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Lin J, Sun Y, Xia B, Wang Y, Xie C, Wang J, Hu J, Zhu L. Mertk Reduces Blood-Spinal Cord Barrier Permeability Through the Rhoa/Rock1/P-MLC Pathway After Spinal Cord Injury. Neurosci Bull 2024; 40:1230-1244. [PMID: 38592581 PMCID: PMC11365875 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-024-01199-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) is a critical event in the secondary injury following spinal cord injury (SCI). Mertk has been reported to play an important role in regulating inflammation and cytoskeletal dynamics. However, the specific involvement of Mertk in BSCB remains elusive. Here, we demonstrated a distinct role of Mertk in the repair of BSCB. Mertk expression is decreased in endothelial cells following SCI. Overexpression of Mertk upregulated tight junction proteins (TJs), reducing BSCB permeability and subsequently inhibiting inflammation and apoptosis. Ultimately, this led to enhanced neural regeneration and functional recovery. Further experiments revealed that the RhoA/Rock1/P-MLC pathway plays a key role in the effects of Mertk. These findings highlight the role of Mertk in promoting SCI recovery through its ability to mitigate BSCB permeability and may provide potential targets for SCI repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiezhao Lin
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Orthopedic Medical Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Yuanfang Sun
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Orthopedic Medical Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Bin Xia
- Department of Orthopedics, Chengdu Seventh People's Hospital (Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Chengdu Medical College), Chengdu, 610299, China
| | - Yihan Wang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Orthopedic Medical Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Changnan Xie
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Orthopedic Medical Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Jinfeng Wang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Orthopedic Medical Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Jinwei Hu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Orthopedic Medical Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Lixin Zhu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Orthopedic Medical Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China.
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2
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Li F, Xu L, Li C, Hu F, Su Y. Immunological role of Gas6/TAM signaling in hemostasis and thrombosis. Thromb Res 2024; 238:161-171. [PMID: 38723521 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2024.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
The immune system is an emerging regulator of hemostasis and thrombosis. The concept of immunothrombosis redefines the relationship between coagulation and immunomodulation, and the Gas6/Tyro3-Axl-MerTK (TAM) signaling pathway builds the bridge across them. During coagulation, Gas6/TAM signaling pathway not only activates platelets, but also promotes thrombosis through endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells involved in inflammatory responses. Thrombosis appears to be a common result of a Gas6/TAM signaling pathway-mediated immune dysregulation. TAM TK and its ligands have been found to be involved in coagulation through the PI3K/AKT or JAK/STAT pathway in various systemic diseases, providing new perspectives in the understanding of immunothrombosis. Gas6/TAM signaling pathway serves as a breakthrough target for novel therapeutic strategies to improve disease management. Many preclinical and clinical studies of TAM receptor inhibitors are in process, confirming the pivotal role of Gas6/TAM signaling pathway in immunothrombosis. Therapeutics targeting the TAM receptor show potential both in anticoagulation management and immunotherapy. Here, we review the immunological functions of the Gas6/TAM signaling pathway in coagulation and its multiple mechanisms in diseases identified to date, and discuss the new clinical strategies that may generated by these roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanshu Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital & Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism Mechanism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Beijing, China
| | - Liling Xu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital & Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism Mechanism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Beijing, China.
| | - Chun Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital & Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism Mechanism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Beijing, China
| | - Fanlei Hu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital & Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism Mechanism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China; Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Yin Su
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital & Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism Mechanism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Beijing, China; Peking University People's Hospital, Qingdao, China
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3
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Miao YR, Rankin EB, Giaccia AJ. Therapeutic targeting of the functionally elusive TAM receptor family. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2024; 23:201-217. [PMID: 38092952 PMCID: PMC11335090 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-023-00846-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
The TAM receptor family of TYRO3, AXL and MERTK regulates tissue and immune homeostasis. Aberrant TAM receptor signalling has been linked to a range of diseases, including cancer, fibrosis and viral infections. Specifically, the dysregulation of TAM receptors can enhance tumour growth and metastasis due to their involvement in multiple oncogenic pathways. For example, TAM receptors have been implicated in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, maintaining the stem cell phenotype, immune modulation, proliferation, angiogenesis and resistance to conventional and targeted therapies. Therapeutically, multiple TAM receptor inhibitors are in preclinical and clinical development for cancers and other indications, with those targeting AXL being the most clinically advanced. Although there has been notable clinical advancement in recent years, challenges persist. This Review aims to provide both biological and clinical insights into the current therapeutic landscape of TAM receptor inhibitors, and evaluates their potential for the treatment of cancer and non-malignant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Rebecca Miao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Erinn B Rankin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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4
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Apostolo D, Ferreira LL, Di Tizio A, Ruaro B, Patrucco F, Bellan M. A Review: The Potential Involvement of Growth Arrest-Specific 6 and Its Receptors in the Pathogenesis of Lung Damage and in Coronavirus Disease 2019. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2038. [PMID: 37630598 PMCID: PMC10459962 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11082038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The tyrosine kinase receptors of the TAM family-Tyro3, Axl and Mer-and their main ligand Gas6 (growth arrest-specific 6) have been implicated in several human diseases, having a particularly important role in the regulation of innate immunity and inflammatory response. The Gas6/TAM system is involved in the recognition of apoptotic debris by immune cells and this mechanism has been exploited by viruses for cell entry and infection. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a multi-systemic disease, but the lungs are particularly affected during the acute phase and some patients may suffer persistent lung damage. Among the manifestations of the disease, fibrotic abnormalities have been observed among the survivors of COVID-19. The mechanisms of COVID-related fibrosis remain elusive, even though some parallels may be drawn with other fibrotic diseases, such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Due to the still limited number of scientific studies addressing this question, in this review we aimed to integrate the current knowledge of the Gas6/TAM axis with the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying COVID-19, with emphasis on the development of a fibrotic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Apostolo
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy; (D.A.); (L.L.F.); (A.D.T.); (M.B.)
| | - Luciana L. Ferreira
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy; (D.A.); (L.L.F.); (A.D.T.); (M.B.)
| | - Alice Di Tizio
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy; (D.A.); (L.L.F.); (A.D.T.); (M.B.)
- Respiratory Diseases Unit, Medical Department, AOU Maggiore della Carità Hospital, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Barbara Ruaro
- Pulmonology Department, University of Trieste, 34128 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Filippo Patrucco
- Respiratory Diseases Unit, Medical Department, AOU Maggiore della Carità Hospital, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Mattia Bellan
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy; (D.A.); (L.L.F.); (A.D.T.); (M.B.)
- Division of Internal Medicine, Medical Department, AOU Maggiore della Carità Hospital, 28100 Novara, Italy
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5
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Bhadresha K, Mirza S, Penny C, Mughal MJ. Targeting AXL in Mesothelioma: from functional characterization to clinical implication. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2023:104043. [PMID: 37268175 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2023.104043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MM) is a highly aggressive and lethal cancer with a poor survival rate. Current treatment approaches primarily rely on chemotherapy and radiation, but their effectiveness is limited. Consequently, there is an urgent need for alternative treatment strategies, a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying MM, and the identification of potential therapeutic targets. Extensive studies over the past decade have emphasized the role of Axl in driving tumor development and metastasis, while high levels of Axl expression have been associated with immune evasion, drug resistance, and reduced patient survival in various cancer types. Ongoing clinical trials are investigating the efficacy of Axl inhibitors for different cancers. However, the precise role of Axl in MM progression, development, and metastasis, as well as its regulatory mechanisms within MM, remain inadequately understood. This review aims to comprehensively investigate the involvement of Axl in MM. We discuss Axl role in MM progression, development, and metastasis, along with its specific regulatory mechanisms. Additionally, we examined the Axl associated signaling pathways, the relationship between Axl and immune evasion, and the clinical implications of Axl for MM treatment. Furthermore, we discussed the potential utility of liquid biopsy as a non-invasive diagnostic technique for early detection of Axl in MM. Lastly, we evaluated the potential of a microRNA signature that targets Axl. By consolidating existing knowledge and identifying research gaps, this review contributes to a better understanding of Axl's role in MM and sets the stage for future investigations and the development of effective therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinjal Bhadresha
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sheefa Mirza
- Department of Internal Medicine, Common Epithelial Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Clement Penny
- Department of Internal Medicine, Common Epithelial Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Muhammed Jameel Mughal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Science, The George Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America.
