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Thapa S, Nalli Y, Singh A, Singh SK, Ali A. Neuroprotective Effects of Cannabispirenone A against NMDA-Induced Excitotoxicity in Differentiated N2a Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2024; 2024:3530499. [PMID: 38855429 PMCID: PMC11161259 DOI: 10.1155/2024/3530499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system is found throughout the central nervous system, and its cannabinoids receptor 1 is critical in preventing neurotoxicity caused by N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activation (NMDARs). The activity of NMDARs places demands on endogenous cannabinoids to regulate their calcium currents. Endocannabinoids keep NMDAR activity within safe limits, protecting neural cells from excitotoxicity. Cannabinoids are remembered to deliver this outcome by repressing presynaptic glutamate discharge or obstructing postsynaptic NMDAR-managed flagging pathways. The endocannabinoid system must exert a negative influence proportional to the strength of NMDAR signaling for such control to be effective. The goal of this paper is to draw the attention towards the neuroprotective mechanism of constituents of Cannabis sativa against NMDA-induced excitotoxic result. Phytochemical investigation of the cannabis flowers led to the isolation of nine secondary metabolites. A spiro-compound, Cannabispirenone A, which on treatment of the cells prior to NMDA exposure significantly increases cell survival while decreasing ROS production, lipid peroxidation, and intracellular calcium. Our findings showed that this compound showed neuroprotection against NMDA-induced excitotoxic insult, has antioxidative properties, and increased cannabinoid receptor 1 expression, which may be involved in the signaling pathway for this neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Thapa
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Yedukondalu Nalli
- Natural Products Chemistry Division, CSIR–Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi 180001, India
| | - Ajeet Singh
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Shashank Kr. Singh
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Asif Ali
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
- Natural Products Chemistry Division, CSIR–Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi 180001, India
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
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2
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Ren L, Zhang H, Tao W, Xue W, Chen Y, Zou Z, Guo X, Shen Q, Wang W, Jiang H, Tang J, Feng Q, Chen G. Hippocampal pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide mediates rapid antidepressant-like effects of Yueju pill. Neuropeptides 2023; 101:102350. [PMID: 37285664 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2023.102350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Yueju pill, a classic Chinese Medicine formulated, was recently found to produce rapid antidepressant-like effects in a PKA-CREB signaling-dependent manner. In our study, we found that the Yueju pill induced a remarkable increase in PACAP. The intracerebroventricular injection of PACAP agonist induced a rapid antidepressant-like effect; conversely, the intrahippocampal infusion of a PACAP antagonist reversed the antidepressant response of the Yueju pill. Mice with hippocampal PACAP knockdown via viral-mediated RNAi displayed depression-like behavior. PACAP knockdown also blunted the antidepressant effect of the Yueju pill. PACAP knockdown resulted in down-regulated CREB and expression of the synaptic protein PSD95 at both baselines and after administration of the Yueju pill. However, administration of the Yueju pill in the knockdown mice promoted PACAP and PKA levels. Chronically stressed mice showed deficient hippocampal PACAP-PKA-CREB signaling and depression-like behavior, which were reversed by a single dose of the Yueju pill. In this study, we demonstrated that the up-regulation of PACAP induced activating of PKA-CREB signaling would play a part in the rapid antidepressant-like effects of the Yueju pill. We also identified iridoids fraction of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (GJ-IF), a vital component of the Yueju pill, was identified to recapitulate rapid antidepressant-like behavior through increased hippocampal PACAP expression of the Yueju pill. The promotion of hippocampal PACAP may collectively represent a novel mechanism of rapid antidepressant-like effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ren
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Hailou Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Personalized Medicine in Brain Disorders & School of Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Weiwei Tao
- Basic Teaching and Research Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wenda Xue
- Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine for Brain Diseases, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yin Chen
- Basic Teaching and Research Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhilu Zou
- Basic Teaching and Research Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaoyan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine for Brain Diseases, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qinqin Shen
- Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine for Brain Diseases, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine for Brain Diseases, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Haitang Jiang
- Department of Psychosomatics and Psychiatry, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Juanjuan Tang
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Quansheng Feng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Personalized Medicine in Brain Disorders & School of Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Baxter PS, Dando O, Hardingham GE. Differential splicing choices made by neurons and astrocytes and their importance when investigating signal-dependent alternative splicing in neural cells. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1214439. [PMID: 37465362 PMCID: PMC10350517 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1214439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of proteins can be encoded by a single gene via the differential splicing of exons. In neurons this form of alternative splicing can be controlled by activity-dependent calcium signaling, leading to the properties of proteins being altered, including ion channels, neurotransmitter receptors and synaptic cell adhesion molecules. The pre-synaptic cell adhesion molecule Neurexin 1 (Nrxn1) is alternatively spliced at splice-site 4 (SS4) which governs exon 22 inclusion (SS4+) and consequently postsynaptic NMDA receptor responses. Nrxn1 was reported to be subject to a delayed-onset shift in Nrxn1 SS4 splicing resulting in increased exon 22 inclusion, involving epigenetic mechanisms which, if disrupted, reduce memory stability. Exon inclusion at SS4 represented one of hundreds of exons reported to be subject to a genome-wide shift in fractional exon inclusion following membrane depolarization with high extracellular K+ that was delayed in onset. We report that high K+ does not increase the SS4+/SS4- ratio in cortical neurons, but does induce a delayed-onset NMDA receptor-dependent neuronal death. In mixed neuronal/astrocyte cultures this neuronal death results in an increase in the astrocyte: neuron ratio, and a misleading increase in SS4+/SS4- ratio attributable to astrocytes having a far higher SS4+/SS4- ratio than neurons, rather than any change in the neurons themselves. We reassessed the previously reported genome-wide delayed-onset shift in fractional exon inclusion after high K+ exposure. This revealed that the reported changes correlated strongly with differences in exon inclusion level between astrocytes and neurons, and was accompanied by a strong decrease in the ratio of neuron-specific: astrocyte-specific gene expression. As such, these changes can be explained by the neurotoxic nature of the stimulation paradigm, underlining the importance of NMDA receptor blockade when using high K+ depolarizing stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S. Baxter
- Edinburgh Medical School, UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Owen Dando
- Edinburgh Medical School, UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Giles E. Hardingham
- Edinburgh Medical School, UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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4
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Solés-Tarrés I, Cabezas-Llobet N, Lefranc B, Leprince J, Alberch J, Vaudry D, Xifró X. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) Protects Striatal Cells and Improves Motor Function in Huntington’s Disease Models: Role of PAC1 Receptor. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:797541. [PMID: 35153755 PMCID: PMC8832515 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.797541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) is a hereditary neurodegenerative disorder caused by the expression of mutant huntingtin (mHtt). One of the main features of HD is the degeneration of the striatum that leads to motor discoordination. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide that acts through three receptors named PAC1R, VPAC1R, and VPAC2R. In the present study, we first investigated the effect of PACAP on STHdhQ7/Q7 and STHdhQ111/Q111 cells that express wild-type Htt with 7 and mHtt with 111 glutamines, respectively. Then we explored the capacity of PACAP to rescue motor symptoms in the R6/1, a murine model of HD. We found that PACAP treatment (10–7 M) for 24 h protects STHdhQ111/Q111 cells from mHtt-induced apoptosis. This effect is associated with an increase in PAC1R transcription, phosphorylation of ERK and Akt, and an increase of intracellular c-fos, egr1, CBP, and BDNF protein content. Moreover, the use of pharmacological inhibitors revealed that activation of ERK and Akt mediates these antiapoptotic and neurotrophic effects of PACAP. To find out PAC1R implication, we treated STHdh cells with vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), which exhibits equal affinity for VPAC1R and VPAC2R, but lower affinity for PAC1R, in contrast to PACAP which has same affinity for the three receptors. VIP reduced cleaved caspase-3 protein level, without promoting the expression of c-fos, egr1, CBP, and the neurotrophin BDNF. We next measured the protein level of PACAP receptors in the striatum and cortex of R6/1 mice. We observed a specific reduction of PAC1R at the onset of motor symptoms. Importantly, the intranasal administration of PACAP to R6/1 animals restored the motor function and increased the striatal levels of PAC1R, CBP, and BDNF. In conclusion, PACAP exerts antiapoptotic and neurotrophic effects in striatal neurons mainly through PAC1R. This effect in HD striatum allows the recovery of motor function and point out PAC1R as a therapeutic target for treatment of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Solés-Tarrés
- New Therapeutic Targets Group, Department of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Núria Cabezas-Llobet
- New Therapeutic Targets Group, Department of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Benjamin Lefranc
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Communication and Differentiation, Neuropeptides, Neuronal Death and Cell Plasticity Team, UNIROUEN, Inserm, Normandie University, Rouen, France
- Regional Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy (PRIMACEN), UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Rouen, France
| | - Jérôme Leprince
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Communication and Differentiation, Neuropeptides, Neuronal Death and Cell Plasticity Team, UNIROUEN, Inserm, Normandie University, Rouen, France
- Regional Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy (PRIMACEN), UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Rouen, France
| | - Jordi Alberch
- Departament de Biomedicina, Institut de Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut D’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - David Vaudry
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Communication and Differentiation, Neuropeptides, Neuronal Death and Cell Plasticity Team, UNIROUEN, Inserm, Normandie University, Rouen, France
- Regional Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy (PRIMACEN), UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Rouen, France
| | - Xavier Xifró
- New Therapeutic Targets Group, Department of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Xavier Xifró,
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Pandey S, Mudgal J. A Review on the Role of Endogenous Neurotrophins and Schwann Cells in Axonal Regeneration. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2022; 17:398-408. [PMID: 34843075 PMCID: PMC9810669 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-021-10034-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Injury to the peripheral nerve is traditionally referred to acquired nerve injury as they are the result of physical trauma due to laceration, stretch, crush and compression of nerves. However, peripheral nerve injury may not be completely limited to acquired physical trauma. Peripheral nerve injury equally implies clinical conditions like Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), Carpal tunnel syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis and diabetes. Physical trauma is commonly mono-neuropathic as it engages a single nerve and produces focal damage, while in the context of pathological conditions the damage is divergent involving a group of the nerve causing polyneuropathy. Damage to the peripheral nerve can cause a diverse range of manifestations from sensory impairment to loss of function with unpredictable recovery patterns. Presently no treatment option provides complete or functional recovery in nerve injury, as nerve cells are highly differentiated and inert to regeneration. However, the regenerative phenotypes in Schwann cells get expressed when a signalling cascade is triggered by neurotrophins. Neurotrophins are one of the promising biomolecules that are released naturally post-injury with the potential to exhibit better functional recovery. Pharmacological intervention modulating the expression of these neurotrophins such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) can prove to be a significant treatment option as endogenous compounds which may have remarkable innate advantage showing maximum 'biological relevance'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samyak Pandey
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India, 576104
| | - Jayesh Mudgal
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India, 576104.
