strictly regulated and differ in a cell- and synapse-specific manner. The brain area, developmental stage, and level of synaptic activity are some of the factors that regulate NMDARs. Molecular mechanisms that control subunit-specific NMDAR function include developmental regulation of subunit transcription/translation, differential trafficking through the secretory pathway, posttranscriptional modifications such as phosphorylation, and protein-protein interactions. The GluN2A and GluN2B subunits are highly expressed in cortex and hippocampus and confer many of the distinct properties on endogenous NMDARs. Importantly, the synaptic NMDAR subunit composition changes from predominantly GluN2B-containing to GluN2A-containing NMDARs during synaptic maturation and in response to activity and experience. Some of the molecular mechanisms underlying this GluN2 subunit switch have been recently identified. In addition, the balance between synaptic and extrasynaptic NMDARs is altered in several neuronal disorders. Here, the authors summarize the recent advances in the identification of NMDAR subunit-specific regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Sanz-Clemente
- Receptor Biology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). Bethesda, MD
| | - Roger A. Nicoll
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Katherine W. Roche
- Receptor Biology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). Bethesda, MD
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Vöhringer PA, Barroilhet SA, Amerio A, Reale ML, Alvear K, Vergne D, Ghaemi SN. Cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: a systematic review. Front Psychiatry 2013; 4:87. [PMID: 23964248 PMCID: PMC3737461 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Previous comparisons of cognitive decline among patients with bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia (SZ) have found somehow quite similar profiles of deficits, but results have varied between studies. Therefore an extensive and thoughtful systematic review of the matter is warranted. METHODS Studies were found through systematic search (PubMed) following PRISMA guidelines. To be included, studies must have assessed the following cognitive functions: executive functions, memory, IQ, attention-concentration, and perceptuomotor function. In order to make comparison between the two entities, studies should include BD patients with operationally defined euthymia, schizophrenic patients in remission, and third group of healthy control patients. Comparisons were made after controlling for years of schooling and residual affective symptoms. RESULTS We found that overall both SZ and BD patients present deficits on all neurocognitive measures compared to healthy controls. In particular, SZ patients show more severe and pervasive cognitive deficits while BD patients present a milder and more confined impairment. In addition, evidence from the literature suggests that SZ and BD patients share a similar cognitive impairment profile with different degrees of deficits. Therefore, the difference between the two groups seems to be more quantitative (degree of deficit) rather than qualitative (profile), supporting a dimensional approach to the two clinical entities. Limitations of the present review includes the impossibility to control for effects of medication, varying time required for assessment across studies, illness diagnosis reliability, and course severity. CONCLUSION Patients with BD might exhibit a cognitive impairment that could be similar to SZ in terms of their profile, although patients with SZ may have more severe and widespread impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Vöhringer
- Unidad de Trastornos del Ánimo, Clínica Psiquiátrica, Departamento de Psiquiatria, Facultad Medicina, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile ; Mood Disorders Program, Tufts Medical Center , Boston, MA , USA ; Harvard School of Public Health , Boston, MA , USA
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Pharmacology of metabotropic glutamate receptor allosteric modulators: structural basis and therapeutic potential for CNS disorders. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2013; 115:61-121. [PMID: 23415092 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394587-7.00002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlus) mediate a neuromodulatory role throughout the brain for the major excitatory neurotransmitter, glutamate. Seven of the eight mGlu subtypes are expressed within the CNS and are attractive targets for a variety of psychiatric and neurological disorders including anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, and Fragile X syndrome. Allosteric modulation of these class C 7-transmembrane spanning receptors represents a novel approach to facilitate development of mGlu subtype-selective probes and therapeutics. Allosteric modulators that interact with sites topographically distinct from the endogenous ligand-binding site offer a number of advantages over their competitive counterparts. In particular for CNS therapeutics, allosteric modulators have the potential to maintain the spatial and temporal aspects of endogenous neurotransmission. The past 15 years have seen the discovery of numerous subtype-selective allosteric modulators for the majority of the mGlu family members, including positive, negative, and neutral allosteric modulators, with a number of mGlu allosteric modulators now in clinical trials.
