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Patel SN, Kulkarni K, Faisal T, Hussain T. Angiotensin-II type 2 receptor-mediated renoprotection is independent of receptor Mas in obese Zucker rats fed high-sodium diet. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1409313. [PMID: 39135807 PMCID: PMC11317439 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1409313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The consumption of a high-sodium diet (HSD) is injurious and known to elevate blood pressure (BP), especially in obesity. Acute infusion studies depict a functional interdependency between angiotensin-II type 2 receptor (AT2R) and receptor Mas (MasR). Hence, we hypothesize that the subacute blockade of MasR should reverse AT2R-mediated renoprotection in obese Zucker rats (OZRs). Male OZRs were fed an HSD (for 14 days) and treated with the AT2R agonist C21 (100 ng/min) without or with a MasR antagonist A779 (1,000 ng/min). The indices of oxidative stress, proteinuria, kidney injury, and BP were measured before and after, along with the terminal measurements of an array of inflammatory and kidney injury markers. The HSD significantly decreased the estimated glomerular filtration rate and urinary osmolality and increased thirst, diuresis, natriuresis, kaliuresis, plasma creatinine, urinary excretion of H2O2, proteinuria, renal expression and urinary excretion of kidney injury markers (NGAL and KIM-1), and BP indexes. The HSD feeding showed early changes in the renal expression of CRP, ICAM-1, and galectin-1. The C21 treatment prevented these pathological changes. The MasR antagonist A779 attenuated C21-mediated effects on the urinary excretion and renal expression of NGAL and oxidative stress in the absence of inflammation and BP changes. Overall, we conclude that the subacute functional interactions between AT2R and MasR are weak or transient and that the beneficial effects of AT2R activation are independent of the MasR blockade in the kidney of male obese rats fed an HSD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tahir Hussain
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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Souza-Silva IM, Peluso AA, Elsaafien K, Nazarova AL, Assersen KB, Rodrigues-Ribeiro L, Mohammed M, Rodrigues AF, Nawrocki A, Jakobsen LA, Jensen P, de Kloet AD, Krause EG, Borgo MD, Maslov I, Widdop R, Santos RA, Bader M, Larsen M, Verano-Braga T, Katritch V, Sumners C, Steckelings UM. Angiotensin-(1-5) is a Potent Endogenous Angiotensin AT 2 -Receptor Agonist. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.05.588367. [PMID: 38948791 PMCID: PMC11213140 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.05.588367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Background The renin-angiotensin system involves many more enzymes, receptors and biologically active peptides than originally thought. With this study, we investigated whether angiotensin-(1-5) [Ang-(1-5)], a 5-amino acid fragment of angiotensin II, has biological activity, and through which receptor it elicits effects. Methods The effect of Ang-(1-5) (1µM) on nitric oxide release was measured by DAF-FM staining in human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC), or Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells stably transfected with the angiotensin AT 2 -receptor (AT 2 R) or the receptor Mas. A potential vasodilatory effect of Ang-(1-5) was tested in mouse mesenteric and human renal arteries by wire myography; the effect on blood pressure was evaluated in normotensive C57BL/6 mice by Millar catheter. These experiments were performed in the presence or absence of a range of antagonists or inhibitors or in AT 2 R-knockout mice. Binding of Ang-(1-5) to the AT 2 R was confirmed and the preferred conformations determined by in silico docking simulations. The signaling network of Ang-(1-5) was mapped by quantitative phosphoproteomics. Results Key findings included: (1) Ang-(1-5) induced activation of eNOS by changes in phosphorylation at Ser1177 eNOS and Tyr657 eNOS and thereby (2) increased NO release from HAEC and AT 2 R-transfected CHO cells, but not from Mas-transfected or non-transfected CHO cells. (3) Ang-(1-5) induced relaxation of preconstricted mouse mesenteric and human renal arteries and (4) lowered blood pressure in normotensive mice - effects which were respectively absent in arteries from AT 2 R-KO or in PD123319-treated mice and which were more potent than effects of the established AT 2 R-agonist C21. (5) According to in silico modelling, Ang-(1-5) binds to the AT 2 R in two preferred conformations, one differing substantially from where the first five amino acids within angiotensin II bind to the AT 2 R. (6) Ang-(1-5) modifies signaling pathways in a protective RAS-typical way and with relevance for endothelial cell physiology and disease. Conclusions Ang-(1-5) is a potent, endogenous AT 2 R-agonist.
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Wannberg J, Gising J, Henriksson M, Vo DD, Sävmarker J, Sallander J, Gutiérrez-de-Terán H, Larsson J, Hamid S, Ablahad H, Spizzo I, Gaspari TA, Widdop RE, Grönbladh A, Petersen NN, Backlund M, Hallberg M, Larhed M. N-(Heteroaryl)thiophene sulfonamides as angiotensin AT2 receptor ligands. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 265:116122. [PMID: 38199164 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Two series of N-(heteroaryl)thiophene sulfonamides, encompassing either a methylene imidazole group or a tert-butylimidazolylacetyl group in the meta position of the benzene ring, have been synthesized. An AT2R selective ligand with a Ki of 42 nM was identified in the first series and in the second series, six AT2R selective ligands with significantly improved binding affinities and Ki values of <5 nM were discovered. The binding modes to AT2R were explored by docking calculations combined with molecular dynamics simulations. Although some of the high affinity ligands exhibited fair stability in human liver microsomes, comparable to that observed with C21 undergoing clinical trials, most ligands displayed a very low metabolic stability with t½ of less than 10 min in human liver microsomes. The most promising ligand, with an AT2R Ki value of 4.9 nM and with intermediate stability in human hepatocytes (t½ = 77 min) caused a concentration-dependent vasorelaxation of pre-contracted mouse aorta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Wannberg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Science for Life Laboratory, BMC, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Gising
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Science for Life Laboratory, BMC, Uppsala University, Box 591, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Henriksson
- Drug Discovery and Development Platform, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden
| | - Duc Duy Vo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Science for Life Laboratory, BMC, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Sävmarker
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Science for Life Laboratory, BMC, Uppsala University, Box 591, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jessica Sallander
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC, Box 596, Uppsala University, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hugo Gutiérrez-de-Terán
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC, Box 596, Uppsala University, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johanna Larsson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Science for Life Laboratory, BMC, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Selin Hamid
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Neuropharmacology and Addiction Research, BMC, Uppsala University, Box 591, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Pharmacology and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Hanin Ablahad
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Neuropharmacology and Addiction Research, BMC, Uppsala University, Box 591, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Pharmacology and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Iresha Spizzo
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Tracey A Gaspari
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Robert E Widdop
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Alfhild Grönbladh
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Neuropharmacology and Addiction Research, BMC, Uppsala University, Box 591, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nadia N Petersen
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Science for Life Laboratory, BMC, Uppsala University, Box 591, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Backlund
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden and Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform (UDOPP), Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mathias Hallberg
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Neuropharmacology and Addiction Research, BMC, Uppsala University, Box 591, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Larhed
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Science for Life Laboratory, BMC, Uppsala University, Box 591, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Abadir P, Cosarderelioglu C, Damarla M, Malinina A, Dikeman D, Marx R, Nader MM, Abadir M, Walston J, Neptune E. Unlocking the protective potential of the angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT 2R) in acute lung injury and age-related pulmonary dysfunction. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 220:115978. [PMID: 38081369 PMCID: PMC10880333 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Despite its known importance in the cardiovascular system, the specific role and impact of the angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2R) in lung physiology and pathophysiology remain largely elusive. In this study, we highlight the distinct and specialized lung-specific roles of AT2R, primarily localized to an alveolar fibroblast subpopulation, in contrast to the angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R), which is almost exclusively expressed in lung pericytes. Evidence from our research demonstrates that the disruption of AT2R (AT2R-/y), is associated with a surge in oxidative stress and impaired lung permeability, which were further intensified by Hyperoxic Acute Lung Injury (HALI). With aging, AT2R-/y mice show an increase in oxidative stress, premature enlargement of airspaces, as well as increased mortality when exposed to hyperoxia as compared to age-matched WT mice. Our investigation into Losartan, an AT1R blocker, suggests that its primary HALI lung-protective effects are channeled through AT2R, as its protective benefits are absent in AT2R-/y mice. Importantly, a non-peptide AT2R agonist, Compound 21 (C21), successfully reverses lung oxidative stress and TGFβ activation in wild-type (WT) mice exposed to HALI. These findings suggest a possible paradigm shift in the therapeutic approach for lung injury and age-associated pulmonary dysfunction, from targeting AT1R with angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) towards boosting the protective function of AT2R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Abadir
- Johns Hopkins University, Division of Geriatrics Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, USA.
| | - Caglar Cosarderelioglu
- Johns Hopkins University, Division of Geriatrics Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, USA
| | - Mahendra Damarla
- Johns Hopkins University, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, USA
| | - Alla Malinina
- Johns Hopkins University, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, USA
| | - Dustin Dikeman
- Johns Hopkins University, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, USA
| | - Ruth Marx
- Johns Hopkins University, Division of Geriatrics Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, USA
| | - Monica M Nader
- Johns Hopkins University, Division of Geriatrics Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, USA; Urbana High School, USA
| | | | - Jeremy Walston
- Johns Hopkins University, Division of Geriatrics Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, USA
| | - Enid Neptune
- Johns Hopkins University, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, USA.