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6
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Bruno NE, Nwachukwu JC, Hughes DC, Srinivasan S, Hawkins R, Sturgill D, Hager GL, Hurst S, Sheu SS, Bodine SC, Conkright MD, Nettles KW. Activation of Crtc2/Creb1 in skeletal muscle enhances weight loss during intermittent fasting. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21999. [PMID: 34748223 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100171r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The Creb-Regulated Transcriptional Coactivator (Crtc) family of transcriptional coregulators drive Creb1-mediated transcription effects on metabolism in many tissues, but the in vivo effects of Crtc2/Creb1 transcription on skeletal muscle metabolism are not known. Skeletal muscle-specific overexpression of Crtc2 (Crtc2 mice) induced greater mitochondrial activity, metabolic flux capacity for both carbohydrates and fats, improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, and increased oxidative capacity, supported by upregulation of key metabolic genes. Crtc2 overexpression led to greater weight loss during alternate day fasting (ADF), selective loss of fat rather than lean mass, maintenance of higher energy expenditure during the fast and reduced binge-eating during the feeding period. ADF downregulated most of the mitochondrial electron transport genes, and other regulators of mitochondrial function, that were substantially reversed by Crtc2-driven transcription. Glucocorticoids acted with AMPK to drive atrophy and mitophagy, which was reversed by Crtc2/Creb1 signaling. Crtc2/Creb1-mediated signaling coordinates metabolic adaptations in skeletal muscle that explain how Crtc2/Creb1 regulates metabolism and weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson E Bruno
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Jerome C Nwachukwu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - David C Hughes
- Section for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Sathish Srinivasan
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Richard Hawkins
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - David Sturgill
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gordon L Hager
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephen Hurst
- Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shey-Shing Sheu
- Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sue C Bodine
- Section for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Michael D Conkright
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Kendall W Nettles
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
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7
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Al-Mubarak BR, Bell KFS, Chowdhry S, Meakin PJ, Baxter PS, McKay S, Dando O, Ashford MLJ, Gazaryan I, Hayes JD, Hardingham GE. Non-canonical Keap1-independent activation of Nrf2 in astrocytes by mild oxidative stress. Redox Biol 2021; 47:102158. [PMID: 34626892 PMCID: PMC8512624 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Nrf2 is a stress-responsive master regulator of antioxidant, detoxification and proteostasis genes. In astrocytes, Nrf2-dependent gene expression drives cell-autonomous cytoprotection and also non-cell-autonomous protection of nearby neurons, and can ameliorate pathology in several acute and chronic neurological disorders associated with oxidative stress. However, the value of astrocytic Nrf2 as a therapeutic target depends in part on whether Nrf2 activation by disease-associated oxidative stress occludes the effect of any Nrf2-activating drug. Nrf2 activation classically involves the inhibition of interactions between Nrf2's Neh2 domain and Keap1, which directs Nrf2 degradation. Keap1 inhibition is mediated by the modification of cysteine residues on Keap1, and can be triggered by electrophilic small molecules such as tBHQ. Here we show that astrocytic Nrf2 activation by oxidative stress involves Keap1-independent non-canonical signaling. Keap1 deficiency elevates basal Nrf2 target gene expression in astrocytes and occludes the effects of tBHQ, oxidative stress still induced strong Nrf2-dependent gene expression in Keap1-deficient astrocytes. Moreover, while tBHQ prevented protein degradation mediated via Nrf2's Neh2 domain, oxidative stress did not, consistent with a Keap1-independent mechanism. Moreover the effects of oxidative stress and tBHQ on Nrf2 target gene expression are additive, not occlusive. Mechanistically, oxidative stress enhances the transactivation potential of Nrf2's Neh5 domain in a manner dependent on its Cys-191 residue. Thus, astrocytic Nrf2 activation by oxidative stress involves Keap1-independent non-canonical signaling, meaning that further Nrf2 activation by Keap1-inhibiting drugs may be a viable therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashayer R Al-Mubarak
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK; Behavioral Genetics Unit, Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, P.O Box 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Karen F S Bell
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Sudhir Chowdhry
- Biomedical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Paul J Meakin
- Discovery & Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK; Division of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Paul S Baxter
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, Edinburgh Medical School, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Sean McKay
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, Edinburgh Medical School, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Owen Dando
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, Edinburgh Medical School, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Michael L J Ashford
- Division of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Irina Gazaryan
- Department of Chemistry and Physical Sciences, Dyson College of Arts and Sciences, Pace University, Pleasantville, NY, 10570, USA
| | - John D Hayes
- Biomedical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Giles E Hardingham
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, Edinburgh Medical School, EH16 4SB, UK.
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8
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Gilmartin MR, Ferrara NC. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide in Learning and Memory. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:663418. [PMID: 34239418 PMCID: PMC8258392 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.663418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a highly conserved neuropeptide that regulates neuronal physiology and transcription through Gs/Gq-coupled receptors. Its actions within hypothalamic, limbic, and mnemonic systems underlie its roles in stress regulation, affective processing, neuroprotection, and cognition. Recently, elevated PACAP levels and genetic disruption of PAC1 receptor signaling in humans has been linked to maladaptive threat learning and pathological stress and fear in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PACAP is positioned to integrate stress and memory in PTSD for which memory of the traumatic experience is central to the disorder. However, PACAP's role in memory has received comparatively less attention than its role in stress. In this review, we consider the evidence for PACAP-PAC1 receptor signaling in learning and plasticity, discuss emerging data on sex differences in PACAP signaling, and raise key questions for further study toward elucidating the contribution of PACAP to adaptive and maladaptive fear learning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole C Ferrara
- Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, United States
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9
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Baxter PS, Dando O, Emelianova K, He X, McKay S, Hardingham GE, Qiu J. Microglial identity and inflammatory responses are controlled by the combined effects of neurons and astrocytes. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108882. [PMID: 33761343 PMCID: PMC7994374 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, brain-resident macrophages, require instruction from the CNS microenvironment to maintain their identity and morphology and regulate inflammatory responses, although what mediates this is unclear. Here, we show that neurons and astrocytes cooperate to promote microglial ramification, induce expression of microglial signature genes ordinarily lost in vitro and in age and disease in vivo, and repress infection- and injury-associated gene sets. The influence of neurons and astrocytes separately on microglia is weak, indicative of synergies between these cell types, which exert their effects via a mechanism involving transforming growth factor β2 (TGF-β2) signaling. Neurons and astrocytes also combine to provide immunomodulatory cues, repressing primed microglial responses to weak inflammatory stimuli (without affecting maximal responses) and consequently limiting the feedback effects of inflammation on the neurons and astrocytes themselves. These findings explain why microglia isolated ex vivo undergo de-differentiation and inflammatory deregulation and point to how disease- and age-associated changes may be counteracted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Baxter
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Owen Dando
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Katie Emelianova
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Xin He
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Sean McKay
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Giles E Hardingham
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.
| | - Jing Qiu
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.
