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Naumenko Y, Yuryshinetz I, Zabenko Y, Pivneva T. Mild traumatic brain injury as a pathological process. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18342. [PMID: 37519712 PMCID: PMC10372741 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is defined as dysfunction or other evidence of brain pathology caused by external physical force. More than 69 million new cases of TBI are registered worldwide each year, 80% of them - mild TBI. Based on the physical mechanism of induced trauma, we can separate its pathophysiology into primary and secondary injuries. Many literature sources have confirmed that mechanically induced brain injury initiates ionic, metabolic, inflammatory, and neurovascular changes in the CNS, which can lead to acute, subacute, and chronic neurological consequences. Despite the global nature of the disease, its high heterogeneity, lack of a unified classification system, rapid fluctuation of epidemiological trends, and variability of long-term consequences significantly complicate research and the development of new therapeutic strategies. In this review paper, we systematize current knowledge of biomechanical and molecular mechanisms of mild TBI and provide general information on the classification and epidemiology of this complex disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Naumenko
- Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Department of Sensory Signalization, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Irada Yuryshinetz
- Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Department of Sensory Signalization, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Yelyzaveta Zabenko
- Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Department of Sensory Signalization, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Tetyana Pivneva
- Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Department of Sensory Signalization, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Kyiv Academic University, Kyiv, Ukraine
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2
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Mandelboum S, Herrero M, Atzmon A, Ehrlich M, Elroy-Stein O. Effective extraction of polyribosomes exposes gene expression strategies in primary astrocytes. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:3375-3390. [PMID: 36881761 PMCID: PMC10123121 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of mRNA translation in astrocytes gains a growing interest. However, until now, successful ribosome profiling of primary astrocytes has not been reported. Here, we optimized the standard 'polysome profiling' method and generated an effective protocol for polyribosome extraction, which enabled genome-wide assessment of mRNA translation dynamics along the process of astrocyte activation. Transcriptome (RNAseq) and translatome (Riboseq) data generated at 0, 24 and 48 h after cytokines treatment, revealed dynamic genome-wide changes in the expression level of ∼12 000 genes. The data clarify whether a change in protein synthesis rate results from a change in mRNA level or translation efficiency per se. It exhibit different expression strategies, based on changes in mRNA abundance and/or translation efficiency, which are specifically assigned to gene subsets depending on their function. Moreover, the study raises an important take-home message related to the possible presence of 'difficult to extract' polyribosome sub-groups, in all cell types, thus illuminating the impact of ribosomes extraction methodology on experiments addressing translation regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shir Mandelboum
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Melisa Herrero
- Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Andrea Atzmon
- Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Marcelo Ehrlich
- Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Orna Elroy-Stein
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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3
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Afridi R, Rahman MH, Suk K. Implications of glial metabolic dysregulation in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 174:105874. [PMID: 36154877 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cells are the most abundant cells of the brain, outnumbering neurons. These multifunctional cells are crucial for maintaining brain homeostasis by providing trophic and nutritional support to neurons, sculpting synapses, and providing an immune defense. Glia are highly plastic and undergo both structural and functional alterations in response to changes in the brain microenvironment. Glial phenotypes are intimately regulated by underlying metabolic machinery, which dictates the effector functions of these cells. Altered brain energy metabolism and chronic neuroinflammation are common features of several neurodegenerative diseases. Microglia and astrocytes are the major glial cells fueling the ongoing neuroinflammatory process, exacerbating neurodegeneration. Distinct metabolic perturbations in microglia and astrocytes, including altered carbohydrate, lipid, and amino acid metabolism have been documented in neurodegenerative diseases. These disturbances aggravate the neurodegenerative process by potentiating the inflammatory activation of glial cells. This review covers the recent advances in the molecular aspects of glial metabolic changes in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, we discuss studies exploiting glial metabolism as a potential therapeutic avenue in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruqayya Afridi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea; BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Habibur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea; BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea; Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Serotonin Heteroreceptor Complexes and Their Integration of Signals in Neurons and Astroglia-Relevance for Mental Diseases. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081902. [PMID: 34440670 PMCID: PMC8392445 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The heteroreceptor complexes present a novel biological principle for signal integration. These complexes and their allosteric receptor-receptor interactions are bidirectional and novel targets for treatment of CNS diseases including mental diseases. The existence of D2R-5-HT2AR heterocomplexes can help explain the anti-schizophrenic effects of atypical antipsychotic drugs not only based on blockade of 5-HT2AR and of D2R in higher doses but also based on blocking the allosteric enhancement of D2R protomer signaling by 5-HT2AR protomer activation. This research opens a new understanding of the integration of DA and 5-HT signals released from DA and 5-HT nerve terminal networks. The biological principle of forming 5-HT and other heteroreceptor complexes in the brain also help understand the mechanism of action for especially the 5-HT hallucinogens, including putative positive effects of e.g., psilocybin and the indicated prosocial and anti-stress actions of MDMA (ecstasy). The GalR1-GalR2 heterodimer and the putative GalR1-GalR2-5-HT1 heteroreceptor complexes are targets for Galanin N-terminal fragment Gal (1-15), a major modulator of emotional networks in models of mental disease. GPCR-receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) heteroreceptor complexes can operate through transactivation of FGFR1 via allosteric mechanisms and indirect interactions over GPCR intracellular pathways involving protein kinase Src which produces tyrosine phosphorylation of the RTK. The exciting discovery was made that several antidepressant drugs such as TCAs and SSRIs as well as the fast-acting antidepressant drug ketamine can directly bind to the TrkB receptor and provide a novel mechanism for their antidepressant actions. Understanding the role of astrocytes and their allosteric receptor-receptor interactions in modulating forebrain glutamate synapses with impact on dorsal raphe-forebrain serotonin neurons is also of high relevance for research on major depressive disorder.
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Maccioni RB, Navarrete LP, González A, González-Canacer A, Guzmán-Martínez L, Cortés N. Inflammation: A Major Target for Compounds to Control Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 76:1199-1213. [PMID: 32597798 DOI: 10.3233/jad-191014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Several hypotheses have been postulated to explain how Alzheimer's disease is triggered, but none of them provide a unified view of its pathogenesis. The dominant hypothesis based on build-ups of the amyloid-β peptide has been around for longer than three decades; however, up to today, numerous clinical trials based on the amyloid postulates have been attempted, but all of them have failed. Clearly, the revisited tau hypothesis provides a better explanation of the clinical observations of patients, but it needs to integrate the cumulative observations on the onset of this disease. In this context, the neuroimmuno modulation theory, based on the involvement of inflammatory events in the central nervous system, accounts for all these observations. In this review we intend to emphasize the idea that neuroinflammation is a main target for the search of new therapeutic strategies to control Alzheimer's disease. Beyond mono-targeting approaches using synthetic drugs that control only specific pathophysiological events, emerging therapeutics views based on multi targeting compounds appear to provide a new pathway for Alzheimer's disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo B Maccioni
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Functional Medicine, International Center for Biomedicine, Vitacura, Santiago, Chile, and Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Leonardo P Navarrete
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Functional Medicine, International Center for Biomedicine, Vitacura, Santiago, Chile, and Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea González
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Functional Medicine, International Center for Biomedicine, Vitacura, Santiago, Chile, and Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandra González-Canacer
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Functional Medicine, International Center for Biomedicine, Vitacura, Santiago, Chile, and Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Leonardo Guzmán-Martínez
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Functional Medicine, International Center for Biomedicine, Vitacura, Santiago, Chile, and Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicole Cortés
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Functional Medicine, International Center for Biomedicine, Vitacura, Santiago, Chile, and Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
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[A Case of Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder Who Relapsed Under Oral Corticosteroid Treatment with Multiple Cerebrospinal Lesions and Severe Neurological Deficits]. J UOEH 2021; 43:255-261. [PMID: 34092770 DOI: 10.7888/juoeh.43.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present a case of a 59-year-old female who had been treated for optic neuritis 2 years before being transferred to our hospital. She had been positive for anti-AQP4 antibodies. No cerebrospinal lesions were observed, and based on the diagnosis of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), 5 mg/day oral prednisolone was continued for 2 years. Acute lower back pain and urinary retention appeared on day X. On day X + 1, consciousness disturbance (JCS level II) and paraplegia appeared, and she was transferred to our hospital. Neck stiffness, paraplegia, and urinary retention were present. A cerebrospinal fluid examination revealed mononucleosis-dominant pleocytosis (1,232 cells/μl). Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed multiple lesions around the ventricles and corpus callosum, and spinal MRI revealed a longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis lesion (C2-Th5). A relapse of NMOSD was diagnosed and steroid pulse therapy was started, but the symptoms progressed and quadriplegia and coma occurred. Head MRI showed new deep white matter lesions around the ventricles. Plasma exchange was added after the second steroid pulse. The patient's consciousness gradually improved, and spontaneous movement of the left upper limb eventually appeared. We experienced a case of NMOSD that relapsed with multiple cerebrospinal lesions despite corticosteroid therapy, but plasmapheresis therapy was effective.