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Involvement of PTPN5, the gene encoding the striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase, in schizophrenia and cognition. Psychiatr Genet 2012; 22:168-76. [PMID: 22555153 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0b013e3283518586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase (STEP) is a brain-specific member of the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) family that has been implicated in learning and memory. In this study, we examined the association of the protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor 5 (PTPN5) gene, which encodes for STEP, with both schizophrenia and cognitive functioning in the Israeli Jewish population. METHODS A schizophrenia (SZ) case-control study of 868 participants was carried out (286 patients and 582 controls). Eleven PTPN5 tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were selected and single markers and haplotype association analyses were carried out. A cognitive variability study included 437 healthy women who completed a computerized cognitive battery. We performed univariate associations between the SNPs and cognitive performance. The possible functional role of these variants was examined by studying their association with gene expression levels in the brain. RESULTS In the SZ study, we found a nominal association in the whole sample between rs4075664 and SZ. Male patients with SZ showed a more significant association for three SNPs (rs4075664, rs2278732, and rs4757710). Haplotypes of the studied SNPs were associated with SZ both in the overall sample and within the male subsample. Expression analysis provided some support for the effects of the associated SNPs on PTPN5 expression level. The cognitive variability study showed positive associations between PTPN5 SNPs and different cognitive subtests. Principal component analysis showed an 'attention index' neurocognitive component that was associated with two SNP pairs (rs10832983 × rs10766504 and rs7932938 × rs4757718). CONCLUSION The results imply a model in which PTPN5 may play a role in normal cognitive functioning and contribute to aspects of the neuropathology of SZ.
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Npas4: a neuronal transcription factor with a key role in social and cognitive functions relevant to developmental disorders. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46604. [PMID: 23029555 PMCID: PMC3460929 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 09/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Npas4 is a transcription factor, which is highly expressed in the brain and regulates the formation and maintenance of inhibitory synapses in response to excitatory synaptic activity. A deregulation of the inhibitory-excitatory balance has been associated with a variety of human developmental disorders such as schizophrenia and autism. However, not much is known about the role played by inhibitory synapses and inhibitory pathways in the development of nervous system disorders. We hypothesized that alterations in the inhibitory pathways induced by the absence of Npas4 play a major role in the expression of the symptoms observed in psychiatric disorders. To test this hypothesis we tested mice lacking the transcription factor (Npas4 knock-out mice (Npas4-KO)) in a battery of behavioral assays focusing on general activity, social behaviors, and cognitive functions. Npas4-KO mice are hyperactive in a novel environment, spend less time exploring an unfamiliar ovariectomized female, spend more time avoiding an unfamiliar male during a first encounter, show higher social dominance than their WT littermates, and display pre-pulse inhibition, working memory, long-term memory, and cognitive flexibility deficits. These behavioral deficits may replicate schizophrenia-related symptomatology such as social anxiety, hyperactivity, and cognitive and sensorimotor gating deficits. Immunohistochemistry analyses revealed that Npas4 expression is induced in the hippocampus after a social encounter and that Npas4 regulates the expression of c-Fos in the CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus after a cognitive task. Our results suggest that Npas4 may play a major role in the regulation of cognitive and social functions in the brain with possible implications for developmental disorders such as schizophrenia and autism.