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10
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Pöstyéni E, Kovács-Valasek A, Dénes V, Mester A, Sétáló G, Gábriel R. PACAP for Retinal Health: Model for Cellular Aging and Rescue. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22010444. [PMID: 33466261 PMCID: PMC7796228 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal aging is the result of accumulating molecular and cellular damage with a manifest decline in visual functions. Somatostatin (SST) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) have been implicated in neuroprotection through regulating disparate aspects of neuronal activity (survival, proliferation and renewal). The aim of the present study was to validate a transgenic model for SST-expressing amacrine cells and to investigate the chronic effect of PACAP on the aging of SSTergic and dopaminergic cells of the retina. SST-tdTomato transgenic mice that were 6, 12 and 18 months old were treated intravitreally with 100 pmol of PACAP every 3 months. The density of SST and dopaminergic amacrine cells was assessed in whole-mounted retinas. Cells displaying the transgenic red fluorescence were identified as SST-immunopositive amacrine cells. By comparing the three age groups. PACAP treatment was shown to induce a moderate elevation of cell densities in both the SST and dopaminergic cell populations in the 12- and 18-month-old animals. By contrast, the control untreated and saline-treated retinas showed a minor cell loss. In conclusion, we report a reliable transgenic model for examining SSTergic amacrine cells. The fundamental novelty of this study is that PACAP could increase the cell density in matured retinal tissue, anticipating new therapeutic potential in age-related pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etelka Pöstyéni
- Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (E.P.); (A.K.-V.); (V.D.); (A.M.)
| | - Andrea Kovács-Valasek
- Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (E.P.); (A.K.-V.); (V.D.); (A.M.)
| | - Viktória Dénes
- Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (E.P.); (A.K.-V.); (V.D.); (A.M.)
| | - Adrienn Mester
- Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (E.P.); (A.K.-V.); (V.D.); (A.M.)
| | - György Sétáló
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary;
- János Szenthágotai Research Centre, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Róbert Gábriel
- Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (E.P.); (A.K.-V.); (V.D.); (A.M.)
- János Szenthágotai Research Centre, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Correspondence:
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11
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Qiu J, Dando O, Febery JA, Fowler JH, Chandran S, Hardingham GE. Neuronal Activity and Its Role in Controlling Antioxidant Genes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21061933. [PMID: 32178355 PMCID: PMC7139385 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21061933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Forebrain neurons have relatively weak intrinsic antioxidant defenses compared to astrocytes, in part due to hypo-expression of Nrf2, an oxidative stress-induced master regulator of antioxidant and detoxification genes. Nevertheless, neurons do possess the capacity to auto-regulate their antioxidant defenses in response to electrical activity. Activity-dependent Ca2+ signals control the expression of several antioxidant genes, boosting redox buffering capacity, thus meeting the elevated antioxidant requirements associated with metabolically expensive electrical activity. These genes include examples which are reported Nrf2 target genes and yet are induced in a Nrf2-independent manner. Here we discuss the implications for Nrf2 hypofunction in neurons and the mechanisms underlying the Nrf2-independent induction of antioxidant genes by electrical activity. A significant proportion of Nrf2 target genes, defined as those genes controlled by Nrf2 in astrocytes, are regulated by activity-dependent Ca2+ signals in human stem cell-derived neurons. We propose that neurons interpret Ca2+ signals in a similar way to other cell types sense redox imbalance, to broadly induce antioxidant and detoxification genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Qiu
- UK Dementia Research Institute, The Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK; (J.Q.); (O.D.); (S.C.)
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; (J.A.F.); (J.H.F.)
| | - Owen Dando
- UK Dementia Research Institute, The Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK; (J.Q.); (O.D.); (S.C.)
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; (J.A.F.); (J.H.F.)
| | - James A. Febery
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; (J.A.F.); (J.H.F.)
| | - Jill H. Fowler
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; (J.A.F.); (J.H.F.)
| | - Siddharthan Chandran
- UK Dementia Research Institute, The Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK; (J.Q.); (O.D.); (S.C.)
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh Chancellor’s Building, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Giles E. Hardingham
- UK Dementia Research Institute, The Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK; (J.Q.); (O.D.); (S.C.)
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; (J.A.F.); (J.H.F.)
- Correspondence:
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12
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McKay S, Ryan TJ, McQueen J, Indersmitten T, Marwick KFM, Hasel P, Kopanitsa MV, Baxter PS, Martel MA, Kind PC, Wyllie DJA, O'Dell TJ, Grant SGN, Hardingham GE, Komiyama NH. The Developmental Shift of NMDA Receptor Composition Proceeds Independently of GluN2 Subunit-Specific GluN2 C-Terminal Sequences. Cell Rep 2019; 25:841-851.e4. [PMID: 30355491 PMCID: PMC6218242 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.09.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The GluN2 subtype (2A versus 2B) determines biophysical properties and signaling of forebrain NMDA receptors (NMDARs). During development, GluN2A becomes incorporated into previously GluN2B-dominated NMDARs. This “switch” is proposed to be driven by distinct features of GluN2 cytoplasmic C-terminal domains (CTDs), including a unique CaMKII interaction site in GluN2B that drives removal from the synapse. However, these models remain untested in the context of endogenous NMDARs. We show that, although mutating the endogenous GluN2B CaMKII site has secondary effects on GluN2B CTD phosphorylation, the developmental changes in NMDAR composition occur normally and measures of plasticity and synaptogenesis are unaffected. Moreover, the switch proceeds normally in mice that have the GluN2A CTD replaced by that of GluN2B and commences without an observable decline in GluN2B levels but is impaired by GluN2A haploinsufficiency. Thus, GluN2A expression levels, and not GluN2 subtype-specific CTD-driven events, are the overriding factor in the developmental switch in NMDAR composition. Mutating the GluN2B CaMKII site affects phosphorylation of its C-terminal domain The developmental changes in NMDAR composition and synaptogenesis occur normally Changes in NMDAR composition do not require distinct GluN2 C-terminal domains Developmental changes in NMDAR composition are primarily sensitive to GluN2A levels
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean McKay
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Tomás J Ryan
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jamie McQueen
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Tim Indersmitten
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Katie F M Marwick
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Philip Hasel
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Maksym V Kopanitsa
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Paul S Baxter
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Marc-André Martel
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Peter C Kind
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - David J A Wyllie
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Thomas J O'Dell
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Seth G N Grant
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh Chancellor's Building, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Giles E Hardingham
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK.
| | - Noboru H Komiyama
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh Chancellor's Building, Edinburgh, UK.