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Tang J, Bair M, Descalzi G. Reactive Astrocytes: Critical Players in the Development of Chronic Pain. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:682056. [PMID: 34122194 PMCID: PMC8192827 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.682056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is associated with long term plasticity of nociceptive pathways in the central nervous system. Astrocytes can profoundly affect synaptic function and increasing evidence has highlighted how altered astrocyte activity may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic pain. In response to injury, astrocytes undergo a shift in form and function known as reactive astrogliosis, which affects their release of cytokines and gliotransmitters. These neuromodulatory substances have been implicated in driving the persistent changes in central nociceptive activity. Astrocytes also release lactate which neurons can use to produce energy during synaptic plasticity. Furthermore, recent research has provided insight into lactate's emerging role as a signaling molecule in the central nervous system, which may be involved in directly modulating neuronal and astrocytic activity. In this review, we present evidence for the involvement of astrocyte-derived tumor necrosis factor alpha in pain-associated plasticity, in addition to research suggesting the potential involvement of gliotransmitters D-serine and adenosine-5'-triphosphate. We also discuss work implicating astrocyte-neuron metabolic coupling, and the possible role of lactate, which has been sparsely studied in the context of chronic pain, in supporting pathological changes in central nociceptive activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Giannina Descalzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Pamies D, Sartori C, Schvartz D, González-Ruiz V, Pellerin L, Nunes C, Tavel D, Maillard V, Boccard J, Rudaz S, Sanchez JC, Zurich MG. Neuroinflammatory Response to TNFα and IL1β Cytokines Is Accompanied by an Increase in Glycolysis in Human Astrocytes In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4065. [PMID: 33920048 PMCID: PMC8071021 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrogliosis has been abundantly studied in rodents but relatively poorly in human cells due to limited access to the brain. Astrocytes play important roles in cerebral energy metabolism, and are also key players in neuroinflammation. Astroglial metabolic and inflammatory changes as a function of age have been reported, leading to the hypothesis that mitochondrial metabolism and inflammatory responses are interconnected in supporting a functional switch of astrocytes from neurotrophic to neurotoxic. This study aimed to explore the metabolic changes occurring in astrocytes during their activation. Astrocytes were derived from human ReN cell neural progenitors and characterized. They were activated by exposure to tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) or interleukin 1β (IL1β) for 24 h. Astrocyte reaction and associated energy metabolic changes were assessed by immunostaining, gene expression, proteomics, metabolomics and extracellular flux analyses. ReN-derived astrocytes reactivity was observed by the modifications of genes and proteins linked to inflammation (cytokines, nuclear factor-kappa B (NFκB), signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs)) and immune pathways (major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I). Increased NFκB1, NFκB2 and STAT1 expression, together with decreased STAT3 expression, suggest an activation towards the detrimental pathway. Strong modifications of astrocyte cytoskeleton were observed, including a glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) decrease. Astrogliosis was accompanied by changes in energy metabolism characterized by increased glycolysis and lactate release. Increased glycolysis is reported for the first time during human astrocyte activation. Astrocyte activation is strongly tied to energy metabolism, and a possible association between NFκB signaling and/or MHC class I pathway and glycolysis is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pamies
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland; (D.P.); (C.S.); (L.P.); (C.N.); (D.T.); (V.M.)
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), 4055 Basel, Switzerland; (D.S.); (V.G.-R.); (J.B.); (S.R.); (J.-C.S.)
| | - Chiara Sartori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland; (D.P.); (C.S.); (L.P.); (C.N.); (D.T.); (V.M.)
| | - Domitille Schvartz
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), 4055 Basel, Switzerland; (D.S.); (V.G.-R.); (J.B.); (S.R.); (J.-C.S.)
- Translational Biomarker Group, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - Víctor González-Ruiz
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), 4055 Basel, Switzerland; (D.S.); (V.G.-R.); (J.B.); (S.R.); (J.-C.S.)
- Analytical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - Luc Pellerin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland; (D.P.); (C.S.); (L.P.); (C.N.); (D.T.); (V.M.)
- INSERM U1082, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université de Poitiers, F-86021 Poitiers, France
| | - Carolina Nunes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland; (D.P.); (C.S.); (L.P.); (C.N.); (D.T.); (V.M.)
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), 4055 Basel, Switzerland; (D.S.); (V.G.-R.); (J.B.); (S.R.); (J.-C.S.)
| | - Denise Tavel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland; (D.P.); (C.S.); (L.P.); (C.N.); (D.T.); (V.M.)
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), 4055 Basel, Switzerland; (D.S.); (V.G.-R.); (J.B.); (S.R.); (J.-C.S.)
| | - Vanille Maillard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland; (D.P.); (C.S.); (L.P.); (C.N.); (D.T.); (V.M.)
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), 4055 Basel, Switzerland; (D.S.); (V.G.-R.); (J.B.); (S.R.); (J.-C.S.)
| | - Julien Boccard
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), 4055 Basel, Switzerland; (D.S.); (V.G.-R.); (J.B.); (S.R.); (J.-C.S.)
- Analytical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - Serge Rudaz
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), 4055 Basel, Switzerland; (D.S.); (V.G.-R.); (J.B.); (S.R.); (J.-C.S.)
- Analytical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Charles Sanchez
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), 4055 Basel, Switzerland; (D.S.); (V.G.-R.); (J.B.); (S.R.); (J.-C.S.)
- Translational Biomarker Group, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Gabrielle Zurich
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland; (D.P.); (C.S.); (L.P.); (C.N.); (D.T.); (V.M.)
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), 4055 Basel, Switzerland; (D.S.); (V.G.-R.); (J.B.); (S.R.); (J.-C.S.)
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Sen ZD, Danyeli LV, Woelfer M, Lamers F, Wagner G, Sobanski T, Walter M. Linking atypical depression and insulin resistance-related disorders via low-grade chronic inflammation: Integrating the phenotypic, molecular and neuroanatomical dimensions. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 93:335-352. [PMID: 33359233 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) and related disorders, such as T2DM, increase the risk of major depressive disorder (MDD) and vice versa. Current evidence indicates that psychological stress and overeating can induce chronic low-grade inflammation that can interfere with glutamate metabolism in MDD as well as insulin signaling, particularly in the atypical subtype. Here we first review the interactive role of inflammatory processes in the development of MDD, IR and related metabolic disorders. Next, we describe the role of the anterior cingulate cortex in the pathophysiology of MDD and IR-related disorders. Furthermore, we outline how specific clinical features of atypical depression, such as hyperphagia, are more associated with inflammation and IR-related disorders. Finally, we examine the regional specificity of the effects of inflammation on the brain that show an overlap with the functional and morphometric brain patterns activated in MDD and IR-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zümrüt Duygu Sen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Tuebingen, Calwerstraße 14, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Lena Vera Danyeli
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany; Clinical Affective Neuroimaging Laboratory (CANLAB), Leipziger Str. 44, Building 65, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Brenneckestr. 6, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Marie Woelfer
- Clinical Affective Neuroimaging Laboratory (CANLAB), Leipziger Str. 44, Building 65, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Brenneckestr. 6, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Femke Lamers
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Oldenaller 1, 1081 HJ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gerd Wagner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Sobanski
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Thueringen-Kliniken "Georgius Agricola" GmbH, Rainweg 68, 07318 Saalfeld, Germany
| | - Martin Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Tuebingen, Calwerstraße 14, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany; Clinical Affective Neuroimaging Laboratory (CANLAB), Leipziger Str. 44, Building 65, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Brenneckestr. 6, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany.
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10
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Buffolo F, Petrosino V, Albini M, Moschetta M, Carlini F, Floss T, Kerlero de Rosbo N, Cesca F, Rocchi A, Uccelli A, Benfenati F. Neuroinflammation induces synaptic scaling through IL-1β-mediated activation of the transcriptional repressor REST/NRSF. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:180. [PMID: 33589593 PMCID: PMC7884694 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03465-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is associated with synapse dysfunction and cognitive decline in patients and animal models. One candidate for translating the inflammatory stress into structural and functional changes in neural networks is the transcriptional repressor RE1-silencing transcription factor (REST) that regulates the expression of a wide cluster of neuron-specific genes during neurogenesis and in mature neurons. To study the cellular and molecular pathways activated under inflammatory conditions mimicking the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) environment, we analyzed REST activity in neuroblastoma cells and mouse cortical neurons treated with activated T cell or microglia supernatant and distinct pro-inflammatory cytokines. We found that REST is activated by a variety of neuroinflammatory stimuli in both neuroblastoma cells and primary neurons, indicating that a vast transcriptional change is triggered during neuroinflammation. While a dual activation of REST and its dominant-negative splicing isoform REST4 was observed in N2a neuroblastoma cells, primary neurons responded with a pure full-length REST upregulation in the absence of changes in REST4 expression. In both cases, REST upregulation was associated with activation of Wnt signaling and increased nuclear translocation of β-catenin, a well-known intracellular transduction pathway in neuroinflammation. Among single cytokines, IL-1β caused a potent and prompt increase in REST transcription and translation in neurons, which promoted a delayed and strong synaptic downscaling specific for excitatory synapses, with decreased frequency and amplitude of spontaneous synaptic currents, decreased density of excitatory synaptic connections, and decreased frequency of action potential-evoked Ca2+ transients. Most important, the IL-1β effects on excitatory transmission were strictly REST dependent, as conditional deletion of REST completely occluded the effects of IL-1β activation on synaptic transmission and network excitability. Our results demonstrate that REST upregulation represents a new pathogenic mechanism for the synaptic dysfunctions observed under neuroinflammatory conditions and identify the REST pathway as therapeutic target for EAE and, potentially, for multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Buffolo
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132, Genova, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Valentina Petrosino
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Largo P. Daneo, 3, 16132, Genova, Italy
- IRCCS, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Martina Albini
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132, Genova, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Matteo Moschetta
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132, Genova, Italy
- IRCCS, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Federico Carlini
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Largo P. Daneo, 3, 16132, Genova, Italy
- IRCCS, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Thomas Floss
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nicole Kerlero de Rosbo
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Largo P. Daneo, 3, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Cesca
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132, Genova, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, 34127, Italy
| | - Anna Rocchi
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132, Genova, Italy.
- IRCCS, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132, Genova, Italy.
| | - Antonio Uccelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Largo P. Daneo, 3, 16132, Genova, Italy.
- IRCCS, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132, Genova, Italy.
| | - Fabio Benfenati
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132, Genova, Italy.
- IRCCS, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132, Genova, Italy.