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Hovelsø N, Sotty F, Montezinho LP, Pinheiro PS, Herrik KF, Mørk A. Therapeutic potential of metabotropic glutamate receptor modulators. Curr Neuropharmacol 2012; 10:12-48. [PMID: 22942876 PMCID: PMC3286844 DOI: 10.2174/157015912799362805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS) and is a major player in complex brain functions. Glutamatergic transmission is primarily mediated by ionotropic glutamate receptors, which include NMDA, AMPA and kainate receptors. However, glutamate exerts modulatory actions through a family of metabotropic G-protein-coupled glutamate receptors (mGluRs). Dysfunctions of glutamatergic neurotransmission have been implicated in the etiology of several diseases. Therefore, pharmacological modulation of ionotropic glutamate receptors has been widely investigated as a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of several disorders associated with glutamatergic dysfunction. However, blockade of ionotropic glutamate receptors might be accompanied by severe side effects due to their vital role in many important physiological functions. A different strategy aimed at pharmacologically interfering with mGluR function has recently gained interest. Many subtype selective agonists and antagonists have been identified and widely used in preclinical studies as an attempt to elucidate the role of specific mGluRs subtypes in glutamatergic transmission. These studies have allowed linkage between specific subtypes and various physiological functions and more importantly to pathological states. This article reviews the currently available knowledge regarding the therapeutic potential of targeting mGluRs in the treatment of several CNS disorders, including schizophrenia, addiction, major depressive disorder and anxiety, Fragile X Syndrome, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease and pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hovelsø
- Department of Neurophysiology, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Copenhagen-Valby, Denmark
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Petrat F, Boengler K, Schulz R, de Groot H. Glycine, a simple physiological compound protecting by yet puzzling mechanism(s) against ischaemia-reperfusion injury: current knowledge. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:2059-72. [PMID: 22044190 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01711.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischaemia is amongst the leading causes of death. Despite this importance, there are only a few therapeutic approaches to protect from ischaemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). In experimental studies, the amino acid glycine effectively protected from IRI. In the prevention of IRI by glycine in cells and isolated perfused or cold-stored organs (tissues), direct cytoprotection plays a crucial role, most likely by prevention of the formation of pathological plasma membrane pores. Under in vivo conditions, the mechanism of protection by glycine is less clear, partly due to the physiological presence of the amino acid. Here, inhibition of the inflammatory response in the injured tissue is considered to contribute decisively to the glycine-induced reduction of IRI. However, attenuation of IRI recently achieved in experimental animals by low-dose glycine treatment regimens suggests additional/other (unknown) protective mechanisms. Despite the convincing experimental evidence and the large therapeutic width of glycine, there are only a few clinical trials on the protection from IRI by glycine with ambivalent results. Thus, both the mechanism(s) behind the protection of glycine against IRI in vivo and its true clinical potential remain to be addressed in future experimental studies/clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Petrat
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany
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Gaisler-Salomon I, Wang Y, Chuhma N, Zhang H, Golumbic YN, Mihali A, Arancio O, Sibille E, Rayport S. Synaptic underpinnings of altered hippocampal function in glutaminase-deficient mice during maturation. Hippocampus 2012; 22:1027-39. [PMID: 22431402 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Glutaminase-deficient mice (GLS1 hets), with reduced glutamate recycling, have a focal reduction in hippocampal activity, mainly in CA1, and manifest behavioral and neurochemical phenotypes suggestive of schizophrenia resilience. To address the basis for the hippocampal hypoactivity, we examined synaptic plastic mechanisms and glutamate receptor expression. Although baseline synaptic strength was unaffected in Schaffer collateral inputs to CA1, we found that long-term potentiation was attenuated. In wild-type (WT) mice, GLS1 gene expression was highest in the hippocampus and cortex, where it was reduced by about 50% in GLS1 hets. In other brain regions with lower WT GLS1 gene expression, there were no genotypic reductions. In adult GLS1 hets, NMDA receptor NR1 subunit gene expression was reduced, but not AMPA receptor GluR1 subunit gene expression. In contrast, juvenile GLS1 hets showed no reductions in NR1 gene expression. In concert with this, adult GLS1 hets showed a deficit in hippocampal-dependent contextual fear conditioning, whereas juvenile GLS1 hets did not. These alterations in glutamatergic synaptic function may partly explain the hippocampal hypoactivity seen in the GLS1 hets. The maturity-onset reduction in NR1 gene expression and in contextual learning supports the premise that glutaminase inhibition in adulthood should prove therapeutic in schizophrenia.