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Schwartz KS, Lang JA, Stanhewicz AE. Angiotensin II type 2 receptor-mediated dilation is greater in the cutaneous microvasculature of premenopausal women compared with men. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 135:1236-1242. [PMID: 37823205 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00382.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Differential activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) likely contributes to sex differences in cardiovascular outcomes in premenopausal women compared with age-matched men. Women demonstrate reduced activation of the vasoconstrictor angiotensin II type 1 receptors (AT1R) compared with men, and evidence suggests that women also likely have increased sensitivity of the vasodilatory angiotensin II type 2 receptors (AT2R). However, few in vivo studies have directly examined sex differences in AT2R-mediated dilation, or the balance between AT1R- and AT2R-mediated vascular responses in humans. Using the cutaneous microcirculation as a model, we hypothesized that AT2R-mediated dilation would be greater in premenopausal women compared with men, and that AT1R-blockade would augment AT2R-mediated dilation to a greater extent in men than in women. Twelve healthy women (22 ± 3 yr) and 12 men (23 ± 5 yr) had two intradermal microdialysis fibers placed in the ventral forearm for graded infusions of compound 21 (AT2R agonist; 10-12 to 10-8 M) in a control fiber site and a site treated with 43 µM losartan (AT1R antagonist). Red blood cell flux was measured continuously by laser-Doppler flowmetry, and cutaneous vascular conductance [CVC = flux/mean arterial pressure (MAP)] was normalized to maximum [%max; 28 mM sodium nitroprusside (SNP) + 43 °C]. Women had greater AT2R-mediated dilation compared with men (women: 25 ± 4 vs. men: 15 ± 2%max, P = 0.03). Local AT1R inhibition increased AT2R-mediated dilation in men (losartan: 26 ± 4 vs. control: 15 ± 2%max, P < 0.001) but had no effect in women (losartan: 27 ± 6 vs. control: 25 ± 4%max, P > 0.05). These data suggest that premenopausal women have a greater AT2R-mediated vasodilation response than men, and that AT1R activation inhibits AT2R-mediated dilation in men, but not in women.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Premenopausal women have greater protection against cardiovascular disease than age-matched men. However, the role of vasoconstrictor angiotensin II type 1 receptors (AT1R) and vasodilatory angiotensin II type 2 receptors (AT2R) in mediating these sex differences is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that women have greater AT2R-mediated vasodilation than men and that AT1R negates AT2R-mediated dilation in men, but not in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey S Schwartz
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - James A Lang
- Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States
| | - Anna E Stanhewicz
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
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Quiroga DT, Narvaéz Pardo JA, Zubiría MG, Barrales B, Muñoz MC, Giovambattista A, Dominici FP. Acute In Vivo Administration of Compound 21 Stimulates Akt and ERK1/2 Phosphorylation in Mouse Heart and Adipose Tissue. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16839. [PMID: 38069161 PMCID: PMC10706736 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The angiotensin II type 2 (AT2) receptor has a role in promoting insulin sensitivity. However, the mechanisms underlying the AT2 receptor-induced facilitation of insulin are still not completely understood. Therefore, we investigated whether acute in vivo administration of AT2 receptor agonist compound 21 (C21) could activate insulin signaling molecules in insulin-target tissues. We report that, in male C57BL/6 mice, an acute (5 min, 0.25 mg/kg; i.v.) injection of C21 induces the phosphorylation of Akt and ERK1/2 at activating residues (Ser473 and Thr202/Tyr204, respectively) in both epididymal white adipose tissue (WAT) and heart tissue. In WAT, the extent of phosphorylation (p) of Akt and ERK1/2 induced by C21 was approximately 65% of the level detected after a bolus injection of a dose of insulin known to induce maximal activation of the insulin receptor (IR). In the heart, C21 stimulated p-Akt to a lesser extent than in WAT and stimulated p-ERK1/2 to similar levels to those attained by insulin administration. C21 did not modify p-IR levels in either tissue. We conclude that in vivo injection of the AT2 receptor agonist C21 activates Akt and ERK1/2 through a mechanism that does not involve the IR, indicating the participation of these enzymes in AT2R-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego T. Quiroga
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Biológica and IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina
| | - Jorge A. Narvaéz Pardo
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Biológica and IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina
| | - María G. Zubiría
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular (IMBICE), CICPBA-CONICET-UNLP), La Plata B1906APO, Argentina
| | - Benjamín Barrales
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Biológica and IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina
| | - Marina C. Muñoz
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Biológica and IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina
| | - Andrés Giovambattista
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular (IMBICE), CICPBA-CONICET-UNLP), La Plata B1906APO, Argentina
| | - Fernando P. Dominici
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Biológica and IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina
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Dangudubiyyam SV, Bosse B, Yadav P, Song R, Hofmann A, Mishra JS, Kumar S. Restoring Angiotensin Type 2 Receptor Function Reverses PFOS-Induced Vascular Hyper-Reactivity and Hypertension in Pregnancy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14180. [PMID: 37762482 PMCID: PMC10531530 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) exposure during pregnancy induces hypertension with decreased vasodilatory angiotensin type-2 receptor (AT2R) expression and impaired vascular reactivity and fetal weights. We hypothesized that AT2R activation restores the AT1R/AT2R balance and reverses gestational hypertension by improving vascular mechanisms. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to PFOS through drinking water (50 μg/mL) from gestation day (GD) 4-20. Controls received drinking water with no detectable PFOS. Control and PFOS-exposed rats were treated with AT2R agonist Compound 21 (C21; 0.3 mg/kg/day, SC) from GD 15-20. In PFOS dams, blood pressure was higher, blood flow in the uterine artery was reduced, and C21 reversed these to control levels. C21 mitigated the heightened contraction response to Ang II and enhanced endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in uterine arteries of PFOS dams. The observed vascular effects of C21 were correlated with reduced AT1R levels and increased AT2R and eNOS protein levels. C21 also increased plasma bradykinin production in PFOS dams and attenuated the fetoplacental growth restriction. These data suggest that C21 improves the PFOS-induced maternal vascular dysfunction and blood flow to the fetoplacental unit, providing preclinical evidence to support that AT2R activation may be an important target for preventing or treating PFOS-induced adverse maternal and fetal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sri Vidya Dangudubiyyam
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (S.V.D.); (P.Y.); (R.S.); (A.H.); (J.S.M.)
- Endocrinology-Reproductive Physiology Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Bradley Bosse
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA;
| | - Pankaj Yadav
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (S.V.D.); (P.Y.); (R.S.); (A.H.); (J.S.M.)
| | - Ruolin Song
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (S.V.D.); (P.Y.); (R.S.); (A.H.); (J.S.M.)
| | - Alissa Hofmann
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (S.V.D.); (P.Y.); (R.S.); (A.H.); (J.S.M.)
- Endocrinology-Reproductive Physiology Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Jay S. Mishra
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (S.V.D.); (P.Y.); (R.S.); (A.H.); (J.S.M.)
| | - Sathish Kumar
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (S.V.D.); (P.Y.); (R.S.); (A.H.); (J.S.M.)
- Endocrinology-Reproductive Physiology Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA;
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8
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Ermis N, Ulutas Z, Ozhan O, Yildiz A, Vardi N, Colak C, Parlakpinar H. Angiotensin II type 2 receptor agonist treatment of doxorubicin induced heart failure. Biotech Histochem 2023:1-10. [PMID: 36938690 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2023.2187461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is an anthracycline derivative used for treatment of malignancies; however, its clinical use is limited by its cardiotoxicity. We investigated the effects of angiotensin II type 2 receptor agonist compound 21 (C21) on DOX induced heart failure in rat heart. We compared C21 with losartan (LOS), an AT 1 receptor antagonist used for treating heart failure. We allocated 40 rats into five groups of eight: saline treated control group, DOX group administered a single 20 mg/kg dose of DOX, DOX + C21 group administered 0.3 mg/kg C21 for 21 days following the 20 mg/kg dose of DOX, DOX + losartan (LOS) group administered a 21 day regimen of 20 mg/kg LOS following the single dose of DOX, and a DOX + LOS + C21 group administered 0.3 mg/kg C21 and 20 mg/kg LOS for 21 days following the single dose of DOX. We assessed histopathology and conducted echocardiograpic and hemodynamic measurements. Left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) was reduced only in the DOX treated group. C21, LOS and C21 + LOS therapy prevented decreased EF due to DOX. Less histopathology was observed in the DOX + LOS + C21 group than for the other treatment groups. Application of C21 decreased DOX induced cardiac injury similar to LOS. Combined use of C21 and LOS was most beneficial for DOX induced heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Necip Ermis
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Ulutas
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Onural Ozhan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Azibe Yildiz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Nigar Vardi
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Cemil Colak
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Hakan Parlakpinar
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
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Fredgart MH, Leurgans TM, Stenelo M, Nybo M, Bloksgaard M, Lindblad L, De Mey JGR, Steckelings UM. The angiotensin AT 2-receptor agonist compound 21 is an antagonist for the thromboxane TP-receptor - Implications for preclinical studies and future clinical use. Peptides 2023; 164:170990. [PMID: 36894067 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2023.170990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Since the AT2-receptor (AT2R) agonist C21 has structural similarity to the AT1-receptor antagonists Irbesartan and Losartan, which are antagonists not only at the AT1R, but also at thromboxane TP-receptors, we tested the hypothesis that C21 has TP-receptor antagonistic properties as well. Isolated mouse mesenteric arteries from C57BL/6 J and AT2R-knockout mice (AT2R-/y) were mounted in wire myographs, contracted with either phenylephrine or the thromboxane A2 (TXA2) analogue U46619, and the relaxing effect of C21 (0.1 nM - 10 µM) was investigated. The effect of C21 on U46619-induced platelet aggregation was measured by an impedance aggregometer. Direct interaction of C21 with TP-receptors was determined by an β-arrestin biosensor assay. C21 caused significant, concentration-dependent relaxations in phenylephrine- and U46619-contracted mesenteric arteries from C57BL/6 J mice. The relaxing effect of C21 was absent in phenylephrine-contracted arteries from AT2R-/y mice, whereas it was unchanged in U46619-contracted arteries from AT2R-/y mice. C21 inhibited U46619-stimulated aggregation of human platelets, which was not inhibited by the AT2R-antagonist PD123319. C21 reduced U46619-induced recruitment of β-arrestin to human thromboxane TP-receptors with a calculated Ki of 3.74 µM. We conclude that in addition to AT2R-agonistic properties, C21 also acts as low-affinity TP-receptor antagonist, and that - depending on the constrictor - both mechanisms can be responsible for C21-induced vasorelaxation. Furthermore, by acting as a TP-receptor antagonist, C21 inhibits platelet aggregation. These findings are important for understanding potential off-target effects of C21 in the preclinical and clinical context and for the interpretation of C21-related myography data in assays with TXA2-analogues as constrictor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maise H Fredgart
- Institute of Molecular Medicine - Dept. of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Thomas M Leurgans
- Institute of Molecular Medicine - Dept. of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Martin Stenelo
- Institute of Molecular Medicine - Dept. of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mads Nybo
- Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Maria Bloksgaard
- Institute of Molecular Medicine - Dept. of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Jo G R De Mey
- Institute of Molecular Medicine - Dept. of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - U Muscha Steckelings
- Institute of Molecular Medicine - Dept. of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
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10
