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Qiu Y, Gan M, Wang X, Liao T, Chen Q, Lei Y, Chen L, Wang J, Zhao Y, Niu L, Wang Y, Zhang S, Zhu L, Shen L. The global perspective on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) in ectopic fat deposition: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127042. [PMID: 37742894 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Excessive expansion of adipocytes can have unhealthy consequences as excess free fatty acids enter other tissues and cause ectopic fat deposition by resynthesizing triglycerides. This lipid accumulation in various tissues is harmful and can increase the risk of related metabolic diseases such as type II diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and insulin resistance. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily that play a key role in energy metabolism as fatty acid metabolism sensors, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is the main subtype responsible for fat cell differentiation and adipogenesis. In this paper, we introduce the main structure and function of PPARγ and its regulatory role in the process of lipogenesis in the liver, kidney, skeletal muscle, and pancreas. This information can serve as a reference for further understanding the regulatory mechanisms and measures of the PPAR family in the process of ectopic fat deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhao Qiu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Mailin Gan
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xingyu Wang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Tianci Liao
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Qiuyang Chen
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yuhang Lei
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jinyong Wang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Ye Zhao
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lili Niu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shunhua Zhang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Linyuan Shen
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
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Garcia-Baos A, Pastor A, Gallego-Landin I, de la Torre R, Sanz F, Valverde O. The role of PPAR-γ in memory deficits induced by prenatal and lactation alcohol exposure in mice. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:3373-3383. [PMID: 37491462 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02191-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Patients diagnosed with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) show persistent cognitive disabilities, including memory deficits. However, the neurobiological substrates underlying these deficits remain unclear. Here, we show that prenatal and lactation alcohol exposure (PLAE) in mice induces FASD-like memory impairments. This is accompanied by a reduction of N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) in the hippocampus specifically in a childhood-like period (at post-natal day (PD) 25). To determine their role in memory deficits, two pharmacological approaches were performed during this specific period of early life. Thus, memory performance was tested after the repeated administration (from PD25 to PD34) of: i) URB597, to increase NAEs, with GW9662, a PPAR-γ antagonist; ii) pioglitazone, a PPAR-γ agonist. We observed that URB597 suppresses PLAE-induced memory deficits through a PPAR-γ dependent mechanism, since its effects are prevented by GW9662. Direct PPAR-γ activation, using pioglitazone, also ameliorates memory impairments. Lastly, to further investigate the region and cellular specificity, we demonstrate that an early overexpression of PPAR-γ, by means of a viral vector, in hippocampal astrocytes mitigates memory deficits induced by PLAE. Together, our data reveal that disruptions of PPAR-γ signaling during neurodevelopment contribute to PLAE-induced memory dysfunction. In turn, PPAR-γ activation during a childhood-like period is a promising therapeutic approach for memory deficits in the context of early alcohol exposure. Thus, these findings contribute to the gaining insight into the mechanisms that might underlie memory impairments in FASD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Garcia-Baos
- Neurobiology of Behavior Research Group (GReNeC-NeuroBio), Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Neuroscience Research Program, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Pastor
- Neuroscience Research Program, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ines Gallego-Landin
- Neurobiology of Behavior Research Group (GReNeC-NeuroBio), Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael de la Torre
- Neurobiology of Behavior Research Group (GReNeC-NeuroBio), Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Neuroscience Research Program, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ferran Sanz
- Research Program on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olga Valverde
- Neurobiology of Behavior Research Group (GReNeC-NeuroBio), Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
- Neuroscience Research Program, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.
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Morgaan HA, Sallam MY, El-Gowelli HM, El-Gowilly SM, El-Mas MM. Preeclamptic programming unevenly perturbs inflammatory and renal vasodilatory outcomes of endotoxemia in rat offspring: modulation by losartan and pioglitazone. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1140020. [PMID: 37180728 PMCID: PMC10166818 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1140020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Preeclampsia (PE) enhances the vulnerability of adult offspring to serious illnesses. The current study investigated whether preeclamptic fetal programming impacts hemodynamic and renal vasodilatory disturbances in endotoxic adult offspring and whether these interactions are influenced by antenatal therapy with pioglitazone and/or losartan. Methods: PE was induced by oral administration of L-NAME (50 mg/kg/day) for the last 7 days of pregnancy. Adult offspring was treated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS, 5 mg/kg) followed 4-h later by hemodynamic and renovascular studies. Results: Tail-cuff measurements showed that LPS decreased systolic blood pressure (SBP) in male, but not female, offspring of PE dams. Moreover, PE or LPS reduced vasodilations elicited by acetylcholine (ACh, 0.01-7.29 nmol) or N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA, 1.6-100 nmol) in perfused kidneys of male rats only. The latter effects disappeared in LPS/PE preparations, suggesting a postconditioning action for LPS against renal manifestation of PE. Likewise, elevations caused by LPS in serum creatinine and inflammatory cytokines (TNFα and IL-1β) as well as in renal protein expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and AT1 receptors were attenuated by the dual PE/LPS challenge. Gestational pioglitazone or losartan reversed the attenuated ACh/NECA vasodilations in male rats but failed to modify LPS hypotension or inflammation. The combined gestational pioglitazone/losartan therapy improved ACh/NECA vasodilations and eliminated the rises in serum IL-1β and renal MCP-1 and AT1 receptor expressions. Conclusion: Preeclamptic fetal programming of endotoxic hemodynamic and renal manifestations in adult offspring depends on animal sex and specific biological activity and are reprogrammed by antenatal pioglitazone/losartan therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagar A. Morgaan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Marwa Y. Sallam
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hanan M. El-Gowelli
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Sahar M. El-Gowilly
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M. El-Mas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
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Zhang LY, Liu XY, Su AC, Hu YY, Zhang JG, Xian XH, Li WB, Zhang M. Klotho Upregulation via PPARγ Contributes to the Induction of Brain Ischemic Tolerance by Cerebral Ischemic Preconditioning in Rats. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:1355-1367. [PMID: 35900650 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01255-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemic preconditioning (CIP)-induced brain ischemic tolerance protects neurons from subsequent lethal ischemic insult. However, the specific mechanisms underlying CIP remain unclear. In the present study, we explored the hypothesis that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) participates in the upregulation of Klotho during the induction of brain ischemic tolerance by CIP. First we investigated the expression of Klotho during the brain ischemic tolerance induced by CIP. Lethal ischemia significantly decreased Klotho expression from 6 h to 7 days, while CIP significantly increased Klotho expression from 12 h to 7 days in the hippocampal CA1 region. Inhibition of Klotho expression by its shRNA blocked the neuroprotection induced by CIP. These results indicate that Klotho participates in brain ischemic tolerance by CIP. Furthermore, we tested the role of PPARγ in regulating Klotho expression after CIP. CIP caused PPARγ protein translocation to the nucleus in neurons in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. Pretreatment with GW9962, a PPARγ inhibitor, significantly attenuated the upregulation of Klotho protein and blocked the brain ischemic tolerance induced by CIP. Taken together, it can be concluded that Klotho upregulation via PPARγ contributes to the induction of brain ischemic tolerance by CIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Yan Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, People's Republic of China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and Intervention, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xi-Yun Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - A-Chou Su
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Yan Hu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, People's Republic of China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and Intervention, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jing-Ge Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, People's Republic of China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and Intervention, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Xian
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, People's Republic of China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and Intervention, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wen-Bin Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, People's Republic of China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and Intervention, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and Intervention, Shijiazhuang, China.