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6
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Ji H, Li Y, Su B, Zhao W, Kizhakkedathu JN, Zhao C. Advances in Enhancing Hemocompatibility of Hemodialysis Hollow-Fiber Membranes. ADVANCED FIBER MATERIALS 2023; 5:1-43. [PMID: 37361105 PMCID: PMC10068248 DOI: 10.1007/s42765-023-00277-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Hemodialysis, the most common modality of renal replacement therapy, is critically required to remove uremic toxins from the blood of patients with end-stage kidney disease. However, the chronic inflammation, oxidative stress as well as thrombosis induced by the long-term contact of hemoincompatible hollow-fiber membranes (HFMs) contribute to the increase in cardiovascular diseases and mortality in this patient population. This review first retrospectively analyzes the current clinical and laboratory research progress in improving the hemocompatibility of HFMs. Details on different HFMs currently in clinical use and their design are described. Subsequently, we elaborate on the adverse interactions between blood and HFMs, involving protein adsorption, platelet adhesion and activation, and the activation of immune and coagulation systems, and the focus is on how to improve the hemocompatibility of HFMs in these aspects. Finally, challenges and future perspectives for improving the hemocompatibility of HFMs are also discussed to promote the development and clinical application of new hemocompatible HFMs. Graphical Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Ji
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065 People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine & Center for Blood Research & Life Science Institute, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Life Sciences Centre, The School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - Yupei Li
- Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
- Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610207 China
| | - Baihai Su
- Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Weifeng Zhao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jayachandran N. Kizhakkedathu
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine & Center for Blood Research & Life Science Institute, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Life Sciences Centre, The School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - Changsheng Zhao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065 People’s Republic of China
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7
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Reversible Platelet Integrin αIIbβ3 Activation and Thrombus Instability. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012512. [PMID: 36293367 PMCID: PMC9604507 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrin αIIbβ3 activation is essential for platelet aggregation and, accordingly, for hemostasis and arterial thrombosis. The αIIbβ3 integrin is highly expressed on platelets and requires an activation step for binding to fibrinogen, fibrin or von Willebrand factor (VWF). A current model assumes that the process of integrin activation relies on actomyosin force-dependent molecular changes from a bent-closed and extended-closed to an extended-open conformation. In this paper we review the pathways that point to a functional reversibility of platelet αIIbβ3 activation and transient aggregation. Furthermore, we refer to mouse models indicating that genetic defects that lead to reversible platelet aggregation can also cause instable thrombus formation. We discuss the platelet agonists and signaling pathways that lead to a transient binding of ligands to integrin αIIbβ3. Our analysis points to the (autocrine) ADP P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptor signaling via phosphoinositide 3-kinases and Akt as principal pathways linked to reversible integrin activation. Downstream signaling events by protein kinase C, CalDAG-GEFI and Rap1b have not been linked to transient integrin activation. Insight into the functional reversibility of integrin activation pathways will help to better understand the effects of antiplatelet agents.
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8
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Wang J, Yu C, Zhuang J, Qi W, Jiang J, Liu X, Zhao W, Cao Y, Wu H, Qi J, Zhao RC. The role of phosphatidylserine on the membrane in immunity and blood coagulation. Biomark Res 2022; 10:4. [PMID: 35033201 PMCID: PMC8760663 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-021-00346-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The negatively charged aminophospholipid, phosphatidylserine (PtdSer), is located in the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane in normal cells, and may be exposed to the outer leaflet under some immune and blood coagulation processes. Meanwhile, Ptdser exposed to apoptotic cells can be recognized and eliminated by various immune cells, whereas on the surface of activated platelets Ptdser interacts with coagulation factors prompting enhanced production of thrombin which significantly facilitates blood coagulation. In the case where PtdSer fails in exposure or mistakenly occurs, there are occurrences of certain immunological and haematological diseases, such as the Scott syndrome and Systemic lupus erythematosus. Besides, viruses (e.g., Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Ebola virus (EBOV)) can invade host cells through binding the exposed PtdSer. Most recently, the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been similarly linked to PtdSer or its receptors. Therefore, it is essential to comprehensively understand PtdSer and its functional characteristics. Therefore, this review summarizes Ptdser, its eversion mechanism; interaction mechanism, particularly with its immune receptors and coagulation factors; recognition sites; and its function in immune and blood processes. This review illustrates the potential aspects for the underlying pathogenic mechanism of PtdSer-related diseases, and the discovery of new therapeutic strategies as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China.
| | - Changxin Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Junyi Zhuang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Wenxin Qi
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Jiawen Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Xuanting Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Wanwei Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yiyang Cao
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Hao Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Jingxuan Qi
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Robert Chunhua Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China.
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, No. 5 Dongdansantiao, Beijing, 100005, China.
- Centre of Excellence in Tissue Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Development and Clinical Trial of Stem Cell Therapy (BZ0381), Beijing, China.
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9
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Pulianmackal AJ, Sun D, Yumoto K, Li Z, Chen YC, Patel MV, Wang Y, Yoon E, Pearson A, Yang Q, Taichman R, Cackowski FC, Buttitta LA. Monitoring Spontaneous Quiescence and Asynchronous Proliferation-Quiescence Decisions in Prostate Cancer Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:728663. [PMID: 34957090 PMCID: PMC8703172 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.728663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The proliferation-quiescence decision is a dynamic process that remains incompletely understood. Live-cell imaging with fluorescent cell cycle sensors now allows us to visualize the dynamics of cell cycle transitions and has revealed that proliferation-quiescence decisions can be highly heterogeneous, even among clonal cell lines in culture. Under normal culture conditions, cells often spontaneously enter non-cycling G0 states of varying duration and depth. This also occurs in cancer cells and G0 entry in tumors may underlie tumor dormancy and issues with cancer recurrence. Here we show that a cell cycle indicator previously shown to indicate G0 upon serum starvation, mVenus-p27K-, can also be used to monitor spontaneous quiescence in untransformed and cancer cell lines. We find that the duration of spontaneous quiescence in untransformed and cancer cells is heterogeneous and that a portion of this heterogeneity results from asynchronous proliferation-quiescence decisions in pairs of daughters after mitosis, where one daughter cell enters or remains in temporary quiescence while the other does not. We find that cancer dormancy signals influence both entry into quiescence and asynchronous proliferation-quiescence decisions after mitosis. Finally, we show that spontaneously quiescent prostate cancer cells exhibit altered expression of components of the Hippo pathway and are enriched for the stem cell markers CD133 and CD44. This suggests a hypothesis that dormancy signals could promote cancer recurrence by increasing the proportion of quiescent tumor cells poised for cell cycle re-entry with stem cell characteristics in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajai J Pulianmackal
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Dan Sun
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Kenji Yumoto
- School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Zhengda Li
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Yu-Chih Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Computational and Systems Biology, Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Meha V Patel
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Euisik Yoon
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) and Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (Nano BME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea, South Korea
| | - Alexander Pearson
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Qiong Yang
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Russell Taichman
- School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Frank C Cackowski
- School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute and Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Laura A Buttitta
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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10
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Intrinsic and Extrinsic Control of Hepatocellular Carcinoma by TAM Receptors. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215448. [PMID: 34771611 PMCID: PMC8582520 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Tyro3, Axl, and MerTK are receptor tyrosine kinases of the TAM family, which are activated by their ligands Gas6 and Protein S. TAM receptors have large physiological implications, including the removal of dead cells, activation of immune cells, and prevention of bleeding. In the last decade, TAM receptors have been suggested to play a relevant role in liver fibrogenesis and the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. The understanding of TAM receptor functions in tumor cells and their cellular microenvironment is of utmost importance to advances in novel therapeutic strategies that conquer chronic liver disease including hepatocellular carcinoma. Abstract Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the major subtype of liver cancer, showing high mortality of patients due to limited therapeutic options at advanced stages of disease. The receptor tyrosine kinases Tyro3, Axl and MerTK—belonging to the TAM family—exert a large impact on various aspects of cancer biology. Binding of the ligands Gas6 or Protein S activates TAM receptors causing homophilic dimerization and heterophilic interactions with other receptors to modulate effector functions. In this context, TAM receptors are major regulators of anti-inflammatory responses and vessel integrity, including platelet aggregation as well as resistance to chemotherapy. In this review, we discuss the relevance of TAM receptors in the intrinsic control of HCC progression by modulating epithelial cell plasticity and by promoting metastatic traits of neoplastic hepatocytes. Depending on different etiologies of HCC, we further describe the overt role of TAM receptors in the extrinsic control of HCC progression by focusing on immune cell infiltration and fibrogenesis. Additionally, we assess TAM receptor functions in the chemoresistance against clinically used tyrosine kinase inhibitors and immune checkpoint blockade in HCC progression. We finally address the question of whether inhibition of TAM receptors can be envisaged for novel therapeutic strategies in HCC.