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Steckelings UM, Widdop RE, Sturrock ED, Lubbe L, Hussain T, Kaschina E, Unger T, Hallberg A, Carey RM, Sumners C. The Angiotensin AT 2 Receptor: From a Binding Site to a Novel Therapeutic Target. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:1051-1135. [PMID: 36180112 PMCID: PMC9553111 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovered more than 30 years ago, the angiotensin AT2 receptor (AT2R) has evolved from a binding site with unknown function to a firmly established major effector within the protective arm of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and a target for new drugs in development. The AT2R represents an endogenous protective mechanism that can be manipulated in the majority of preclinical models to alleviate lung, renal, cardiovascular, metabolic, cutaneous, and neural diseases as well as cancer. This article is a comprehensive review summarizing our current knowledge of the AT2R, from its discovery to its position within the RAS and its overall functions. This is followed by an in-depth look at the characteristics of the AT2R, including its structure, intracellular signaling, homo- and heterodimerization, and expression. AT2R-selective ligands, from endogenous peptides to synthetic peptides and nonpeptide molecules that are used as research tools, are discussed. Finally, we summarize the known physiological roles of the AT2R and its abundant protective effects in multiple experimental disease models and expound on AT2R ligands that are undergoing development for clinical use. The present review highlights the controversial aspects and gaps in our knowledge of this receptor and illuminates future perspectives for AT2R research. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The angiotensin AT2 receptor (AT2R) is now regarded as a fully functional and important component of the renin-angiotensin system, with the potential of exerting protective actions in a variety of diseases. This review provides an in-depth view of the AT2R, which has progressed from being an enigma to becoming a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Muscha Steckelings
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Robert E Widdop
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Edward D Sturrock
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Lizelle Lubbe
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Tahir Hussain
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Elena Kaschina
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Thomas Unger
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Anders Hallberg
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Robert M Carey
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Colin Sumners
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
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11
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Timaru-Kast R, Garcia Bardon A, Luh C, Coronel-Castello SP, Songarj P, Griemert EV, Krämer TJ, Sebastiani A, Steckelings UM, Thal SC. AT2 activation does not influence brain damage in the early phase after experimental traumatic brain injury in male mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14280. [PMID: 35995819 PMCID: PMC9395341 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18338-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Antagonism of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1) improves neurological function and reduces brain damage after experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI), which may be partly a result of enhanced indirect angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2) stimulation. AT2 stimulation was demonstrated to be neuroprotective via anti-inflammatory, vasodilatory, and neuroregenerative mechanisms in experimental cerebral pathology models. We recently demonstrated an upregulation of AT2 after TBI suggesting a protective mechanism. The present study investigated the effect of post-traumatic (5 days after TBI) AT2 activation via high and low doses of a selective AT2 agonist, compound 21 (C21), compared to vehicle-treated controls. No differences in the extent of the TBI-induced lesions were found between both doses of C21 and the controls. We then tested AT2-knockdown animals for secondary brain damage after experimental TBI. Lesion volume and neurological outcomes in AT2-deficient mice were similar to those in wild-type control mice at both 24 h and 5 days post-trauma. Thus, in contrast to AT1 antagonism, AT2 modulation does not influence the initial pathophysiological mechanisms of TBI in the first 5 days after the insult, indicating that AT2 plays only a minor role in the early phase following trauma-induced brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Timaru-Kast
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Andreas Garcia Bardon
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Clara Luh
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Shila P Coronel-Castello
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.,Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Phuriphong Songarj
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Prannok Road Bangkoknoi, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Eva-Verena Griemert
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias J Krämer
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.,Faculty of Health, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany
| | - Anne Sebastiani
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Anesthesiology, HELIOS University Hospital Wuppertal University of Witten/Herdecke, Heusnerstrasse 40, 42283, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Ulrike Muscha Steckelings
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Serge C Thal
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Anesthesiology, HELIOS University Hospital Wuppertal University of Witten/Herdecke, Heusnerstrasse 40, 42283, Wuppertal, Germany
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12
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Lin H, Geurts F, Hassler L, Batlle D, Mirabito Colafella KM, Denton KM, Zhuo JL, Li XC, Ramkumar N, Koizumi M, Matsusaka T, Nishiyama A, Hoogduijn MJ, Hoorn EJ, Danser AHJ. Kidney Angiotensin in Cardiovascular Disease: Formation and Drug Targeting. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:462-505. [PMID: 35710133 PMCID: PMC9553117 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of local formation of angiotensin II in the kidney has changed over the last 10-15 years. Local synthesis of angiotensinogen in the proximal tubule has been proposed, combined with prorenin synthesis in the collecting duct. Binding of prorenin via the so-called (pro)renin receptor has been introduced, as well as megalin-mediated uptake of filtered plasma-derived renin-angiotensin system (RAS) components. Moreover, angiotensin metabolites other than angiotensin II [notably angiotensin-(1-7)] exist, and angiotensins exert their effects via three different receptors, of which angiotensin II type 2 and Mas receptors are considered renoprotective, possibly in a sex-specific manner, whereas angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptors are believed to be deleterious. Additionally, internalized angiotensin II may stimulate intracellular receptors. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) not only generates angiotensin-(1-7) but also acts as coronavirus receptor. Multiple, if not all, cardiovascular diseases involve the kidney RAS, with renal AT1 receptors often being claimed to exert a crucial role. Urinary RAS component levels, depending on filtration, reabsorption, and local release, are believed to reflect renal RAS activity. Finally, both existing drugs (RAS inhibitors, cyclooxygenase inhibitors) and novel drugs (angiotensin receptor/neprilysin inhibitors, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors, soluble ACE2) affect renal angiotensin formation, thereby displaying cardiovascular efficacy. Particular in the case of the latter three, an important question is to what degree they induce renoprotection (e.g., in a renal RAS-dependent manner). This review provides a unifying view, explaining not only how kidney angiotensin formation occurs and how it is affected by drugs but also why drugs are renoprotective when altering the renal RAS. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Angiotensin formation in the kidney is widely accepted but little understood, and multiple, often contrasting concepts have been put forward over the last two decades. This paper offers a unifying view, simultaneously explaining how existing and novel drugs exert renoprotection by interfering with kidney angiotensin formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lin
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Frank Geurts
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Luise Hassler
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Daniel Batlle
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Katrina M Mirabito Colafella
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Kate M Denton
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Jia L Zhuo
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Xiao C Li
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Nirupama Ramkumar
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Masahiro Koizumi
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Taiji Matsusaka
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Akira Nishiyama
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Martin J Hoogduijn
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Ewout J Hoorn
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - A H Jan Danser
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
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13
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Barsha G, Mirabito Colafella KM, Walton SL, Gaspari TA, Spizzo I, Pinar AA, Hilliard Krause LM, Widdop RE, Samuel CS, Denton KM. In Aged Females, the Enhanced Pressor Response to Angiotensin II Is Attenuated By Estrogen Replacement via an Angiotensin Type 2 Receptor-Mediated Mechanism. Hypertension 2021; 78:128-137. [PMID: 33966450 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.121.17164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Giannie Barsha
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute (G.B., K.M.M.C., S.L.W., T.A.G., I.S., A.A.P., L.M.H.K., R.E.W., C.S.S., K.M.D.), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Physiology (G.B., KM.M.C., S.L.W., L.M.H.K., K.M.D.), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katrina M Mirabito Colafella
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute (G.B., K.M.M.C., S.L.W., T.A.G., I.S., A.A.P., L.M.H.K., R.E.W., C.S.S., K.M.D.), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Physiology (G.B., KM.M.C., S.L.W., L.M.H.K., K.M.D.), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah L Walton
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute (G.B., K.M.M.C., S.L.W., T.A.G., I.S., A.A.P., L.M.H.K., R.E.W., C.S.S., K.M.D.), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Physiology (G.B., KM.M.C., S.L.W., L.M.H.K., K.M.D.), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tracey A Gaspari
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute (G.B., K.M.M.C., S.L.W., T.A.G., I.S., A.A.P., L.M.H.K., R.E.W., C.S.S., K.M.D.), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology (T.A.G., I.S., A.A.P., R.E.W., C.S.S.), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Iresha Spizzo
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute (G.B., K.M.M.C., S.L.W., T.A.G., I.S., A.A.P., L.M.H.K., R.E.W., C.S.S., K.M.D.), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology (T.A.G., I.S., A.A.P., R.E.W., C.S.S.), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anita A Pinar
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute (G.B., K.M.M.C., S.L.W., T.A.G., I.S., A.A.P., L.M.H.K., R.E.W., C.S.S., K.M.D.), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology (T.A.G., I.S., A.A.P., R.E.W., C.S.S.), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lucinda M Hilliard Krause
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute (G.B., K.M.M.C., S.L.W., T.A.G., I.S., A.A.P., L.M.H.K., R.E.W., C.S.S., K.M.D.), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Physiology (G.B., KM.M.C., S.L.W., L.M.H.K., K.M.D.), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert E Widdop
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute (G.B., K.M.M.C., S.L.W., T.A.G., I.S., A.A.P., L.M.H.K., R.E.W., C.S.S., K.M.D.), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology (T.A.G., I.S., A.A.P., R.E.W., C.S.S.), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chrishan S Samuel
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute (G.B., K.M.M.C., S.L.W., T.A.G., I.S., A.A.P., L.M.H.K., R.E.W., C.S.S., K.M.D.), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology (T.A.G., I.S., A.A.P., R.E.W., C.S.S.), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kate M Denton
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute (G.B., K.M.M.C., S.L.W., T.A.G., I.S., A.A.P., L.M.H.K., R.E.W., C.S.S., K.M.D.), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Physiology (G.B., KM.M.C., S.L.W., L.M.H.K., K.M.D.), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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14
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Ulutas Z, Ermis N, Ozhan O, Parlakpinar H, Vardi N, Ates B, Colak C. The Protective Effects of Compound 21 and Valsartan in Isoproterenol-Induced Myocardial Injury in Rats. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2021; 21:17-28. [PMID: 32648158 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-020-09590-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the protective effects of Compound 21 (C21), the first specific non-peptide AT2 receptor agonist, on cardiac injury in rats with isoproterenol-induced heart failure in vivo and compared it with valsartan, an AT1 receptor antagonist. In this study, 56 Wistar albino male rats (estimated body weights 250-400 g) were divided into eight groups (n = 7). Group 1 (Control) received no drug. Group 2 (ISO) was given 180 mg/kg of isoproterenol subcutaneously (s.c.); two doses were administered at 24-h intervals on days 29 and 30 of the experiment. Groups 3, 4, and 5 were given valsartan (30 mg/kg orally), C21 (0.03 mg/kg intraperitoneally), and a combination of Valsartan + C21, respectively, for 30 days. Groups 6, 7, and 8 were administered Valsartan, C21, and Valsartan + C21 in the same application, duration, and dose, respectively, and isoproterenol (180 mg/kg s.c.) was given on days 29 and 30 of the experiment. Transthoracic echocardiography was performed on the rats at the beginning and end of the experiment. Blood pressure, heart rate, and ECG alterations were monitored via a carotid artery cannula at the end of the experiment. Histopathological and biochemical measurements were performed on the cardiac tissue of the rats. For histopathological findings, C21 and Valsartan + C21 combination therapy significantly reduced the development of heart failure compared to valsartan alone. Also, the protective effect of C21 on myocardial injury was superior to that of valsartan. According to the results of echocardiographic and biochemical evaluations, C21, and Valsartan showed protective effects against heart failure. C21, valsartan, and combined therapy significantly prevented the decrease of ejection fraction. This report describes the cardioprotective effects of C21 and valsartan in ISO-induced myocardial damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Ulutas
- Department of Cardiology, Elazig State Hospital, 23100, Elazig, Turkey.