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Inhibition effect of PPAR-γ signaling on mast cell-mediated allergic inflammation through down-regulation of PAK1/ NF-κB activation. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 108:108692. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Alfarhan MW, Al-Hussaini H, Kilarkaje N. Role of PPAR-γ in diabetes-induced testicular dysfunction, oxidative DNA damage and repair in leptin receptor-deficient obese type 2 diabetic mice. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 361:109958. [PMID: 35472412 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.109958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The testis expresses peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), but its involvement in regulating diabetes-induced testicular dysfunction and DNA damage repair is not known. Pioglitazone-induced activation of PPAR-γ for 12 weeks in db/db obese diabetic mice increases bodyweights and reduces blood glucose levels, but PPAR-γ inhibition by 2-chloro-5-nitro-N-phenylbenzamide does not alter these parameters; instead, improves testis and epididymis weights and sperm count. Neither activation nor inhibition of PPAR-γ normalizes the diabetes-induced seminiferous epithelial degeneration. The PPAR-γ activation normalizes testicular lipid peroxidation, but its inhibition reduces lipid peroxidation and oxidative DNA damage (8-oxo-dG) in diabetic mice. As a response to diabetes-induced oxidative DNA damage, the base-excision repair (BER) mechanism proteins- 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylases (OGG1/2) and X-ray repair cross-complementing protein-1 (XRCC1) increase, whereas the redox-factor-1 (REF1), DNA polymerase (pol) δ and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP1) show a tendency to increase suggesting an attempt to repair the oxidative DNA damage. The PPAR-γ stimulation inhibits OGG2, DNA pol δ, and XRCC1 in diabetic mice testes, but PPAR-γ inhibition reduces oxidative DNA damage and normalizes BER protein levels. In conclusion, type 2 diabetes negatively affects testicular structure and function and increases oxidative DNA damage and BER protein levels due to increased DNA damage. The PPAR-γ modulation does not significantly affect the structural changes in the testis. The PPAR-γ stimulation aggravates diabetes-induced effects on testis, including oxidative DNA damage and BER proteins, but PPAR-γ inhibition marginally recovers these diabetic effects indicating the involvement of the receptor in the reproductive effects of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heba Al-Hussaini
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait
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Mizuno T, Satoh N, Horita S, Tsukada H, Takagi M, Sato Y, Kume H, Nangaku M, Nakamura M. Oxidized alkyl phospholipids stimulate sodium transport in proximal tubules via a non-genomic PPARγ-dependent pathway. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101681. [PMID: 35124009 PMCID: PMC8892145 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidized phospholipids have been shown to exhibit pleiotropic effects in numerous biological contexts. For example, 1-O-hexadecyl-2-azelaoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (azPC), an oxidized phospholipid formed from alkyl phosphatidylcholines, is a peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) nuclear receptor agonist. Although it has been reported that PPARγ agonists including thiazolidinediones can induce plasma volume expansion by enhancing renal sodium and water retention, the role of azPC in renal transport functions is unknown. In the present study, we investigated the effect of azPC on renal proximal tubule (PT) transport using isolated PTs and kidney cortex tissues and also investigated the effect of azPC on renal sodium handling in vivo. We showed using a microperfusion technique that azPC rapidly stimulated Na+/HCO3− cotransporter 1 (NBCe1) and luminal Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE) activities in a dose-dependent manner at submicromolar concentrations in isolated PTs from rats and humans. The rapid effects (within a few minutes) suggest that azPC activates NBCe1 and NHE via nongenomic signaling. The stimulatory effects were completely blocked by specific PPARγ antagonist GW9662, ERK kinase inhibitor PD98059, and CD36 inhibitor sulfosuccinimidyl oleate. Treatment with an siRNA against PPAR gamma completely blocked the stimulation of both NBCe1 and NHE by azPC. Moreover, azPC induced ERK phosphorylation in rat and human kidney cortex tissues, which were completely suppressed by GW9662 and PD98059 treatments. These results suggest that azPC stimulates renal PT sodium-coupled bicarbonate transport via a CD36/PPARγ/mitogen-activated protein/ERK kinase/ERK pathway. We conclude that the stimulatory effects of azPC on PT transport may be partially involved in volume expansion.
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Zhang ZH, He JQ, Zhao YY, Chen HC, Tan NH. Asiatic acid prevents renal fibrosis in UUO rats via promoting the production of 15d-PGJ2, an endogenous ligand of PPAR-γ. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2020; 41:373-382. [PMID: 31705123 PMCID: PMC7471452 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-019-0319-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is an inevitable outcome of all kinds of progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD). Recently, asiatic acid (AA), a triterpenoid compound from Chinese medicine Centella asiatica, has been found to attenuate renal fibrosis. In the current study, we explored the mechanisms underlying antifibrotic effect of AA on UUO model. SD rats and ICR mice were subjected to unilateral ureteral occlusion (UUO) surgery. Prior the surgery, rats were administered AA (10 mg·kg-1 per day, ig) for 7 days, whereas the mice received AA (15 mg·kg-1 per day, ig) for 3 days. UUO group displayed significant degree of renal dysfunction, interstitial fibrosis, oxidative stress, and activation of the TGF-β/Smad and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in the kidney, these pathological changes were greatly ameliorated by pretreatment with AA. In addition, we found that co-treatment with GW9662, a selective PPAR-γ antagonist (1 mg·kg-1 per day, ip) for 7 days, abolished the protective effects of AA. We further revealed that AA pretreatment did not significantly change the expression levels of PPAR-γ in the kidney, but markedly increase the plasma levels of 15d-PGJ2, an endogenous ligand of PPAR-γ. In UUO mice, pretreatment with 15d-PGJ2 (24 μg·kg-1 per day, ip, for 7 days) produced similar protective effect as AA. Moreover, AA pretreatment upregulated the expression levels of active, nuclear-localized SREBP-1 (nSREBP-1), whereas fatostatin, a specific inhibitor of SREBP-1, decreased the expression of nSREBP-1, as well as the level of 15d-PGJ2. These results provide new insight into the antifibrotic mechanism of AA and endogenous metabolites might become a new clue for investigation of drug mechanism.
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Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma activation attenuates diabetic cardiomyopathy via regulation of the TGF-β/ERK pathway and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Life Sci 2018; 213:269-278. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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10
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He K, Xia L, Zhang J. LPS ameliorates renal ischemia/reperfusion injury via Hsp27 up-regulation. Int Urol Nephrol 2017; 50:571-580. [PMID: 29124510 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-017-1735-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We have recently reported lipopolysaccharide (LPS) pretreatment attenuated renal ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI), but the exact mechanism remains to be well elucidated. It was reported that heat shock protein (Hsp) 27 was up-regulated after administration of LPS, but whether a direct link existed between Hsp27 up-regulation and LPS-induced protection against renal IRI is still unknown. METHODS Mice were exposed to IRI or sham procedure, with pretreatment of LPS or not. Quercetin, an inhibitor of Hsp27 synthesis, was used, and an RNA interference with adenovirus vector using short hairpin RNA targeting Hsp27 was developed for inhibition of Hsp27 in mice. In addition, mice trans-infected with adenovirus vector encoding Hsp27 were used to testify the role of Hsp27 overexpression in LPS-induced renoprotection. Renal function, histological damage, inflammatory reaction, oxidative stress and apoptosis indices were measured. Western blot analysis was used to detect expression of Hsp27. RESULTS We found LPS pretreatment stimulated renal up-regulation of Hsp27 and reduced renal IRI proven by less renal dysfunction, histological damage, inflammatory reaction, oxidative stress and apoptosis. It was observed that inhibition of Hsp27 synthesis by Quercetin abolished LPS-induced renoprotective effects. After renal knockdown of Hsp27, LPS-induced tolerance against renal IRI was largely removed. Mice with Hsp27 overexpression showed significantly improved renal function after IRI and LPS combined with Hsp27 overexpression had a synergistic effect on protection against renal IRI. CONCLUSION Administration of LPS produces protective effects against renal IRI via Hsp27 up-regulation. Preconditional Hsp27 up-regulation might have a great potential for the treatment of renal IRI via ameliorating apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang He
- Department of Liver Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Xia
- Department of Liver Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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Ahmad I, Mui E, Galbraith L, Patel R, Tan EH, Salji M, Rust AG, Repiscak P, Hedley A, Markert E, Loveridge C, van der Weyden L, Edwards J, Sansom OJ, Adams DJ, Leung HY. Sleeping Beauty screen reveals Pparg activation in metastatic prostate cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:8290-5. [PMID: 27357679 PMCID: PMC4961202 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1601571113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (CaP) is the most common adult male cancer in the developed world. The paucity of biomarkers to predict prostate tumor biology makes it important to identify key pathways that confer poor prognosis and guide potential targeted therapy. Using a murine forward mutagenesis screen in a Pten-null background, we identified peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (Pparg), encoding a ligand-activated transcription factor, as a promoter of metastatic CaP through activation of lipid signaling pathways, including up-regulation of lipid synthesis enzymes [fatty acid synthase (FASN), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), ATP citrate lyase (ACLY)]. Importantly, inhibition of PPARG suppressed tumor growth in vivo, with down-regulation of the lipid synthesis program. We show that elevated levels of PPARG strongly correlate with elevation of FASN in human CaP and that high levels of PPARG/FASN and PI3K/pAKT pathway activation confer a poor prognosis. These data suggest that CaP patients could be stratified in terms of PPARG/FASN and PTEN levels to identify patients with aggressive CaP who may respond favorably to PPARG/FASN inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ahmad
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom;
| | - Ernest Mui
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Galbraith
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Rachana Patel
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Ee Hong Tan
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Salji
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair G Rust
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Repiscak
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Ann Hedley
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Elke Markert
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Carolyn Loveridge
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Louise van der Weyden
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Edwards
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Owen J Sansom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - David J Adams
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Hing Y Leung
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom;
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Peymani M, Ghaedi K, Irani S, Nasr-Esfahani MH. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Activity is Required for Appropriate Cardiomyocyte Differentiation. CELL JOURNAL 2016; 18:221-8. [PMID: 27540527 PMCID: PMC4988421 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2016.4317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a member of the
PPAR nuclear receptor superfamily. Although PPARγ acts as a master transcription factor
in adipocyte differentiation, it is also associated with a variety of cell functions including
carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, glucose homeostasis, cell proliferation and cell differentiation. This study aimed to assess the expression level of PPARγ in order to address its
role in cardiac cell differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs).