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11
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Margineanu MB, Sherwin E, Golubeva A, Peterson V, Hoban A, Fiumelli H, Rea K, Cryan JF, Magistretti PJ. Gut microbiota modulates expression of genes involved in the astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle in the hippocampus. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2020; 41:152-159. [PMID: 33191074 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota modulates brain physiology, development, and behavior and has been implicated as a key regulator in several central nervous system disorders. Its effect on the metabolic coupling between neurons and astrocytes has not been studied to date, even though this is an important component of brain energy metabolism and physiology and it is perturbed in neurodegenerative and cognitive disorders. In this study, we have investigated the mRNA expression of 6 genes encoding proteins implicated in the astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle (Atp1a2, Ldha, Ldhb, Mct1, Gys1, Pfkfb3), in relation to different gut microbiota manipulations, in the mouse brain hippocampus, a region with critical functions in cognition and behavior. We have discovered that Atp1a2 and Pfkfb3, encoding the ATPase, Na+/K+ transporting, alpha 2 sub-unit, respectively and 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 3, two genes predominantly expressed in astrocytes, were upregulated in the hippocampus after microbial colonization of germ-free mice for 24 h, compared with conventionally raised mice. Pfkfb3 was also upregulated in germ-free mice compared with conventionally raised mice, while an increase in Atp1a2 expression in germ-free mice was confirmed only at the protein level by Western blot. In a separate cohort of mice, Atp1a2 and Pfkfb3 mRNA expression was upregulated in the hippocampus following 6-week dietary supplementation with prebiotics (fructo- and galacto-oligosaccharides) in an animal model of chronic psychosocial stress. To our knowledge, these findings are the first to report an influence of the gut microbiota and prebiotics on mRNA expression of genes implicated in the metabolic coupling between neurons and astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Margineanu
- Laboratory for Cellular Imaging and Energetics, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia; OncoGen Research Centre, "Pius Brinzeu" County Emergency Hospital, Timisoara, Romania; Department of Functional Sciences, "Victor Babeș" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Eoin Sherwin
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Anna Golubeva
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Veronica Peterson
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - Alan Hoban
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Hubert Fiumelli
- Laboratory for Cellular Imaging and Energetics, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kieran Rea
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Pierre J Magistretti
- Laboratory for Cellular Imaging and Energetics, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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12
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Bjørklund G, Tinkov AA, Hosnedlová B, Kizek R, Ajsuvakova OP, Chirumbolo S, Skalnaya MG, Peana M, Dadar M, El-Ansary A, Qasem H, Adams JB, Aaseth J, Skalny AV. The role of glutathione redox imbalance in autism spectrum disorder: A review. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 160:149-162. [PMID: 32745763 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The role of glutathione in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is emerging as a major topic, due to its role in the maintenance of the intracellular redox balance. Several studies have implicated glutathione redox imbalance as a leading factor in ASD, and both ASD and many other neurodevelopmental disorders involve low levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), high levels of oxidized glutathione (GSSG), and abnormalities in the expressions of glutathione-related enzymes in the blood or brain. Glutathione metabolism, through its impact on redox environment or redox-independent mechanisms, interferes with multiple mechanisms involved in ASD pathogenesis. Glutathione-mediated regulation of glutamate receptors [e.g., N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor], as well as the role of glutamate as a substrate for glutathione synthesis, may be involved in the regulation of glutamate excitotoxicity. However, the interaction between glutathione and glutamate in the pathogenesis of brain diseases may vary from synergism to antagonism. Modulation of glutathione is also associated with regulation of redox-sensitive transcription factors nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and activator protein 1 (AP-1) and downstream signaling (proinflammatory cytokines and inducible enzymes), thus providing a significant impact on neuroinflammation. Mitochondrial dysfunction, as well as neuronal apoptosis, may also provide a significant link between glutathione metabolism and ASD. Furthermore, it has been recently highlighted that glutathione can affect and modulate DNA methylation and epigenetics. Review analysis including research studies meeting the required criteria for analysis showed statistically significant differences between the plasma GSH and GSSG levels as well as GSH:GSSG ratio in autistic patients compared with healthy individuals (P = 0.0145, P = 0.0150 and P = 0.0202, respectively). Therefore, the existing data provide a strong background on the role of the glutathione system in ASD pathogenesis. Future research is necessary to investigate the role of glutathione redox signaling in ASD, which could potentially also lead to promising therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine (CONEM), Mo I Rana, Norway.
| | - Alexey A Tinkov
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl, Russia; Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems, Agro-technologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg, Russia
| | - Božena Hosnedlová
- Department of Human Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic; CONEM Metallomics Nanomedicine Research Group (CMNRG), Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Rene Kizek
- Department of Human Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic; CONEM Metallomics Nanomedicine Research Group (CMNRG), Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Laboratory Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Olga P Ajsuvakova
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl, Russia; Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems, Agro-technologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg, Russia
| | - Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; CONEM Scientific Secretary, Verona, Italy
| | - Margarita G Skalnaya
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems, Agro-technologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg, Russia
| | | | - Maryam Dadar
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Afaf El-Ansary
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Autism Research and Treatment Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; CONEM Saudi Autism Research Group, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan Qasem
- Autism Research and Treatment Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; CONEM Saudi Autism Research Group, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - James B Adams
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Jan Aaseth
- Research Department, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Brumunddal, Norway
| | - Anatoly V Skalny
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems, Agro-technologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg, Russia
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13
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Robb JL, Morrissey NA, Weightman Potter PG, Smithers HE, Beall C, Ellacott KLJ. Immunometabolic Changes in Glia - A Potential Role in the Pathophysiology of Obesity and Diabetes. Neuroscience 2020; 447:167-181. [PMID: 31765625 PMCID: PMC7567742 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chronic low-grade inflammation is a feature of the pathophysiology of obesity and diabetes in the CNS as well as peripheral tissues. Glial cells are critical mediators of the response to inflammation in the brain. Key features of glia include their metabolic flexibility, sensitivity to changes in the CNS microenvironment, and ability to rapidly adapt their function accordingly. They are specialised cells which cooperate to promote and preserve neuronal health, playing important roles in regulating the activity of neuronal networks across the brain during different life stages. Increasing evidence points to a role of glia, most notably astrocytes and microglia, in the systemic regulation of energy and glucose homeostasis in the course of normal physiological control and during disease. Inflammation is an energetically expensive process that requires adaptive changes in cellular metabolism and, in turn, metabolic intermediates can also have immunomodulatory actions. Such "immunometabolic" changes in peripheral immune cells have been implicated in contributing to disease pathology in obesity and diabetes. This review will discuss the evidence for a role of immunometabolic changes in glial cells in the systemic regulation of energy and glucose homeostasis, and how this changes in the context of obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine L Robb
- Neuroendocrine Research Group, Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Nicole A Morrissey
- Neuroendocrine Research Group, Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Paul G Weightman Potter
- Neuroendocrine Research Group, Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Hannah E Smithers
- Neuroendocrine Research Group, Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Craig Beall
- Neuroendocrine Research Group, Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Kate L J Ellacott
- Neuroendocrine Research Group, Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK.
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14
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Wei X, Jin XH, Meng XW, Hua J, Ji FH, Wang LN, Yang JP. Platelet-rich plasma improves chronic inflammatory pain by inhibiting PKM2-mediated aerobic glycolysis in astrocytes. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:1456. [PMID: 33313201 PMCID: PMC7723564 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-6502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Astrocytes are highly glycolytic cells that play a crucial role in chronic pain. Recently it has been found that inflammation and metabolism are related to the inflammatory stimuli closely that cause cellular metabolic changes. Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) is a critical metabolic kinase in aerobic glycolysis or the Warburg effect. Besides, it also plays a crucial role in cell proliferation and signal transduction, but its role in astrocytes is still unclear. Methods The chronic inflammatory pain model was set up by intraplantar injection of complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats as well as the cell model was constructed by lipopolysaccharide-treated primary astrocytes. Von Frey filament stimulation was used to continuously observe the changes of pain behavior in rats after modeling. Then, immunofluorescence staining and Western blot tests were used to observe the expression levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), pyruvate kinase (PKM2), signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) and high mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB1). After that, specific kits measured lactate contents. Finally, we observed the platelet-rich plasma’s (PRP) effect on mechanical hyperalgesia in rats with inflammatory pain induced by CFA and its effect on related signal molecules. Results We found that in the CFA-induced inflammatory pain model, astrocytes were significantly activated, GFAP was increased, PKM2 was significantly up-regulated, and the glycolytic product lactate was increased. Also, intrathecal injection of PRP increased the pain threshold, inhibited the activation of astrocytes, and decreased the expression of PKM2 and aerobic glycolysis; in LPS-activated primary astrocytes as an in vitro model, we found PKM2 translocation activationSTAT3 signaling resulted in sustained activation of astrocyte marker GFAP, and the expression level and localization of p-STAT3 were correlated with PKM2. PRP could inhibit the activation of astrocytes, reduce the expression of PKM2 and the expression levels of glycolysis and GFAP, GLUT1, and p-STAT3 in astrocytes. Conclusions Our findings suggest PKM2 not only plays a glycolytic role in astrocytes, but also plays a crucial role in astrocyte-activated signaling pathways, and PRP attenuates CFA induced inflammatory pain by inhibiting aerobic glycolysis in astrocytes, providing a new therapeutic target for the treatment of inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Meng
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jie Hua
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Fu-Hai Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Li-Na Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jian-Ping Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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15
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Bjørklund G, Peana M, Maes M, Dadar M, Severin B. The glutathione system in Parkinson's disease and its progression. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 120:470-478. [PMID: 33068556 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Redox dysfunctions and neuro-oxidative stress play a major role in the pathophysiology and progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). Glutathione (GSH) and the reduced/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) ratio are lowered in oxidative stress conditions and may lead to increased oxidative toxicity. GSH is involved not only in neuro-immune and neuro-oxidative processes, including thiol redox signaling, but also in cell proliferation and differentiation and in the regulation of cell death, including apoptotic pathways. Lowered GSH metabolism and a low GSH/GSSG ratio following oxidative stress are associated with mitochondrial dysfunctions and constitute a critical factor in the neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative processes accompanying PD. This review provides indirect evidence that GSH redox signaling is associated with the pathophysiology of PD. Nevertheless, it has not been delineated whether GSH redox imbalances are a causative factor in PD or whether PD-associated pathways cause the GSH redox imbalances in PD. The results show that antioxidant approaches, including neuroprotective and anti-neuroinflammatory agents, which neutralize reactive oxygen species, may have therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of PD and its progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine (CONEM), Mo i Rana, Norway.
| | | | - Michael Maes
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Impact Research Center, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Maryam Dadar
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Beatrice Severin
- Faculty of Medicine, Ovidius University of Constanta, Constanta, Romania
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16
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Resveratrol Prevents GLUT3 Up-Regulation Induced by Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10090651. [PMID: 32962200 PMCID: PMC7563146 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10090651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose transporter (GLUT)3 up-regulation is an adaptive response activated to prevent cellular damage when brain metabolic energy is reduced. Resveratrol is a natural polyphenol with anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory features that protects neurons against damage induced in cerebral ischemia. Since transcription factors sensitive to oxidative stress and inflammation modulate GLUT3 expression, the purpose of this work was to assess the effect of resveratrol on GLUT3 expression levels after ischemia. Male Wistar rats were subjected to 2 h of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed by different times of reperfusion. Resveratrol (1.9 mg/kg; i. p.) was administered at the onset of the restoration of the blood flow. Quantitative-PCR and Western blot showed that MCAO provoked a substantial increase in GLUT3 expression in the ipsilateral side to the lesion of the cerebral cortex. Immunofluorescence assays indicated that GLUT3 levels were upregulated in astrocytes. Additionally, an important increase in GLUT3 occurred in other cellular types (e.g., damaged neurons, microglia, or infiltrated macrophages). Immunodetection of the microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) showed that MCAO induced severe damage to the neuronal population. However, the administration of resveratrol at the time of reperfusion resulted in injury reduction. Resveratrol also prevented the MCAO-induced increase of GLUT3 expression. In conclusion, resveratrol protects neurons from damage induced by ischemia and prevents GLUT3 upregulation in the damaged brain that might depend on AMPK activation.