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11
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Bryl-Górecka P, James K, Torngren K, Haraldsson I, Gan LM, Svedlund S, Olde B, Laurell T, Omerovic E, Erlinge D. Microvesicles in plasma reflect coronary flow reserve in patients with cardiovascular disease. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 320:H2147-H2160. [PMID: 33797274 PMCID: PMC8285631 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00869.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
High levels of microvesicles (MVs), a type of extracellular vesicles, are detected in several pathological conditions. We investigated the connection between coronary flow reserve (CFR), a prognostic clinical parameter that reflects blood flow in the heart, with levels of MVs and their cargo, from plasma of patients with cardiovascular disease. The PROFLOW study consists of 220 patients with prior myocardial infarction and measured CFR with transthoracic echocardiography. The patients were divided into high and low CFR groups. Plasma MVs were captured with acoustic trapping. Platelet- and endothelial-derived MVs were measured with flow cytometry, and vesicle lysates were analyzed with proteomic panels against cardiovascular biomarkers. Flow cytometry was further applied to identify cellular origin of biomarkers. Our data show a negative correlation between MV concentration and CFR values. Platelet and endothelial MV levels were significantly increased in plasma from the low CFR group. CFR negatively correlates with the levels of several proteomic biomarkers, and the low CFR group exhibited higher concentrations of these proteins in MVs. Focused analysis of one of the MV proteins, B cell activating factor (BAFF), revealed platelet and not leukocyte origin and release upon proinflammatory stimulus. Higher levels of MVs carrying an elevated concentration of proatherogenic proteins circulate in plasma in patients with low CFR, a marker of vascular dysfunction, reduced blood flow, and poor prognosis. Our findings demonstrate a potential clinical value of MVs as biomarkers and possible therapeutic targets against endothelial deterioration. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We investigated how microvesicles (MVs) from patients with cardiovascular diseases are related to coronary flow reserve (CFR), a clinical parameter reflecting blood flow in the heart. Our results show a negative relationship between CFR and levels of platelet and endothelial MVs. The pattern of MV-enriched cardiovascular biomarkers differs between patients with high and low CFR. Our findings suggest a potential clinical value of MVs as biomarkers of reduced blood flow and proatherogenic status, additional to CFR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kreema James
- Department of Cardiology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kristina Torngren
- Department of Cardiology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Inger Haraldsson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Cardiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Li-Ming Gan
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Cardiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Early Clinical Development, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sara Svedlund
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Physiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Björn Olde
- Department of Cardiology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Thomas Laurell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Elmir Omerovic
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Cardiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - David Erlinge
- Department of Cardiology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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12
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K. Poddar M, Banerjee S. Molecular Aspects of Pathophysiology of Platelet Receptors. Platelets 2020. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.92856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Receptor is a dynamic instrumental surface protein that helps to interact with specific molecules to respond accordingly. Platelet is the smallest in size among the blood components, but it plays many pivotal roles to maintain hemostasis involving its surface receptors. It (platelet) has cell adhesion receptors (e.g., integrins and glycoproteins), leucine-rich repeats receptors (e.g., TLRs, glycoprotein complex, and MMPs), selectins (e.g., CLEC, P-selectin, and CD), tetraspanins (e.g., CD and LAMP), transmembrane receptors (e.g., purinergic—P2Y and P2X1), prostaglandin receptors (e.g., TxA2, PGH2, and PGI2), immunoglobulin superfamily receptors (e.g., FcRγ and FcεR), etc. on its surface. The platelet receptors (e.g., glycoproteins, protease-activated receptors, and GPCRs) during platelet activation are over expressed and their granule contents are secreted (including neurotransmitters, cytokines, and chemokines) into circulation, which are found to be correlated with different physiological conditions. Interestingly, platelets promote metastasis through circulation protecting from cytolysis and endogenous immune surveillance involving several platelets receptors. The updated knowledge about different types of platelet receptors in all probable aspects, including their inter- and intra-signaling mechanisms, are discussed with respect to not only its (platelets) receptor type but also under different pathophysiological conditions.
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13
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DeCortin ME, Brass LF, Diamond SL. Core and shell platelets of a thrombus: A new microfluidic assay to study mechanics and biochemistry. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2020; 4:1158-1166. [PMID: 33134782 PMCID: PMC7590323 DOI: 10.1002/rth2.12405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemostatic clots have a P-selectin positive platelet core covered with a shell of P-selectin negative platelets. OBJECTIVE To develop a new human blood microfluidic assay to interrogate core/shell mechanics. METHODS A 2-stage assay perfused whole blood over collagen/± tissue factor (TF) for 180 seconds at 100 s-1 wall shear rate, followed by buffer perfusion at either 100 s-1 (venous) or 1000 s-1 (arterial). This microfluidic assay used an extended channel height (120 µm), allowing buffer perfusion well before occlusion. RESULTS Clot growth on collagen stopped immediately with buffer exchange, revealing ~10% reduction in platelet fluorescence intensity (at 100 s-1) and ~30% (at 1000 s-1) by 1200 seconds. Thrombin generation (on collagen/TF) reduced erosion at either buffer flow rate. P-selectin-positive platelets were stable (no erosion) against 1000 s-1, in contrast to P-selectin negative platelets. Thrombin inhibition (with D-Phe-Pro-Arg-CMK) reduced the number of P-selectin-positive platelets and lowered thrombus stability through the reduction of P-selectin-positive platelets. Interestingly, fibrin inhibition (with H-Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro-OH acetate salt) increased the number of P-selectin-positive platelets but did not lower stability, suggesting that fibrin was only in the core region. Thromboxane inhibition reduced P-selectin-positive platelets and caused a nearly 60% reduction of the clot at arterial buffer flow. P2Y1 antagonism reduced clot size and the number of P-selectin-positive platelets and reduced the stability of P-selectin-negative platelets. CONCLUSION The 2-stage assay (extended channel height plus buffer exchange) interrogated platelet stability using human blood. Under all conditions, P-selectin-positive platelets never left the clot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. DeCortin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringInstitute for Medicine and EngineeringUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Lawrence F. Brass
- Department of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Scott L. Diamond
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringInstitute for Medicine and EngineeringUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
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14
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Tutusaus A, Marí M, Ortiz-Pérez JT, Nicolaes GAF, Morales A, García de Frutos P. Role of Vitamin K-Dependent Factors Protein S and GAS6 and TAM Receptors in SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19-Associated Immunothrombosis. Cells 2020; 9:E2186. [PMID: 32998369 PMCID: PMC7601762 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The vitamin K-dependent factors protein S (PROS1) and growth-arrest-specific gene 6 (GAS6) and their tyrosine kinase receptors TYRO3, AXL, and MERTK, the TAM subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK), are key regulators of inflammation and vascular response to damage. TAM signaling, which has largely studied in the immune system and in cancer, has been involved in coagulation-related pathologies. Because of these established biological functions, the GAS6-PROS1/TAM system is postulated to play an important role in SARS-CoV-2 infection and progression complications. The participation of the TAM system in vascular function and pathology has been previously reported. However, in the context of COVID-19, the role of TAMs could provide new clues in virus-host interplay with important consequences in the way that we understand this pathology. From the viral mimicry used by SARS-CoV-2 to infect cells, to the immunothrombosis that is associated with respiratory failure in COVID-19 patients, TAM signaling seems to be involved at different stages of the disease. TAM targeting is becoming an interesting biomedical strategy, which is useful for COVID-19 treatment now, but also for other viral and inflammatory diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tutusaus
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (A.T.); (M.M.)
| | - Montserrat Marí
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (A.T.); (M.M.)
| | - José T. Ortiz-Pérez
- Clinic Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gerry A. F. Nicolaes
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Albert Morales
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (A.T.); (M.M.)
- Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) Group, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, CIBEREHD, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo García de Frutos
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (A.T.); (M.M.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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15
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A critical role of the Gas6-Mer axis in endothelial dysfunction contributing to TA-TMA associated with GVHD. Blood Adv 2020; 3:2128-2143. [PMID: 31300420 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2019000222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction in the early phases of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) contributes to a common pathology between transplant-associated thrombotic microangiopathy (TA-TMA) and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), which are serious complications of HSCT. Growth arrest-specific (Gas) 6 structurally belongs to the family of plasma vitamin K-dependent proteins working as a cofactor for activated protein C, and has growth factor-like properties through its interaction with receptor tyrosine kinases of the TAM family: Tyro3, Axl, and Mer. Serum Gas6 levels were significantly increased in HSCT patients with grade II to IV acute GVHD (aGVHD), and Gas6 and Mer expression levels were upregulated in aGVHD lesions of the large intestine and skin. The increased serum Gas6 levels were also correlated with elevated lactate dehydrogenase, d-dimer, and plasmin inhibitor complex values in HSCT patients with aGVHD. In human umbilical vein endothelial cells (ECs), exogenous Gas6 or the exposure of sera isolated from patients with grade III aGVHD to ECs induced the downregulation of thrombomodulin and the upregulation of PAI-1, as well as the upregulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, which were inhibited by UNC2250, a selective Mer tyrosine kinase inhibitor. In mouse HSCT models, we observed hepatic GVHD with hepatocellular apoptosis, necrosis, and fibrosis, as well as TA-TMA, which is characterized pathologically by thrombosis formation in the microvasculature of the liver and kidney. Of note, intravenous administration of UNC2250 markedly suppressed GVHD and TA-TMA in these mouse HSCT models. Our findings suggest that the Gas6-Mer axis is a promising target for TA-TMA after GVHD.
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16
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Naeini MB, Bianconi V, Pirro M, Sahebkar A. The role of phosphatidylserine recognition receptors in multiple biological functions. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2020; 25:23. [PMID: 32226456 PMCID: PMC7098104 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-020-00214-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptotic cells are rapidly engulfed and degraded by phagocytes through efferocytosis. Efferocytosis is a highly regulated process. It is triggered upon the activation of caspase-dependent apoptosis, which in turn promotes the expression of "eat me" signals on the surface of dying cells and the release of soluble "find me" signals for the recruitment of phagocytes. To date, many "eat me" signals have been recognized, including phosphatidylserine (PS), intercellular adhesion molecule-3, carbohydrates (e.g., amino sugars, mannose) and calreticulin. Among them, PS is the most studied one. PS recognition receptors are different functionally active receptors expressed by phagocytes. Various PS recognition receptors with different structure, cell type expression, and ability to bind to PS have been recognized. Although PS recognition receptors do not fall into a single classification or family of proteins due to their structural differences, they all share the common ability to activate downstream signaling pathways leading to the production of anti-inflammatory mediators. In this review, available evidence regarding molecular mechanisms underlying PS recognition receptor-regulated clearance of apoptotic cells is discussed. In addition, some efferocytosis-independent biological functions of PS recognition receptors are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehri Bemani Naeini
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vanessa Bianconi
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Arteriosclerosis Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Matteo Pirro
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Arteriosclerosis Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 91779-48564, Mashhad, Iran
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17
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Abstract
Platelets - blood cells continuously produced from megakaryocytes mainly in the bone marrow - are implicated not only in haemostasis and arterial thrombosis, but also in other physiological and pathophysiological processes. This Review describes current evidence for the heterogeneity in platelet structure, age, and activation properties, with consequences for a diversity of platelet functions. Signalling processes of platelet populations involved in thrombus formation with ongoing coagulation are well understood. Genetic approaches have provided information on multiple genes related to normal haemostasis, such as those encoding receptors and signalling or secretory proteins, that determine platelet count and/or responsiveness. As highly responsive and secretory cells, platelets can alter the environment through the release of growth factors, chemokines, coagulant factors, RNA species, and extracellular vesicles. Conversely, platelets will also adapt to their environment. In disease states, platelets can be positively primed to reach a pre-activated condition. At the inflamed vessel wall, platelets interact with leukocytes and the coagulation system, interactions mediating thromboinflammation. With current antiplatelet therapies invariably causing bleeding as an undesired adverse effect, novel therapies can be more beneficial if directed against specific platelet responses, populations, interactions, or priming conditions. On the basis of these novel concepts and processes, we discuss several initiatives to target platelets therapeutically.
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18
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Liao J, Xie Y, Lin Q, Yang X, An X, Xia Y, Du J, Wang F, Li HH. Immunoproteasome subunit β5i regulates diet-induced atherosclerosis through altering MERTK-mediated efferocytosis in Apoe knockout mice. J Pathol 2020; 250:275-287. [PMID: 31758542 DOI: 10.1002/path.5368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The immunoproteasome contains three catalytic subunits (β1i, β2i and β5i) that are important modulators of immune cell homeostasis. A previous study showed a correlation between β5i and human atherosclerotic plaque instability; however, the causative role of β5i in atherosclerosis and the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Here we explored this issue in apolipoprotein E (Apoe) knockout (eKO) mice with genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of β5i. We found that β5i expression was upregulated in lesional macrophages after an atherogenic diet (ATD). β5i/Apoe double KO (dKO) mice fed on the ATD had a significant decrease in both lesion area and necrotic core area, compared with eKO controls. Moreover, dKO mice had less caspase-3+ apoptotic cell accumulation but enhanced efferocytosis of apoptotic cells and increased expression of Mer receptor tyrosine kinase (MERTK). Consistently, similar phenotypes were observed in eKO mice transplanted with dKO bone marrow or treated with β5i-specific inhibitor PR-957. Mechanistic studies in vitro revealed that β5i deletion reduced IκBα degradation and inhibited NF-κB activation, promoting Mertk transcription and efferocytosis, thereby attenuating apoptotic cell accumulation. In conclusion, we demonstrate that β5i plays an important role in diet-induced atherosclerosis by altering MERTK-mediated efferocytosis. β5i might be a potential pharmaceutical target against atherosclerosis. © 2019 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Liao
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China
| | - Yunpeng Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China
| | - Qiuyue Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China
| | - Xiaolei Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China
| | - Xiangbo An
- Department of Interventional Therapy, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China
| | - Yunlong Xia
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China
| | - Jie Du
- Beijing AnZhen Hospital, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Interventional Therapy, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China
| | - Hui-Hua Li
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China
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19
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Vitamin K as a Diet Supplement with Impact in Human Health: Current Evidence in Age-Related Diseases. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12010138. [PMID: 31947821 PMCID: PMC7019739 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K health benefits have been recently widely shown to extend beyond blood homeostasis and implicated in chronic low-grade inflammatory diseases such as cardiovascular disease, osteoarthritis, dementia, cognitive impairment, mobility disability, and frailty. Novel and more efficient nutritional and therapeutic options are urgently needed to lower the burden and the associated health care costs of these age-related diseases. Naturally occurring vitamin K comprise the phylloquinone (vitamin K1), and a series of menaquinones broadly designated as vitamin K2 that differ in source, absorption rates, tissue distribution, bioavailability, and target activity. Although vitamin K1 and K2 sources are mainly dietary, consumer preference for diet supplements is growing, especially when derived from marine resources. The aim of this review is to update the reader regarding the specific contribution and effect of each K1 and K2 vitamers in human health, identify potential methods for its sustainable and cost-efficient production, and novel natural sources of vitamin K and formulations to improve absorption and bioavailability. This new information will contribute to foster the use of vitamin K as a health-promoting supplement, which meets the increasing consumer demand. Simultaneously, relevant information on the clinical context and direct health consequences of vitamin K deficiency focusing in aging and age-related diseases will be discussed.