Materials and Methods In this an intervening study, mESCs were subjected to cardiac differentiation. Total RNA was extracted from the cells and quantitative real time polymerase chain
reaction (qPCR) was carried out to estimate level of gene expression. Furthermore, the requirement of PPARγ in cardiac differentiation of mESCs, during cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs)
formation, was examined by applying the respective agonist and antagonist.
Results The obtained data revealed an elevation in the expression level of PPARγ during
spontaneous formation of CPCs and cardiomyocytes. Our results indicated that during
CPC formation, PPARγ inactivation via treatment with GW9662 (GW) reduced expression
of CPC and cardiac markers.
Conclusion We conclude that PPARγ modulation has an effective role on cardiac differentiation of mESCs at the early stage of cardiomyogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Peymani
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamran Ghaedi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shiva Irani
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Nasr-Esfahani
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
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13
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Significance of alpha smooth muscle actin expression in traumatic painful neuromas: a pilot study in rats. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23828. [PMID: 27021914 PMCID: PMC4810523 DOI: 10.1038/srep23828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of painful neuromas remains a challenge and the mechanism of neuroma-associated pain is not yet fully understood. In this study, we aimed to observe the expression of alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in traumatic neuromas and to investigate its possible roles in the cause of neuropathic pain in a rat model. The rat sciatic nerve was used and the experiment was divided into two parts. In part I, our results showed significantly higher levels of α-SMA and the pain marker c-fos in the autotomy group than in the no-autotomy group. In part II, the expression of α-SMA in neuromas was down- and up-regulated using SB-431542 and GW9662, respectively. A significant correlation between autotomy scores and the expression level of α-SMA was found (R = 0.957; p < 0.001) and the expression level of α-SMA was positively related to the autotomy scores (R2 = 0.915, p < 0.001). We concluded that the expression of α-SMA plays certain roles in the neuroma-associated pain, either as a direct cause of pain or as an indirect marker of existence of local mechanical stimuli. Our findings may provide new insights into the development of new treatment modalities for the management of intractable painful neuromas.
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14
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Taheri M, Salamian A, Ghaedi K, Peymani M, Izadi T, Nejati AS, Atefi A, Nematollahi M, Ahmadi Ghahrizjani F, Esmaeili M, Kiani Esfahani A, Irani S, Baharvand H, Nasr-Esfahani MH. A ground state of PPARγ activity and expression is required for appropriate neural differentiation of hESCs. Pharmacol Rep 2015; 67:1103-14. [PMID: 26481528 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several evidences indicate stimulation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARg), promotes neuronal differentiation. This study was conducted to testify the prominence of PPARγ during neural differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). METHODS PPARγ expression level was assessed during neural differentiation of hESCs. Meanwhile, the level of endogenous miRNAs, which could be engaged in regulation of PPARγ expression, was measured. Next, natural and synthetic components of PPARγ agonists and antagonist were implemented on neural progenitor formation during neural differentiation of hESCs. RESULTS Data showed an increasing wave of PPARγ expression level when human neural progenitors (NPs) were formed upon retinoic acid treatment. Interestingly, there was no significant difference in the amount of PPARγ proteins during the differentiation of hESCs that is inconsistent with what we observed for RNA level. Our results indicated that miRNAs are not involved in the regulation of PPARγ expression, while proteasome-mediated degradation may to some degree be involved in this process. Among numerous treatments, PPARγ inactivation during NPs formation significantly decreased expression of NP markers. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that a ground state of PPARγ activity is required for NP formation of hESCs during early neural differentiation. However, high expression and activity of PPARγ could not enhance the required neural differentiation, whereas the PPARγ inactivation could negatively influence NP formation from hESCs by antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Taheri
- Biology Department, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Salamian
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Kamran Ghaedi
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Maryam Peymani
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Tayebeh Izadi
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Alireza Shoaraye Nejati
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Atefeh Atefi
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Marzieh Nematollahi
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ahmadi Ghahrizjani
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Esmaeili
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Abbas Kiani Esfahani
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shiva Irani
- Biology Department, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Nasr-Esfahani
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran.
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Hasan DM, Starke RM, Gu H, Wilson K, Chu Y, Chalouhi N, Heistad DD, Faraci FM, Sigmund CD. Smooth Muscle Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Plays a Critical Role in Formation and Rupture of Cerebral Aneurysms in Mice In Vivo. Hypertension 2015; 66:211-20. [PMID: 25916724 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.05332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Vascular inflammation plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of cerebral aneurysms. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) protects against vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis, whereas dominant-negative mutations in PPARγ promote atherosclerosis and vascular dysfunction. We tested the role of PPARγ in aneurysm formation and rupture. Aneurysms were induced with a combination of systemic infusion of angiotensin-II and local injection of elastase in (1) mice that received the PPARγ antagonist GW9662 or the PPARγ agonist pioglitazone, (2) mice carrying dominant-negative PPARγ mutations in endothelial or smooth muscle cells, and (3) mice that received the Cullin inhibitor MLN4924. Incidence of aneurysm formation, rupture, and mortality was quantified. Cerebral arteries were analyzed for expression of Cullin3, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1, nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2, NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)1 (NQO1), and inflammatory marker mRNAs. Neither pioglitazone nor GW9662 altered the incidence of aneurysm formation. GW9662 significantly increased the incidence of aneurysm rupture, whereas pioglitazone tended to decrease the incidence of rupture. Dominant-negative endothelial-specific PPARγ did not alter the incidence of aneurysm formation or rupture. In contrast, dominant-negative smooth muscle-specific PPARγ resulted in an increase in aneurysm formation (P<0.05) and rupture (P=0.05). Dominant-negative smooth muscle-specific PPARγ, but not dominant-negative endothelial-specific PPARγ, resulted in significant decreases in expression of genes encoding Cullin3, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1, and nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2, along with significant increases in tumor necrosis factor-α, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1, CD68, matrix metalloproteinase-3, -9, and -13. MLN4924 did not alter incidence of aneurysm formation, but increased the incidence of rupture (P<0.05). In summary, endogenous PPARγ, specifically smooth muscle PPARγ, plays an important role in protecting from formation and rupture of experimental cerebral aneurysms in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Hasan
- From the Department of Neurological Surgery (D.M.H., H.G., K.W., Y.C.) and Departments of Pharmacology and Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine (Y.C., D.D.H., F.M.F., C.D.S.), University of Department of Internal Medicine, Iowa; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (R.M.S.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (N.C.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Healthcare System (F.M.F.)