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13
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Strehlow V, Heyne HO, Vlaskamp DRM, Marwick KFM, Rudolf G, de Bellescize J, Biskup S, Brilstra EH, Brouwer OF, Callenbach PMC, Hentschel J, Hirsch E, Kind PC, Mignot C, Platzer K, Rump P, Skehel PA, Wyllie DJA, Hardingham GE, van Ravenswaaij-Arts CMA, Lesca G, Lemke JR. GRIN2A-related disorders: genotype and functional consequence predict phenotype. Brain 2019; 142:80-92. [PMID: 30544257 PMCID: PMC6308310 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awy304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) subunit GluN2A, encoded by GRIN2A, have been associated with a spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders with prominent speech-related features, and epilepsy. We performed a comprehensive assessment of phenotypes with a standardized questionnaire in 92 previously unreported individuals with GRIN2A-related disorders. Applying the criteria of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics to all published variants yielded 156 additional cases with pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in GRIN2A, resulting in a total of 248 individuals. The phenotypic spectrum ranged from normal or near-normal development with mild epilepsy and speech delay/apraxia to severe developmental and epileptic encephalopathy, often within the epilepsy-aphasia spectrum. We found that pathogenic missense variants in transmembrane and linker domains (misTMD+Linker) were associated with severe developmental phenotypes, whereas missense variants within amino terminal or ligand-binding domains (misATD+LBD) and null variants led to less severe developmental phenotypes, which we confirmed in a discovery (P = 10-6) as well as validation cohort (P = 0.0003). Other phenotypes such as MRI abnormalities and epilepsy types were also significantly different between the two groups. Notably, this was paralleled by electrophysiology data, where misTMD+Linker predominantly led to NMDAR gain-of-function, while misATD+LBD exclusively caused NMDAR loss-of-function. With respect to null variants, we show that Grin2a+/- cortical rat neurons also had reduced NMDAR function and there was no evidence of previously postulated compensatory overexpression of GluN2B. We demonstrate that null variants and misATD+LBD of GRIN2A do not only share the same clinical spectrum (i.e. milder phenotypes), but also result in similar electrophysiological consequences (loss-of-function) opposing those of misTMD+Linker (severe phenotypes; predominantly gain-of-function). This new pathomechanistic model may ultimately help in predicting phenotype severity as well as eligibility for potential precision medicine approaches in GRIN2A-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Strehlow
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Henrike O Heyne
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Leipzig, Germany.,Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA, USA.,Program for Medical and Population Genetics/Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Danique R M Vlaskamp
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Neurology, Groningen, The Netherlands.,University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Katie F M Marwick
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Gabrielle Rudolf
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, U7104, Illirch France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1258, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.,Department of Neurology, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Julitta de Bellescize
- Department of Pediatric and Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology, University Hospitals of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Saskia Biskup
- CeGaT GmbH and Praxis für Humangenetik, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Eva H Brilstra
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Genetics, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Oebele F Brouwer
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Neurology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Petra M C Callenbach
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Neurology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Julia Hentschel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Edouard Hirsch
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1258, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.,Department of Neurology, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France.,Medical and Surgical Epilepsy Unit, Hautepierre Hospital, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Peter C Kind
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, UK.,Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Brain Development and Repair, inStem, Bangalore, India
| | - Cyril Mignot
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Département de Génétique, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Centre de Référence Déficiences Intellectuelles de Causes Rares, Paris, France.,GRC Sorbonne Université "Déficience Intellectuelle et Autisme", Paris, France
| | - Konrad Platzer
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Patrick Rump
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul A Skehel
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David J A Wyllie
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, UK.,Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Brain Development and Repair, inStem, Bangalore, India
| | - Giles E Hardingham
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, UK.,Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Gaetan Lesca
- Department of Genetics, Lyon University Hospitals, Lyon, France.,Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre, CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028, Lyon, France.,Claude Bernard Lyon I University, Lyon, France
| | - Johannes R Lemke
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Leipzig, Germany
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14
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Rivell A, Petralia RS, Wang YX, Clawson E, Moehl K, Mattson MP, Yao PJ. Sonic hedgehog expression in the postnatal brain. Biol Open 2019; 8:bio.040592. [PMID: 30837226 PMCID: PMC6451348 DOI: 10.1242/bio.040592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Beyond its role in patterning the neural tube during embryogenesis, additional functions of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) in post-embryonic and mature brains have been coming into focus. However, the question of the abundance of endogenous Shh - the ligand of the signaling pathway - and its changes over time in post-embryonic and mature brains are less well understood. Here we find that while the amounts of Shh transcript and protein in rat brains are nearly undetectable at birth, they increase continuously during postnatal development and remain at readily detectable levels in young adults. This developmental age-associated increase in Shh levels is also seen in hippocampal neurons grown in culture, in which very young neurons produce minimal amounts of Shh protein but, as neurons grow and form synapses, the amounts of Shh increase significantly. Using immunolabeling with antibodies to different residues of Shh, we observed that the N-terminal fragment and the C-terminal fragment of Shh are present in hippocampal neurons, and that these two Shh forms co-exist in most compartments of the neuron. Our findings provide a better understanding of Shh expression in the brain, laying the groundwork for further comprehending the biogenesis of Shh protein in the young and mature brain and neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen Rivell
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, NIA/NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | | | - Ya-Xian Wang
- Advanced Imaging Core, NIDCD/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ellie Clawson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, NIA/NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Keelin Moehl
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, NIA/NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Mark P Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, NIA/NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Pamela J Yao
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, NIA/NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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15
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Qiu J, Dando O, Baxter PS, Hasel P, Heron S, Simpson TI, Hardingham GE. Mixed-species RNA-seq for elucidation of non-cell-autonomous control of gene transcription. Nat Protoc 2018; 13:2176-2199. [DOI: 10.1038/s41596-018-0029-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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16
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Transcriptional regulators of redox balance and other homeostatic processes with the potential to alter neurodegenerative disease trajectory. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 45:1295-1303. [PMID: 29150527 PMCID: PMC5730942 DOI: 10.1042/bst20170013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diverse neurodegenerative diseases share some common aspects to their pathology, with many showing evidence of disruption to the brain's numerous homeostatic processes. As such, imbalanced inflammatory status, glutamate dyshomeostasis, hypometabolism and oxidative stress are implicated in many disorders. That these pathological processes can influence each other both up- and downstream makes for a complicated picture, but means that successfully targeting one area may have an effect on others. This targeting requires an understanding of the mechanisms by which homeostasis is maintained during health, in order to uncover strategies to boost homeostasis in disease. A case in point is redox homeostasis, maintained by antioxidant defences co-ordinately regulated by the transcription factor Nrf2, and capable of preventing not only oxidative stress but also inflammation and neuronal loss in neurodegenerative disease models. The emergence of other master regulators of homeostatic processes in the brain controlling inflammation, mitochondrial biogenesis, glutamate uptake and energy metabolism raises the question as to whether they too can be targeted to alter disease trajectory.
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17
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McQueen J, Ryan TJ, McKay S, Marwick K, Baxter P, Carpanini SM, Wishart TM, Gillingwater TH, Manson JC, Wyllie DJA, Grant SGN, McColl BW, Komiyama NH, Hardingham GE. Pro-death NMDA receptor signaling is promoted by the GluN2B C-terminus independently of Dapk1. eLife 2017; 6:e17161. [PMID: 28731405 PMCID: PMC5544426 DOI: 10.7554/elife.17161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant NMDA receptor (NMDAR) activity contributes to several neurological disorders, but direct antagonism is poorly tolerated therapeutically. The GluN2B cytoplasmic C-terminal domain (CTD) represents an alternative therapeutic target since it potentiates excitotoxic signaling. The key GluN2B CTD-centred event in excitotoxicity is proposed to involve its phosphorylation at Ser-1303 by Dapk1, that is blocked by a neuroprotective cell-permeable peptide mimetic of the region. Contrary to this model, we find that excitotoxicity can proceed without increased Ser-1303 phosphorylation, and is unaffected by Dapk1 deficiency in vitro or following ischemia in vivo. Pharmacological analysis of the aforementioned neuroprotective peptide revealed that it acts in a sequence-independent manner as an open-channel NMDAR antagonist at or near the Mg2+ site, due to its high net positive charge. Thus, GluN2B-driven excitotoxic signaling can proceed independently of Dapk1 or altered Ser-1303 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie McQueen
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Tomás J Ryan
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Sean McKay
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Katie Marwick
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Baxter
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah M Carpanini
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- nPAD MRC Mouse consortium, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas M Wishart
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- nPAD MRC Mouse consortium, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas H Gillingwater
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- nPAD MRC Mouse consortium, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jean C Manson
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- nPAD MRC Mouse consortium, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David J A Wyllie
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Seth G N Grant
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Barry W McColl
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Noboru H Komiyama
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Giles E Hardingham
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- nPAD MRC Mouse consortium, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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18
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Algarni AS, Hargreaves AJ, Dickenson JM. Role of transglutaminase 2 in PAC 1 receptor mediated protection against hypoxia-induced cell death and neurite outgrowth in differentiating N2a neuroblastoma cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 128:55-73. [PMID: 28065858 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The PAC1 receptor and tissue transglutaminase (TG2) play important roles in neurite outgrowth and modulation of neuronal cell survival. In this study, we investigated the regulation of TG2 activity by the PAC1 receptor in retinoic acid-induced differentiating N2a neuroblastoma cells. TG2 transamidase activity was determined using an amine incorporation and a peptide cross linking assay. In situ TG2 activity was assessed by visualising the incorporation of biotin-X-cadaverine using confocal microscopy. TG2 phosphorylation was monitored via immunoprecipitation and Western blotting. The role of TG2 in PAC1 receptor-induced cytoprotection and neurite outgrowth was investigated by monitoring hypoxia-induced cell death and appearance of axonal-like processes, respectively. The amine incorporation and protein crosslinking activity of TG2 increased in a time and concentration-dependent manner following stimulation with pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide-27 (PACAP-27). PACAP-27 mediated increases in TG2 activity were abolished by the TG2 inhibitors Z-DON and R283 and by pharmacological inhibition of protein kinase A (KT 5720 and Rp-cAMPs), protein kinase C (Ro 31-8220), MEK1/2 (PD 98059), and removal of extracellular Ca2+. Fluorescence microscopy demonstrated PACAP-27 induced in situ TG2 activity. TG2 inhibition blocked PACAP-27 induced attenuation of hypoxia-induced cell death and outgrowth of axon-like processes. TG2 activation and cytoprotection were also observed in human SH-SY5Y cells. Together, these results demonstrate that TG2 activity was stimulated downstream of the PAC1 receptor via a multi protein kinase dependent pathway. Furthermore, PAC1 receptor-induced cytoprotection and neurite outgrowth are dependent upon TG2. These results highlight the importance of TG2 in the cellular functions of the PAC1 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanood S Algarni
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
| | - Alan J Hargreaves
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
| | - John M Dickenson
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, United Kingdom.