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17
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Rabaneda-Lombarte N, Blasco-Agell L, Serratosa J, Ferigle L, Saura J, Solà C. Parkinsonian neurotoxicants impair the anti-inflammatory response induced by IL4 in glial cells: involvement of the CD200-CD200R1 ligand-receptor pair. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10650. [PMID: 32606391 PMCID: PMC7326927 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67649-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to pesticides such as rotenone is a risk factor for Parkinson's disease. Dopaminergic neurons are especially sensitive to the toxicity of compounds that inhibit the mitochondrial respiratory chain such as rotenone and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+). However, there is scarce information on their effects on glia. To evaluate whether these neurotoxicants affect the immune response of glia, primary mouse mixed glial and microglial cultures were treated with interleukin (IL) 4 in the absence and presence of MPP+ or rotenone. Using qRTPCR or western blot, we determined the expression of anti-inflammatory markers, the CD200R1 microglial receptor and its ligand CD200, and genes regulating glycolysis and oxidative metabolism. ATP and lactate levels were additionally determined as an index of cell metabolism. Microglial phagocytosis was also evaluated. MPP+ and rotenone clearly abrogated the IL4-induced expression of anti-inflammatory markers in mixed glial cultures. CD200 and CD200R1 expression and microglia phagocytosis were also affected by the neurotoxicants. Changes in the mRNA expression of the molecules regulating glycolysis and oxidative metabolism, as well as in ATP levels and lactate release suggested that metabolic reprogramming in response to MPP+ and rotenone differs between microglial and mixed glial cultures. These findings support the hypothesis that parkinsonian neurotoxicants may impair brain immune response altering glial cell metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neus Rabaneda-Lombarte
- Department of Cerebral Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August-Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), c/Rosselló 161, 6th Floor, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucas Blasco-Agell
- Department of Cerebral Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August-Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), c/Rosselló 161, 6th Floor, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Serratosa
- Department of Cerebral Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August-Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), c/Rosselló 161, 6th Floor, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Ferigle
- Department of Cerebral Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August-Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), c/Rosselló 161, 6th Floor, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Saura
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Solà
- Department of Cerebral Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August-Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), c/Rosselló 161, 6th Floor, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
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18
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Robb JL, Hammad NA, Weightman Potter PG, Chilton JK, Beall C, Ellacott KLJ. The metabolic response to inflammation in astrocytes is regulated by nuclear factor-kappa B signaling. Glia 2020; 68:2246-2263. [PMID: 32277522 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation and metabolism are intrinsically linked with inflammatory stimuli inducing metabolic changes in cells and, in turn, metabolic capacity determining cellular inflammatory responses. Although well characterized in peripheral immune cells there is comparatively less known about these "immunometabolic" responses in astrocytes. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the astrocytic inflammatory response driven by nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling is dependent on glycolytic metabolism. Using mouse primary cortical astrocyte cultures, we assessed changes in cellular metabolism after exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), with cytokine ELISAs and immunoblotting being used to measure inflammatory responses. Results indicate temporally distinct metabolic adaptations to pro-inflammatory stimulation in astrocytes: 3 hr LPS treatment increased glycolysis but did not alter mitochondrial metabolism, while following 24 hr of LPS treatment we observed increased oxidative phosphorylation, and decreased glycolytic capacity and glucose uptake, partly due to reduced glucose transporter 1 expression. Inhibition of NF-κB signaling with the IKK-beta inhibitor TPCA-1 prevented the LPS induced changes to glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. Furthermore, TPCA-1 treatment altered both glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation independently from inflammatory stimulation, indicating a role for NF-κB signaling in regulation of basal metabolism in astrocytes. Inhibition of glycolysis with 2-deoxyglucose significantly attenuated LPS-induced cytokine release and NF-κB phosphorylation, indicating that intact glycolysis is required for the full inflammatory response to LPS. Together our data indicate that astrocytes display immunometabolic responses to acute LPS stimulation which may represent a potential therapeutic target for neuroinflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine L Robb
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Nadia A Hammad
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Paul G Weightman Potter
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - John K Chilton
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Craig Beall
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Kate L J Ellacott
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
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19
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Traumatic brain injury and methamphetamine: A double-hit neurological insult. J Neurol Sci 2020; 411:116711. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.116711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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20
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Chistyakov DV, Gavrish GE, Goriainov SV, Chistyakov VV, Astakhova AA, Azbukina NV, Sergeeva MG. Oxylipin Profiles as Functional Characteristics of Acute Inflammatory Responses in Astrocytes Pre-Treated with IL-4, IL-10, or LPS. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051780. [PMID: 32150861 PMCID: PMC7084882 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional phenotypes, which cells can acquire depending on the microenvironment, are currently the focus of investigations into new anti-inflammatory therapeutic approaches. Glial cells, microglia, and astrocytes are major participants in neuroinflammation, but their roles differ, as microglia are cells of mesodermal origin, while astrocytes are cells of ectodermal origin. The inflammatory phenotype of cells can be modulated by ω-6- and ω-3-polyunsaturated fatty acid-derived oxylipins, although data on changes in oxylipin profiles in different cell adaptations to pro- and anti-inflammatory stimuli are scarce. Our study aimed to compare UPLC-MS/MS-measured oxylipin profiles in various rat astrocyte adaptation states. We used cells treated for 24 h with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for classical pro-inflammatory adaptation and with interleukin 4 (IL-4) or 10 (IL-10) for alternative anti-inflammatory adaptation, with the resulting phenotypes characterized by quantitative real-time PCR (RT-PCR). We also tested long-term, low-concentration LPS treatment (endotoxin treatment) as a model of astrocyte adaptations. The functional response of astrocytes was estimated by acute (4 h) LPS-induced cell reactivity, measured by gene expression markers and oxylipin synthesis. We discovered that, as well as gene markers, oxylipin profiles can serve as markers of pro- (A1-like) or anti-inflammatory (A2-like) adaptations. We observed predominant involvement of ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and the cyclooxygenase branch for classical (LPS) pro-inflammatory adaptations and ω-3 PUFA and the lipoxygenase branch for alternative (IL-4) anti-inflammatory adaptations. Treatment with IL-4, but not IL-10, primes the ability of astrocytes to activate the innate immunity signaling pathways in response to LPS. Endotoxin-treated astrocytes provide an alternative anti-inflammatory adaptation, which makes cells less sensitive to acute LPS stimulation than the IL-4 induced adaptation. Taken together, the data reveal that oxylipin profiles associate with different states of polarization to generate a pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory phenotype. This association manifests itself both in native cells and in their responses to a pro-inflammatory stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry V. Chistyakov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.A.); (M.G.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-495-939-4332
| | - Gleb E. Gavrish
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (G.E.G.); (N.V.A.)
| | - Sergei V. Goriainov
- SREC PFUR Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia; (S.V.G.); (V.V.C.)
| | - Viktor V. Chistyakov
- SREC PFUR Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia; (S.V.G.); (V.V.C.)
| | - Alina A. Astakhova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.A.); (M.G.S.)
| | - Nadezda V. Azbukina
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (G.E.G.); (N.V.A.)
| | - Marina G. Sergeeva
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.A.); (M.G.S.)