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NMDA antagonists recreate signal-to-noise ratio and timing perturbations present in schizophrenia. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 46:93-100. [PMID: 22245663 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE There is increasing evidence that functional deficits in schizophrenia may be driven by a reduction in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and consistent timing of neural signals. This study examined the extent to which exposure to the NMDA receptor antagonists ketamine and MK801, frequently used pharmacological models of schizophrenia, recreate deficits in electrophysiological markers of disturbed brain circuits that are thought to underlie the illness. Furthermore, this study characterizes the specificity of these differences across the frequency spectrum so as to help identify the nature of selective circuit abnormalities that mediate each oscillatory response as relevant to schizophrenia. DESIGN Mouse EEG was recorded during exposure to repeated auditory stimuli after injection of either vehicle or drug. The dose-response relationship for each electrophysiological measure was determined for ketamine and MK-801. Time-frequency analyses were performed to assess baseline, total, and evoked power and intertrial coherence (ITC) at low (5-10 Hz) and high (35-80 Hz)-frequencies. RESULTS High frequency evoked and total power was decreased by MK-801 and ketamine in a dose-dependent fashion. High frequency baseline power was increased by MK-801 and ketamine in a dose-dependent fashion. Similar to evoked power, high frequency inter-trial coherence was dose-dependently decreased by both drugs. Low frequency ITC was only decreased by ketamine. CONCLUSIONS Both ketamine and MK-801 cause alterations in high-frequency baseline (noise), total (signal), and evoked (signal) power resulting in a loss of high frequency SNR that is thought to primarily reflect local circuit activity. These changes indicate an inappropriate increase in baseline activity, which can also be interpreted as non-task related activity. Ketamine induced a loss of intertrial coherence at low frequencies, indicating a loss of consistency in low-frequency circuit mechanisms. As a proportion of baseline power, both drugs had a relative shift from low to high frequencies, reflecting a change in the balance of brain activity from coordination of global regions to a pattern of discoordinated, autonomous local activity. These changes are consistent with a pattern of fragmented regional brain activity seen in schizophrenia.
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Roles of quaternary structure and cysteine residues in the activity of human serine racemase. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2011; 12:63. [PMID: 22151352 PMCID: PMC3252284 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-12-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Background D-serine is an important coagonist at the NR1 subunit of the NMDA receptor class of glutamate receptors. It is chiefly synthesized in the CNS by serine racemase (SR). Regulation of SR activity is still poorly understood. As step toward developing reagents and methods for investigating SR in vitro, we analyzed structure-function relationships of a recombinant enzyme of human sequence. Results Michaelis-Menten kinetic analysis indicated a KM value of 14 mM and Vmax value of 3.66 μmol·mg-1·hr-1 when L-serine was used as a substrate for purified SR. Gel-filtration chromatography and protein cross-linking experiments revealed that dimer is the major oligomeric form of recombinant SR in aqueous solution, though the proportions of monomer, tetramer, and larger aggregates differed somewhat with the specific buffer used. These buffers also altered activity in a manner correlating with the relative abundance of dimer. Activity assays showed that the dimeric gel-filtration fraction held the highest activity. Chemical reduction with DTT increased the activity of SR by elevating Vmax; cystamine, a reagent that blocks sulfhydryl groups, abolished SR activity. Gel-filtration chromatography and western blot analysis indicated that DTT enhanced the recovery of noncovalent SR dimer. Conclusions These data suggest that SR is most active as a noncovalent dimer containing one or more free sulfhydryls in the enzyme's active center or a modulatory site. Buffer composition and reduction/oxidation status during preparation can dramatically impact interpretations of SR activity. These findings also highlight the possibility that SR is sensitive to oxidative stress in vivo.