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19
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Qiu J, McQueen J, Bilican B, Dando O, Magnani D, Punovuori K, Selvaraj BT, Livesey M, Haghi G, Heron S, Burr K, Patani R, Rajan R, Sheppard O, Kind PC, Simpson TI, Tybulewicz VLJ, Wyllie DJA, Fisher EMC, Lowell S, Chandran S, Hardingham GE. Evidence for evolutionary divergence of activity-dependent gene expression in developing neurons. eLife 2016; 5:e20337. [PMID: 27692071 PMCID: PMC5092045 DOI: 10.7554/elife.20337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary differences in gene regulation between humans and lower mammalian experimental systems are incompletely understood, a potential translational obstacle that is challenging to surmount in neurons, where primary tissue availability is poor. Rodent-based studies show that activity-dependent transcriptional programs mediate myriad functions in neuronal development, but the extent of their conservation in human neurons is unknown. We compared activity-dependent transcriptional responses in developing human stem cell-derived cortical neurons with those induced in developing primary- or stem cell-derived mouse cortical neurons. While activity-dependent gene-responsiveness showed little dependence on developmental stage or origin (primary tissue vs. stem cell), notable species-dependent differences were observed. Moreover, differential species-specific gene ortholog regulation was recapitulated in aneuploid mouse neurons carrying human chromosome-21, implicating promoter/enhancer sequence divergence as a factor, including human-specific activity-responsive AP-1 sites. These findings support the use of human neuronal systems for probing transcriptional responses to physiological stimuli or indeed pharmaceutical agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Qiu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie McQueen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Bilada Bilican
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Owen Dando
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Brain Development and Repair, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Dario Magnani
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Karolina Punovuori
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Bhuvaneish T Selvaraj
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Livesey
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ghazal Haghi
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel Heron
- School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Burr
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rickie Patani
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rinku Rajan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Olivia Sheppard
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter C Kind
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Brain Development and Repair, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - T Ian Simpson
- School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Victor LJ Tybulewicz
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - David JA Wyllie
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth MC Fisher
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sally Lowell
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Siddharthan Chandran
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Brain Development and Repair, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Giles E Hardingham
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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20
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Fukuchi M, Kuwana Y, Tabuchi A, Tsuda M. Balance between cAMP and Ca(2+) signals regulates expression levels of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide gene in neurons. Genes Cells 2016; 21:921-9. [PMID: 27383213 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mice lacking the gene encoding pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) or its specific receptor, PAC1, show abnormal behaviors related to schizophrenia. However, the regulation of PACAP expression in neurons remains unclear. Here, we report that Pacap mRNA levels are regulated transcriptionally and post-transcriptionally by cAMP and Ca(2+) signals in cultured rat cortical cells. Pacap mRNA levels decreased proportionately with the intensity of cAMP signaling, and this decrease was accelerated by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor blockade, suggesting that cAMP signaling enhances the degradation of Pacap mRNA, whereas NMDA receptor-mediated signals inhibit its degradation. However, depolarization (which produced a robust increase in Ca(2+) signals) together with cAMP signaling resulted in a synergistic induction of Pacap mRNA through calcineurin and its substrate, cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB)-regulated transcription coactivator 1. These results strongly support the concept that while cAMP signaling can accelerate the degradation of Pacap mRNA, it can also synergistically enhance Ca(2+) signaling-induced transcriptional activation of Pacap. Taken together, our findings suggest that a balance between Ca(2+) and cAMP signals regulates PACAP levels in neurons and that a perturbation of this balance may result in psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamoru Fukuchi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yuki Kuwana
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Akiko Tabuchi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Masaaki Tsuda
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
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21
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Kim SJ, Kim YJ, Kakall Z, Farnham MMJ, Pilowsky PM. Intermittent hypoxia-induced cardiorespiratory long-term facilitation: A new role for microglia. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2016; 226:30-8. [PMID: 27015670 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intermittent hypoxia induces plasticity in neural networks controlling breathing and cardiovascular function. Studies demonstrate that mechanisms causing cardiorespiratory plasticity rely on intracellular signalling pathways that are activated by specific neurotransmitters. Peptides such as serotonin, PACAP and orexin are well-known for their physiological significance in regulating the cardiorespiratory system. Their receptor counterparts are present in cardiorespiratory centres of the brainstem medulla and spinal cord. Microglial cells are also important players in inducing plasticity. The phenotype and function of microglial cells can change based on the physiological state of the central nervous system. Here, we propose that in the autonomic nuclei of the ventral brainstem the relationship between neurotransmitters and neurokines, neurons and microglia determines the overall neural function of the central cardiorespiratory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Jae Kim
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; The Heart Research Institute, 7 Eliza Street, Newtown, Sydney 2042, Australia
| | - Yeon Jae Kim
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Zohra Kakall
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; The Heart Research Institute, 7 Eliza Street, Newtown, Sydney 2042, Australia
| | - Melissa M J Farnham
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; The Heart Research Institute, 7 Eliza Street, Newtown, Sydney 2042, Australia
| | - Paul M Pilowsky
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; The Heart Research Institute, 7 Eliza Street, Newtown, Sydney 2042, Australia.
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22
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Márkus NM, Hasel P, Qiu J, Bell KFS, Heron S, Kind PC, Dando O, Simpson TI, Hardingham GE. Expression of mRNA Encoding Mcu and Other Mitochondrial Calcium Regulatory Genes Depends on Cell Type, Neuronal Subtype, and Ca2+ Signaling. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148164. [PMID: 26828201 PMCID: PMC4734683 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Uptake of Ca2+ into the mitochondrial matrix controls cellular metabolism and survival-death pathways. Several genes are implicated in controlling mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake (mitochondrial calcium regulatory genes, MCRGs), however, less is known about the factors which influence their expression level. Here we have compared MCRG mRNA expression, in neural cells of differing type (cortical neurons vs. astrocytes), differing neuronal subtype (CA3 vs. CA1 hippocampus) and in response to Ca2+ influx, using a combination of qPCR and RNA-seq analysis. Of note, we find that the Mcu-regulating Micu gene family profile differs substantially between neurons and astrocytes, while expression of Mcu itself is markedly different between CA3 and CA1 regions in the adult hippocampus. Moreover, dynamic control of MCRG mRNA expression in response to membrane depolarization-induced Ca2+ influx is also apparent, resulting in repression of Letm1, as well as Mcu. Thus, the mRNA expression profile of MCRGs is not fixed, which may cause differences in the coupling between cytoplasmic and mitochondrial Ca2+, as well as diversity of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nóra M. Márkus
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Hasel
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, United Kingdom
| | - Jing Qiu
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, United Kingdom
| | - Karen F. S. Bell
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel Heron
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, United Kingdom
- School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9AB, United Kingdom
| | - Peter C. Kind
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, United Kingdom
- Centre for Brain Development and Repair, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Owen Dando
- Centre for Brain Development and Repair, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - T. Ian Simpson
- School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9AB, United Kingdom
| | - Giles E. Hardingham
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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23
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Taub M, Garimella S, Kim D, Rajkhowa T, Cutuli F. Renal proximal tubule Na,K-ATPase is controlled by CREB-regulated transcriptional coactivators as well as salt-inducible kinase 1. Cell Signal 2015; 27:2568-78. [PMID: 26432356 PMCID: PMC4696386 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Sodium reabsorption by the kidney is regulated by locally produced natriuretic and anti-natriuretic factors, including dopamine and norepinephrine, respectively. Previous studies indicated that signaling events initiated by these natriuretic and anti-natriuretic factors achieve their effects by altering the phosphorylation of Na,K-ATPase in the renal proximal tubule, and that protein kinase A (PKA) and calcium-mediated signaling pathways are involved. The same signaling pathways also control the transcription of the Na,K-ATPase β subunit gene atp1b1 in renal proximal tubule cells. In this report, evidence is presented that (1) both the recently discovered cAMP-regulated transcriptional coactivators (CRTCs) and salt-inducible kinase 1 (SIK1) contribute to the transcriptional regulation of atp1b1 in renal proximal tubule (RPT) cells and (2) renal effectors, including norepinephrine, dopamine, prostaglandins, and sodium, play a role. Exogenously expressed CRTCs stimulate atp1b1 transcription. Evidence for a role of endogenous CRTCs includes the loss of transcriptional regulation of atp1b1 by a dominant-negative CRTC, as well as by a CREB mutant, with an altered CRTC binding site. In a number of experimental systems, SIK phosphorylates CRTCs, which are then sequestered in the cytoplasm, preventing their nuclear effects. Consistent with such a role of SIK in primary RPT cells, atp1b1 transcription increased in the presence of a dominant-negative SIK1, and in addition, regulation by dopamine, norepinephrine, and monensin was disrupted by a dominant-negative SIK1. These latter observations can be explained if SIK1 is phosphorylated and inactivated in the presence of these renal effectors. Our results support the hypothesis that Na,K-ATPase in the renal proximal tubule is regulated at the transcriptional level via SIK1 and CRTCs by renal effectors, in addition to the previously reported control of the phosphorylation of Na,K-ATPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Taub
- Biochemistry Department,School of Medicine and Biomedical SciencesUniversity at Buffalo,140 Farber Hall, 3435 Main Street,Buffalo, NY 14214, USA.