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20
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Peeters MJW, Rahbech A, Thor Straten P. TAM-ing T cells in the tumor microenvironment: implications for TAM receptor targeting. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2020; 69:237-244. [PMID: 31664482 PMCID: PMC7000491 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-019-02421-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The TAM receptors-TYRO3, AXL, MERTK-are pleiotropically expressed receptors in both healthy and diseased tissue. A complex of the ligands Protein S (PROS1) or Growth Arrest-Specific 6 (GAS6) with apoptotic phosphatidylserine activates the TAM receptors. Hence, this receptor family is essential for the efferocytosis of apoptotic material by antigen-presenting cells. In addition, TAM receptors are expressed by virtually all cells of the tumor microenvironment. They are also potent oncogenes, frequently overexpressed in cancer and involved in survival and therapy resistance. Due to their pro-oncogenic and immune-inhibitory traits, TAM receptors have emerged as promising targets for cancer therapy. Recently, TAM receptors have been described to function as costimulatory molecules on human T cells. TAM receptors' ambivalent functions on many different cell types therefore make therapeutic targeting not straight-forward. In this review we summarize our current knowledge of the function of TAM receptors in the tumor microenvironment. We place particular focus on TAM receptors and the recently unraveled role of MERTK in activated T cells and potential consequences for anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies J W Peeters
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Oncology, University Hospital Herlev, Borgmester Ib Juuls Vej 25C, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Anne Rahbech
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Oncology, University Hospital Herlev, Borgmester Ib Juuls Vej 25C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per Thor Straten
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Oncology, University Hospital Herlev, Borgmester Ib Juuls Vej 25C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Inflammation and Cancer Group, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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21
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Yan S, Vandewalle N, De Beule N, Faict S, Maes K, De Bruyne E, Menu E, Vanderkerken K, De Veirman K. AXL Receptor Tyrosine Kinase as a Therapeutic Target in Hematological Malignancies: Focus on Multiple Myeloma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1727. [PMID: 31694201 PMCID: PMC6896070 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
AXL belongs to the TAM (TYRO3, AXL, and MERTK) receptor family, a unique subfamily of the receptor tyrosine kinases. Their common ligand is growth arrest-specific protein 6 (GAS6). The GAS6/TAM signaling pathway regulates many important cell processes and plays an essential role in immunity, hemostasis, and erythropoiesis. In cancer, AXL overexpression and activation has been associated with cell proliferation, chemotherapy resistance, tumor angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis; and has been correlated with a poor prognosis. In hematological malignancies, the expression and function of AXL is highly diverse, not only between the different tumor types but also in the surrounding tumor microenvironment. Most research and clinical evidence has been provided for AXL inhibitors in acute myeloid leukemia. However, recent studies also revealed an important role of AXL in lymphoid leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. In this review, we summarize the basic functions of AXL in various cell types and the role of AXL in different hematological cancers, with a focus on AXL in the dormancy of multiple myeloma. In addition, we provide an update on the most promising AXL inhibitors currently in preclinical/clinical evaluation and discuss future perspectives in this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyang Yan
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussel, Belgium; (S.Y.); (N.V.); (N.D.B.); (S.F.); (K.M.); (E.D.B.); (E.M.); (K.V.)
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Niels Vandewalle
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussel, Belgium; (S.Y.); (N.V.); (N.D.B.); (S.F.); (K.M.); (E.D.B.); (E.M.); (K.V.)
| | - Nathan De Beule
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussel, Belgium; (S.Y.); (N.V.); (N.D.B.); (S.F.); (K.M.); (E.D.B.); (E.M.); (K.V.)
| | - Sylvia Faict
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussel, Belgium; (S.Y.); (N.V.); (N.D.B.); (S.F.); (K.M.); (E.D.B.); (E.M.); (K.V.)
| | - Ken Maes
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussel, Belgium; (S.Y.); (N.V.); (N.D.B.); (S.F.); (K.M.); (E.D.B.); (E.M.); (K.V.)
| | - Elke De Bruyne
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussel, Belgium; (S.Y.); (N.V.); (N.D.B.); (S.F.); (K.M.); (E.D.B.); (E.M.); (K.V.)
| | - Eline Menu
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussel, Belgium; (S.Y.); (N.V.); (N.D.B.); (S.F.); (K.M.); (E.D.B.); (E.M.); (K.V.)
| | - Karin Vanderkerken
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussel, Belgium; (S.Y.); (N.V.); (N.D.B.); (S.F.); (K.M.); (E.D.B.); (E.M.); (K.V.)
| | - Kim De Veirman
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussel, Belgium; (S.Y.); (N.V.); (N.D.B.); (S.F.); (K.M.); (E.D.B.); (E.M.); (K.V.)
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Gas6/TAM Signaling Components as Novel Biomarkers of Liver Fibrosis. DISEASE MARKERS 2019; 2019:2304931. [PMID: 31583026 PMCID: PMC6754881 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2304931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis consists in the accumulation of extracellular matrix components mainly derived from activated hepatic stellate cells. This is commonly the result of chronic liver injury repair and represents an important health concern. As liver biopsy is burdened with many drawbacks, not surprisingly there is great interest to find new reliable noninvasive methods. Among the many are new potential fibrosis biomarkers under study, some of the most promising represented by the growth arrest-specific gene 6 (Gas6) serum protein and its family of tyrosine kinase receptors, namely, Tyro3, Axl, and MERTK (TAM). Gas6/TAM system (mainly, Axl and MERTK) has in fact recently emerged as an important player in the progression of liver fibrosis. This review is aimed at giving an overall perspective of the roles played by these molecules in major chronic liver diseases. The most promising findings up to date acknowledge that both Gas6 and its receptor serum levels (such as sAxl and, probably, sMERTK) have been shown to potentially allow for easy and accurate measurement of hepatic fibrosis progression, also providing indicative parameters of hepatic dysfunction. Although most of the current scientific evidence is still preliminary and there are no in vivo validation studies on large patient series, it still looks very promising to imagine a possible future prognostic role for these biomarkers in the multidimensional assessment of a liver patient. One may also speculate on a potential role for this system targeting (e.g., with small molecule inhibitors against Axl) as a therapeutic strategy for liver fibrosis management, always bearing in mind that any such therapeutic approach might face toxicity.
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23
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Reinhardt C. GAS6: Pouring GASoline Into the Inflammatory Inferno of Venous Thrombosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019. [PMID: 28637697 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Reinhardt
- From the Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany; and the German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain, Mainz, Germany.