| | - Robert M Starke
- From the Department of Neurological Surgery (D.M.H., H.G., K.W., Y.C.) and Departments of Pharmacology and Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine (Y.C., D.D.H., F.M.F., C.D.S.), University of Department of Internal Medicine, Iowa; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (R.M.S.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (N.C.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Healthcare System (F.M.F.)
| | - He Gu
- From the Department of Neurological Surgery (D.M.H., H.G., K.W., Y.C.) and Departments of Pharmacology and Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine (Y.C., D.D.H., F.M.F., C.D.S.), University of Department of Internal Medicine, Iowa; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (R.M.S.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (N.C.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Healthcare System (F.M.F.)
| | - Katina Wilson
- From the Department of Neurological Surgery (D.M.H., H.G., K.W., Y.C.) and Departments of Pharmacology and Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine (Y.C., D.D.H., F.M.F., C.D.S.), University of Department of Internal Medicine, Iowa; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (R.M.S.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (N.C.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Healthcare System (F.M.F.)
| | - Yi Chu
- From the Department of Neurological Surgery (D.M.H., H.G., K.W., Y.C.) and Departments of Pharmacology and Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine (Y.C., D.D.H., F.M.F., C.D.S.), University of Department of Internal Medicine, Iowa; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (R.M.S.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (N.C.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Healthcare System (F.M.F.)
| | - Nohra Chalouhi
- From the Department of Neurological Surgery (D.M.H., H.G., K.W., Y.C.) and Departments of Pharmacology and Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine (Y.C., D.D.H., F.M.F., C.D.S.), University of Department of Internal Medicine, Iowa; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (R.M.S.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (N.C.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Healthcare System (F.M.F.)
| | - Donald D Heistad
- From the Department of Neurological Surgery (D.M.H., H.G., K.W., Y.C.) and Departments of Pharmacology and Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine (Y.C., D.D.H., F.M.F., C.D.S.), University of Department of Internal Medicine, Iowa; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (R.M.S.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (N.C.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Healthcare System (F.M.F.)
| | - Frank M Faraci
- From the Department of Neurological Surgery (D.M.H., H.G., K.W., Y.C.) and Departments of Pharmacology and Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine (Y.C., D.D.H., F.M.F., C.D.S.), University of Department of Internal Medicine, Iowa; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (R.M.S.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (N.C.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Healthcare System (F.M.F.)
| | - Curt D Sigmund
- From the Department of Neurological Surgery (D.M.H., H.G., K.W., Y.C.) and Departments of Pharmacology and Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine (Y.C., D.D.H., F.M.F., C.D.S.), University of Department of Internal Medicine, Iowa; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (R.M.S.); Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (N.C.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Healthcare System (F.M.F.).
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Zadegan FG, Ghaedi K, Kalantar SM, Peymani M, Hashemi MS, Baharvand H, Nasr-Esfahani MH. Cardiac differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells is influenced by a PPAR γ/PGC-1α-FNDC5 pathway during the stage of cardiac precursor cell formation. Eur J Cell Biol 2015; 94:257-66. [PMID: 25936576 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ co-activator 1α (PGC-1α) up-regulation induces FNDC5 expression in muscle and consequently causes browning of white adipose tissue (WAT). In addition to skeletal muscle, FNDC5 is mainly expressed in heart and brain tissues. Here, we demonstrate that FNDC5 expression increased during the process of cardiac differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) similar to PGC-1α and PPARα. To testify the correlation between PGC-1α and FNDC5 in cardiac cell differentiation of mESCs, we utilized specific PPARγ agonist and antagonist in two stages of cardiac differentiation, during and post-cardiac precursor cells (CPCs) formation. Our results indicated that a reduction in PGC-1α expression, via treatment with GW9662 during CPCs formation stage, down-regulated FNDC5 transcript levels as well as mitochondrial markers which negatively influenced on the whole process of cardiac differentiation efficiency. On the other hand, increase PGC-1α expression during CPCs formation stage via rosiglitazone treatment increase FNDC5 and mitochondrial markers transcript levels which enhanced cardiac differentiation efficiency. Importantly, such alteration in PGC-1α expression at post-CPCs formation stage did not affect overall cardiac differentiation rate as expression of FNDC5 and mitochondrial markers were not significantly changed. We concluded that PPARγ agonist and antagonist induced up and down-regulation of PGC-1α and subsequently modulated the process of CPCs formation through an alteration in FNDC5 and mitochondrial markers expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Ghazvini Zadegan
- Department of Medical Genetic, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Treatment and Health Services of Yazd, Yazd, Iran; Department of Cellular Biotechnology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Kamran Ghaedi
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Seyed Mehdi Kalantar
- Department of Medical Genetic, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Treatment and Health Services of Yazd, Yazd, Iran
| | - Maryam Peymani
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Motahare-Sadat Hashemi
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Nasr-Esfahani
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran.
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Sordi R, Chiazza F, Patel NSA, Doyle RA, Collino M, Thiemermann C. 'Preconditioning' with low dose lipopolysaccharide aggravates the organ injury / dysfunction caused by hemorrhagic shock in rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122096. [PMID: 25830444 PMCID: PMC4382161 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Methods Male rats were ‘pretreated’ with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; i.p.) or LPS (1 mg/kg; i.p.) 24 h prior to HS. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was maintained at 30 ± 2 mmHg for 90 min or until 25% of the shed blood had to be re-injected to sustain MAP. This was followed by resuscitation with the remaining shed blood. Four hours after resuscitation, parameters of organ dysfunction and systemic inflammation were assessed. Results HS resulted in renal dysfunction, and liver and muscular injury. At a first glance, LPS preconditioning attenuated organ dysfunction. However, we discovered that HS-rats that had been preconditioned with LPS (a) were not able to sustain a MAP at 30 mmHg for more than 50 min and (b) the volume of blood withdrawn in these animals was significantly less than in the PBS-control group. This effect was associated with an enhanced formation of the nitric oxide (NO) derived from inducible NO synthase (iNOS). Thus, a further control group in which all animals were resuscitated after 50 min of hemorrhage was performed. Then, LPS preconditioning aggravated both circulatory failure and organ dysfunction. Most notably, HS-rats pretreated with LPS exhibited a dramatic increase in NF-κB activation and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Conclusion In conclusion, LPS preconditioning predisposed animals to an earlier vascular decompensation, which may be mediated by an excess of NO production secondary to induction of iNOS and activation of NF-κB. Moreover, LPS preconditioning increased the formation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which is likely to have contributed to the observed aggravation of organ injury/dysfunction caused by HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Sordi
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Capes Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasilia/DF, Brazil
| | - Fausto Chiazza
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Nimesh S. A. Patel
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel A. Doyle
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Massimo Collino
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Christoph Thiemermann
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Nair AR, Lee WK, Smeets K, Swennen Q, Sanchez A, Thévenod F, Cuypers A. Glutathione and mitochondria determine acute defense responses and adaptive processes in cadmium-induced oxidative stress and toxicity of the kidney. Arch Toxicol 2014; 89:2273-89. [PMID: 25388156 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1401-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd(2+)) induces oxidative stress that ultimately defines cell fate and pathology. Mitochondria are the main energy-producing organelles in mammalian cells, but they also have a central role in formation of reactive oxygen species, cell injury, and death signaling. As the kidney is the major target in Cd(2+) toxicity, the roles of oxidative signature and mitochondrial function and biogenesis in Cd(2+)-related stress outcomes were investigated in vitro in cultured rat kidney proximal tubule cells (PTCs) (WKPT-0293 Cl.2) for acute Cd(2+) toxicity (1-30 µM, 24 h) and in vivo in Fischer 344 rats for sub-chronic Cd(2+) toxicity (1 mg/kg CdCl2 subcutaneously, 13 days). Whereas 30 µM Cd(2+) caused ~50 % decrease in cell viability, apoptosis peaked at 10 µM Cd(2+) in PTCs. A steep, dose-dependent decline in reduced glutathione (GSH) content occurred after acute exposure and an increase of the oxidized glutathione (GSSG)/GSH ratio. Quantitative PCR analyses evidenced increased antioxidative enzymes (Sod1, Gclc, Gclm), proapoptotic Bax, metallothioneins 1A/2A, and decreased antiapoptotic proteins (Bcl-xL, Bcl-w). The positive regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis Pparγ and mitochondrial DNA was increased, and cellular ATP was unaffected with Cd(2+) (1-10 µM). In vivo, active caspase-3, and hence apoptosis, was detected by FLIVO injection in the kidney cortex of Cd(2+)-treated rats together with an increase in Bax mRNA. However, antiapoptotic genes (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Bcl-w) were also upregulated. Both GSSG and GSH increased with chronic Cd(2+) exposure with no change in GSSG/GSH ratio and augmented expression of antioxidative enzymes (Gpx4, Prdx2). Mitochondrial DNA, mitofusin 2, and Pparα were increased indicating enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis and fusion. Hence, these results demonstrate a clear involvement of higher mitochondria copy numbers or mass and mitochondrial function in acute defense against oxidative stress induced by Cd(2+) in renal PTCs as well as in adaptive processes associated with chronic renal Cd(2+) toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambily Ravindran Nair
- Environmental Biology, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Wing-Kee Lee
- Chair of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Toxicology, Centre for Biomedical Education and Research, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany.