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The concussion public health burden has increased alongside our knowledge of the pathophysiology of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). The purpose of this review is to summarize our current understanding of mTBI pathophysiology and biomechanics and how these underlying principles correlate with clinical manifestations of mTBI. RECENT FINDINGS Changes in post-mTBI glutamate and GABA concentrations seem to be region-specific and time-dependent. Genetic variability may predict recovery and symptom severity while gender differences appear to be associated with the neuroinflammatory response and neuroplasticity. Ongoing biomechanical research has shown a growing body of evidence in support of an "individual-specific threshold" for mTBI that varies based on individual intrinsic factors. The literature demonstrates a well-characterized timeframe for mTBI pathophysiologic changes in animal models while work in this area continues to grow in humans. Current human research shows that these underlying post-mTBI effects are multifactorial and may correlate with symptomatology and recovery. While wearable sensor technology has advanced biomechanical impact research, a definitive concussion threshold remains elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Romeu-Mejia
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCLA Steve Tisch BrainSPORT Program, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- UCLA Brain Injury Research Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christopher C Giza
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCLA Steve Tisch BrainSPORT Program, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- UCLA Brain Injury Research Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics/Pediatric Neurology, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joshua T Goldman
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCLA Steve Tisch BrainSPORT Program, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Family Medicine, Division of Sports Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Intercollegiate Athletics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Center for Sports Medicine, Orthopedic Institute for Children, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Effects on Glial Cell Glycolysis in Schizophrenia: An Advanced Aging Phenotype? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1178:25-38. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-25650-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Fiore NT, Austin PJ. Glial-cytokine-neuronal Adaptations in the Ventral Hippocampus of Rats with Affective Behavioral Changes Following Peripheral Nerve Injury. Neuroscience 2018; 390:119-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Mc Fie S, Abrahams S, Patricios J, Suter J, Posthumus M, September AV. Inflammatory and apoptotic signalling pathways and concussion severity: a genetic association study. J Sports Sci 2018; 36:2226-2234. [PMID: 29509495 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1448570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to investigate the relationship between IL-1B rs16944, IL-6 rs1800795, and CASP8 rs3834129 genetic polymorphisms and concussion severity. Rugby players from high school, senior amateur, and professional teams completed a concussion severity questionnaire and donated a DNA sample. Participants (n = 163) were split into symptom severity groups around the median number and duration of symptoms. The frequency of participants with high symptom counts (more than five symptoms) increased across the IL-1B (C/C: 35%; C/T: 51%; T/T: 56%; P = 0.047) and the IL-6 (C/C: 31%; C/G: 44%; G/G: 58%; P = 0.027) genotypes. The C-C inferred interleukin allele construct frequency, created from combining the IL-1B and IL-6 genotype data, was lower in participants reporting a high symptom count (18%), compared to those with a low symptom count (fewer than six symptoms, 36%, P = 0.002). Similarly, the C-C inferred interleukin allele construct frequency was lower in those reporting prolonged symptom duration (more than one week, 16%), as opposed to short symptom duration (less than one week, 34%, P = 0.015). This study provides evidence of novel inflammatory pathway genetic associations with concussion severity, which supports the hypothesis implicating neuroinflammation in the development of concussion symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Mc Fie
- a Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Science , University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa
| | - Shameemah Abrahams
- a Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Science , University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa
| | - Jon Patricios
- b Morningside Sports Medicine Clinic , Johannesburg , South Africa.,c Section of Sports Medicine , University of Pretoria , Pretoria , South Africa.,d Department of Emergency Medicine , University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg , South Africa
| | - Jason Suter
- e Sports Science Sports and Exercise Medicine Clinic , Cape Town , South Africa
| | - Michael Posthumus
- a Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Science , University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa
| | - Alison V September
- a Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Science , University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa
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Spatiotemporal control of mitochondrial network dynamics in astroglial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 500:17-25. [PMID: 28676398 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.06.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are increasingly recognized for playing important roles in regulating the evolving metabolic state of mammalian cells. This is particularly true for nerve cells, as dysregulation of mitochondrial dynamics is invariably associated with a number of neuropathies. Accumulating evidence now reveals that changes in mitochondrial dynamics and structure may play equally important roles also in the cell biology of astroglial cells. Astroglial cells display significant heterogeneity in their morphology and specialized functions across different brain regions, however besides fundamental differences they seem to share a surprisingly complex meshwork of mitochondria, which is highly suggestive of tightly regulated mechanisms that contribute to maintain this unique architecture. Here, we summarize recent work performed in astrocytes in situ indicating that this may indeed be the case, with astrocytic mitochondrial networks shown to experience rapid dynamic changes in response to defined external cues. Although the mechanisms underlying this degree of mitochondrial re-shaping are far from being understood, recent data suggest that they may contribute to demarcate astrocyte territories undergoing key signalling and metabolic functions.
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26
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Saggu R. Interleukin-1beta-induced reduction of tissue water diffusion in the juvenile rat brain on ADC MRI is not associated with 31P MRS-detectable energy failure. J Inflamm (Lond) 2016; 13:9. [PMID: 26989349 PMCID: PMC4794816 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-016-0118-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It has long been known that an intrastriatal microinjection of the archetypal pro-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), in juvenile rats induces a chronic reduction in the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of tissue water on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Reduced ADC during acute cerebral ischaemia is an established indicator of metabolic failure whereas the cause of the IL-1β-induced reduction remains to be deciphered. Previously, it has been shown that IL-1β does not perturb the phosphorus (31P) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)-detectable energy status of an ex vivo preparation of rat brain parenchyma that is devoid of a functional vasculature component. However, brain energy status following an IL-1β challenge in vivo remains to be examined. Methods This study is the first longitudinal in vivo examination of the correlation of ADC MRI with localised 31P MRS signals obtained specifically from within the injected and non-injected striatum following IL-1β (1 ng/ul or 100 ng/ul) challenge, in real-time. Results Despite observing a chronic reduction in ADC at either dose of IL-1β challenge, energy compromise was not detected at any time point. Conclusions The IL-1β-induced effects pertaining to a functional vasculature such as leukocyte recruitment, blood–brain barrier (BBB) breakdown and blood flow changes are unlikely to impact on overall tissue energy status. Compared to classic ischaemia, there is dissociation between ADC and energy status within an IL-1β-induced lesion in vivo.
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Salles von-Held-Ventura J, Mázala-de-Oliveira T, Cândida da Rocha Oliveira A, Granja MG, Gonçalves-de-Albuquerque CF, Castro-Faria-Neto HC, Giestal-de-Araujo E. The trophic effect of ouabain on retinal ganglion cells is mediated by IL-1β and TNF-α. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 478:378-384. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Jeney A, Hujber Z, Szoboszlai N, Fullár A, Oláh J, Pap É, Márk Á, Kriston C, Kralovánszky J, Kovalszky I, Vékey K, Sebestyén A. Characterisation of bioenergetic pathways and related regulators by multiple assays in human tumour cells. Cancer Cell Int 2016; 16:4. [PMID: 26869854 PMCID: PMC4750284 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-016-0281-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alterations in cellular metabolism are considered as hallmarks of cancers, however, to recognize these alterations and understand their mechanisms appropriate techniques are required. Our hypothesis was to determine whether dominant bioenergetic mechanism may be estimated by comparing the substrate utilisation with different methods to detect the labelled carbon incorporation and their application in tumour cells. Methods To define the bioenergetic pathways different metabolic tests were applied: (a) measuring CO2 production from [1-14C]-glucose and [1-14C]-acetate; (b) studying the effect of glucose and acetate on adenylate energy charge; (c) analysing glycolytic and TCA cycle metabolites and the number of incorporated 13C atoms after [U-13C]-glucose/[2-13C]-acetate labelling. Based on [1-14C]-substrate oxidation two selected cell lines out of seven were analysed in details, in which the highest difference was detected at their substrate utilization. To elucidate the relevance of metabolic characterisation the expression of certain regulatory factors, bioenergetic enzymes, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complexes (C1/C2) and related targets as important elements at the crossroad of cellular signalling network were also investigated. Results Both [U-13C]-glucose and [1-14C]-substrate labelling indicated high glycolytic capacity of tumour cells. However, the ratio of certain 13C-labelled metabolites showed detailed metabolic differences in the two selected cell lines in further characterisation. The detected differences of GAPDH, β-F1-ATP-ase expression and adenylate energy charge in HT-1080 and ZR-75.1 tumour cells also confirmed the altered metabolism. Moreover, the highly limited labelling of citrate by [2-13C]-acetate—representing a novel functional test in malignant cells—confirmed the defect of TCA cycle of HT-1080 in contrast to ZR-75.1 cells. Noteworthy, the impaired TCA cycle in HT-1080 cells were associated with high mTORC1 activity, negligible protein level and activity of mTORC2, high expression of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and heme oxygenase-1 which may contribute to the compensatory mechanism of TCA deficiency. Conclusions The applied methods of energy substrate utilisation and other measurements represent simple assay system using 13C-acetate and glucose to recognize dominant bioenergetic pathways in tumour cells. These may offer a possibility to characterise metabolic subtypes of human tumours and provide guidelines to find biomarkers for prediction and development of new metabolism related targets in personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jeney
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, 1085 Hungary
| | - Z Hujber
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, 1085 Hungary
| | - N Szoboszlai
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, P.O. Box 32, Budapest, 1518 Hungary
| | - A Fullár
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, 1085 Hungary
| | - J Oláh
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, 1085 Hungary
| | - É Pap
- Department of Clinical Research, National Institute of Oncology, P.O. Box 21, Budapest, 1525 Hungary
| | - Á Márk
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, 1085 Hungary
| | - Cs Kriston
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, 1085 Hungary
| | - J Kralovánszky
- Department of Clinical Research, National Institute of Oncology, P.O. Box 21, Budapest, 1525 Hungary
| | - I Kovalszky
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, 1085 Hungary
| | - K Vékey
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Pusztaszeri u. 59-67, Budapest, 1025 Hungary
| | - A Sebestyén
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, 1085 Hungary.,Tumour progression Research Group of Joint Research Organization of Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Nijland PG, Molenaar RJ, van der Pol SMA, van der Valk P, van Noorden CJF, de Vries HE, van Horssen J. Differential expression of glucose-metabolizing enzymes in multiple sclerosis lesions. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2015; 3:79. [PMID: 26637184 PMCID: PMC4670517 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-015-0261-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Demyelinated axons in multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions have an increased energy demand in order to maintain conduction. However, oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction likely alters glucose metabolism and consequently impairs neuronal function in MS. Imaging and pathological studies indicate that glucose metabolism is altered in MS, although the underlying mechanisms and its role in neurodegeneration remain elusive. We investigated expression patterns of key enzymes involved in glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and lactate metabolism in well-characterized MS tissue to establish which regulators of glucose metabolism are involved in MS and to identify underlying mechanisms. Results Expression levels of glycolytic enzymes were increased in active and inactive MS lesions, whereas expression levels of enzymes involved in the TCA cycle were upregulated in active MS lesions, but not in inactive MS lesions. We observed reduced expression and production capacity of mitochondrial α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (αKGDH) in demyelinated axons, which correlated with signs of axonal dysfunction. In inactive lesions, increased expression of lactate-producing enzymes was observed in astrocytes, whereas lactate-catabolising enzymes were mainly detected in axons. Our results demonstrate that the expression of various enzymes involved in glucose metabolism is increased in both astrocytes and axons in active MS lesions. In inactive MS lesions, we provide evidence that astrocytes undergo a glycolytic shift resulting in enhanced astrocyte-axon lactate shuttling, which may be pivotal for the survival of demyelinated axons. Conclusion In conclusion, we show that key enzymes involved in energy metabolism are differentially expressed in active and inactive MS lesions. Our findings imply that, in addition to reduced oxidative phosphorylation activity, other bioenergetic pathways are affected as well, which may contribute to ongoing axonal degeneration in MS. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40478-015-0261-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Elevated Levels of IFN-γ in CSF and Serum of Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136937. [PMID: 26332465 PMCID: PMC4557946 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To explore whether the levels of IFN-γ in cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) and serum are elevated in ALS patients and to analyze the correlations between the IFN-γ levels and disease progression. Methods CSF and serum samples were obtained from 52 ALS patients and 31 non-ALS patients. The levels of IFN-γ in CSF and serum were assessed, and disease progression parameters, including the disease interval (months from onset, MFO), the revised ALS Functional Rating Scale (ALSFRS-r) score and the disease progression rate (DPR) were analyzed by registered neurologists. All samples were measured using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Statistical analyses were performed using Prism software. Results Compared to the non-ALS patients, the ALS patients displayed significantly increased levels of IFN-γ in both CSF and serum, and these values consistently correlated with disease progression. Conclusions These results demonstrated that IFN-γ in CSF may serve as a biomarker of ALS differentiation and progression. CSF IFN-γ was a more reliable biomarker of disease diagnosis and progression than serum IFN-γ.