| | - Necip Ermis
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Onural Ozhan
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Hakan Parlakpinar
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Nigar Vardi
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Burhan Ates
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, İnonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Cemil Colak
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
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15
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Wannberg J, Gising J, Lindman J, Salander J, Gutiérrez-de-Terán H, Ablahad H, Hamid S, Grönbladh A, Spizzo I, Gaspari TA, Widdop RE, Hallberg A, Backlund M, Leśniak A, Hallberg M, Larhed M. N-(Methyloxycarbonyl)thiophene sulfonamides as high affinity AT2 receptor ligands. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 29:115859. [PMID: 33309749 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A series of meta-substituted acetophenone derivatives, encompassing N-(alkyloxycarbonyl)thiophene sulfonamide fragments have been synthesized. Several selective AT2 receptor ligands were identified, among those a tert-butylimidazole derivative (20) with a Ki of 9.3 nM, that demonstrates a high stability in human liver microsomes (t½ = 62 min) and in human hepatocytes (t½ = 194 min). This methyloxycarbonylthiophene sulfonamide is a 20-fold more potent binder to the AT2 receptor and is considerably more stable in human liver microsomes, than a previously reported and broadly studied structurally related AT2R prototype antagonist 3 (C38). Ligand 20 acts as an AT2R agonist and caused an AT2R mediated concentration-dependent vasorelaxation of pre-contracted mouse aorta. Furthermore, in contrast to imidazole derivative C38, the tert-butylimidazole derivative 20 is a poor inhibitor of CYP3A4, CYP2D6 and CYP2C9. It is demonstrated herein that smaller alkyloxycarbonyl groups make the ligands in this series of AT2R selective compounds less prone to degradation and that a high AT2 receptor affinity can be retained after truncation of the alkyloxycarbonyl group. Binding modes of the most potent AT2R ligands were explored by docking calculations combined with molecular dynamics simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Wannberg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Science for Life Laboratory, BMC, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Gising
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 591, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jens Lindman
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 591, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jessica Salander
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC, Box 596, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hugo Gutiérrez-de-Terán
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC, Box 596, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hanin Ablahad
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 591, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Pharmacology and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Selin Hamid
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 591, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Pharmacology and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Alfhild Grönbladh
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 591, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Iresha Spizzo
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Tracey A Gaspari
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Robert E Widdop
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Anders Hallberg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 574, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Backlund
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform (UDOPP), Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Leśniak
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mathias Hallberg
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 591, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Larhed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Science for Life Laboratory, BMC, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 591, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
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16
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Norambuena-Soto I, Ocaranza MP, Cancino-Arenas N, Sanhueza-Olivares F, Villar-Fincheira P, Leiva-Navarrete S, Mancilla-Medina C, Moya J, Novoa U, Jalil JE, Castro PF, Lavandero S, Chiong M. Angiotensin-(1-9) prevents vascular remodeling by decreasing vascular smooth muscle cell dedifferentiation through a FoxO1-dependent mechanism. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 180:114190. [PMID: 32768401 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system, one of the main regulators of vascular function, controls vasoconstriction, inflammation and vascular remodeling. Antagonistic actions of the counter-regulatory renin-angiotensin system, which include vasodilation, anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory and anti-remodeling effects, have also been described. However, little is known about the direct effects of angiotensin-(1-9), a peptide of the counter-regulatory renin-angiotensin system, on vascular smooth muscle cells. Here, we studied the anti-vascular remodeling effects of angiotensin-(1-9), with special focus on the control of vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype. Angiotensin-(1-9) decreased blood pressure and aorta media thickness in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Reduction of media thickness was associated with decreased vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. In the A7r5 VSMC cell line and in primary cultures of rat aorta smooth muscle cells, angiotensin-(1-9) did not modify basal proliferation. However, angiotensin-(1-9) inhibited proliferation, migration and contractile protein decrease induced by platelet derived growth factor-BB. Moreover, angiotensin-(1-9) reduced Akt and FoxO1 phosphorylation at 30 min, followed by an increase of total FoxO1 protein content. Angiotensin-(1-9) effects were blocked by the AT2R antagonist PD123319, Akt-Myr overexpression and FoxO1 siRNA. These data suggest that angiotensin-(1-9) inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell dedifferentiation by an AT2R/Akt/FoxO1-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Norambuena-Soto
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maria Paz Ocaranza
- Division de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center of New Drugs for Hypertension (CENDHY), Universidad de Chile & Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicole Cancino-Arenas
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernanda Sanhueza-Olivares
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paulina Villar-Fincheira
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastian Leiva-Navarrete
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Mancilla-Medina
- Division de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center of New Drugs for Hypertension (CENDHY), Universidad de Chile & Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jacqueline Moya
- Division de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center of New Drugs for Hypertension (CENDHY), Universidad de Chile & Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ulises Novoa
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Talca, Chile
| | - Jorge E Jalil
- Division de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center of New Drugs for Hypertension (CENDHY), Universidad de Chile & Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo F Castro
- Division de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio Lavandero
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Corporacion Centro de Estudios Científicos de las Enfermedades Crónicas (CECEC), Santiago, Chile; Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - Mario Chiong
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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17
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Ahmed HA, Ishrat T. The Brain AT2R-a Potential Target for Therapy in Alzheimer's Disease and Vascular Cognitive Impairment: a Comprehensive Review of Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:3458-3484. [PMID: 32533467 PMCID: PMC8109287 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01964-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Dementia is a potentially avertable tragedy, currently considered among the top 10 greatest global health challenges of the twenty-first century. Dementia not only robs individuals of their dignity and independence, it also has a ripple effect that starts with the inflicted individual's family and projects to the society as a whole. The constantly growing number of cases, along with the lack of effective treatments and socioeconomic impact, poses a serious threat to the sustainability of our health care system. Hence, there is a worldwide effort to identify new targets for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the leading cause of dementia. Due to its multifactorial etiology and the recent clinical failure of several novel amyloid-β (Aβ) targeting therapies, a comprehensive "multitarget" approach may be most appropriate for managing this condition. Interestingly, renin angiotensin system (RAS) modulators were shown to positively impact all the factors involved in the pathophysiology of dementia including vascular dysfunction, Aβ accumulation, and associated cholinergic deficiency, in addition to tau hyperphosphorylation and insulin derangements. Furthermore, for many of these drugs, the preclinical evidence is also supported by epidemiological data and/or preliminary clinical trials. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive update on the major causes of dementia including the risk factors, current diagnostic criteria, pathophysiology, and contemporary treatment strategies. Moreover, we highlight the angiotensin II receptor type 2 (AT2R) as an effective drug target and present ample evidence supporting its potential role and clinical applications in cognitive impairment to encourage further investigation in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba A Ahmed
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 855 Monroe Avenue, Wittenborg Bldg, Room-231, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Tauheed Ishrat
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 855 Monroe Avenue, Wittenborg Bldg, Room-231, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
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18
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Renal functional effects of the highly selective AT2R agonist, β-Pro7 Ang III, in normotensive rats. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:871-884. [PMID: 32202299 PMCID: PMC7158249 DOI: 10.1042/cs20200153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we designed a group of peptides by sequential substitution of the naturally occurring α-amino acid throughout the Ang III peptide sequence with the corresponding β-amino acid. β-Amino acid substitution at the proline residue of Ang III (β-Pro7-Ang III) resulted in a highly selective AT2R ligand, demonstrating remarkable selectivity for the AT2R in both binding and functional studies. To provide additional functional evidence for the suitability of β-Pro7 Ang III as a novel AT2R agonist, we tested effects of acute systemic administration of β-Pro7-Ang III on renal hemodynamic and excretory function in anesthetized normotensive male and female rats. We also compared the natriuretic effects of acute intrarenal administration of native Ang III and β-Pro7-Ang III in the presence of systemic AT1R blockade in anesthetized female rats to allow for the differentiation of systemic versus direct intrarenal natriuretic actions of β-Pro7-Ang III. In both male and female rats, acute systemic administration of β-Pro7-Ang III elicited renal vasodilatation and natriuresis. Notably, greater renal vasodilatory effects were observed in female versus male rats at the highest dose of β-Pro7-Ang III administered. Moreover, intra-renal administration of β-Pro7-Ang III produced significant natriuretic effects in female rats and, like Ang III, evoked AT2R translocation to the apical plasma membrane in renal proximal tubular cells. Taken together, our findings support the use of β-Pro7-Ang III as a novel AT2R agonist and experimental tool for exploring AT2R function and its potential as a therapeutic target. Furthermore, our findings provide further evidence of a sex-specific influence of AT2R stimulation on renal function.
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19
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Assersen KB, Sumners C, Steckelings UM. The Renin-Angiotensin System in Hypertension, a Constantly Renewing Classic: Focus on the Angiotensin AT 2-Receptor. Can J Cardiol 2020; 36:683-693. [PMID: 32389341 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2020.02.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is common knowledge that the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), in particular angiotensin II acting through the angiotensin AT1-receptor (AT1R), is pivotal for the regulation of blood pressure (BP) and extracellular volume. More recent findings have revealed that the RAS is far more complex than initially thought and that it harbours additional mediators and receptors, which are able to counteract and thereby fine-tune AT1R-mediated actions. This review will focus on the angiotensin AT2-receptor (AT2R), which is one of the "counter-regulatory" receptors within the RAS. It will review and discuss data related to the role of the AT2R in regulation of BP and focus on the following 3 questions: Do peripheral AT2R have an impact on BP regulation, and, if so, does this effect become apparent only under certain conditions? Are central nervous system AT2R involved in regulation of BP, and, if so, which brain areas are involved and what are the mechanisms? Does dysfunction of AT2R contribute to the pathogenesis of hypertension in preeclampsia?
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper B Assersen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Colin Sumners
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - U Muscha Steckelings
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
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20
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Pechlivanova D, Krumova E, Kostadinova N, Mitreva-Staleva J, Grozdanov P, Stoynev A. Protective effects of losartan on some type 2 diabetes mellitus-induced complications in Wistar and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Metab Brain Dis 2020; 35:527-538. [PMID: 31997264 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-020-00534-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM) is characterized by resistance of insulin receptors and/or inadequate insulin secretion resulting in metabolic and structural complications including vascular diseases, arterial hypertension and different behavioral alterations. We aimed to study the effects of the antihypertensive angiotensin AT1 receptor antagonist losartan on the T2DM-induced changes of exploratory behavior, anxiety, nociception and short term memory in normotensive Wistar and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). The experimental model of T2DM induced by a combination of high fat diet and streptozotocin, decreased exploratory activity and increased the level of carbonylated proteins in selected brain structures in both strains; as well it increased corticosterone level, pain threshold, anxiety-like behavior, and decline short term memory only in SHRs. Losartan treatment alleviated some of the T2DM- induced metabolic complications, abolished the T2DM-induced hypo activity, and normalized the corticosterone level, carbonylated proteins in brain, nociception and memory. Losartan did not exert effect on the anxiety behavior in both strains. We showed that T2DM exerted more pronounced negative effects on the rats with comorbid hypertension as compared to normotensive rats. Overall effects on the studied behavioral parameters are related to decreased exploration of the new environment, increased anxiety-like behavior, and decline in short-term memory. The systemic sub-chronic treatment with an angiotensin AT1 receptor antagonist losartan ameliorated most of these complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Pechlivanova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl. 23, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Ekaterina Krumova
- Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl. 23, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Nedelina Kostadinova
- Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl. 23, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Jeny Mitreva-Staleva
- Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl. 23, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Petar Grozdanov
- Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl. 23, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Alexander Stoynev
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University-Sofia, St. Georgi Sofiyski Str. 1, 1431, Sofia, Bulgaria
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21
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Abstract
The active hormone of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), angiotensin II (Ang II), is involved in several human diseases, driving the development and clinical use of several therapeutic drugs, mostly angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor type I (AT1R) antagonists. However, angiotensin peptides can also bind to receptors different from AT1R, in particular, angiotensin receptor type II (AT2R), resulting in biological and physiological effects different, and sometimes antagonistic, of their binding to AT1R. In the present Perspective, the components of the RAS and the therapeutic tools developed to control it will be reviewed. In particular, the characteristics of AT2R and tools to modulate its functions will be discussed. Agonists or antagonists to AT2R are potential therapeutics in cardiovascular diseases, for agonists, and in the control of pain, for antagonists, respectively. However, controlling their binding properties and their targeting to the target tissues must be optimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucienne Juillerat-Jeanneret
- Transplantation Center, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Chemin des Boveresses 155, CH1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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22
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Ishrat T, Fouda AY, Pillai B, Eldahshan W, Ahmed H, Waller JL, Ergul A, Fagan SC. Dose-response, therapeutic time-window and tPA-combinatorial efficacy of compound 21: A randomized, blinded preclinical trial in a rat model of thromboembolic stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2019; 39. [PMID: 29537907 PMCID: PMC6681526 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x18764773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this translational, randomized, controlled, blinded preclinical trial was to determine the effect of compound 21 (C21) in embolic stroke. Rats were subjected to embolic-middle cerebral artery occlusion (eMCAO). They received C21 (0.01, 0.03 and 0.06 mg/kg/d) or saline (orally) for five days, with the first-dose given IV at 3 h post-eMCAO. For the time-window study, the optimal-dose of C21 was initiated at 3, 6 or 24 h post-eMCAO and continued for five days. For the combinatorial study, animals received IV-tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) at either 2 or 4 h, with IV-C21 (0.01 mg/kg) or saline at 3 h post-eMCAO and daily thereafter for five days. After performing the behavior tests, brains were collected for analyses. The dose-response study showed significant motor improvements with the lowest-dose (0.01 mg/kg) of C21. In the time-window study, this same dose resulted in improvements when given 6 h and 24 h post-eMCAO. Moreover, C21-treated animals performed better on the novel object recognition test. Neither the single treatment with C21 or tPA (4 h) nor the combination therapy was effective in reducing the hemorrhage or infarct size, although C21 alone lowered sensorimotor deficit scores post-eMCAO. Future studies should focus on the long-term cognitive benefits of C21, rather than acute neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tauheed Ishrat
- 1 Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis TN, USA
| | - Abdelrahman Y Fouda
- 2 Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, and Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Bindu Pillai
- 2 Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, and Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Wael Eldahshan
- 2 Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, and Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Heba Ahmed
- 2 Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, and Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jennifer L Waller
- 3 Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Adviye Ergul
- 2 Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, and Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,4 Department of Physiology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Susan C Fagan
- 2 Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, and Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,5 Department of Neurology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
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23
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The Effect of a Nonpeptide Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor Agonist, Compound 21, on Aortic Aneurysm Growth in a Mouse Model of Marfan Syndrome. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2019; 71:215-222. [PMID: 29300219 PMCID: PMC5902135 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Available evidence suggests that the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone (RAA) system is a good target for medical intervention on aortic root dilatation in Marfan syndrome (MFS). The effect of Compound 21 (C21), a nonpeptide angiotensin II type 2 receptor agonist, on aneurysm progression was tested. Methods: Mice with a mutation in fibrillin-1 (Fbn1C1039G/+) and wild-type mice were treated with vehicle, losartan, C21, enalapril, or a combination. Blood pressure, aortic root diameter, and histological slides were evaluated. Results: All groups had a comparable blood pressure. Echographic evaluation of the aortic root diameter revealed a protective effect of angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist (losartan) and no effect of C21 treatment. None of the treatments had a beneficial effect on the histological changes in MFS. Discussion: This study confirms that angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonism (losartan) decreases aortic aneurysm growth in a mouse model of MFS. A nonpeptide angiotensin II type 2 receptor agonist (C21), at the doses studied, was ineffective. Future studies are warranted to further elucidate the exact role of the RAA system in aneurysm formation in MFS and identify alternative targets for intervention.