| | - Karen Smeets
- Environmental Biology, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Quirine Swennen
- Environmental Biology, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Amparo Sanchez
- Environmental Biology, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Frank Thévenod
- Chair of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Toxicology, Centre for Biomedical Education and Research, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany.
| | - Ann Cuypers
- Environmental Biology, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
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Fishbein-Kaminietsky M, Gafni M, Sarne Y. Ultralow doses of cannabinoid drugs protect the mouse brain from inflammation-induced cognitive damage. J Neurosci Res 2014; 92:1669-77. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Revised: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Fishbein-Kaminietsky
- The Adelson Center for the Biology of Addictive Diseases and The Mauerberger Chair in Neuropharmacology; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University; Tel-Aviv Israel
| | - Mikhal Gafni
- The Adelson Center for the Biology of Addictive Diseases and The Mauerberger Chair in Neuropharmacology; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University; Tel-Aviv Israel
| | - Yosef Sarne
- The Adelson Center for the Biology of Addictive Diseases and The Mauerberger Chair in Neuropharmacology; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University; Tel-Aviv Israel
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20
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Lipopolysaccharide-induced cross-tolerance against renal ischemia–reperfusion injury is mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor-2α-regulated nitric oxide production. Kidney Int 2014; 85:276-88. [DOI: 10.1038/ki.2013.342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Biscetti F, Pecorini G, Arena V, Stigliano E, Angelini F, Ghirlanda G, Ferraccioli G, Flex A. Cilostazol improves the response to ischemia in diabetic mice by a mechanism dependent on PPARγ. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 381:80-7. [PMID: 23891623 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cilostazol is effective for the treatment of peripheral ischemia. This compound has several beneficial effects on platelet aggregation, serum lipids and endothelial cells, and we recently found that it enhances collateral blood flow in the ischemic hind limbs of mice. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ, a receptor for thiazolidinediones, plays a role in angiogenesis. The aim of this work was to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms and effects of cilostazol in a model of peripheral ischemia in diabetic mice. We induced diabetes in mice by streptozotocin (STZ) administration and studied ischemia-induced angiogenesis in the ischemic hind limbs of cilostazol-treated and untreated control mice. We found that perfusion recovery was significantly improved in treated compared with control diabetic mice. Interestingly, we found that the expression of PPARγ is reduced in ischemic tissues of diabetic mice. Furthermore, we discovered that local inhibition of the activity of this nuclear receptor decreased the angiogenic response to cilostazol treatment. Finally, we noted that this phenomenon is dependent on VEGF and modulated by PPARγ. Cilostazol administration enhances collateral blood flow in the ischemic hind limbs of STZ-induced diabetic mice through a PPARγ-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Biscetti
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Genetics, Department of Medicine, A. Gemelli University Hospital, Catholic University School of Medicine, Rome, Italy; Division of Rheumatology, Institute of Rheumatology & Affine Sciences, Catholic University School of Medicine, Rome, Italy.
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Zhou TB, Drummen GPC, Jiang ZP, Long YB, Qin YH. Association of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors/retinoic acid receptors with renal diseases. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2013; 33:349-52. [PMID: 24050824 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2013.838786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), belongs to the nuclear receptor superfamily, and is a nuclear transcription receptor involving in the regulation of several biochemical pathways, such as cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. The nuclear retinoic acid receptors (RARs) are transcriptional transregulators that control the expression of specific subsets of genes in a ligand-dependent manner, and include three subtypes (RARα, RARβ, and RARγ). These control the expression of specific gene subsets subsequent to ligand binding and to strictly control phosphorylation processes. The current status of knowledge indicates that there might be inter- or overlapping actions between PPARγ and RARs, and there might be an association of PPARγ/RARs with renal diseases. Various agonists of both receptor families seem to prevent or retard the progression of renal disease. Herein, we review if causal relationships can be established between PPARγ/RARs and renal diseases and its manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Biao Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
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23
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Liu FC, Tsai YF, Yu HP. Maraviroc attenuates trauma-hemorrhage-induced hepatic injury through PPAR gamma-dependent pathway in rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78861. [PMID: 24205332 PMCID: PMC3799750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Maraviroc is a CC-chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) antagonist with potent antiviral and cancer preventive effects. Recent evidence suggests that the co-existence of CCR5 in various cell types is involved in inflammation. However, the effects that CCR5 antagonists produce in trauma-hemorrhage remain unknown. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) pathway exerts anti-inflammatory effects in injury. In this study, we hypothesized that maraviroc administration in male rats, after trauma-hemorrhage, decreases cytokine production and protects against hepatic injury through a PPARγ-dependent pathway. Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent trauma-hemorrhage (mean blood pressure maintained at approximately 35-40 mmHg for 90 minutes), followed by fluid resuscitation. During resuscitation, a single dose of maraviroc (3 mg/kg, intravenously) with and without a PPARγ antagonist GW9662 (1 mg/kg, intravenously), GW9662 or vehicle was administered. Plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) with aspartate aminotransferase (AST) concentrations and various hepatic parameters were measured (n=8 rats/group) at 24 hours after resuscitation. The results showed that trauma-hemorrhage increased hepatic myeloperoxidase activity, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and interleukin-6 levels, and plasma ALT and AST concentrations. These parameters were significantly improved in the maraviroc-treated rats subjected to trauma-hemorrhage. Maraviroc treatment also increased hepatic PPARγ expression compared with vehicle-treated trauma-hemorrhaged rats. Co-administration of GW9662 with maraviroc abolished the maraviroc-induced beneficial effects on the above parameters and hepatic injury. These results suggest that the protective effect of maraviroc administration on alleviation of hepatic injury after trauma-hemorrhage, which is, at least in part, through PPARγ-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Chao Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (FCL); (HPL)
| | - Yung-Fong Tsai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Huang-Ping Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (FCL); (HPL)
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Collino M, Rogazzo M, Pini A, Benetti E, Rosa AC, Chiazza F, Fantozzi R, Bani D, Masini E. Acute treatment with relaxin protects the kidney against ischaemia/reperfusion injury. J Cell Mol Med 2013; 17:1494-505. [PMID: 24079335 PMCID: PMC4117562 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although recent preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated that recombinant human relaxin (rhRLX) may have important therapeutic potential in acute heart failure and chronic kidney diseases, the effects of acute rhRLX administration against renal ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury have never been investigated. Using a rat model of 1-hr bilateral renal artery occlusion followed by 6-hr reperfusion, we investigated the effects of rhRLX (5 μg/Kg i.v.) given both at the beginning and after 3 hrs of reperfusion. Acute rhRLX administration attenuated the functional renal injury (increase in serum urea and creatinine), glomerular dysfunction (decrease in creatinine clearance) and tubular dysfunction (increase in urinary excretion of N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase) evoked by renal I/R. These beneficial effects were accompanied by a significant reduction in local lipid peroxidation, free radical-induced DNA damage and increase in the expression/activity of the endogenous antioxidant enzymes MnSOD and CuZnSOD superoxide dismutases (SOD). Furthermore, rhRLX administration attenuated the increase in leucocyte activation, as suggested by inhibition of myeloperoxidase activity, intercellular-adhesion-molecule-1 expression, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-18 and tumour necrosis factor-α production as well as increase in IL-10 production. Interestingly, the reduced oxidative stress status and neutrophil activation here reported were associated with rhRLX-induced activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and up-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase, possibly secondary to activation of Akt and the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) 1/2, respectively. Thus, we report herein that rhRLX protects the kidney against I/R injury by a mechanism that involves changes in nitric oxide signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Collino
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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25
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Abstract
Preliminary studies show that intranasal (i.n.) administration of BCG in mice induces M1 activation of alveolar macrophages (M∅) that increase TNF-α production and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression but reduce constitutive peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) expression. However, COX-2 is catalytically inactive for prostaglandin E(2) release, unlike COX-2 that is active in M1 activation in vitro by BCG. In this study, we determined the role of PPARγ for BCG-induced M1 activation in vivo and in vitro. We found that treatment of mice with GW9662, a PPARγ antagonist, prior to i.n. BCG, partially restored PPARγ expression, and decreased TNF-α production and COX-2 expression. But COX-2 was still inactive. The decreased effects on TNF-α and COX-2 were also observed when alveolar M∅ were treated in vitro with GW9662/BCG, but COX-2 was still active. Our results indicate that PPARγ upregulates M1 activation of alveolar M∅, but inactive COX-2 formation is independent of PPARγ in mycobacterial pulmonary inflammation.