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Seidel JL, Escartin C, Ayata C, Bonvento G, Shuttleworth CW. Multifaceted roles for astrocytes in spreading depolarization: A target for limiting spreading depolarization in acute brain injury? Glia 2015; 64:5-20. [PMID: 26301517 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Spreading depolarizations (SDs) are coordinated waves of synchronous depolarization, involving large numbers of neurons and astrocytes as they spread slowly through brain tissue. The recent identification of SDs as likely contributors to pathophysiology in human subjects has led to a significant increase in interest in SD mechanisms, and possible approaches to limit the numbers of SDs or their deleterious consequences in injured brain. Astrocytes regulate many events associated with SD. SD initiation and propagation is dependent on extracellular accumulation of K(+) and glutamate, both of which involve astrocytic clearance. SDs are extremely metabolically demanding events, and signaling through astrocyte networks is likely central to the dramatic increase in regional blood flow that accompanies SD in otherwise healthy tissues. Astrocytes may provide metabolic support to neurons following SD, and may provide a source of adenosine that inhibits neuronal activity following SD. It is also possible that astrocytes contribute to the pathophysiology of SD, as a consequence of excessive glutamate release, facilitation of NMDA receptor activation, brain edema due to astrocyte swelling, or disrupted coupling to appropriate vascular responses after SD. Direct or indirect evidence has accumulated implicating astrocytes in many of these responses, but much remains unknown about their specific contributions, especially in the context of injury. Conversion of astrocytes to a reactive phenotype is a prominent feature of injured brain, and recent work suggests that the different functional properties of reactive astrocytes could be targeted to limit SDs in pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Seidel
- Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Lab, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Carole Escartin
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Département des Sciences du Vivant (DSV), Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale (I2BM), Molecular Imaging Center (MIRCen), CNRS UMR 9199, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Cenk Ayata
- Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Lab, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts.,Stroke Service and Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Gilles Bonvento
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Département des Sciences du Vivant (DSV), Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale (I2BM), Molecular Imaging Center (MIRCen), CNRS UMR 9199, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - C William Shuttleworth
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico
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Currais A. Ageing and inflammation - A central role for mitochondria in brain health and disease. Ageing Res Rev 2015; 21:30-42. [PMID: 25684584 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
To develop successful therapies that prevent or treat neurodegenerative diseases requires an understanding of the upstream events. Ageing is by far the greatest risk factor for most of these diseases, and to clarify their causes will require an understanding of the process of ageing itself. Starting with the question Why do we age as individual organisms, but the line of pluripotent embryonic stem cells and germ cells carried by individuals and transmitted to descendants is immortal? this review discusses how the process of cellular differentiation leads to the accumulation of biological imperfections with ageing, and how these imperfections may be the cause of chronic inflammatory responses to stress that undermine cellular function. Both differentiation and inflammation involve drastic metabolic changes associated with alterations in mitochondrial dynamics that shift the balance between aerobic glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. With ageing, mitochondrial dysfunction can be both the cause and consequence of inflammatory processes and elicit metabolic adaptations that might be either protective or become progressively detrimental. It is argued here that an understanding of the relationship between metabolism, differentiation and inflammation is essential to understand the pathological mechanisms governing brain health and disease during ageing.
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de Git KCG, Adan RAH. Leptin resistance in diet-induced obesity: the role of hypothalamic inflammation. Obes Rev 2015; 16:207-24. [PMID: 25589226 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The consumption of Western diets, high in sugar and saturated fat, is a crucial contributor to the alarming incidence of obesity and its associated morbidities. These diets have been reported to induce an inflammatory response in the hypothalamus, which promotes the development of central leptin resistance and obesity. This inflammatory signalling involves dynamic changes in the expression and activity of several mediators of the innate immune system, including toll-like receptor 4, IκB kinase-β/nuclear factor-κB, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, suppressor of cytokine signalling 3 and pro-inflammatory cytokines, as well as the induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy defect. Although the exact cellular mechanisms remain incompletely understood, recent evidence suggests that the inflammatory response is at least mediated by interactions between neurons and non-neuronal cells such as microglia and astrocytes. Current evidence of the contribution of each inflammatory mediator to leptin resistance and diet-induced obesity (DIO), including their reciprocal interactions and cell-type-specific effects, is reviewed and integrated in a conceptual model. Based upon this model and pharmacological intervention studies, several inflammatory mediators are proposed to be promising therapeutic targets for the treatment of DIO.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C G de Git
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Allaman I, Bélanger M, Magistretti PJ. Methylglyoxal, the dark side of glycolysis. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:23. [PMID: 25709564 PMCID: PMC4321437 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose is the main energy substrate for the brain. There is now extensive evidence indicating that the metabolic profile of neural cells with regard to glucose utilization and glycolysis rate is not homogenous, with a marked propensity for glycolytic glucose processing in astrocytes compared to neurons. Methylglyoxal, a highly reactive dicarbonyl compound, is inevitably formed as a by-product of glycolysis. Methylglyoxal is a major cell-permeant precursor of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), which are associated with several pathologies including diabetes, aging and neurodegenerative diseases. In normal situations, cells are protected against methylglyoxal toxicity by different mechanisms and in particular the glyoxalase system, which represents the most important pathway for the detoxification of methylglyoxal. While the neurotoxic effects of methylglyoxal and AGEs are well characterized, our understanding the glyoxalase system in the brain is more scattered. Considering the high energy requirements (i.e., glucose) of the brain, one should expect that the cerebral glyoxalase system is adequately fitted to handle methylglyoxal toxicity. This review focuses on our actual knowledge on the cellular aspects of the glyoxalase system in brain cells, in particular with regard to its activity in astrocytes and neurons. A main emerging concept is that these two neural cell types have different and energetically adapted glyoxalase defense mechanisms which may serve as protective mechanism against methylglyoxal-induced cellular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Allaman
- Laboratory of Neuroenergetics and Cellular Dynamics, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mireille Bélanger
- Laboratory of Neuroenergetics and Cellular Dynamics, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre J Magistretti
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Thuwal, Saudi Arabia ; Laboratory of Neuroenergetics and Cellular Dynamics, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Lausanne, Switzerland
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Caniatti MCDCL, Marchioro AA, Guilherme ALF, Tsuneto LT. Association of cytokines in individuals sensitive and insensitive to dust mites in a Brazilian population. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107921. [PMID: 25238536 PMCID: PMC4169580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Allergic reaction to dust mites is a relatively common condition among children, triggering cutaneous and respiratory responses that have a great impact on the health of this population. Anaphylactic hypersensitivity is characterized by an exacerbated response involving the production of regulatory cytokines responsible for stimulating the production of IgE antibodies. Objective To investigate an association of variants in cytokine genes (IL1A−889, IL1B−511, +3962, IL1R1970, IL1RA11100, IL4RA+1902, IL12−1188, IFNG+874, TGFB1codon 10, codon 25, TNFA−308, −238, IL2−330, +166, IL4−1098, −590, −33, IL6−174, nt565, and IL10−1082, −819, −592) between patients sensitive to dust mites and a control group. Methods A total of 254 patients were grouped as atopic and non-atopic according to sensitivity as evaluated by the Prick Test and to cytokine genotyping by the polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific primers (PCR-SSP) method using the Cytokine Genotyping Kit. Results A comparison between individuals allergic to Dermatophagoides farinae, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, and Blomia tropicalis and a non-atopic control group showed significant differences between allele and genotype frequencies in the regulatory regions of cytokine genes, with important evidence for IL4−590 in T/C (10.2% vs. 43.1%, odd ratio [OR] = 0.15, p = 5.2 10−8, pc = 0.0000011, and 95% confidence interval [95%CI] = 0.07–0.32) and T/T genotypes (42.9% vs. 13.8%, OR = 4.69, p = 2.5 10−6, pc = 0.000055, and 95%CI = 2.42–9.09). Other associations were observed in the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL1A−889 (T/T, C, and T) and IL2−330 (G/T and T/T) and the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL4RA+1902 (A and G), IL4−590 (T/C, T/T, C, and T), and IL10−592 (A/A, C/A, A, and C). Conclusion Our results suggest a possible association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in cytokine genes and hypersensitivity to dust mites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ariella Andrade Marchioro
- Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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Nijland PG, Michailidou I, Witte ME, Mizee MR, van der Pol SMA, van Het Hof B, Reijerkerk A, Pellerin L, van der Valk P, de Vries HE, van Horssen J. Cellular distribution of glucose and monocarboxylate transporters in human brain white matter and multiple sclerosis lesions. Glia 2014; 62:1125-41. [PMID: 24692237 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To ensure efficient energy supply to the high demanding brain, nutrients are transported into brain cells via specific glucose (GLUT) and monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). Mitochondrial dysfunction and altered glucose metabolism are thought to play an important role in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Here, we investigated the cellular localization of key GLUT and MCT proteins in human brain tissue of non-neurological controls and MS patients. We show that in control brain tissue GLUT and MCT proteins were abundantly expressed in a variety of central nervous system cells, particularly in microglia and endothelial cells. In active MS lesions, GLUTs and MCTs were highly expressed in infiltrating leukocytes and reactive astrocytes. Astrocytes manifest increased MCT1 staining and maintain GLUT expression in inactive lesions, whereas demyelinated axons exhibit significantly reduced GLUT3 and MCT2 immunoreactivity in inactive lesions. Finally, we demonstrated that the co-transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1-alpha (PGC-1α), an important protein involved in energy metabolism, is highly expressed in reactive astrocytes in active MS lesions. Overexpression of PGC-1α in astrocyte-like cells resulted in increased production of several GLUT and MCT proteins. In conclusion, we provide for the first time a comprehensive overview of key nutrient transporters in white matter brain samples. Moreover, our data demonstrate an altered expression of these nutrient transporters in MS brain tissue, including a marked reduction of axonal GLUT3 and MCT2 expression in chronic lesions, which may impede efficient nutrient supply to the hypoxic demyelinated axons thereby contributing to the ongoing neurodegeneration in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip G Nijland
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Inflammation-induced alteration of astrocyte mitochondrial dynamics requires autophagy for mitochondrial network maintenance. Cell Metab 2013; 18:844-59. [PMID: 24315370 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that changes in the metabolic signature of astrocytes underlie their response to neuroinflammation, but how proinflammatory stimuli induce these changes is poorly understood. By monitoring astrocytes following acute cortical injury, we identified a differential and region-specific remodeling of their mitochondrial network: while astrocytes within the penumbra of the lesion undergo mitochondrial elongation, those located in the core-the area invaded by proinflammatory cells-experience transient mitochondrial fragmentation. In brain slices, proinflammatory stimuli reproduced localized changes in mitochondrial dynamics, favoring fission over fusion. This effect was triggered by Drp1 phosphorylation and ultimately resulted in reduced respiratory capacity. Furthermore, maintenance of the mitochondrial architecture critically depended on the induction of autophagy. Deletion of Atg7, required for autophagosome formation, prevented the reestablishment of tubular mitochondria, leading to marked reactive oxygen species accumulation and cell death. Thus, our data reveal autophagy to be essential for regenerating astrocyte mitochondrial networks during inflammation.