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Zhou Z, Peters AM, Wang S, Janda A, Chen J, Zhou P, Arthur E, Kwartler CS, Milewicz DM. Reversal of Aortic Enlargement Induced by Increased Biomechanical Forces Requires AT1R Inhibition in Conjunction With AT2R Activation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:459-466. [PMID: 30602301 PMCID: PMC6400319 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.312158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective- Pharmacological inhibition of the AT1R (angiotensin II type 1 receptor) with losartan can attenuate ascending aortic remodeling induced by transverse aortic constriction (TAC). In this study, we investigated the role of the AT2R (angiotensin II type 2 receptor) and MasR (Mas receptor) in TAC-induced ascending aortic dilation and remodeling. Approach and Results- Wild-type C57BL/6J mice were subjected to sham or TAC surgeries in the presence and absence of various drugs. Aortic diameters were assessed by echocardiography, central blood pressure was measured in the ascending aorta 2 weeks post-operation, and histology and gene expression analyses completed. An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, captopril, decreased systolic blood pressure to the same level as losartan but did not attenuate aortic dilation, adventitial inflammation, medial collagen deposition, elastin breakage, or Mmp9 (matrix metalloproteinase-9) expression when compared with TAC mice. In contrast, co-administration of captopril with an AT2R agonist, compound 21, attenuated aortic dilation, medial collagen content, elastin breaks, and Mmp9 expression, whereas co-administration of captopril with a MasR agonist (AVE0991) did not reverse aortic dilation and led to aberrant aortic remodeling. An AT2R antagonist, PD123319, reversed the protective effects of losartan in TAC mice. Treatment with compound 21 alone showed no effect on TAC-induced aortic enlargement, blood pressure, elastin breakage, or Mmp9 expression. Conclusions- Our data indicate that when AT1R signaling is blocked, AT2R activation is a key modulator to prevent aortic dilation that occurs with TAC. These data suggest that angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor may not be as effective as losartan for slowing aneurysm growth because losartan requires intact AT2R signaling to prevent aortic enlargement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhou
- From the Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (Z.Z., A.M.P., S.W., A.J., J.C., P.Z., E.A., C.S.K., D.M.M.)
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China (Z.Z.)
| | - Andrew M Peters
- From the Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (Z.Z., A.M.P., S.W., A.J., J.C., P.Z., E.A., C.S.K., D.M.M.)
| | - Shanzhi Wang
- From the Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (Z.Z., A.M.P., S.W., A.J., J.C., P.Z., E.A., C.S.K., D.M.M.)
| | - Alexandra Janda
- From the Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (Z.Z., A.M.P., S.W., A.J., J.C., P.Z., E.A., C.S.K., D.M.M.)
| | - Jiyuan Chen
- From the Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (Z.Z., A.M.P., S.W., A.J., J.C., P.Z., E.A., C.S.K., D.M.M.)
| | - Ping Zhou
- From the Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (Z.Z., A.M.P., S.W., A.J., J.C., P.Z., E.A., C.S.K., D.M.M.)
| | - Erin Arthur
- From the Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (Z.Z., A.M.P., S.W., A.J., J.C., P.Z., E.A., C.S.K., D.M.M.)
| | - Callie S Kwartler
- From the Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (Z.Z., A.M.P., S.W., A.J., J.C., P.Z., E.A., C.S.K., D.M.M.)
| | - Dianna M Milewicz
- From the Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (Z.Z., A.M.P., S.W., A.J., J.C., P.Z., E.A., C.S.K., D.M.M.)
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25
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Casey S, Herath C, Rajapaksha I, Jones R, Angus P. Effects of angiotensin-(1-7) and angiotensin II on vascular tone in human cirrhotic splanchnic vessels. Peptides 2018; 108:25-33. [PMID: 30179652 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that the renin angiotensin system (RAS) may play a role in the pathological splanchnic vasodilatation that leads to a hyperdynamic circulation in cirrhosis. An impaired contractile response to the angiotensin II peptide of the classical RAS system has been described in animal models of cirrhosis and in vivo in cirrhotic subjects. Furthermore, in experimental cirrhosis, the so-called alternate arm of the RAS was found to be upregulated and its effector peptide, angiotensin-(1-7) was shown to attenuate splanchnic vascular tone. The aim of this study was to explore the relevance of these findings to human disease. Omental arteries from cirrhotic and controls subjects were studied in isolation using a wire myograph. Varied protocols to evaluate the vasoactivity of RAS mediators were enacted. The contractile response to angiotensin II was comparable in cirrhotic vs control splanchnic arteries (61 ± 9 vs 68 ± 11% KPSS, respectively). Despite this, however, arterial contractility of the cirrhotic vessels correlated negatively with Child Pugh score (p = 0.0003, r=-0.83) and there was evidence that angiotensin II-induced contractility was increased in early cirrhosis. Angiotensin II-induced contractility was attenuated by angiotensin-(1-7) in cirrhotic and control arteries, however, adrenergic responses were not affected by angiotensin-(1-7). Contractile responses to angiotensin II are preserved in narrow lumen human cirrhotic splanchnic arteries and are comparatively augmented in early disease. Angiotensin-(1-7) had no vasodilatory effect on adrenergic tone, however, attenuated angiotensin II-induced contractility, possibly through an Ang-(1-7)-AT1R interaction, and thus may contribute to pathological vasodilatation in human cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Casey
- Liver Unit, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Chandana Herath
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Indu Rajapaksha
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Peter Angus
- Liver Unit, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Australia
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26
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Abstract
Purpose of Review The purpose of this review is to summarize the most recent data available on advances in development of novel medical treatments for hypertension and related comorbidities. Recent Findings Approximately half of all hypertensive patients have not achieved goal blood pressure with current available antihypertensive medications. Recent landmark studies and new hypertension guidelines have called for stricter blood pressure control, creating a need for better strategies for lowering blood pressure. This has led to a shift in focus, in recent years, to the development of combination pills as a means of achieving improved blood pressure control by increasing adherence to prescribed medications along with further research and development of promising novel drugs based on discovery of new molecular targets such as the counter-regulatory renin-angiotensin system. Summary Fixed-dose combination pills and novel treatments based on recently discovered pathogenic mechanisms of hypertension that have demonstrated promising results as treatments for hypertension and related comorbidities will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared Davis
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, BDB 327, 1720 2nd Ave S, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
| | - Suzanne Oparil
- UAB Vascular Biology and Hypertension Program, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, ZRB 1034, 703 19th St S, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
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Toedebusch R, Belenchia A, Pulakat L. Cell-Specific Protective Signaling Induced by the Novel AT2R-Agonist NP-6A4 on Human Endothelial and Smooth Muscle Cells. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:928. [PMID: 30186168 PMCID: PMC6111462 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease incidence continues to rise and new treatment paradigms are warranted. We reported previously that activation of Angiotensin II receptor (encoded by the X-linked Agtr2 gene) by a new peptide agonist, NP-6A4, was more effective in protecting mouse cardiomyocyte HL-1 cells and human coronary artery vascular smooth muscle cells (hCAVSMCs) from acute nutrient deficiency than other drugs tested. To elucidate further the protective effects of NP-6A4 in human cells, we studied the effects of NP-6A4 treatment on functions of human coronary artery endothelial cells (hCAECs), and hCAVSMCs. In hCAVSMCs, NP-6A4 (1 μM) increased Agtr2 mRNA (sixfold, p < 0.05) after 12-h exposure, whereas in hCAECs, significant increase in Agtr2 mRNA (hCAECs: eightfold) was observed after prolonged exposure. Interestingly, NP-6A4 treatment (1 μM, 12 h) increased AT2R protein levels in all human cells tested. Pre-treatment with AT2R-antagonist PD123319 (20 μM) and anti-AT2R siRNA (1 μM) suppressed this effect. Thus, NP-6A4 activates a positive feedback loop for AT2R expression and signaling in hCAVSMCs and hCAECs. NP-6A4 (1–20 μM) increased cell index (CI) of hCAVSMCs as determined by real time cell analyzer (RTCA), indicating that high concentrations of NP-6A4 were not cytotoxic for hCAVSMCs, rather promoting better cell attachment and growth. Seahorse Extracellular Flux Assay revealed that NP-6A4 (1 μM) treatment for 7 days increased whole cell-based mitochondrial parameters of hCAVSMCs, specifically maximal respiration (p < 0.05), spare respiratory capacity (p < 0.05) and ATP production (p < 0.05). NP-6A4 (1 μM; 7 days) also suppressed Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in hCAVSMCs. Exposure to Doxorubicin (DOXO) (1 μM) increased ROS in hCAVSMCs and this effect was suppressed by NP-6A4 (1 μM). In hCAECs grown in complete medium, NP-6A4 (1 μM) and Ang II (1 μM) exerted similar changes in CI. Additionally, NP-6A4 (5 μM: 12 h) increased expression of eNOS (sixfold, p < 0.05) and generation of nitric oxide (1.3-fold, p < 0.05) in hCAECs and pre-treatment with PD123319 (20 μM) suppressed this effect partially (65%). Finally, NP-6A4 decreased phosphorylation of Jun-N-terminal kinase, implicated in apoptosis of ECs in atherosclerotic sites. Taken together, NP-6A4, through its ability to increase AT2R expression and signaling, exerts different cell-specific protective effects in human VSMCs and ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Toedebusch
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Anthony Belenchia
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.,Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Lakshmi Pulakat
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.,Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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28
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Haspula D, Clark MA. Molecular Basis of the Brain Renin Angiotensin System in Cardiovascular and Neurologic Disorders: Uncovering a Key Role for the Astroglial Angiotensin Type 1 Receptor AT1R. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 366:251-264. [PMID: 29752427 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.248831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The central renin angiotensin system (RAS) is one of the most widely investigated cardiovascular systems in the brain. It is implicated in a myriad of cardiovascular diseases. However, studies from the last decade have identified its involvement in several neurologic abnormalities. Understanding the molecular functionality of the various RAS components can thus provide considerable insight into the phenotypic differences and mechanistic drivers of not just cardiovascular but also neurologic disorders. Since activation of one of its primary receptors, the angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R), results in an augmentation of oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines, it becomes essential to investigate not just neuronal RAS but glial RAS as well. Glial cells are key homeostatic regulators in the brain and are critical players in the resolution of overt oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Designing better and effective therapeutic strategies that target the brain RAS could well hinge on understanding the molecular basis of both neuronal and glial RAS. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the major studies that have investigated the mechanisms and regulation of the brain RAS, and it also provides insight into the potential role of glial AT1Rs in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular and neurologic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanush Haspula
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (D.H.); and College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida (M.A.C.)
| | - Michelle A Clark
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (D.H.); and College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida (M.A.C.)