| | - Sudha Garimella
- Biochemistry Department,School of Medicine and Biomedical SciencesUniversity at Buffalo,140 Farber Hall, 3435 Main Street,Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Dongwook Kim
- Biochemistry Department,School of Medicine and Biomedical SciencesUniversity at Buffalo,140 Farber Hall, 3435 Main Street,Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Trivikram Rajkhowa
- Biochemistry Department,School of Medicine and Biomedical SciencesUniversity at Buffalo,140 Farber Hall, 3435 Main Street,Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Facundo Cutuli
- Biochemistry Department,School of Medicine and Biomedical SciencesUniversity at Buffalo,140 Farber Hall, 3435 Main Street,Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
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24
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Park SY, Choi YH, Park G, Choi YW. Neuroprotective effects of α-iso-cubebenol on glutamate-induced neurotoxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 40:549-556. [PMID: 26322719 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
α-Iso-cubebenol is a natural compound isolated from Schisandra chinensis, and is reported to have beneficial bioactivity including anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activities. Glutamate-induced oxidative neuronal damage has been implicated in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders. Here we investigated the mechanisms of α-iso-cubebenol protection of mouse hippocampus-derived neuronal cells (HT22 cells) from apoptotic cell death induced by the major excitatory neurotransmitter, glutamate. Pretreatment with α-iso-cubebenol markedly attenuated glutamate-induced loss of cell viability and release of lactate dehydrogenase), in a dose-dependent manner. α-Iso-cubebenol significantly reduced glutamate-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species and calcium accumulation. Strikingly, α-iso-cubebenol inhibited glutamate-induced mitochondrial depolarization, which releases apoptosis-inducing factor from mitochondria. α-Iso-cubebenol also suppressed glutamate-induced phosphorylation of extracellular-signal-regulated kinases. Furthermore, α-iso-cubebenol induced CREB phosphorylation and Nrf-2 nuclear accumulation and increased the promoter activity of ARE and CREB in HT22 cells. α-Iso-cubebenol also upregulated the expression of phase-II detoxifying/antioxidant enzymes such as HO-1 and NQO1. Subsequent studies revealed that the inhibitory effects of α-iso-cubebenol on glutamate-induced apoptosis were abolished by small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of CREB and Nrf-2. These findings suggest that α-iso-cubebenol prevents excitotoxin-induced oxidative damage to neurons by inhibiting apoptotic cell death, and might be a potential preventive or therapeutic agent for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Young Park
- Bio-IT Fusion Technology Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Oriental Medicine, Busan 614-052, Republic of Korea
| | - Geuntae Park
- Department of Nanomaterials Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young-Whan Choi
- Department of Horticultural Bioscience, Pusan National University, Miryang 627-706, Republic of Korea.
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25
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Neuromodulatory effect of Gαs- or Gαq-coupled G-protein-coupled receptor on NMDA receptor selectively activates the NMDA receptor/Ca2+/calcineurin/cAMP response element-binding protein-regulated transcriptional coactivator 1 pathway to effectively induce brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in neurons. J Neurosci 2015; 35:5606-24. [PMID: 25855176 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3650-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although coordinated molecular signaling through excitatory and modulatory neurotransmissions is critical for the induction of immediate early genes (IEGs), which lead to effective changes in synaptic plasticity, the intracellular mechanisms responsible remain obscure. Here we measured the expression of IEGs and used bioluminescence imaging to visualize the expression of Bdnf when GPCRs, major neuromodulator receptors, were stimulated. Stimulation of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP)-specific receptor (PAC1), a Gαs/q-protein-coupled GPCR, with PACAP selectively activated the calcineurin (CN) pathway that is controlled by calcium signals evoked via NMDAR. This signaling pathway then induced the expression of Bdnf and CN-dependent IEGs through the nuclear translocation of CREB-regulated transcriptional coactivator 1 (CRTC1). Intracerebroventricular injection of PACAP and intraperitoneal administration of MK801 in mice demonstrated that functional interactions between PAC1 and NMDAR induced the expression of Bdnf in the brain. Coactivation of NMDAR and PAC1 synergistically induced the expression of Bdnf attributable to selective activation of the CN pathway. This CN pathway-controlled expression of Bdnf was also induced by stimulating other Gαs- or Gαq-coupled GPCRs, such as dopamine D1, adrenaline β, CRF, and neurotensin receptors, either with their cognate agonists or by direct stimulation of the protein kinase A (PKA)/PKC pathway with chemical activators. Thus, the GPCR-induced expression of IEGs in coordination with NMDAR might occur via the selective activation of the CN/CRTC1/CREB pathway under simultaneous excitatory and modulatory synaptic transmissions in neurons if either the Gαs/adenylate cyclase/PKA or Gαq/PLC/PKC-mediated pathway is activated.