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24
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Huang J, Li X, Shi X, Zhu M, Wang J, Huang S, Huang X, Wang H, Li L, Deng H, Zhou Y, Mao J, Long Z, Ma Z, Ye W, Pan J, Xi X, Jin J. Platelet integrin αIIbβ3: signal transduction, regulation, and its therapeutic targeting. J Hematol Oncol 2019; 12:26. [PMID: 30845955 PMCID: PMC6407232 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-019-0709-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrins are a family of transmembrane glycoprotein signaling receptors that can transmit bioinformation bidirectionally across the plasma membrane. Integrin αIIbβ3 is expressed at a high level in platelets and their progenitors, where it plays a central role in platelet functions, hemostasis, and arterial thrombosis. Integrin αIIbβ3 also participates in cancer progression, such as tumor cell proliferation and metastasis. In resting platelets, integrin αIIbβ3 adopts an inactive conformation. Upon agonist stimulation, the transduction of inside-out signals leads integrin αIIbβ3 to switch from a low- to high-affinity state for fibrinogen and other ligands. Ligand binding causes integrin clustering and subsequently promotes outside-in signaling, which initiates and amplifies a range of cellular events to drive essential platelet functions such as spreading, aggregation, clot retraction, and thrombus consolidation. Regulation of the bidirectional signaling of integrin αIIbβ3 requires the involvement of numerous interacting proteins, which associate with the cytoplasmic tails of αIIbβ3 in particular. Integrin αIIbβ3 and its signaling pathways are considered promising targets for antithrombotic therapy. This review describes the bidirectional signal transduction of integrin αIIbβ3 in platelets, as well as the proteins responsible for its regulation and therapeutic agents that target integrin αIIbβ3 and its signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansong Huang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Hematologic Malignancies, Diagnosis and Treatment, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Hematologic Malignancies, Diagnosis and Treatment, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaofeng Shi
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mark Zhu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinghan Wang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Hematologic Malignancies, Diagnosis and Treatment, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shujuan Huang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Hematologic Malignancies, Diagnosis and Treatment, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Hematologic Malignancies, Diagnosis and Treatment, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huafeng Wang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Hematologic Malignancies, Diagnosis and Treatment, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Hematological Malignancies Translational Science, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Hematological Malignancies Translational Science, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Huan Deng
- Department of Pathology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yulan Zhou
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jianhua Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Sino-French Research Centre for Life Sciences and Genomics, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhangbiao Long
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhixin Ma
- Clinical Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenle Ye
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Hematologic Malignancies, Diagnosis and Treatment, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiajia Pan
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Hematologic Malignancies, Diagnosis and Treatment, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaodong Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. .,Sino-French Research Centre for Life Sciences and Genomics, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jie Jin
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. .,Key Laboratory of Hematologic Malignancies, Diagnosis and Treatment, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. .,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Zizzo G, Cohen PL. Antibody Cross-Linking of CD14 Activates MerTK and Promotes Human Macrophage Clearance of Apoptotic Neutrophils: the Dual Role of CD14 at the Crossroads Between M1 and M2c Polarization. Inflammation 2019; 41:2206-2221. [PMID: 30091033 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-018-0864-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Mer receptor tyrosine kinase (MerTK) is key for efficient phagocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils (ANs) and homeostasis of IL-10 production by human anti-inflammatory M2c monocytes/macrophages. We asked whether stimulation of M2c surface receptors contributes in turn to MerTK activation. For this purpose, human monocytes/macrophages were differentiated under M1, M2a, and M2c polarizing conditions. The effects of antibody-mediated cross-linking of M2c receptors (i.e., CD14, CD16, CD32, CD163, CD204) on MerTK phosphorylation and phagocytosis of ANs were tested. MerTK expression was also studied by flow cytometry and western blot in the presence of LPS and in M2c-derived microvesicles (MVs). Antibody cross-linking of either CD14 or CD32/FcγRII led to Syk activation and MerTK phosphorylation in its two distinct glycoforms (175-205 and 135-155 kDa). Cross-linked CD14 enhanced efferocytosis by M2c macrophages and enabled M1 and M2a cells to clear ANs efficiently. In M1 conditions, LPS abolished surface MerTK expression on CD14bright cell subsets, so disrupting the anti-inflammatory pathway. In M2c cells, instead, MerTK was diffusely and brightly co-expressed with CD14, and was also detected in M2c macrophage-derived MVs; in these conditions, LPS only partially downregulated MerTK on cell surfaces, while the smaller MerTK glycoform contained in MVs remained intact. Altogether, cooperation between CD14 and MerTK may foster the clearance of ANs by human monocytes/macrophages. CD14 stands between M1-related LPS co-receptor activity and M2c-related MerTK-dependent response. MerTK interaction with CD32/FcγRII, its detection in M2c MVs, and the differential localization and LPS susceptibility of MerTK glycoforms add further new elements to the complexity of the MerTK network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Zizzo
- Temple Autoimmunity Center, Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA. .,Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3322 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
| | - Philip L Cohen
- Temple Autoimmunity Center, Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA. .,Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3322 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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Schnegg‐Kaufmann A, Calzavarini S, Limacher A, Mean M, Righini M, Staub D, Beer J, Frauchiger B, Osterwalder J, Kucher N, Matter CM, Husmann M, Banyai M, Aschwanden M, Mazzolai L, Hugli O, Nagler M, Daskalakis M, Rodondi N, Aujesky D, Angelillo‐Scherrer A. A high Gas6 level in plasma predicts venous thromboembolism recurrence, major bleeding and mortality in the elderly: a prospective multicenter cohort study. J Thromb Haemost 2019; 17:306-318. [PMID: 30570809 PMCID: PMC6850608 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Essentials Predictive ability of pro-hemostatic Gas6 for recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE) is unknown. We measured Gas6 levels in 864 patients with VTE over 3 years. High Gas6 (> 157%) at diagnosis is associated with VTE recurrence, major bleeding and mortality. Gas6 plasma levels measured 12 months after the index VTE are discriminatory for VTE recurrence. SUMMARY: Background Growth arrest-specific gene 6 (Gas6) is a prohemostatic protein with an unknown predictive ability for recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE). In the elderly, VTE results in higher mortality but does not have a higher rate of recurrence than in younger patients. Consequently, anticoagulation management in the elderly is challenging. Objective To prospectively investigate the performance of Gas6 in predicting VTE recurrence, major bleeding and mortality in the elderly. Methods Consecutive patients aged ≥ 65 years with acute VTE were followed for a period of 3 years. Primary outcomes were symptomatic VTE recurrence, major bleeding, and mortality. Plasma Gas6 was measured with ELISA. Results Gas6 levels were measured in 864 patients at the time of the index VTE (T1) and, in 70% of them, also 12 months later (T2). The Gas6 level at T1 was discriminatory for VTE recurrence (C-statistic, 0.56; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.51-0.62), major bleeding (0.60, 95% CI 0.55-0.65) and mortality (0.69, 95% CI 0.65-0.73) up to 36 months. VTE recurrence up to 24 months after T2 was discriminated by the Gas6 level at T2 (0.62, 95% CI 0.54-0.71). High Gas6 levels (> 157%) and continuous Gas6 levels at T1 were associated with VTE recurrence up to 6 months and 12 months, respectively. Conclusions In elderly patients, a high Gas6 level is associated with higher risks of VTE recurrence, major bleeding, and death. These findings support further studies to assess the performance of Gas6 in adjusting the length of anticoagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annatina Schnegg‐Kaufmann
- Department of Hematology and Central Hematology Laboratory, InselspitalBern University HospitalUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- Department for BioMedical ResearchUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Sara Calzavarini
- Department of Hematology and Central Hematology Laboratory, InselspitalBern University HospitalUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- Department for BioMedical ResearchUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Andreas Limacher
- CTU Bern, and Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM)University of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Marie Mean
- Department of General Internal Medicine, InselspitalBern University HospitalUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- Department of MedicineLausanne University HospitalLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Marc Righini
- Division of Angiology and HemostasisGeneva University HospitalGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Daniel Staub
- Division of AngiologyBasel University HospitalBaselSwitzerland
| | - Juerg‐Hans Beer
- Department of Internal MedicineCantonal Hospital of BadenBadenSwitzerland
| | - Beat Frauchiger
- Department of Internal MedicineCantonal Hospital of FrauenfeldFrauenfeldSwitzerland
| | | | - Nils Kucher
- University Clinic of AngiologyUniversity Hospital ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Christian M. Matter
- Center for Molecular CardiologyUniversity of Zurich, and Clinic for CardiologyUniversity Heart CenterZurich University HospitalZurichSwitzerland
| | - Marc Husmann
- University Clinic of AngiologyUniversity Hospital ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Martin Banyai
- Division of AngiologyCantonal Hospital of LucerneLucerneSwitzerland
| | | | - Lucia Mazzolai
- Service of AngiologyLausanne University HospitalLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Oliver Hugli