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Ramer R, Heinemann K, Merkord J, Rohde H, Salamon A, Linnebacher M, Hinz B. COX-2 and PPAR-γ confer cannabidiol-induced apoptosis of human lung cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2012; 12:69-82. [PMID: 23220503 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-0335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The antitumorigenic mechanism of cannabidiol is still controversial. This study investigates the role of COX-2 and PPAR-γ in cannabidiol's proapoptotic and tumor-regressive action. In lung cancer cell lines (A549, H460) and primary cells from a patient with lung cancer, cannabidiol elicited decreased viability associated with apoptosis. Apoptotic cell death by cannabidiol was suppressed by NS-398 (COX-2 inhibitor), GW9662 (PPAR-γ antagonist), and siRNA targeting COX-2 and PPAR-γ. Cannabidiol-induced apoptosis was paralleled by upregulation of COX-2 and PPAR-γ mRNA and protein expression with a maximum induction of COX-2 mRNA after 8 hours and continuous increases of PPAR-γ mRNA when compared with vehicle. In response to cannabidiol, tumor cell lines exhibited increased levels of COX-2-dependent prostaglandins (PG) among which PGD(2) and 15-deoxy-Δ(12,14)-PGJ(2) (15d-PGJ(2)) caused a translocation of PPAR-γ to the nucleus and induced a PPAR-γ-dependent apoptotic cell death. Moreover, in A549-xenografted nude mice, cannabidiol caused upregulation of COX-2 and PPAR-γ in tumor tissue and tumor regression that was reversible by GW9662. Together, our data show a novel proapoptotic mechanism of cannabidiol involving initial upregulation of COX-2 and PPAR-γ and a subsequent nuclear translocation of PPAR-γ by COX-2-dependent PGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Ramer
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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27
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Khurana S, Bruggeman LA, Kao HY. Nuclear hormone receptors in podocytes. Cell Biosci 2012; 2:33. [PMID: 22995171 PMCID: PMC3543367 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3701-2-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors are a family of ligand-activated, DNA sequence-specific transcription factors that regulate various aspects of animal development, cell proliferation, differentiation, and homeostasis. The physiological roles of nuclear receptors and their ligands have been intensively studied in cancer and metabolic syndrome. However, their role in kidney diseases is still evolving, despite their ligands being used clinically to treat renal diseases for decades. This review will discuss the progress of our understanding of the role of nuclear receptors and their ligands in kidney physiology with emphasis on their roles in treating glomerular disorders and podocyte injury repair responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simran Khurana
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) and the Comprehensive Cancer Center of CWRU, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
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PPARγ as a therapeutic target in diabetic nephropathy and other renal diseases. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2012; 21:97-105. [PMID: 22143250 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0b013e32834de526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a ligand-activated nuclear transcription factor that regulates many important physiological processes including glucose and lipid metabolism, energy homeostasis, cell proliferation, inflammation, immunity and reproduction. The current review aims to summarize and discuss recent findings evaluating the protective effects of PPARγ against kidney diseases with a focus on diabetic nephropathy. We will also delineate the potential underlying mechanisms. RECENT FINDINGS PPARγ plays important roles in renal physiology and pathophysiology. Agonists of PPARγ exert protective effects against various kidney diseases including diabetic nephropathy, ischemic renal injury, IgA nephropathy, chemotherapy-associated kidney damage, polycystic kidney diseases and age-related kidney diseases via both systemic and renal actions. SUMMARY PPARγ agonists are effective in delaying and even preventing the progression of many renal diseases, especially diabetic nephropathy. PPARγ may represent a promising target for the treatment of renal diseases.