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29
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2R) and receptor Mas (MasR) are part of the "protective arm" of the renin angiotensin system. Gene and pharmacological manipulation studies reveal that AT2R and MasR are involved in natriuretic, vasodilatory, and anti-inflammatory responses and in lowering blood pressure in various animal models under normal and pathological conditions such as salt-sensitive hypertension, obesity, and diabetes. The scope of this review is to discuss co-localization and heterodimerization as potential molecular mechanisms of AT2R- and MasR-mediated functions including antihypertensive activities. RECENT FINDINGS Accumulating evidences show that AT2R and MasR are co-localized, make a heterodimer, and are functionally interdependent in producing their physiological responses. Moreover, ang-(1-7) preferably may be an AT1R-biased agonist while acting as a MasR agonist. The physical interactions of AT2R and MasR appear to be an important mechanism by which these receptors are involved in blood pressure regulation and antihypertensive activity. Whether heteromers of these receptors influence affinity or efficacy of endogenous or synthetic agonists remains a question to be considered.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blood Pressure/physiology
- Dimerization
- Humans
- Hypertension/metabolism
- Hypertension/physiopathology
- Proto-Oncogene Mas
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/physiology
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/physiology
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/metabolism
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/physiology
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/physiology
- Renin-Angiotensin System/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanket Patel
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Health 2, Room 3046, 4849 Calhoun Street, Houston, TX, 77204-5000, USA
| | - Tahir Hussain
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Health 2, Room 3046, 4849 Calhoun Street, Houston, TX, 77204-5000, USA.
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30
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NADPH Oxidases and Mitochondria in Vascular Senescence. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051327. [PMID: 29710840 PMCID: PMC5983750 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is the major risk factor in the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), including hypertension, atherosclerosis, and myocardial infarction. Oxidative stress caused by overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and/or by reduced expression of antioxidant enzymes is a major contributor to the progression of vascular senescence, pathologic remodeling of the vascular wall, and disease. Both oxidative stress and inflammation promote the development of senescence, a process by which cells stop proliferating and become dysfunctional. This review focuses on the role of the mitochondria and the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases Nox1 and Nox4 in vascular senescence, and their contribution to the development of atherosclerosis. Recent findings are reviewed, supporting a critical role of the mitochondrial regulator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), the inflammatory gene nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), zinc, the zinc transporters (ZnTs) ZnT3 and ZnT10, and angiotensin II (Ang II) in mitochondrial function, and their role in telomere stability, which provides new mechanistic insights into a previously proposed unified theory of aging.
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31
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Identification of protein phosphatase involvement in the AT 2 receptor-induced activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018. [PMID: 29540539 DOI: 10.1042/cs20171598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The Angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R) promotes vasodilation by nitric oxide (NO) release from endothelial cells. However, the mechanisms underlying the AT2R-induced stimulation of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) is still not completely understood. Therefore, we investigated whether in addition to the known AT2R-mediated phosphorylation of eNOS at Ser1177, activation of phosphatases and dephosphorylation of eNOS at Tyr657 and Thr495 are also involved. Human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) were stimulated with the AT2R-agonist Compound 21 (C21) (1 µM) in the presence or absence of either PD123319 (10 µM; AT2R antagonist), l-NG-Nitroarginine methyl ester (l-NAME) (10 µM; eNOS inhibitor), MK-2206 (100 nM; protein kinase B (Akt) inhibitor) sodium fluoride (NaF) (1 nM; serine/threonine phosphatase inhibitor) or sodium orthovanadate (Na3VO4) (10 nM; tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor). NO release was estimated by quantifying 4-amino-5-methylamino-2',7'-difluorofluorescein diacetate (DAF-FM) fluorescence. The phosphorylation status of activating (eNOS-Ser1177) or inhibitory eNOS residues (eNOS-Tyr657, eNOS-Thr495) was determined by Western blotting. Phosphorylation of Akt at Ser473 was measured to estimate Akt activity. AT2R stimulation significantly increased NO release from HAEC, which was blocked by PD123319, l-NAME and both phosphatase inhibitors. Intracellular calcium transients were not changed by C21. AT2R stimulation resulted in phosphorylation of eNOS-Ser1177 and dephosphorylation of eNOS-Tyr657 and eNOS-Thr495 Phosphorylation at eNOS-Ser1177 was prevented by inhibition of Akt with MK-2206. From these data, we conclude that AT2R stimulation in human endothelial cells increases eNOS activity through phosphorylation of activating eNOS residues (eNOS-Ser1177) by Akt, and through dephosphorylation of inactivating eNOS residues (eNOS-Tyr657, eNOS-Thr495) by serine/threonine and tyrosine phosphatases, thus increasing NO release.
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Yan F, Yuan Z, Wang N, Carey RM, Aylor KW, Chen L, Zhou X, Liu Z. Direct Activation of Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptors Enhances Muscle Microvascular Perfusion, Oxygenation, and Insulin Delivery in Male Rats. Endocrinology 2018; 159:685-695. [PMID: 29186390 PMCID: PMC5774251 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin II receptors regulate muscle microvascular recruitment and the delivery of nutrients, oxygen, and insulin to muscle. Although angiotensin type 1 receptor antagonism increases muscle microvascular perfusion and insulin action, angiotensin type 2 receptor blockade markedly restricts muscle microvascular blood volume and decreases muscle delivery of insulin. To examine the effects of direct type 2 receptor stimulation using Compound 21 (C21) on microvascular perfusion, insulin delivery and action, and tissue oxygenation in muscle, overnight-fasted adult male rats were infused with C21 systemically. C21 potently increased microvascular blood volume without altering microvascular flow velocity or blood pressure, resulting in a net increase in microvascular blood flow in muscle. This was associated with a substantial increase in muscle interstitial oxygen saturation and insulin delivery into the skeletal and cardiac muscle. These effects were neutralized by coinfusion of the type 2 receptor antagonist or nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. Superimposing C21 infusion on insulin infusion increased insulin-mediated whole body glucose disposal by 50%. C21 significantly relaxed the preconstricted distal saphenous artery ex vivo. We have concluded that direct type 2 receptor stimulation markedly increases muscle microvascular perfusion through nitric oxide biosynthesis and enhances insulin delivery and action in muscle. These findings provide a physiologic mechanistic insight into type 2 receptor modulation of insulin action and suggest that type 2 receptor agonists might have therapeutic potential in the management of diabetes and its associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yan
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
| | - Zhaoshun Yuan
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Nasui Wang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903
- Department of Endocrinology, Shantou University First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Robert M. Carey
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903
| | - Kevin W. Aylor
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
| | - Xinmin Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Zhenqi Liu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903
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Flores TJ, Nguyen VB, Widdop RE, Sutherland MR, Polglase GR, Abud HE, Black MJ. Morphology and Function of the Lamb Ileum following Preterm Birth. Front Pediatr 2018; 6:8. [PMID: 29473027 PMCID: PMC5810295 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2018.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For infants born moderately/late preterm (32-37 weeks of gestation), immaturity of the intestine has the potential to impact both short- and long-term gastrointestinal function. The aim of this study conducted in sheep was to compare the morphology and smooth muscle contractility of the ileum in term and late preterm lambs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Lambs delivered preterm (132 days gestation; n = 7) or term (147 days gestation; n = 9) were milk-fed after birth and euthanased at 2 days of age. A segment of distal ileum was collected for analysis of the length and cellular composition of the villi and crypts, smooth muscle width and contractility, and mRNA expression of the cell markers Ki67, lysozyme, mucin 2, synaptophysin, chromogranin A, olfactomedin 4, axis inhibition protein 2, and leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 5 (LGR5). RESULTS There was no difference in the proportion of inflammatory, proliferating, apoptotic, enterocyte, or goblet cells between groups, but preterm lambs exhibited a significant upregulation of the stem cell marker LGR5 (p = 0.01). Absolute villus height (term: 1,032 ± 147 µm, preterm: 651 ± 52 µm; p < 0.0001) and crypt depth (term: 153 ± 11 µm, preterm: 133 ± 17 µm; p = 0.01) were significantly shorter in the preterm ileums, with a trend (p = 0.06) for a reduction in muscularis externa width. There was no difference between groups in the contractile response to acetylcholine, but peak contractility in response to bradykinin (p = 0.02) and angiotensin II (p = 0.03) was significantly greater in the preterm lambs. CONCLUSION Findings demonstrate that the crypt-villus units are shorter in the ileum of late preterm offspring, but functionally mature with an equivalent cellular composition and normal contractile response to acetylcholine compared with term offspring. The exaggerated contractility to inflammatory mediators evident in the preterm ileum, however, may be of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey J Flores
- The Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Vivian B Nguyen
- The Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Robert E Widdop
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Megan R Sutherland
- The Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Graeme R Polglase
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Helen E Abud
- The Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Mary Jane Black
- The Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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Angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R) in renal and cardiovascular disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 130:1307-26. [PMID: 27358027 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) is well-considered to be the principal effector of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), which binds with strong affinity to the angiotensin II type 1 (AT1R) and type 2 (AT2R) receptor subtype. However, activation of both receptors is likely to stimulate different signalling mechanisms/pathways and produce distinct biological responses. The haemodynamic and non-haemodynamic effects of Ang II, including its ability to regulate blood pressure, maintain water-electrolyte balance and promote vasoconstriction and cellular growth are well-documented to be mediated primarily by the AT1R. However, its biological and functional effects mediated through the AT2R subtype are still poorly understood. Recent studies have emphasized that activation of the AT2R regulates tissue and organ development and provides in certain context a potential counter-regulatory mechanism against AT1R-mediated actions. Thus, this review will focus on providing insights into the biological role of the AT2R, in particular its actions within the renal and cardiovascular system.
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Hallberg M, Sumners C, Steckelings UM, Hallberg A. Small-molecule AT2 receptor agonists. Med Res Rev 2017; 38:602-624. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Hallberg
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, BMC; Uppsala University; P.O. Box 591 SE751 24 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Colin Sumners
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida; College of Medicine and McKnight Brain Institute; Gainesville FL 32611
| | - U. Muscha Steckelings
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research; University of Southern Denmark; P.O. Box 5230 Odense Denmark
| | - Anders Hallberg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, BMC; Uppsala University; P.O. Box 574 SE-751 23 Uppsala Sweden
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Tamargo M, Tamargo J. Future drug discovery in renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system intervention. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2017; 12:827-848. [PMID: 28541811 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2017.1335301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors (RAASIs), including angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin AT1 receptor blockers and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), are the cornerstone for the treatment of cardiovascular and renal diseases. Areas covered: The authors searched MEDLINE, PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov to identify eligible full-text English language papers. Herein, the authors discuss AT2-receptor agonists and ACE2/angiotensin-(1-7)/Mas-receptor axis modulators, direct renin inhibitors, brain aminopeptidase A inhibitors, biased AT1R blockers, chymase inhibitors, multitargeted drugs, vaccines and aldosterone receptor antagonists as well as aldosterone synthase inhibitors. Expert opinion: Preclinical studies have demonstrated that activation of the protective axis of the RAAS represents a novel therapeutic strategy for treating cardiovascular and renal diseases, but there are no clinical trials supporting our expectations. Non-steroidal MRAs might become the third-generation of MRAs for the treatment of heart failure, diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease. The main challenge for these new drugs is that conventional RAASIs are safe, effective and cheap generics. Thus, the future of new RAASIs will be directed by economical/strategic reasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tamargo
- a Department of Cardiology , Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, CIBERCV , Madrid , Spain
| | - Juan Tamargo
- b Department of Pharmacology , School of Medicine, University Complutense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, CIBERCV , Madrid , Spain
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Epochs in the depressor/pressor balance of the renin-angiotensin system. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 130:761-71. [PMID: 27128801 DOI: 10.1042/cs20150939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a commanding role in the regulation of extracellular fluid homoeostasis. Tigerstadt and Bergman first identified the RAS more than two centuries ago. By the 1980s a voyage of research and discovery into the mechanisms and actions of this system led to the development of drugs that block the RAS, which have become the mainstay for the treatment of cardiovascular and renal disease. In the last 25 years new components of the RAS have come to light, including the angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2R) and the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)/angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang(1-7)]/Mas receptor (MasR) axis. These have been shown to counter the classical actions of angiotensin II (AngII) at the predominant angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R). Our studies, and those of others, have demonstrated that targeting these depressor RAS pathways may be therapeutically beneficial. It is apparent that the evolution of both the pressor and depressor RAS pathways is distinct throughout life and that the depressor/pressor balance of the RAS vary between the sexes. These temporal patterns of expression suggest that therapies targeting the RAS could be optimized for discrete epochs in life.