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Hertz L, Song D, Li B, Yan E, Peng L. Importance of ‘inflammatory molecules’, but not necessarily of inflammation, in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder and in the mechanisms of action of anti-bipolar drugs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.npbr.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Dias C, McDonald A, Sincan M, Rupps R, Markello T, Salvarinova R, Santos RF, Menghrajani K, Ahaghotu C, Sutherland DP, Fortuno ES, Kollmann TR, Demos M, Friedman JM, Speert DP, Gahl WA, Boerkoel CF. Recurrent subacute post-viral onset of ataxia associated with a PRF1 mutation. Eur J Hum Genet 2013; 21:1232-9. [PMID: 23443029 PMCID: PMC3798831 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2013.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is an important contributor to pediatric and adult neurodegeneration. Understanding the genetic determinants of neuroinflammation provides valuable insight into disease mechanism. We characterize a disorder of recurrent immune-mediated neurodegeneration. We report two sisters who presented with neurodegeneration triggered by infections. The proband, a previously healthy girl, presented at 22.5 months with ataxia and dysarthria following mild gastroenteritis. MRI at onset showed a symmetric signal abnormality of the cerebellar and peritrigonal white matter. Following a progressive course of partial remissions and relapses, she died at 5 years of age. Her older sister had a similar course following varicella infection, she died within 13 months. Both sisters had unremarkable routine laboratory testing, with exception of a transient mild cytopenia in the proband 19 months after presentation. Exome sequencing identified a biallelic perforin1 mutation (PRF1; p.R225W) previously associated with familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHL). In contrast to FHL, these girls did not have hematopathology or cytokine overproduction. However, 3 years after disease onset, the proband had markedly deficient interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) production. These observations extend the spectrum of disease associated with perforin mutations to immune-mediated neurodegeneration triggered by infection and possibly due to primary immunodeficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Dias
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Genetics and Health Cluster, Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Allison McDonald
- Centre for Understanding and Preventing Infection in Children, Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Division of Infectious and Immunological Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Murat Sincan
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, NIH Office of Rare Diseases Research and NHGRI, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rosemarie Rupps
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Genetics and Health Cluster, Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Rare Disease Foundation, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Thomas Markello
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, NIH Office of Rare Diseases Research and NHGRI, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ramona Salvarinova
- Division of Biochemical Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Rui F Santos
- Department of Radiology, BC Children's Hospital & University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kamal Menghrajani
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, NIH Office of Rare Diseases Research and NHGRI, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chidi Ahaghotu
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, NIH Office of Rare Diseases Research and NHGRI, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Darren P Sutherland
- Centre for Understanding and Preventing Infection in Children, Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Division of Infectious and Immunological Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Edgardo S Fortuno
- Centre for Understanding and Preventing Infection in Children, Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Division of Infectious and Immunological Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tobias R Kollmann
- Centre for Understanding and Preventing Infection in Children, Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Division of Infectious and Immunological Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michelle Demos
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jan M Friedman
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Genetics and Health Cluster, Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David P Speert
- Centre for Understanding and Preventing Infection in Children, Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Division of Infectious and Immunological Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - William A Gahl
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, NIH Office of Rare Diseases Research and NHGRI, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cornelius F Boerkoel
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Genetics and Health Cluster, Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, NIH Office of Rare Diseases Research and NHGRI, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Qin L, Crews FT. Focal thalamic degeneration from ethanol and thiamine deficiency is associated with neuroimmune gene induction, microglial activation, and lack of monocarboxylic acid transporters. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2013; 38:657-71. [PMID: 24117525 PMCID: PMC3959259 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Wernicke's encephalopathy-Korsakoff syndrome (WE-KS) is common in alcoholics, caused by thiamine deficiency (TD; vitamin B1) and associated with lesions to the thalamus (THAL). Although TD alone can cause WE, the high incidence in alcoholism suggests that TD and ethanol (EtOH) interact. Methods Mice in control, TD, or EtOH groups alone or combined were studied after 5 or 10 days of treatment. THAL and entorhinal cortex (ENT) histochemistry and mRNA were assessed. Results Combined EtOH-TD treatment for 5 days (EtOH-TD5) showed activated microglia, proinflammatory gene induction and THAL neurodegeneration that was greater than that found with TD alone (TD5), whereas 10 days resulted in marked THAL degeneration and microglial-neuroimmune activation in both groups. In contrast, 10 days of TD did not cause ENT degeneration. Interestingly, in ENT, TD10 activated microglia and astrocytes more than EtOH-TD10. In THAL, multiple astrocytic markers were lost consistent with glial cell loss. TD blocks glucose metabolism more than acetate. Acetate derived from hepatic EtOH metabolism is transported by monocarboxylic acid transporters (MCT) into both neurons and astrocytes that use acetyl-CoA synthetase (AcCoAS) to generate cellular energy from acetate. MCT and AcCoAS expression in THAL is lower than ENT prompting the hypothesis that focal THAL degeneration is related to insufficient MCT and AcCoAS in THAL. To test this hypothesis, we administered glycerin triacetate (GTA) to increase blood acetate and found it protected the THAL from TD-induced degeneration. Conclusions Our findings suggest that EtOH potentiates TD-induced THAL degeneration through neuroimmune gene induction. The findings support the hypothesis that TD deficiency inhibits global glucose metabolism and that a reduced ability to process acetate for cellular energy results in THAL focal degeneration in alcoholics contributing to the high incidence of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome in alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Qin
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Purkayastha S, Cai D. Neuroinflammatory basis of metabolic syndrome. Mol Metab 2013; 2:356-63. [PMID: 24327952 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory reaction is a fundamental defense mechanism against threat towards normal integrity and physiology. On the other hand, chronic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension and atherosclerosis, have been causally linked to chronic, low-grade inflammation in various metabolic tissues. Recent cross-disciplinary research has led to identification of hypothalamic inflammatory changes that are triggered by overnutrition, orchestrated by hypothalamic immune system, and sustained through metabolic syndrome-associated pathophysiology. While continuing research is actively trying to underpin the identity and mechanisms of these inflammatory stimuli and actions involved in metabolic syndrome disorders and related diseases, proinflammatory IκB kinase-β (IKKβ), the downstream nuclear transcription factor NF-κB and some related molecules in the hypothalamus were discovered to be pathogenically significant. This article is to summarize recent progresses in the field of neuroendocrine research addressing the central integrative role of neuroinflammation in metabolic syndrome components ranging from obesity, glucose intolerance to cardiovascular dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudarshana Purkayastha
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Jang E, Kim JH, Lee S, Kim JH, Seo JW, Jin M, Lee MG, Jang IS, Lee WH, Suk K. Phenotypic Polarization of Activated Astrocytes: The Critical Role of Lipocalin-2 in the Classical Inflammatory Activation of Astrocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:5204-19. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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O'Brien ER, Howarth C, Sibson NR. The role of astrocytes in CNS tumors: pre-clinical models and novel imaging approaches. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:40. [PMID: 23596394 PMCID: PMC3627137 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain metastasis is a significant clinical problem, yet the mechanisms governing tumor cell extravasation across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and CNS colonization are unclear. Astrocytes are increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis of brain metastasis but in vitro work suggests both tumoricidal and tumor-promoting roles for astrocyte-derived molecules. Also, the involvement of astrogliosis in primary brain tumor progression is under much investigation. However, translation of in vitro findings into in vivo and clinical settings has not been realized. Increasingly sophisticated resources, such as transgenic models and imaging technologies aimed at astrocyte-specific markers, will enable better characterization of astrocyte function in CNS tumors. Techniques such as bioluminescence and in vivo fluorescent cell labeling have potential for understanding the real-time responses of astrocytes to tumor burden. Transgenic models targeting signaling pathways involved in the astrocytic response also hold great promise, allowing translation of in vitro mechanistic findings into pre-clinical models. The challenging nature of in vivo CNS work has slowed progress in this area. Nonetheless, there has been a surge of interest in generating pre-clinical models, yielding insights into cell extravasation across the BBB, as well as immune cell recruitment to the parenchyma. While the function of astrocytes in the tumor microenvironment is still unknown, the relationship between astrogliosis and tumor growth is evident. Here, we review the role of astrogliosis in both primary and secondary brain tumors and outline the potential for the use of novel imaging modalities in research and clinical settings. These imaging approaches have the potential to enhance our understanding of the local host response to tumor progression in the brain, as well as providing new, more sensitive diagnostic imaging methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma R. O'Brien
- Department of Oncology, CR-UK/MRC Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, Churchill Hospital, University of OxfordOxford, UK
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Abstract
Inflammation is a biological response mounted by the immune system against dangerous assaults that threaten the integrity and normal physiology of an organism. During the past decades, cross-disciplinary research from immunology and endocrinology has much broadened this knowledge by demonstrating that chronic conditions of nutritional excess constitute an independent category of inflammatory activators, and the resulting chronic and low-grade inflammation is an important characteristic of overnutrition-induced diseases. A large body of research has demonstrated that these diseases are pathogenically associated with the local, negative actions of inflammation in peripheral tissues predominantly including the liver, muscle, and fat. In this research background, more recent research has advanced to a new level, with the important discoveries showing that overnutrition-induced inflammation occurs in the brain and thus plays a broad and leadership role in overnutrition-induced diseases. While much more research establishments are expected in this emerging and quickly expanding research, the appreciated understandings have been mainly based on proinflammatory IKKβ/NF-κB pathway and related molecules in the hypothalamus. In this chapter, the author focuses on describing IKKβ/NF-κB-induced neural inflammation in the context of overnutrition-induced metabolic inflammation and especially the central roles of this neural inflammation in the development of a spectrum of overnutrition-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Cai
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Aging, Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.