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Wang SH, Liang CJ, Wu JC, Huang JJ, Chien HF, Tsai JS, Yen YS, Tseng YC, Lue JH, Chen YL. Pigment epithelium-derived factor reduces the PDGF-induced migration and proliferation of human aortic smooth muscle cells through PPARγ activation. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 44:280-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2011.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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30
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The influence of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ1 during differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells to neural cells. Differentiation 2012; 83:60-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2011.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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31
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Collino M, Benetti E, Miglio G, Castiglia S, Rosa AC, Aragno M, Thiemermann C, Fantozzi R. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ agonism protects the kidney against ischemia/reperfusion injury in diabetic rats. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 50:345-53. [PMID: 21047550 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.10.710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is an important risk factor for ischemic acute kidney injury, whose pharmacological treatment remains an unmet medical need. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) β/δ is highly expressed in the kidney, although its role has not yet been elucidated. Here, we used an in vivo model of renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (i) to evaluate whether diabetes increases kidney susceptibility to I/R injury and (ii) to investigate the effects of PPARβ/δ activation. The degree of renal injury (1h ischemia/6h reperfusion) was significantly increased in diabetic rats compared with nondiabetic littermates. PPARβ/δ expression was increased after I/R, with the highest levels in diabetic rats. Administration of the selective PPARβ/δ agonist GW0742 attenuated the renal dysfunction, leukocyte infiltration, and formation of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α. These effects were accompanied by an increased expression of the suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)-3, which plays a critical role in the cytokine-activated signaling pathway. The beneficial effects of GW0742 were attenuated by the selective PPARβ/δ antagonist GSK0660. Thus, we report herein that PPARβ/δ activation protects the diabetic kidney against I/R injury by a mechanism that may involve changes in renal expression of SOCS-3 resulting in a reduced local inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Collino
- Department of Anatomy, Pharmacology, and Forensic Medicine, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
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32
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Miglio G, Rosa AC, Rattazzi L, Grange C, Collino M, Camussi G, Fantozzi R. The subtypes of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors expressed by human podocytes and their role in decreasing podocyte injury. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 162:111-25. [PMID: 20840470 PMCID: PMC3012410 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01032.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Revised: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 08/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated transcription factors, and three subtypes (α, β and γ) have been identified. PPAR activation has been reported to decrease renal injury and markers of glomerular dysfunction in models of renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). However, both the I/R effects and the effects of PPAR agonists on podocytes, an integral cellular part of the glomerular filtration barrier, remain to be established. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH By using oxygen/glucose deprivation-reoxygenation as an in vitro model that mimics in vivo I/R, the effects of PPAR agonists on podocyte death were compared. Human immortalized podocytes were treated with gemfibrozil, GW0742, pioglitazone or rosiglitazone, as a single or repeated challenge. Cell loss, necrotic and apoptotic cell death were measured. KEY RESULTS Only the repeated treatment with each PPAR agonist significantly prevented cell death, mainly by decreasing apoptosis. In comparison, in a model of serum deprivation-induced apoptosis, both treatments were effective, although the repeated treatment achieved the more pronounced effect. Finally, our results showed that preservation of Bcl-2, Bax and nephrin expression accompanied the anti-apoptotic effects exerted by PPAR agonists in human podocytes. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS These findings contribute to clarification of the pathophysiological role of renal PPARs and suggest that selective PPARα, PPARβ or PPARγ agonists may exert similar protective effects on podocytes by decreasing apoptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Miglio
- Department of Anatomy, Pharmacology and Forensic Medicine, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
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33
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Renauld S, Tremblay K, Ait-Benichou S, Simoneau-Roy M, Garneau H, Staub O, Chraïbi A. Stimulation of ENaC Activity by Rosiglitazone is PPARγ-Dependent and Correlates with SGK1 Expression Increase. J Membr Biol 2010; 236:259-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s00232-010-9297-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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34
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Pavlov TS, Levchenko V, Karpushev AV, Vandewalle A, Staruschenko A. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Antagonists Decrease Na+ Transport via the Epithelial Na+ Channel. Mol Pharmacol 2009; 76:1333-40. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.109.056911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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35
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Patel NSA, di Paola R, Mazzon E, Britti D, Thiemermann C, Cuzzocrea S. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha contributes to the resolution of inflammation after renal ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 328:635-43. [PMID: 18997058 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.146191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to elucidate the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-alpha in the development of inflammation after ischemia/reperfusion injury of the kidney. We have evaluated the effects of ischemia/reperfusion on renal dysfunction, injury, and inflammation in wild-type mice or mice in which the gene for PPAR-alpha has been deleted [PPAR-alpha(-/-)] and then treated with the PPAR-alpha agonist fenofibrate. Mice were subjected to bilateral renal ischemia (30 min) and reperfusion (24 h) and received fenofibrate (3 mg/kg i.p.) before reperfusion. Plasma creatinine, urea, and aspartate aminotransferase were all used as indicators of renal dysfunction and injury. Kidneys were used for histological and immunohistochemical analysis and markers of inflammation. Fenofibrate significantly attenuated the degree of renal dysfunction, injury, and inflammation caused by ischemia/reperfusion injury. The degree of renal dysfunction, injury, and inflammation caused by ischemia/reperfusion was also significantly augmented in PPAR-alpha(-/-) mice compared with their wild-type littermates. It is interesting that fenofibrate did not protect PPAR-alpha(-/-) mice against ischemia/reperfusion injury. Therefore, we propose that ligands of PPAR-alpha may be useful in the treatment of renal ischemia/reperfusion injury and that endogenous PPAR-alpha limits the degree of renal dysfunction, injury, and inflammation associated with ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimesh S A Patel
- Centre for Translational Medicine and Nephrology, William Harvey Research Institute, St. Bartholomew's and The Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary-University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, United Kingdom.
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36
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Biscetti F, Gaetani E, Flex A, Aprahamian T, Hopkins T, Straface G, Pecorini G, Stigliano E, Smith RC, Angelini F, Castellot JJ, Pola R. Selective activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)alpha and PPAR gamma induces neoangiogenesis through a vascular endothelial growth factor-dependent mechanism. Diabetes 2008; 57:1394-404. [PMID: 18268046 DOI: 10.2337/db07-0765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are therapeutic targets for fibrates and thiazolidinediones, which are commonly used to ameliorate hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes. In this study, we evaluated whether activation of PPAR alpha and PPAR gamma stimulates neoangiogenesis. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We used selective synthetic PPAR alpha and PPAR gamma agonists and investigated their angiogenic potentials in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Activation of PPAR alpha and PPAR gamma leads to endothelial tube formation in an endothelial/interstitial cell co-culture assay. This effect is associated with increased production of the angiogenic cytokine vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Neovascularization also occurs in vivo, when PPAR alpha and PPAR gamma agonists are used in the murine corneal angiogenic model. No vascular growth is detectable when PPAR alpha and PPAR gamma agonists are respectively used in PPAR alpha knockout mice and mice treated with a specific PPAR gamma inhibitor, demonstrating that this angiogenic response is PPAR mediated. PPAR alpha- and PPAR gamma-induced angiogenesis is associated with local VEGF production and does not differ in extent and morphology from that induced by VEGF. In addition, PPAR alpha- and PPAR gamma-induced in vitro and in vivo angiogenesis may be significantly decreased by inhibiting VEGF activity. Finally, in corneas treated with PPAR alpha and PPAR gamma agonists, there is increased phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and Akt. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that PPAR alpha and PPAR gamma activation stimulates neoangiogenesis through a VEGF-dependent mechanism. Neoangiogenesis is a crucial pathological event in type 2 diabetes. The ability of PPAR alpha and PPAR gamma agonists to induce neoangiogenesis might have important implications for the clinical and therapeutic management of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Biscetti
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Genetics, Department of Medicine, A. Gemelli University Hospital, Catholic University School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