- Emergency DepartmentLausanne University HospitalLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Michael Nagler
- Department of Hematology and Central Hematology Laboratory, InselspitalBern University HospitalUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- Department for BioMedical ResearchUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Michael Daskalakis
- Department of Hematology and Central Hematology Laboratory, InselspitalBern University HospitalUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- Department for BioMedical ResearchUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Nicolas Rodondi
- Department of General Internal Medicine, InselspitalBern University HospitalUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- Institute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM)University of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Drahomir Aujesky
- Department of General Internal Medicine, InselspitalBern University HospitalUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Anne Angelillo‐Scherrer
- Department of Hematology and Central Hematology Laboratory, InselspitalBern University HospitalUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- Department for BioMedical ResearchUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
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27
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28
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Zhou J, Yang A, Wang Y, Chen F, Zhao Z, Davra V, Suzuki-Inoue K, Ozaki Y, Birge RB, Lu Q, Wu Y. Tyro3, Axl, and Mertk receptors differentially participate in platelet activation and thrombus formation. Cell Commun Signal 2018; 16:98. [PMID: 30541554 PMCID: PMC6291976 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-018-0308-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previously, several studies have shown that Tyro3, Axl, and Mertk (TAM) receptors participate in platelet activation and thrombosis. However, the role of individual receptors is not fully understood. Methods Using single receptor-deficient platelets from TAM knockout mice in the C57BL/6 J strain, we performed a knockout study using single TAM-deficient mice. We treated platelets isolated from TAM knockout mice with the Glycoprotein VI (GPVI) agonists convulxin, poly(PHG), and collagen-related triple-helical peptide (CRP), as well as thrombin for in-vitro experiments. We used a laser-induced cremaster arterial injury model for thrombosis experiments in vivo. Results Deficiency of the tyrosine kinase receptors, Axl or Tyro3, but not Mertk, inhibited aggregation, spreading, JON/A binding, and P-selectin expression of platelets in vitro. In vivo, platelet thrombus formation was significantly decreased in Axl−/− and Tyro3−/− mice, but not in Mertk−/− mice. Upon stimulation with glycoprotein VI (GPVI) agonists, tyrosine phosphorylation of signaling molecules, including spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) and phospholipase C-γ2 (PLCγ2), was decreased in Axl−/− and Tyro3−/− platelets, but not in Mertk−/− platelets. While platelet aggregation induced by agonists did not differ in the presence or absence of the Gas6 neutralizing antibody, the platelet aggregation was inhibited by anti-Axl or anti-Tyro3 neutralizing antibodies antibody, but not the anti-Mertk antibody. Additionally, the recombinant extracellular domain of Axl or Tyro3, but not that of Mertk, also inhibited platelet aggregation. Conclusions These data suggest that Axl and Tyro3, but not Mertk, have an important role in platelet activation and thrombus formation, and mechanistically may do so by a pathway that regulates inside to outside signaling and heterotypic interactions via the extracellular domains of TAMs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12964-018-0308-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsong Zhou
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Aizhen Yang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yucan Wang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Fengwu Chen
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhao
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Viralkumar Davra
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Katsue Suzuki-Inoue
- Department of Clinical and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
| | - Yukio Ozaki
- Department of Clinical and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
| | - Raymond B Birge
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Qingxian Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Yi Wu
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China. .,The Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, 3420 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA19140, USA.
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Smart SK, Vasileiadi E, Wang X, DeRyckere D, Graham DK. The Emerging Role of TYRO3 as a Therapeutic Target in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10120474. [PMID: 30501104 PMCID: PMC6316664 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10120474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The TAM family (TYRO3, AXL, MERTK) tyrosine kinases play roles in diverse biological processes including immune regulation, clearance of apoptotic cells, platelet aggregation, and cell proliferation, survival, and migration. While AXL and MERTK have been extensively studied, less is known about TYRO3. Recent studies revealed roles for TYRO3 in cancer and suggest TYRO3 as a therapeutic target in this context. TYRO3 is overexpressed in many types of cancer and functions to promote tumor cell survival and/or proliferation, metastasis, and resistance to chemotherapy. In addition, higher levels of TYRO3 expression have been associated with decreased overall survival in patients with colorectal, hepatocellular, and breast cancers. Here we review the physiological roles for TYRO3 and its expression and functions in cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment, with emphasis on the signaling pathways that are regulated downstream of TYRO3 and emerging roles for TYRO3 in the immune system. Translational agents that target TYRO3 are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherri K Smart
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Eleana Vasileiadi
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Deborah DeRyckere
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Douglas K Graham
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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30
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The Dual Role of TAM Receptors in Autoimmune Diseases and Cancer: An Overview. Cells 2018; 7:cells7100166. [PMID: 30322068 PMCID: PMC6210017 DOI: 10.3390/cells7100166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) regulate cellular processes by converting signals from the extracellular environment to the cytoplasm and nucleus. Tyro3, Axl, and Mer (TAM) receptors form an RTK family that plays an intricate role in tissue maintenance, phagocytosis, and inflammation as well as cell proliferation, survival, migration, and development. Defects in TAM signaling are associated with numerous autoimmune diseases and different types of cancers. Here, we review the structure of TAM receptors, their ligands, and their biological functions. We discuss the role of TAM receptors and soluble circulating TAM receptors in the autoimmune diseases systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and multiple sclerosis (MS). Lastly, we discuss the effect of TAM receptor deregulation in cancer and explore the therapeutic potential of TAM receptors in the treatment of diseases.
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31
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Qiu L, Chang G, Li Z, Bi Y, Liu X, Chen G. Comprehensive Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Competing Endogenous RNA Networks During Avian Leukosis Virus, Subgroup J-Induced Tumorigenesis in Chickens. Front Physiol 2018; 9:996. [PMID: 30093865 PMCID: PMC6070742 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J) is an avian oncogenic retrovirus that induces myeloid tumors and hemangiomas in chickens and causes severe economic losses with commercial layer chickens and meat-type chickens. High-throughput sequencing followed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and bioinformatics analyses were performed to advance the understanding of regulatory networks associated with differentially expressed non-coding RNAs and mRNAs that facilitate ALV-J infection. We examined the expression of mRNAs, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and miRNAs in the spleens of 20-week-old chickens infected with ALV-J and uninfected chickens. We found that 1723 mRNAs, 7,883 lncRNAs and 13 miRNAs in the spleen were differentially expressed between the uninfected and infected groups (P < 0.05). Transcriptome analysis showed that, compared to mRNA, chicken lncRNAs shared relatively fewer exon numbers and shorter transcripts. Through competing endogenous RNA and co-expression network analyses, we identified several tumor-associated or immune-related genes and lncRNAs. Along transcripts whose expression levels significantly decreased in both ALV-J infected spleen and tumor tissues, BCL11B showed the greatest change. These results suggest that BCL11B may be mechanistically involved in tumorigenesis in chicken and neoplastic diseases, may be related to immune response, and potentially be novel biomarker for ALV-J infection. Our results provide new insight into the pathology of ALV-J infection and high-quality transcriptome resource for in-depth study of epigenetic influences on disease resistance and immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Guobin Chang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhiteng Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yulin Bi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiangping Liu
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, China
| | - Guohong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Law LA, Graham DK, Di Paola J, Branchford BR. GAS6/TAM Pathway Signaling in Hemostasis and Thrombosis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:137. [PMID: 29868590 PMCID: PMC5954114 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The GAS6/TYRO3-AXL-MERTK (TAM) signaling pathway is essential for full and sustained platelet activation, as well as thrombus stabilization. Inhibition of this pathway decreases platelet aggregation, shape change, clot retraction, aggregate formation under flow conditions, and surface expression of activation markers. Transgenic mice deficient in GAS6, or any of the TAM family of receptors that engage this ligand, exhibit in vivo protection against arterial and venous thrombosis but do not demonstrate either spontaneous or prolonged bleeding compared to their wild-type counterparts. Comparable results are observed in wild-type mice treated with pharmacological inhibitors of the GAS6-TAM pathway. Thus, GAS6/TAM inhibition offers an attractive novel therapeutic option that may allow for a moderate reduction in platelet activation and decreased thrombosis while still permitting the primary hemostatic function of platelet plug formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke A Law
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Douglas K Graham
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jorge Di Paola