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Song D, Li B, Yan E, Man Y, Wolfson M, Chen Y, Peng L. Chronic Treatment with Anti-bipolar Drugs Causes Intracellular Alkalinization in Astrocytes, Altering Their Functions. Neurochem Res 2012; 37:2524-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0837-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Wang T, Takikawa Y, Sawara K, Yoshida Y, Suzuki K. Negative regulation of human astrocytes by interferon (IFN) α in relation to growth inhibition and impaired glucose utilization. Neurochem Res 2012; 37:1898-905. [PMID: 22627699 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0806-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study assessed the direct effects of IFNs on human astrocytes. Human astrocytes were exposed to human recombinant IFNs, and the proliferation of cells was measured. Type I IFN receptor mRNA and protein expression, the phosphoprotein levels of signaling molecules including JNK, ERK1/2, IκB, p38MAPK, Stat3, and the expression of cytokines were determined respectively. In addition, cellular glucose consumption was measured as well as Glut-1 protein and activation of GSK-3β/mTOR signal were determined. The expression of Type I IFN receptor was detected in cultured human astrocytes. 2 IU/ml IFNα2a and IFNα2b significantly decreased the proliferation of human astrocytes respectively, compared to control. IFNβ had no significant effect on the proliferation of the cells. The phosphorylation of JNK stimulated by all IFNs detected was more pronounced and sustained than ERK1/2 and IκB. No effects were observed on the activation of p38MAPK and Stat3. Moreover, Treatment with IFNα, especially with IFNα2b, decreased glucose consumption and stimulated phosphorylation of GSK-3β and mTOR, but decreased the expression of Glut-1. In contrast, IFNβ had no significant effect on either glucose consumption or activation of GSK-3β/mTOR signals. INFα2b significantly decreased the levels of IL-8 whereas the levels of GM-CSF were increased. The present study demonstrates direct inhibitory effects of IFNα on cell proliferation, cell signaling and glucose utilization in human astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
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Aebischer J, Moumen A, Sazdovitch V, Seilhean D, Meininger V, Raoul C. Elevated levels of IFNγ and LIGHT in the spinal cord of patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Eur J Neurol 2012; 19:752-9, e45-6. [PMID: 22221541 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2011.03623.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a paralytic and fatal neurodegenerative disorder caused by the gradual loss of both upper and lower motoneurons. There is compelling evidence from ALS experimental models that neuroinflammation actively contributes to motoneuron damage. We recently proposed that interferon gamma (IFNγ), a potent proinflammatory cytokine, induces motoneuron death by eliciting the activation of the lymphotoxin beta receptor (LT-βR) through its ligand LIGHT. Here, we explore the pertinence of this non-cell-autonomous mechanism in human ALS. METHODS The levels and expression pattern of IFNγ, LIGHT, and LT-βR were investigated by Western blot and immunohistochemical analysis in spinal cord of patients with sporadic ALS. RESULTS We observed significant increased levels of IFNγ in human ALS spinal cords compared to control cases. We found that large ventral horn neurons as well as glial cells were immunoreactive for IFNγ in sporadic ALS spinal cord. We further observed that LIGHT and LT-βR were expressed mainly by motoneurons in both ALS and control cases, and while LT-βR levels remained constant between ALS and control cases, LIGHT levels were increased in human ALS spinal cords. CONCLUSION These findings in sporadic ALS cases, which are consistent with the observation made in ALS experimental models, propose that the IFNγ-triggered LIGHT/LT-βR-mediated death pathway may contribute to human ALS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Aebischer
- The Mediterranean Institute of Neurobiology, INMED, Marseille, France
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Saggu R, Morrison B, Lowe JP, Pringle AK. Interleukin-1beta does not affect the energy metabolism of rat organotypic hippocampal-slice cultures. Neurosci Lett 2011; 508:114-8. [PMID: 22215116 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of the archetypal pro-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), on high-energy phosphate levels within an ex vivo rat organotypic hippocampal-slice culture (OHSC) preparation using phosphorus ((31)P) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Intrastriatal microinjection of IL-1β induces a chronic reduction in the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of tissue water, which may be indicative of metabolic failure as established by in vivo models of acute cerebral ischaemia. The OHSC preparation enables examination of the effects of IL-1β on brain parenchyma per se, independent of the potentially confounding effects encountered in vivo such as perfusion changes, blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown and leukocyte recruitment. (31)P MRS is a technique that can detect multiple high-energy phosphate metabolites within a sample non-invasively. Here, for the first time, we characterise the energy metabolism of OHSCs using (31)P MRS and demonstrate that IL-1β does not compromise high-energy phosphate metabolism. Thus, the chronic reduction in ADC observed in vivo is unlikely to be a consequence of metabolic failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raman Saggu
- Department of Biochemistry, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QU, UK.
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Bélanger M, Yang J, Petit JM, Laroche T, Magistretti PJ, Allaman I. Role of the glyoxalase system in astrocyte-mediated neuroprotection. J Neurosci 2011; 31:18338-52. [PMID: 22171037 PMCID: PMC6623908 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1249-11.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The glyoxalase system is the most important pathway for the detoxification of methylglyoxal (MG), a highly reactive dicarbonyl compound mainly formed as a by-product of glycolysis. MG is a major precursor of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which are associated with several neurodegenerative disorders. Although the neurotoxic effects of MG and AGEs are well characterized, little is known about the glyoxalase system in the brain, in particular with regards to its activity in different neural cell types. Results of the present study reveal that both enzymes composing the glyoxalase system [glyoxalase-1 (Glo-1) and Glo-2] were highly expressed in primary mouse astrocytes compared with neurons, which translated into higher enzymatic activity rates in astrocytes (9.9- and 2.5-fold, respectively). The presence of a highly efficient glyoxalase system in astrocytes was associated with lower accumulation of AGEs compared with neurons (as assessed by Western blotting), a sixfold greater resistance to MG toxicity, and the capacity to protect neurons against MG in a coculture system. In addition, Glo-1 downregulation using RNA interference strategies resulted in a loss of viability in neurons, but not in astrocytes. Finally, stimulation of neuronal glycolysis via lentiviral-mediated overexpression of 6-phosphofructose-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase-3 resulted in increased MG levels and MG-modified proteins. Since MG is largely produced through glycolysis, this suggests that the poor capacity of neurons to upregulate their glycolytic flux as compared with astrocytes may be related to weaker defense mechanisms against MG toxicity. Accordingly, the neuroenergetic specialization taking place between these two cell types may serve as a protective mechanism against MG-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Bélanger
- Laboratory of Neuroenergetics and Cellular Dynamics, Brain Mind Institute, and
| | - Jiangyan Yang
- Laboratory of Neuroenergetics and Cellular Dynamics, Brain Mind Institute, and
| | - Jean-Marie Petit
- Laboratory of Neuroenergetics and Cellular Dynamics, Brain Mind Institute, and
- Centre de Neurosciences Psychiatriques, Département de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Site de Cery, CH-1008 Prilly/Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Laroche
- Bioimaging & Optics platform, Life Sciences Faculty, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland, and
| | - Pierre J. Magistretti
- Laboratory of Neuroenergetics and Cellular Dynamics, Brain Mind Institute, and
- Centre de Neurosciences Psychiatriques, Département de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Site de Cery, CH-1008 Prilly/Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Igor Allaman
- Laboratory of Neuroenergetics and Cellular Dynamics, Brain Mind Institute, and
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Neuron-glia signaling: Implications for astrocyte differentiation and synapse formation. Life Sci 2011; 89:524-31. [PMID: 21569780 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2011.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 04/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glial cells are currently viewed as active partners of neurons in synapse formation. The close proximity of astrocytes to the synaptic cleft implicates that they strongly influence synapse function as well as suggests that these cells might be potential targets for neuronal-released molecules. In this review, we discuss the signaling pathways of astrocyte generation and the role of astrocyte-derived molecules in synapse formation in the central nervous system. Further, we discuss the role of the excitatory neurotransmitter, glutamate and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) pathway in astrocyte generation and differentiation. We provide evidence that astrocytes surrounding synapses are target of neuronal activity and shed light into the role of astroglial cells into neurological disorders associated with glutamate neurotoxicity.
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