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26
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PARK SUNYOUNG, JUNG WONJUNG, KANG JUMSOON, KIM CHEOLMIN, PARK GEUNTAE, CHOI YOUNGWHAN. Neuroprotective effects of α-iso-cubebene against glutamate-induced damage in the HT22 hippocampal neuronal cell line. Int J Mol Med 2014; 35:525-32. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.2031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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27
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Irwin M, Greig A, Tvrdik P, Lucero MT. PACAP modulation of calcium ion activity in developing granule cells of the neonatal mouse olfactory bulb. J Neurophysiol 2014; 113:1234-48. [PMID: 25475351 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00594.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ca(2+) activity in the CNS is critical for the establishment of developing neuronal circuitry prior to and during early sensory input. In developing olfactory bulb (OB), the neuromodulators that enhance network activity are largely unknown. Here we provide evidence that pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP)-specific PAC1 receptors (PAC1Rs) expressed in postnatal day (P)2-P5 mouse OB are functional and enhance network activity as measured by increases in calcium in genetically identified granule cells (GCs). We used confocal Ca(2+) imaging of OB slices from Dlx2-tdTomato mice to visualize GABAergic GCs. To address whether the PACAP-induced Ca(2+) oscillations were direct or indirect effects of PAC1R activation, we used antagonists for the GABA receptors (GABARs) and/or glutamate receptors (GluRs) in the presence and absence of PACAP. Combined block of GABARs and GluRs yielded a 66% decrease in the numbers of PACAP-responsive cells, suggesting that 34% of OB neurons are directly activated by PACAP. Similarly, immunocytochemistry using anti-PAC1 antibody showed that 34% of OB neurons express PAC1R. Blocking either GluRs or GABARs alone indirectly showed that PACAP stimulates release of both glutamate and GABA, which activate GCs. The appearance of PACAP-induced Ca(2+) activity in immature GCs suggests a role for PACAP in GC maturation. To conclude, we find that PACAP has both direct and indirect effects on neonatal OB GABAergic cells and may enhance network activity by promoting glutamate and GABA release. Furthermore, the numbers of PACAP-responsive GCs significantly increased between P2 and P5, suggesting that PACAP-induced Ca(2+) activity contributes to neonatal OB development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mavis Irwin
- Department of Physiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Ann Greig
- Department of Physiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Petr Tvrdik
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah; and
| | - Mary T Lucero
- Department of Physiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah; and Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, American University of the Caribbean, Cupecoy, Sint Maarten, Netherlands Antilles
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28
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Paris D, Ait-Ghezala G, Bachmeier C, Laco G, Beaulieu-Abdelahad D, Lin Y, Jin C, Crawford F, Mullan M. The spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) regulates Alzheimer amyloid-β production and Tau hyperphosphorylation. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:33927-44. [PMID: 25331948 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.608091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that the L-type calcium channel (LCC) antagonist nilvadipine reduces brain amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation by affecting both Aβ production and Aβ clearance across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Nilvadipine consists of a mixture of two enantiomers, (+)-nilvadipine and (-)-nilvadipine, in equal proportion. (+)-Nilvadipine is the active enantiomer responsible for the inhibition of LCC, whereas (-)-nilvadipine is considered inactive. Both nilvadipine enantiomers inhibit Aβ production and improve the clearance of Aβ across the BBB showing that these effects are not related to LCC inhibition. In addition, treatment of P301S mutant human Tau transgenic mice (transgenic Tau P301S) with (-)-nilvadipine reduces Tau hyperphosphorylation at several Alzheimer disease (AD) pertinent epitopes. A search for the mechanism of action of (-)-nilvadipine revealed that this compound inhibits the spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk). We further validated Syk as a target-regulating Aβ by showing that pharmacological inhibition of Syk or down-regulation of Syk expression reduces Aβ production and increases the clearance of Aβ across the BBB mimicking (-)-nilvadipine effects. Moreover, treatment of transgenic mice overexpressing Aβ and transgenic Tau P301S mice with a selective Syk inhibitor respectively decreased brain Aβ accumulation and Tau hyperphosphorylation at multiple AD relevant epitopes. We show that Syk inhibition induces an increased phosphorylation of the inhibitory Ser-9 residue of glycogen synthase kinase-3β, a primary Tau kinase involved in Tau phosphorylation, by activating protein kinase A, providing a mechanism explaining the reduction of Tau phosphorylation at GSK3β-dependent epitopes following Syk inhibition. Altogether our data highlight Syk as a promising target for preventing both Aβ accumulation and Tau hyperphosphorylation in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Paris
- From the Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida 34243
| | | | | | - Gary Laco
- From the Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida 34243
| | | | - Yong Lin
- From the Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida 34243
| | - Chao Jin
- From the Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida 34243
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29
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Seaborn T, Ravni A, Au R, Chow BKC, Fournier A, Wurtz O, Vaudry H, Eiden LE, Vaudry D. Induction of serpinb1a by PACAP or NGF is required for PC12 cells survival after serum withdrawal. J Neurochem 2014; 131:21-32. [PMID: 24899316 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PC12 cells are used to study the signaling mechanisms underlying the neurotrophic and neuroprotective activities of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and nerve growth factor (NGF). Previous microarray experiments indicated that serpinb1a was the most induced gene after 6 h of treatment with PACAP or NGF. This study confirmed that serpinb1a is strongly activated by PACAP and NGF in a time-dependent manner with a maximum induction (~ 50-fold over control) observed after 6 h of treatment. Co-incubation with PACAP and NGF resulted in a synergistic up-regulation of serpinb1a expression (200-fold over control), suggesting that PACAP and NGF act through complementary mechanisms. Consistently, PACAP-induced serpinb1a expression was not blocked by TrkA receptor inhibition. Nevertheless, the stimulation of serpinb1a expression by PACAP and NGF was significantly reduced in the presence of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, calcineurin, protein kinase A, p38, and PI3K inhibitors, indicating that the two trophic factors share some common pathways in the regulation of serpinb1a. Finally, functional investigations conducted with siRNA revealed that serpinb1a is not involved in the effects of PACAP and NGF on PC12 cell neuritogenesis, proliferation or body cell volume but mediates their ability to block caspases 3/7 activity and to promote PC12 cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy Seaborn
- Neurotrophic Factor and Neuronal Differentiation Team, Inserm U982, DC2N, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France; International Associated Laboratory Samuel de Champlain, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France; Department of Pediatrics, Hôpital St-François d'Assise, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (CRCHUQ), Laval University, Québec, Canada
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Park SY, Kim DY, Kang JK, Park G, Choi YW. Involvement of activation of the Nrf2/ARE pathway in protection against 6-OHDA-induced SH-SY5Y cell death by α-iso-cubebenol. Neurotoxicology 2014; 44:160-8. [PMID: 24997245 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Free radical-mediated neurodegeneration is one of the many causes of Parkinson's disease (PD). As part of our ongoing studies on the identification of biologically active Schisandra chinensis components, we have isolated and structurally elucidated α-iso-cubebenol. This study was carried out in an attempt to clarify the neuroprotective effect of α-iso-cubebenol on toxin-insulted dopaminergic neuronal death using 6-hydroxy-dopamine (6-OHDA)-induced dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells. α-iso-cubebenol significantly attenuated the loss of mitochondrial function (MTT assay) and membrane integrity (lactate dehydrogenase assay) associated with 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity. Pretreatment of the cells with α-iso-cubebenol diminished the intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and calcium in response to 6-OHDA. Moreover, α-iso-cubebenol protected against 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity through inhibition of SH-SY5Y cell apoptosis. In addition, JC-1 staining, which is a well-established measure of mitochondrial damage, was decreased after treatment with α-iso-cubebenol. Notably, α-iso-cubebenol inhibited the release of mitochondrial flavoprotein apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) from the mitochondria to the cytosol and nucleus following 6-OHDA treatment. In addition, α-iso-cubebenol reduced the 6-OHDA-induced phosphorylation of ERK and induced the phosphorylation of PKA, PKB, and CREB in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, α-iso-cubebenol stimulated the activation of Nrf2, a downstream target of CREB. Furthermore, α-iso-cubebenol stimulated the expression of multiple antioxidant response genes (NQO-1 and HO-1). Finally, CREB and Nrf2 siRNA transfection diminished α-iso-cubebenol-mediated neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Young Park
- Bio-IT Fusion Technology Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Yeon Kim
- Department of Horticultural Bioscience, Pusan National University, Miryang 627-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Koo Kang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Geuntae Park
- Bio-IT Fusion Technology Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea; Institute for Research &Industry Cooperation, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Whan Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea; Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 627-706, Republic of Korea.