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Carey RM. AT2 Receptors: Potential Therapeutic Targets for Hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2017; 30:339-347. [PMID: 27664954 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpw121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is arguably the most important and best studied hormonal system in the control of blood pressure (BP) and the pathogenesis of hypertension. The RAS features its main effector angiotensin II (Ang II) acting via its 2 major receptors, angiotensin type-1(AT1R) and type-2 (AT2R). In general, AT2Rs oppose the detrimental actions of Ang II via AT1Rs. AT2R activation induces vasodilation and natriuresis, but its effects to lower BP in hypertension have not been as clear as anticipated. Recent studies, however, have demonstrated that acute and chronic AT2R stimulation can induce natriuresis and lower BP in the Ang II infusion model of experimental hypertension. AT2R activation induces receptor recruitment from intracellular sites to the apical plasma membranes of renal proximal tubule cells via a bradykinin, nitric oxide, and cyclic guanosine 3',5' monophosphate signaling pathway that results in internalization and inactivation of sodium (Na+) transporters Na+-H+ exchanger-3 and Na+/K+ATPase. These responses do not require the presence of concurrent AT1R blockade and are effective both in the prevention and reversal of hypertension. This review will address the role of AT2Rs in the control of BP and Na+ excretion and the case for these receptors as potential therapeutic targets for hypertension in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Carey
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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Ruchaya PJ, Speretta GF, Blanch GT, Li H, Sumners C, Menani JV, Colombari E, Colombari DSA. Overexpression of AT2R in the solitary-vagal complex improves baroreflex in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Neuropeptides 2016; 60:29-36. [PMID: 27469059 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the physiological effects of increased angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R) expression in the solitary-vagal complex (nucleus of the solitary tract/dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus; NTS/DVM) on baroreflex function in non-anaesthetised normotensive (NT) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Ten week old NT Holtzman and SHR were microinjected with either an adeno-associated virus expressing AT2R (AAV2-CBA-AT2R) or enhanced green fluorescent protein (control; AAV2-CBA-eGFP) into the NTS/DVM. Baroreflex and telemetry recordings were performed on four experimental groups: 1) NTeGFP, 2) NTAT2R, 3) SHReGFP and 4) SHRAT2R (n=4-7/group). Following in-vivo experimental procedures, brains were harvested for gene expression analysis. Impaired bradycardia in SHReGFP was restored in SHR rats overexpressing AT2R in the NTS/DMV. mRNA levels of angiotensin converting enzyme decreased and angiotensin converting enzyme 2 increased in the NTS/DMV of SHRAT2R compared to SHReGFP. Increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA levels in the SHReGFP group also decreased in the SHRAT2R group. AT2R overexpression did not elicit any significant change in mean arterial pressure (MAP) in all groups from baseline to 4weeks post viral transfection. Both SHReGFP and SHRAT2R showed a significant elevation in MAP compared to the NTeGFP and NTAT2R groups. Increased AT2R expression within the NTS/DMV of SHR was effective at improving baroreflex function but not MAP. We propose possible mediators involved in improving baroreflex are in the ANG II/ACE2 axis, suggesting a potential beneficial modulatory effect of AT2R overexpression in the NTS/DMV of neurogenic hypertensive rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant J Ruchaya
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Guilherme F Speretta
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Graziela Torres Blanch
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Hongwei Li
- School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Colin Sumners
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics and McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - José V Menani
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Colombari
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Débora S A Colombari
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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Long-term treatment of spontaneously hypertensive rats with PD123319 and electrophysiological remodeling of left ventricular myocardium. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2016; 389:1333-1340. [PMID: 27629578 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-016-1300-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of PD123319, an antagonist of angiotensin II subtype-2 receptor (AT2R), on the electrophysiological characteristics of the left ventricular hypertrophic myocardium in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). A total of twenty-four 10-week-old male SHR were divided into two groups: PD123319 and non-PD123319 groups (n = 12 in each). Twelve 10-week-old Wistar-Kyoto rats served as the control group. Systolic blood pressure, left ventricular mass index (LVMI), ventricular effective refractory period, and ventricular fibrillation threshold were also measured after 8 weeks. I Na, I CaL, I to, and membrane capacitance were measured in the left ventricular myocytes after 8 weeks by whole-cell patch clamp. PD123319 increased LVMI compared with the non-PD123319 group (PD123319 vs. non-PD123319, 3.83 ± 0.11 vs. 3.60 ± 0.19 mg/g; P < 0.01). PD123319 also decreased the ventricular fibrillation threshold compared with the non-PD123319 group (PD123319 vs. non-PD123319, 14.75 ± 0.65 vs. 16.0 ± 0.86 mA; P < 0.01). PD123319 enhanced membrane capacitance compared with the non-PD123319 group (PD123319 vs. non-PD123319, 283.63 ± 5.80 vs. 276.50 ± 4.28 pF; P < 0.05). PD123319 increased the density of I CaL compared with the non-PD123319 group (PD123319 vs. non-PD123319, -6.76 ± 0.48 vs. -6.13 ± 0.30 pA/pF; P < 0.05). PD123319 decreased the density of I to compared with the non-PD123319 group (PD123319 vs. non-PD123319, 11.49 ± 0.50 vs. 12.23 ± 0.36 pA/pF; P < 0.05). Long-term treatment with PD123319 worsened the development of myocyte hypertrophy and associated electrophysiological alterations in spontaneously hypertensive rat.
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Chow BSM, Koulis C, Krishnaswamy P, Steckelings UM, Unger T, Cooper ME, Jandeleit-Dahm KA, Allen TJ. The angiotensin II type 2 receptor agonist Compound 21 is protective in experimental diabetes-associated atherosclerosis. Diabetologia 2016; 59:1778-90. [PMID: 27168137 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3977-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Angiotensin II is well-recognised to be a key mediator in driving the pathological events of diabetes-associated atherosclerosis via signalling through its angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) subtype. However, its actions via the angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R) subtype are still poorly understood. This study is the first to investigate the role of the novel selective AT2R agonist, Compound 21 (C21) in an experimental model of diabetes-associated atherosclerosis (DAA). METHODS Streptozotocin-induced diabetic Apoe-knockout mice were treated with vehicle (0.1 mol/l citrate buffer), C21 (1 mg/kg per day), candesartan cilexetil (4 mg/kg per day) or C21 + candesartan cilexetil over a 20 week period. In vitro models of DAA using human aortic endothelial cells and monocyte cultures treated with C21 were also performed. At the end of the experiments, assessment of plaque content and markers of oxidative stress, inflammation and fibrosis were conducted. RESULTS C21 treatment significantly attenuated aortic plaque deposition in a mouse model of DAA in vivo, in association with a decreased infiltration of macrophages and mediators of inflammation, oxidative stress and fibrosis. On the other hand, combination therapy with C21 and candesartan (AT1R antagonist) appeared to have a limited additive effect in attenuating the pathology of DAA when compared with either treatment alone. Similarly, C21 was found to confer profound anti-atherosclerotic actions at the in vitro level, particularly in the setting of hyperglycaemia. Strikingly, these atheroprotective actions of C21 were completely blocked by the AT2R antagonist PD123319. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Taken together, these findings provide novel mechanistic and potential therapeutic insights into C21 as a monotherapy agent against DAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryna S M Chow
- JDRF Danielle Alberti Memorial Centre for Diabetic Complications, Diabetic Complications Division, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Research Institute, 75 Commercial Road, P. O. Box 6492, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Christine Koulis
- JDRF Danielle Alberti Memorial Centre for Diabetic Complications, Diabetic Complications Division, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Research Institute, 75 Commercial Road, P. O. Box 6492, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Pooja Krishnaswamy
- JDRF Danielle Alberti Memorial Centre for Diabetic Complications, Diabetic Complications Division, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Research Institute, 75 Commercial Road, P. O. Box 6492, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Ulrike M Steckelings
- IMM-Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Thomas Unger
- School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Mark E Cooper
- JDRF Danielle Alberti Memorial Centre for Diabetic Complications, Diabetic Complications Division, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Research Institute, 75 Commercial Road, P. O. Box 6492, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Karin A Jandeleit-Dahm
- JDRF Danielle Alberti Memorial Centre for Diabetic Complications, Diabetic Complications Division, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Research Institute, 75 Commercial Road, P. O. Box 6492, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Terri J Allen
- JDRF Danielle Alberti Memorial Centre for Diabetic Complications, Diabetic Complications Division, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Research Institute, 75 Commercial Road, P. O. Box 6492, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
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de Kloet AD, Pitra S, Wang L, Hiller H, Pioquinto DJ, Smith JA, Sumners C, Stern JE, Krause EG. Angiotensin Type-2 Receptors Influence the Activity of Vasopressin Neurons in the Paraventricular Nucleus of the Hypothalamus in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2016; 157:3167-80. [PMID: 27267713 PMCID: PMC4967126 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
It is known that angiotensin-II acts at its type-1 receptor to stimulate vasopressin (AVP) secretion, which may contribute to angiotensin-II-induced hypertension. Less well known is the impact of angiotensin type-2 receptor (AT2R) activation on these processes. Studies conducted in a transgenic AT2R enhanced green fluorescent protein reporter mouse revealed that although AT2R are not themselves localized to AVP neurons within the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), they are localized to neurons that extend processes into the PVN. In the present set of studies, we set out to characterize the origin, phenotype, and function of nerve terminals within the PVN that arise from AT2R-enhanced green fluorescent protein-positive neurons and synapse onto AVP neurons. Initial experiments combined genetic and neuroanatomical techniques to determine that γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons derived from the peri-PVN area containing AT2R make appositions onto AVP neurons within the PVN, thereby positioning AT2R to negatively regulate neuroendocrine secretion. Subsequent patch-clamp electrophysiological experiments revealed that selective activation of AT2R in the peri-PVN area using compound 21 facilitates inhibitory (ie, GABAergic) neurotransmission and leads to reduced activity of AVP neurons within the PVN. Final experiments determined the functional impact of AT2R activation by testing the effects of compound 21 on plasma AVP levels. Collectively, these experiments revealed that AT2R expressing neurons make GABAergic synapses onto AVP neurons that inhibit AVP neuronal activity and suppress baseline systemic AVP levels. These findings have direct implications in the targeting of AT2R for disorders of AVP secretion and also for the alleviation of high blood pressure.