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Lee SA, Tsao TTH, Yang KC, Lin H, Kuo YL, Hsu CH, Lee WK, Huang KC, Kao CY. Construction and analysis of the protein-protein interaction networks for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression. BMC Bioinformatics 2011; 12 Suppl 13:S20. [PMID: 22373040 PMCID: PMC3278837 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-12-s13-s20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression are devastating mental diseases, each with distinctive yet overlapping epidemiologic characteristics. Microarray and proteomics data have revealed genes which expressed abnormally in patients. Several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and mutations are associated with one or more of the three diseases. Nevertheless, there are few studies on the interactions among the disease-associated genes and proteins. RESULTS This study, for the first time, incorporated microarray and protein-protein interaction (PPI) databases to construct the PPI network of abnormally expressed genes in postmortem brain samples of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression patients. The samples were collected from Brodmann area (BA) 10 of the prefrontal cortex. Abnormally expressed disease genes were selected by t-tests comparing the disease and control samples. These genes were involved in housekeeping functions (e.g. translation, transcription, energy conversion, and metabolism), in brain specific functions (e.g. signal transduction, neuron cell differentiation, and cytoskeleton), or in stress responses (e.g. heat shocks and biotic stress).The diseases were interconnected through several "switchboard"-like nodes in the PPI network or shared abnormally expressed genes. A "core" functional module which consisted of a tightly knitted sub-network of clique-5 and -4s was also observed. These cliques were formed by 12 genes highly expressed in both disease and control samples. CONCLUSIONS Several previously unidentified disease marker genes and drug targets, such as SBNO2 (schizophrenia), SEC24C (bipolar disorder), and SRRT (major depression), were identified based on statistical and topological analyses of the PPI network. The shared or interconnecting marker genes may explain the shared symptoms of the studied diseases. Furthermore, the "switchboard" genes, such as APP, UBC, and YWHAZ, are proposed as potential targets for developing new treatments due to their functional and topological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-An Lee
- Department of Information Management, Kainan University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Theresa Tsun-Hui Tsao
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ko-Chun Yang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han Lin
- Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lun Kuo
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsiang Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Kuei Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Armed Forces Beitou Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chuan Huang
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, Armed Forces Beitou Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yan Kao
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Different presynaptic nicotinic receptor subtypes modulate in vivo and in vitro the release of glycine in the rat hippocampus. Neurochem Int 2011; 59:729-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2011.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Segnitz N, Ferbert T, Schmitt A, Gass P, Gebicke-Haerter PJ, Zink M. Effects of chronic oral treatment with aripiprazole on the expression of NMDA receptor subunits and binding sites in rat brain. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2011; 217:127-42. [PMID: 21484241 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2262-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 03/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The glutamatergic theory of schizophrenia proposes a dysfunction of ionotropic N-methyl-D: -aspartate receptors (NMDA-R). Several therapeutic strategies address NMDA-R function and the effects of antipsychotic agents on NMDA-R expression have been described. Within the second-generation antipsychotics, the partial dopaminergic and serotonergic agonist aripiprazole (APZ) was able to counteract the behavioral effects of NMDA-R antagonists. OBJECTIVES This study aims to investigate the effects of APZ on NMDA-R subunit expression and binding. METHODS We treated Sprague-Dawley rats for 4 weeks or 4 months with APZ in daily oral doses of 10 and 40 mg per kilogram of body weight. Gene expression of the NMDA-R subunits NR1, NR2A, NR2B, NR2C, and NR2D, respectively, was assessed by semiquantitative radioactive in situ hybridization and in parallel receptor binding using (3)H-MK-801 receptor autoradiography. RESULTS Increased expression levels of NR1 (4 weeks), NR2A (4 weeks), NR2C (4 weeks and 4 months), and NR2D (4 months) were observed in several hippocampal and cortical brain regions. The parallel reduced expression of NR2B mRNAs (4 months) resulted in a relative increase of the NR2A/NR2B ratio. Marked differences between specific brain regions, the doses of APZ, and the time points of assessment became obvious. On the receptor level, increased MK-801-binding was found after 4 weeks in the 40-mg group and after 4 months in the 10-mg group. CONCLUSIONS The effects of APZ converge in enhanced NMDA receptor expression and a shift of subunit composition towards adult-type receptors. Our results confirm the regulatory connections between dopaminergic, serotonergic, and glutamatergic neurotransmissions with relevance for cognitive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Segnitz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, P.O. Box 122120, 68072 Mannheim, Germany
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Gaspar PA, Bosman CA, Ruiz S, Zamorano F, Pérez C, Aboitiz F. Parametric increases of working memory load unveil a decreased alpha oscillatory activity in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2011; 131:268-9. [PMID: 21741218 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2011.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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