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Park SY, Son BG, Park YH, Kim CM, Park G, Choi YW. The Neuroprotective Effects of α-Iso-cubebene on Dopaminergic Cell Death: Involvement of CREB/Nrf2 Signaling. Neurochem Res 2014; 39:1759-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1371-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Bruno NE, Kelly KA, Hawkins R, Bramah-Lawani M, Amelio AL, Nwachukwu JC, Nettles KW, Conkright MD. Creb coactivators direct anabolic responses and enhance performance of skeletal muscle. EMBO J 2014; 33:1027-43. [PMID: 24674967 PMCID: PMC4193935 DOI: 10.1002/embj.201386145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
During the stress response to intense exercise, the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) induces rapid catabolism of energy reserves through the release of catecholamines and subsequent activation of protein kinase A (PKA). Paradoxically, chronic administration of sympathomimetic drugs (β-agonists) leads to anabolic adaptations in skeletal muscle, suggesting that sympathetic outflow also regulates myofiber remodeling. Here, we show that β-agonists or catecholamines released during intense exercise induce Creb-mediated transcriptional programs through activation of its obligate coactivators Crtc2 and Crtc3. In contrast to the catabolic activity normally associated with SNS function, activation of the Crtc/Creb transcriptional complex by conditional overexpression of Crtc2 in the skeletal muscle of transgenic mice fostered an anabolic state of energy and protein balance. Crtc2-overexpressing mice have increased myofiber cross-sectional area, greater intramuscular triglycerides and glycogen content. Moreover, maximal exercise capacity was enhanced after induction of Crtc2 expression in transgenic mice. Collectively these findings demonstrate that the SNS-adrenergic signaling cascade coordinates a transient catabolic stress response during high-intensity exercise, which is followed by transcriptional reprogramming that directs anabolic changes for recovery and that augments subsequent exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson E Bruno
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps FloridaJupiter, FL, USA
- The Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps FloridaJupiter, FL, USA
| | - Kimberly A Kelly
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps FloridaJupiter, FL, USA
| | - Richard Hawkins
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps FloridaJupiter, FL, USA
| | - Mariam Bramah-Lawani
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps FloridaJupiter, FL, USA
| | - Antonio L Amelio
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps FloridaJupiter, FL, USA
| | - Jerome C Nwachukwu
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps FloridaJupiter, FL, USA
| | - Kendall W Nettles
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps FloridaJupiter, FL, USA
| | - Michael D Conkright
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps FloridaJupiter, FL, USA
- The Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps FloridaJupiter, FL, USA
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Njaine B, Rocha-Martins M, Vieira-Vieira CH, De-Melo LDB, Linden R, Braas K, May V, Martins RAP, Silveira MS. Pleiotropic functions of pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide on retinal ontogenesis: involvement of KLF4 in the control of progenitor cell proliferation. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 54:430-42. [PMID: 24715357 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0299-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We showed previously that the neuropeptide pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) negatively regulates proliferation of postnatal rat retinal progenitor cells through the downregulation of cyclin D1 in a cAMP/protein kinase A dependent manner. In the present study, we describe by microarray analysis several putative PACAP targets regulated by different transcription factor families. One of these families is the Sp/Klf family of transcriptional factors capable of regulating cyclin D1, and among members, we demonstrate by immunocytochemistry that KLF4 is expressed throughout rat retinal development by retinal progenitor cells and in most differentiated cell types. Using retinal explants preparations, PACAP treatment can transiently increase Klf4 mRNA levels; from electrophoretic mobility shift assays, PACAP is also able to increase the nuclear KLF4 content. From these results, we suggest that KLF4 may be involved in the anti-proliferative effects of PACAP as one mechanism regulating progenitor cell transition from proliferation to differentiation throughout retinal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Njaine
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Edifício do Centro de Ciencias da Saude, Bloco G, Cidade Universitaria, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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PACAP27 is protective against tat-induced neurotoxicity. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 54:485-93. [PMID: 24696163 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0273-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV) infection of the central nervous system promotes neuronal injury and apoptosis that culminate in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Viral proteins, such as transactivator of transcription (Tat), have emerged as leading candidates to explain HIV-mediated neurotoxicity, though the mechanism remains unclear. To determine the effects of Tat, rat cortical neurons were exposed to nanomolar concentrations of Tat for various time points. Within a few hours, Tat induced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and other indices of mitochondrial destabilization. In addition, we observed a significant induction of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) by Tat. We next investigated the neuroprotective activity of the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide 27 (PACAP27) against these cardinal features of Tat-induced neurodegeneration. PACAP27 (100 nM) inhibited all Tat-mediated toxic effects including DNA DSBs. Importantly, PACAP27 prevented the induction of neuronal loss induced by Tat. The neuroprotective effect of PACAP27 is correlated with its ability to release the anti-apoptotic chemokine CCL5. Our data support a mechanism of Tat neurotoxicity in which Tat induces mitochondrial destabilization, thus increasing the release of ROS, which causes DNA DSBs leading to cell death. PACAP27, through CCL5, mitigates the effects of Tat-induced neuronal dysfunction, suggesting that PACAP27 could be a new strategy for an adjunct therapy against HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders.
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Will TJ, Tushev G, Kochen L, Nassim-Assir B, Cajigas IJ, Tom Dieck S, Schuman EM. Deep sequencing and high-resolution imaging reveal compartment-specific localization of Bdnf mRNA in hippocampal neurons. Sci Signal 2013; 6:rs16. [PMID: 24345682 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2004520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a small protein of the neurotrophin family that regulates various brain functions. Although much is known about how its transcription is regulated, the abundance of endogenous BDNF mRNA and its subcellular localization pattern are matters of debate. We used next-generation sequencing and high-resolution in situ hybridization in the rat hippocampus to reexamine this question. We performed 3' end sequencing on rat hippocampal slices and detected two isoforms of Bdnf containing either a short or a long 3' untranslated region (3'UTR). Most of the Bdnf transcripts contained the short 3'UTR isoform and were present in low amounts relative to other neuronal transcripts. Bdnf mRNA was present in the somatic compartment of rat hippocampal slices or the somata of cultured rat hippocampal neurons but was rarely detected in the dendritic processes. Pharmacological stimulation of hippocampal neurons induced Bdnf expression but did not change the ratio of Bdnf isoform abundance. The findings indicate that endogenous Bdnf mRNA, although weakly abundant, is primarily localized to the somatic compartment of hippocampal neurons. Both Bdnf mRNA isoforms have shorter half-lives compared with other neuronal mRNAs. Furthermore, the findings show that using complementary high-resolution techniques can provide sensitive measures of endogenous transcript abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan J Will
- Department of Synaptic Plasticity, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Max von Laue Strasse 4, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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STC1 induction by PACAP is mediated through cAMP and ERK1/2 but not PKA in cultured cortical neurons. J Mol Neurosci 2013; 46:75-87. [PMID: 21975601 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-011-9653-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The neuroprotective actions of PACAP (pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide) in vitro and in vivo suggest that activation of its cognate G protein coupled receptor PAC1 or downstream signaling molecules,and thus activation of PACAP target genes, could be of therapeutic benefit. Here, we show that cultured rat cortical neurons predominantly expressed the PAC1hop and null variants. PACAP receptor activation resulted in the elevation of the two second messengers cAMP and Ca(2+) and expression of the putative neuroprotectant stanniocalcin 1(STC1). PACAP signaling to the STC1 gene proceeded through the extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2(ERK1/2), but not through the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), and was mimicked by the adenylate cyclase activator forskolin. PACAP- and forskolin-mediated activation of ERK1/2 occurred through cAMP, but not PKA.These results suggest that STC1 gene induction proceeds through cAMP and ERK1/2, independently of PKA, the canonical cAMP effector. In contrast, PACAP signaling to the BDNF gene proceeded through PKA, suggesting that two different neuroprotective cAMP pathways co-exist in differentiated cortical neurons. The selective activation of a potentially neuroprotective cAMP-dependent pathway different from the canonical cAMP pathway used in many physiological processes, such as memory storage, has implications for pharmacological activation of neuroprotection in vivo.
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Blechman J, Levkowitz G. Alternative Splicing of the Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide Receptor PAC1: Mechanisms of Fine Tuning of Brain Activity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:55. [PMID: 23734144 PMCID: PMC3659299 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing of the precursor mRNA encoding for the neuropeptide receptor PAC1/ADCYAP1R1 generates multiple protein products that exhibit pleiotropic activities. Recent studies in mammals and zebrafish have implicated some of these splice isoforms in control of both cellular and body homeostasis. Here, we review the regulation of PAC1 splice variants and their underlying signal transduction and physiological processes in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna Blechman
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot, Israel
| | - Gil Levkowitz
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot, Israel
- *Correspondence: Gil Levkowitz, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, P. O. Box 26, Rehovot 76100, Israel. e-mail:
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Soriano FX, Chawla S, Skehel P, Hardingham GE. SMRT-mediated co-shuttling enables export of class IIa HDACs independent of their CaM kinase phosphorylation sites. J Neurochem 2012; 124:26-35. [PMID: 23083128 PMCID: PMC3557716 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The Class IIa histone deacetylases (HDAC)4 and HDAC5 play a role in neuronal survival and behavioral adaptation in the CNS. Phosphorylation at 2/3 N-terminal sites promote their nuclear export. We investigated whether non-canonical signaling routes to Class IIa HDAC export exist because of their association with the co-repressor Silencing Mediator Of Retinoic And Thyroid Hormone Receptors (SMRT). We found that, while HDAC5 and HDAC4 mutants lacking their N-terminal phosphorylation sites (HDAC4MUT, HDAC5MUT) are constitutively nuclear, co-expression with SMRT renders them exportable by signals that trigger SMRT export, such as synaptic activity, HDAC inhibition, and Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) signaling. We found that SMRT's repression domain 3 (RD3) is critical for co-shuttling of HDAC5MUT, consistent with the role for this domain in Class IIa HDAC association. In the context of BDNF signaling, we found that HDAC5WT, which was more cytoplasmic than HDAC5MUT, accumulated in the nucleus after BDNF treatment. However, co-expression of SMRT blocked BDNF-induced HDAC5WT import in a RD3-dependent manner. In effect, SMRT-mediated HDAC5WT export was opposing the BDNF-induced HDAC5 nuclear accumulation observed in SMRT's absence. Thus, SMRT's presence may render Class IIa HDACs exportable by a wider range of signals than those which simply promote direct phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc X Soriano
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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