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Kemp BA, Howell NL, Keller SR, Gildea JJ, Padia SH, Carey RM. AT2 Receptor Activation Prevents Sodium Retention and Reduces Blood Pressure in Angiotensin II-Dependent Hypertension. Circ Res 2016; 119:532-43. [PMID: 27323774 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.308384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Compound 21 (C-21) is a highly selective nonpeptide angiotensin AT2 receptor (AT2R) agonist. OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that chronic AT2R activation with C-21 induces natriuresis via an action at the renal proximal tubule (RPT) and lowers blood pressure (BP) in experimental angiotensin II (Ang II)-dependent hypertension. METHODS AND RESULTS In rats, Ang II infusion increased both sodium (Na(+)) retention and BP on day 1, and BP remained elevated throughout the 7-day infusion period. Either intrarenal or systemic administration of C-21 prevented Ang II-mediated Na(+) retention on day 1, induced continuously negative cumulative Na(+) balance compared with Ang II alone, and reduced BP chronically. The effects of C-21 are likely to be mediated by action on the RPT as acute systemic C-21-induced natriuresis was additive to that induced by chlorothiazide and amiloride. At 24 hours of Ang II infusion, AT2R activation with C-21, both intrarenally and systemically, translocated AT2Rs from intracellular sites to the apical plasma membranes of RPT cells without altering the total cellular pool of AT2Rs and internalized/inactivated major RPT Na(+) transporters Na(+)-H(+)-exchanger-3 and Na(+)/K(+)ATPase. C-21 lowered BP to a similar degree whether administered before or subsequent to the establishment of Ang II-dependent hypertension. CONCLUSIONS Chronic AT2R activation initiates and sustains receptor translocation to RPT apical plasma membranes, internalizes/inactivates Na(+)-H(+)-exchanger-3 and Na(+)/K(+)ATPase, prevents Na(+) retention resulting in negative cumulative Na(+) balance, and lowers BP in experimental Ang II-induced hypertension. Acting uniquely at the RPT, C-21 is a promising candidate for the treatment of hypertension and Na(+)-retaining states in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon A Kemp
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine (B.A.K., N.L.H., S.R.K., S.H.P., R.M.C.) and Department of Pathology (J.J.G.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville
| | - Nancy L Howell
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine (B.A.K., N.L.H., S.R.K., S.H.P., R.M.C.) and Department of Pathology (J.J.G.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville
| | - Susanna R Keller
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine (B.A.K., N.L.H., S.R.K., S.H.P., R.M.C.) and Department of Pathology (J.J.G.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville
| | - John J Gildea
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine (B.A.K., N.L.H., S.R.K., S.H.P., R.M.C.) and Department of Pathology (J.J.G.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville
| | - Shetal H Padia
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine (B.A.K., N.L.H., S.R.K., S.H.P., R.M.C.) and Department of Pathology (J.J.G.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville
| | - Robert M Carey
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine (B.A.K., N.L.H., S.R.K., S.H.P., R.M.C.) and Department of Pathology (J.J.G.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville.
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44
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Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a central role in the control of blood pressure in the body and the way this interacts with other systems is widely recognized. This has not always been the case and this review summarizes how our knowledge has evolved from the initial discovery of renin by Tigerstedt and Berman in 1898. This includes the identification of angiotensin in the 1950s to the proposed relationship between this system, hypertension and ultimately cardiovascular disease. While the RAS is far more complex than originally thought, much is now known about this system and the wide ranging effects of angiotensin in the body. This has enabled the development of therapies that target the various proteins in this pathway and hence are implicated in disease. The first of these treatments was the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-Is), followed by the angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), and more recently the direct renin inhibitors (DRIs). Clinical outcome trials have shown these drugs to be effective, but as they act at contrasting points in the RAS, there are differences in their efficacy and safety profiles. RAS blockade is the foundation of modern combination therapy with a calcium channel blocker and/or a diuretic given to reduce blood pressure and limit the impact of RAS activation. Other options that complement these treatments may be available in the future and will offer more choice to clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Williams
- Chair of Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, Maple House, First Floor, Suite A, University College London, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 7DN, UK
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45
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Maleki M, Nematbakhsh M. Gender Difference in Renal Blood Flow Response to Angiotensin II Administration after Ischemia/Reperfusion in Rats: The Role of AT2 Receptor. Adv Pharmacol Sci 2016; 2016:7294942. [PMID: 27034657 PMCID: PMC4806269 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7294942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) is one of the major causes of kidney failure, and it may interact with renin angiotensin system while angiotensin II (Ang II) type 2 receptor (AT2R) expression is gender dependent. We examined the role of AT2R blockade on vascular response to Ang II after I/R in rats. Methods. Male and female rats were subjected to 30 min renal ischemia followed by reperfusion. Two groups of rats received either vehicle or AT2R antagonist, PD123319. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), and renal blood flow (RBF) responses were assessed during graded Ang II (100, 300, and 1000 ng/kg/min, i.v.) infusion at controlled renal perfusion pressure (RPP). Results. Vehicle or antagonist did not alter MAP, RPP, and RBF levels significantly; however, 30 min after reperfusion, RBF decreased insignificantly in female treated with PD123319 (P = 0.07). Ang II reduced RBF and increased renal vascular resistance (RVR) in a dose-related fashion (P dose < 0.0001), and PD123319 intensified the reduction of RBF response in female (P group < 0.005), but not in male rats. Conclusion. The impact of the AT2R on vascular responses to Ang II in renal I/R injury appears to be sexually dimorphic. PD123319 infusion promotes these hemodynamic responses in female more than in male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Maleki
- Water and Electrolytes Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81745, Iran
- Department of Physiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81745, Iran
| | - Mehdi Nematbakhsh
- Water and Electrolytes Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81745, Iran
- Department of Physiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81745, Iran
- Isfahan MN Institute of Basic and Applied Sciences Research, Isfahan 81546, Iran
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46
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Abstract
Although angiotensin II subtype-2 receptor (AT2R) was discovered over 2 decades ago, its contribution to physiology and pathophysiology is not fully elucidated. Current knowledge suggests that under normal physiologic conditions, AT2R counterbalances the effects of angiotensin II subtype-1 receptor (AT1R). A major obstacle for AT2R investigations was the lack of specific agonists. Most of the earlier AT2R studies were performed using the peptidic agonist, CG42112A, or the nonpeptidic antagonist PD123319. CGP42112A is nonspecific for AT2R and in higher concentrations can bind to AT1R. Recently, the development of specific nonpeptidic AT2R agonists boosted the efforts in identifying the therapeutic potentials for AT2R stimulation. Unlike AT1R, AT2R is involved in vasodilation by the release of bradykinin and nitric oxide, anti-inflammation, and healing from injury. Interestingly, the vasodilatory effects of AT2R stimulation were not associated with significant reduction in blood pressure. In the kidney, AT2R stimulation produced natriuresis, increased renal blood flow, and reduced tissue inflammation. In animal studies, enhanced AT2R function led to reduction of cardiac inflammation and fibrosis, and reduced the size of the infarcted area. Similarly, AT2R stimulation demonstrated protective effects in vasculature and brain.
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47
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Karnik SS, Unal H, Kemp JR, Tirupula KC, Eguchi S, Vanderheyden PML, Thomas WG. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. XCIX. Angiotensin Receptors: Interpreters of Pathophysiological Angiotensinergic Stimuli [corrected]. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:754-819. [PMID: 26315714 PMCID: PMC4630565 DOI: 10.1124/pr.114.010454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin angiotensin system (RAS) produced hormone peptides regulate many vital body functions. Dysfunctional signaling by receptors for RAS peptides leads to pathologic states. Nearly half of humanity today would likely benefit from modern drugs targeting these receptors. The receptors for RAS peptides consist of three G-protein-coupled receptors—the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1 receptor), the angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2 receptor), the MAS receptor—and a type II trans-membrane zinc protein—the candidate angiotensin IV receptor (AngIV binding site). The prorenin receptor is a relatively new contender for consideration, but is not included here because the role of prorenin receptor as an independent endocrine mediator is presently unclear. The full spectrum of biologic characteristics of these receptors is still evolving, but there is evidence establishing unique roles of each receptor in cardiovascular, hemodynamic, neurologic, renal, and endothelial functions, as well as in cell proliferation, survival, matrix-cell interaction, and inflammation. Therapeutic agents targeted to these receptors are either in active use in clinical intervention of major common diseases or under evaluation for repurposing in many other disorders. Broad-spectrum influence these receptors produce in complex pathophysiological context in our body highlights their role as precise interpreters of distinctive angiotensinergic peptide cues. This review article summarizes findings published in the last 15 years on the structure, pharmacology, signaling, physiology, and disease states related to angiotensin receptors. We also discuss the challenges the pharmacologist presently faces in formally accepting newer members as established angiotensin receptors and emphasize necessary future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadashiva S Karnik
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
| | - Hamiyet Unal
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
| | - Jacqueline R Kemp
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
| | - Kalyan C Tirupula
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
| | - Satoru Eguchi
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
| | - Patrick M L Vanderheyden
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
| | - Walter G Thomas
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
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48
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Hypotensive and sympathoinhibitory responses to selective central AT2 receptor stimulation in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Clin Sci (Lond) 2015; 129:81-92. [PMID: 25655919 DOI: 10.1042/cs20140776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The type 2 angiotensin receptor (AT2R) has been suggested to counterbalance the type 1 angiotensin receptor (AT1R) in the central regulation of blood pressure and sympathetic tone. In the present study we investigated the blood pressure responses to stimulation of central AT2Rs by the selective agonist Compound 21 in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY rats). We also assessed the impact on noradrenaline [norepinephrine (NE)] plasma levels, autonomic function, spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity, and the possible involvement of the nitric oxide (NO) pathway and the AT1Rs. Chronic intracerebroventricular Compound 21 infusion lowered blood pressure and NE plasma levels in both rat strains. The night-time hypotensive effect was greater in SHRs compared with WKY rats. Compound 21 improved spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity more in SHRs than in WKY rats. These effects were abolished by co-administration of the AT2R antagonist PD123319 or the NO synthase inhibitor Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME). Central AT1R blockade did not enhance the hypotensive response to Compound 21. Chronic selective stimulation of central AT2Rs lowers blood pressure through sympathoinhibition, and improves spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity more in SHRs than in WKY rats. These responses appear to require a functioning central NO pathway, but are not modified by central AT1R blockade. Collectively, the data demonstrate specific beneficial effects of stimulation of central AT2Rs in hypertension associated with increased sympathetic tone, and suggest that central AT2Rs may represent a potential new therapeutic target for the treatment of neurogenic hypertension.
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49
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β-Pro7Ang III is a novel highly selective angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R) agonist, which acts as a vasodepressor agent via the AT2R in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats. Clin Sci (Lond) 2015; 129:505-13. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20150077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We have synthesized a highly selective compound that is able to target a protein-binding site [called angiotensin (Ang) II type 2 receptor, AT2R] in the cardiovascular system. This research tool will enhance our ability to stimulate AT2R to produce protective effects against cardiovascular disease.
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50
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de Kloet AD, Liu M, Rodríguez V, Krause EG, Sumners C. Role of neurons and glia in the CNS actions of the renin-angiotensin system in cardiovascular control. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 309:R444-58. [PMID: 26084692 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00078.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite tremendous research efforts, hypertension remains an epidemic health concern, leading often to the development of cardiovascular disease. It is well established that in many instances, the brain plays an important role in the onset and progression of hypertension via activation of the sympathetic nervous system. Further, the activity of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and of glial cell-mediated proinflammatory processes have independently been linked to this neural control and are, as a consequence, both attractive targets for the development of antihypertensive therapeutics. Although it is clear that the predominant effector peptide of the RAS, ANG II, activates its type-1 receptor on neurons to mediate some of its hypertensive actions, additional nuances of this brain RAS control of blood pressure are constantly being uncovered. One of these complexities is that the RAS is now thought to impact cardiovascular control, in part, via facilitating a glial cell-dependent proinflammatory milieu within cardiovascular control centers. Another complexity is that the newly characterized antihypertensive limbs of the RAS are now recognized to, in many cases, antagonize the prohypertensive ANG II type 1 receptor (AT1R)-mediated effects. That being said, the mechanism by which the RAS, glia, and neurons interact to regulate blood pressure is an active area of ongoing research. Here, we review the current understanding of these interactions and present a hypothetical model of how these exchanges may ultimately regulate cardiovascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette D de Kloet
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida; and
| | - Meng Liu
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida; and
| | - Vermalí Rodríguez
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida; and
| | - Eric G Krause
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Colin Sumners
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida; and
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