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Doi S, Masaki T, Arakawa T, Takahashi S, Kawai T, Nakashima A, Naito T, Kohno N, Yorioka N. Protective effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ligand on apoptosis and hepatocyte growth factor induction in renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Transplantation 2007; 84:207-13. [PMID: 17667812 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000269614.21367.3f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury affects the long-term outcome of renal graft survival. Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), synthetic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma ligands, have been shown to exert therapeutic effects upon renal ischemia-reperfusion injury far beyond their use as insulin sensitizers. It has also been reported that hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) has a beneficial effect on renal ischemia-reperfusion injury and that TZDs induce increased HGF mRNA expression and protein secretion. We investigated the effect of troglitazone, one of the TZDs, in a rat model of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. METHODS A 45-minute period of warm renal ischemia was induced by bilateral clamping at 37 degrees C with rats being sacrificed before the onset of ischemia and at 2, 4, 6, and 12 hr after reperfusion. The expression of PPAR-gamma was measured by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blotting while the production of HGF was investigated by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. The effect of troglitazone treatment on the level of apoptosis was determined by staining for cleaved caspase-3 and single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). RESULTS The numbers of cleaved caspase-3 and ssDNA positive cells were decreased in rats treated with troglitazone. The production of HGF mRNA and protein was most intense at 4 hr. The expression of PPAR-gamma and HGF was increased in the group treated with troglitazone compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS.: Pretreatment of rats with the PPAR-gamma ligand troglitazone decreased apoptotic cell death in renal ischemia-reperfusion injury as a result of the induction of HGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigehiro Doi
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Tripatara P, Patel NSA, Webb A, Rathod K, Lecomte FMJ, Mazzon E, Cuzzocrea S, Yaqoob MM, Ahluwalia A, Thiemermann C. Nitrite-derived nitric oxide protects the rat kidney against ischemia/reperfusion injury in vivo: role for xanthine oxidoreductase. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 18:570-80. [PMID: 17202421 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2006050450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In normal conditions, nitric oxide (NO) is oxidized to the anion nitrite, but in hypoxia, this nitrite may be reduced back to NO by the nitrite reductase action of deoxygenated hemoglobin, acidic disproportionation, or xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR). Herein, is investigated the effects of topical sodium nitrite administration in a rat model of renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Rats were subjected to 60 min of bilateral renal ischemia and 6 h of reperfusion in the absence or presence of sodium nitrite (30 nmol) administered topically 1 min before reperfusion. Serum creatinine, serum aspartate aminotransferase, creatinine clearance, fractional excretion of Na(+), and plasma nitrite/nitrate concentrations were measured. The nitrite-derived NO-generating capacity of renal tissue was determined under acidic and hypoxic conditions by ozone chemiluminescence in homogenates of kidneys that were subjected to sham, ischemia-only, and I/R conditions. Nitrite significantly attenuated renal dysfunction and injury, an effect that was abolished by previous treatment of rats with the NO scavenger 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazole-1-oxyl-3-oxide (2.5 mumol intravenously 5 min before ischemia and 50 nmol topically 6 min before reperfusion). Renal tissue homogenates produced significant amounts of NO from nitrite, an effect that was attenuated significantly by the xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor allopurinol. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that topically administered sodium nitrite protects the rat kidney against I/R injury and dysfunction in vivo via the generation, in part, of xanthine oxidoreductase-catalyzed NO production. These observations suggest that nitrite therapy might prove beneficial in protecting kidney function and integrity during periods of I/R such as those encountered in renal transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinpat Tripatara
- Centre for Experimental Medicine & Nephrology & Critical Care, William Harvey Research Institute, St. Bartholomew's and The Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary-University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
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Zhang YF, Yang X, Zhang YJ, Sun YL, Zou XL, Kong QY, Dong XQ, Ye XQ, Yu XQ. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma is expressed by rat peritoneal mesothelial cells: its potential role in peritoneal cavity local defense. Am J Nephrol 2006; 26:602-11. [PMID: 17183189 DOI: 10.1159/000098149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2006] [Accepted: 11/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Peritoneal mesothelial cells (PMCs) play an important role in peritoneal inflammatory and immune response. It was reported that the peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) ligand could effectively reduce inflammatory processes. However, the expression and function of PPARgamma in PMCs has not been reported. This study was to investigate the expression of PPARgamma in rat PMCs and the effect of PPARgamma activation on the production of CD40 and ICAM-1 induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). METHODS Rat PMCs (RPMCs) were harvested from the peritoneal cavity of Sprague-Dawley rats and maintained under defined in vitro conditions. The cells were treated separately with LPS, 15d-PGJ(2), and ciglitazone at different time points. The mRNA and protein expression of PPARgamma, CD40 and ICAM-1 were detected by RT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. The intracellular distribution of PPARgamma was detected by immunocytochemistry. RESULTS RPMCs expressed PPARgamma both at the mRNA and protein level. The specific signals for PPARgamma were mainly localized in the nucleus with weak staining in the cytoplasm. Stimulation of RPMCs with LPS resulted in a time-dependent increase in the expression of PPARgamma with the peak of mRNA at 3 h and protein at 12 h. Thereafter the expression of PPARgamma gradually attenuated. The mRNA expressions for CD40, ICAM-1 and protein expression of ICAM-1 were significantly upregulated following stimulation with LPS. Both 15d-PGJ(2) and ciglitazone decreased the expression of CD40 mRNA and ICAM-1 protein. However, ciglitazone was less effective than 15d-PGJ(2). CONCLUSIONS There is constitutive expression of PPARgamma in cultured RPMCs and PPARgamma ligands which strongly inhibit LPS-induced CD40 and ICAM-1 production in RPMCs. It suggested that PPARgamma might play a part in the local defense of the peritoneal cavity by downregulating inflammatory mediators, which may play a potential role in preventing peritoneal fibrosis induced by peritonitis. Further in vivo study is needed to demonstrate the long-term effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Fang Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, 1st Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
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Zhang A, Dong Z, Yang T. Prostaglandin D2 inhibits TGF-beta1-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in MDCK cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2006; 291:F1332-42. [PMID: 16896186 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00131.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In a separate study, we identified PGE2 as a potent inhibitor of TGF-beta1induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cultured Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells (Zhang A, Wang M-H, Dong Z, and Yang T. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 291: F1323-F1331, 2006). This finding prompted us to examine the roles of other prostanoids: PGD2, PGF(2alpha), PGI2, and thromboxane A2 (TXA2). Treatment with 10 ng/ml TGF-beta1 for 3 days induced EMT as reflected by conversion to the spindle-like morphology, loss of E-cadherin, and activation of alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA). Treatment with PGD2 remarkably preserved the epithelial-like morphology, restored the expression of E-cadherin, and abolished the activation of alpha-SMA. In contrast, PGF(2alpha), carbocyclic thromboxane A2, PGI2 and its stable analog beraprost were without an effect. MDCK cells expressed DP1 and DP2 receptors; however, the effect of PGD2 was neither prevented by DP1 antagonist BW-A868C or DP2 antagonist BAY-u3405 nor was mimicked by DP1 agonist BW-245C. cAMP-elevating agents forskolin and 8-Br-cAMP blocked EMT. However, cAMP blockers H89 and Rp-cAMP failed to block the effect of PGD2. PGD2 did not seem to act via its metabolites as 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) levels in the medium following incubation with 3 microM PGD2 were well below the values predicted from the cross activity of the assay. Exposure to TGF-beta1 induced a threefold increase in reactive oxygen species production that was completely abolished by PGD2. We conclude that 1) PGD2, but not PGI2, PGF(2alpha), and TXA2 inhibit EMT, 2) PGD2 inhibits EMT independently of DP1 and DP2 receptors, and 3) PGD2 exhibits antioxidant property which may, in part, account for the antifibrotic action of this PG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihua Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, University of Utah and VA Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84148, USA
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Collin M, Murch O, Thiemermann C. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma antagonists GW9662 and T0070907 reduce the protective effects of lipopolysaccharide preconditioning against organ failure caused by endotoxemia. Crit Care Med 2006; 34:1131-8. [PMID: 16484917 DOI: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000206472.63040.6d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is evidence that a) ligands of the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma and b) lipopolysaccharide preconditioning protect the organs against the multiple organ injury and dysfunction caused by endotoxemia. Here we investigate the hypothesis that the protective effects of lipopolysaccharide preconditioning are due to an enhanced formation of endogenous ligands of PPAR-gamma. DESIGN Prospective, randomized study. SETTING University-based research laboratory. SUBJECTS Ninety-nine anesthetized male Wistar rats. INTERVENTIONS Rats were pretreated with low-dose lipopolysaccharide (1 mg/kg intraperitoneally, 24 hrs before induction of endotoxemia) in the absence or presence of the selective PPAR-gamma antagonists GW9662 (1 mg/kg intraperitoneally) or T0070907 (1 mg/kg intraperitoneally) or the selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor parecoxib (20 mg/kg intraperitoneally). At 24 hrs after preconditioning with low-dose lipopolysaccharide, the rats were subjected to acute severe endotoxemia (lipopolysaccharide 6 mg/kg intravenously). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Lipopolysaccharide preconditioning significantly attenuated the development of renal dysfunction (serum creatinine), hepatocellular injury (serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase), and circulatory failure (hypotension) as well as the increase in the plasma levels of interleukin-1beta caused by severe endotoxemia. All of these beneficial effects afforded by preconditioning with lipopolysaccharide were attenuated by the specific PPAR-gamma antagonists used. In contrast, the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor parecoxib did not affect the beneficial effects afforded by preconditioning with lipopolysaccharide. CONCLUSIONS We propose that endogenous ligands of PPAR-gamma contribute to the protection afforded by lipopolysaccharide preconditioning against the organ injury and dysfunction associated with severe endotoxemia in the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Collin
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Nephrology and Critical Care, the William Harvey Research Institute, St. Bartholomew's and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary-University of London, UK
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Chatterjee PK. On the road to discovering protective endogenous peroxisome proliferator-activator receptor-γ ligands for endotoxemia: Are we there yet?*. Crit Care Med 2006; 34:1277-9. [PMID: 16550092 DOI: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000208150.40391.d9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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