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States.,University of Colorado Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Brian R Branchford
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States.,University of Colorado Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Aurora, CO, United States
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Plow EF, Wang Y, Simon DI. The search for new antithrombotic mechanisms and therapies that may spare hemostasis. Blood 2018; 131:1899-1902. [PMID: 29467183 PMCID: PMC5921961 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-10-784074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Current antithrombotic drugs, including widely used antiplatelet agents and anticoagulants, are associated with significant bleeding risk. Emerging experimental evidence suggests that the molecular and cellular mechanisms of hemostasis and thrombosis can be separated, thereby increasing the possibility of new antithrombotic therapeutic targets with reduced bleeding risk. We review new coagulation and platelet targets and highlight the interaction between integrin αMβ2 (Mac-1, CD11b/CD18) on leukocytes and GPIbα on platelets that seems to distinguish thrombosis from hemostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yunmei Wang
- Harrington Heart & Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | - Daniel I Simon
- Harrington Heart & Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
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34
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Cosemans JMEM. At the MERcy of platelet primers. J Thromb Haemost 2018; 16:349-351. [PMID: 29194956 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J M E M Cosemans
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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35
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Branchford BR, Stalker TJ, Law L, Acevedo G, Sather S, Brzezinski C, Wilson KM, Minson K, Lee-Sherick AB, Davizon-Castillo P, Ng C, Zhang W, Neeves KB, Lentz SR, Wang X, Frye SV, Shelton Earp H, DeRyckere D, Brass LF, Graham DK, Di Paola JA. The small-molecule MERTK inhibitor UNC2025 decreases platelet activation and prevents thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost 2018; 16:352-363. [PMID: 29045015 PMCID: PMC5858881 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Essentials Signaling by Gas6 through Tyro3/Axl/Mer receptors is essential for stable platelet aggregation. UNC2025 is a small molecule inhibitor of the Mer tyrosine kinase. UNC2025 decreases platelet activation in vitro and thrombus formation in vivo. UNC2025's anti-platelet effect is synergistic with inhibition of the ADP receptor, P2Y12 . SUMMARY Background Growth arrest-specific protein 6 signals through the TAM (TYRO-3-AXL-MERTK) receptor family, mediating platelet activation and thrombus formation via activation of the aggregate-stabilizing αIIb β3 integrin. Objective To describe the antithrombotic effects mediated by UNC2025, a small-molecule MERTK tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Methods MERTK phosphorylation and downstream signaling were assessed by immunoblotting. Light transmission aggregometry, flow cytometry and microfluidic analysis were used to evaluate the impact of MERTK inhibition on platelet activation and stability of aggregates in vitro. The effects of MERTK inhibition on arterial and venous thrombosis, platelet accumulation at microvascular injury sites and tail bleeding times were determined with murine models. The effects of combined treatment with ADP-P2Y1&12 pathway antagonists and UNC2025 were also evaluated. Results and Conclusions Treatment with UNC2025 inhibited MERTK phosphorylation and downstream activation of AKT and SRC, decreased platelet activation, and protected animals from pulmonary embolism and arterial thrombosis without increasing bleeding times. The antiplatelet effect of UNC2025 was enhanced in combination with ADP-P2Y1&12 pathway antagonists, and a greater than additive effect was observed when these two agents with different mechanisms of inhibition were coadministered. TAM kinase signaling represents a potential therapeutic target, as inhibition of this axis, especially in combination with ADP-P2Y pathway antagonism, mediates decreased platelet activation, aggregate stability, and thrombus formation, with less hemorrhagic potential than current treatment strategies. The data presented here also demonstrate antithrombotic activity mediated by UNC2025, a novel translational agent, and support the development of TAM kinase inhibitors for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Branchford
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- University of Colorado Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - T J Stalker
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - L Law
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - G Acevedo
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - S Sather
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - C Brzezinski
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - K M Wilson
- Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - K Minson
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - A B Lee-Sherick
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - P Davizon-Castillo
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - C Ng
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- University of Colorado Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - W Zhang
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - K B Neeves
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA
| | - S R Lentz
- Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - X Wang
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - S V Frye
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - H Shelton Earp
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - D DeRyckere
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - L F Brass
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - D K Graham
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - J A Di Paola
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- University of Colorado Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Aurora, CO, USA
- Graduate Program - Human Medical Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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36
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Nilsson BG, Bungard TJ. A Case of Migraine With Aura Resolving on Warfarin But Not on Apixaban. Headache 2017; 57:1614-1617. [PMID: 28960288 DOI: 10.1111/head.13190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Several case reports have associated anticoagulants such as heparin and vitamin K antagonists with reduced symptoms in migraine, but no data exist for direct acting oral factor Xa inhibitors. We report the case of a 55-year-old female who experienced complete remission of migraine with aura for 12 years while on warfarin, with return of symptoms within 3 weeks of switching to apixaban, and resolution of symptoms once again within days of warfarin resumption. Our case suggests that anticoagulation alone is not sufficient to improve migraine symptoms. Further study of vitamin K-dependent proteins not involved in anticoagulation, such as the relatively novel growth arrest-specific gene 6, may clarify the link between warfarin and migraine symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin G Nilsson
- Alberta Health Services, Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tammy J Bungard
- Division of Cardiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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37
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Abstract
A major challenge in anticancer treatment is the pre-existence or emergence of resistance to therapy. AXL and MER are two members of the TAM (TYRO3-AXL-MER) family of receptor tyrosine kinases, which, when activated, can regulate tumor cell survival, proliferation, migration and invasion, angiogenesis, and tumor-host interactions. An increasing body of evidence strongly suggests that these receptors play major roles in resistance to targeted therapies and conventional cytotoxic agents. Multiple resistance mechanisms exist, including the direct and indirect crosstalk of AXL and MER with other receptors and the activation of feedback loops regulating AXL and MER expression and activity. These mechanisms may be innate, adaptive, or acquired. A principal role of AXL appears to be in sustaining a mesenchymal phenotype, itself a major mechanism of resistance to diverse anticancer therapies. Both AXL and MER play a role in the repression of the innate immune response which may also limit response to treatment. Small molecule and antibody inhibitors of AXL and MER have recently been described, and some of these have already entered clinical trials. The optimal design of treatment strategies to maximize the clinical benefit of these AXL and MER targeting agents are discussed in relation to the different cancer types and the types of resistance encountered. One of the major challenges to successful development of these therapies will be the application of robust predictive biomarkers for clear-cut patient stratification.
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38
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Platelet populations and priming in hematological diseases. Blood Rev 2017; 31:389-399. [PMID: 28756877 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In healthy subjects and patients with hematological diseases, platelet populations can be distinguished with different response spectra in hemostatic and vascular processes. These populations partly overlap, and are less distinct than those of leukocytes. The platelet heterogeneity is linked to structural properties, and is enforced by inequalities in the environment. Contributing factors are variability between megakaryocytes, platelet ageing, and positive or negative priming of platelets during their time in circulation. Within a hemostatic plug or thrombus, platelet heterogeneity is enhanced by unequal exposure to agonists, with populations of contracted platelets in the thrombus core, discoid platelets at the thrombus surface, patches of ballooned and procoagulant platelets forming thrombin, and coated platelets binding fibrin. Several pathophysiological hematological conditions can positively or negatively prime the responsiveness of platelet populations. As a consequence, in vivo and in vitro markers of platelet activation can differ in thrombotic and hematological disorders.
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39
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Akalu YT, Rothlin CV, Ghosh S. TAM receptor tyrosine kinases as emerging targets of innate immune checkpoint blockade for cancer therapy. Immunol Rev 2017; 276:165-177. [PMID: 28258690 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy utilizing T-cell checkpoint inhibitors has shown tremendous clinical success. Yet, this mode of treatment is effective in only a subset of patients. Unresponsive patients tend to have non-T-cell-inflamed tumors that lack markers associated with the activation of adaptive anti-tumor immune responses. Notably, elimination of cancer cells by T cells is critically dependent on the optimal activity of innate immune cells. Therefore, identifying new targets that regulate innate immune cell function and promote the engagement of adaptive tumoricidal responses is likely to lead to the development of improved therapies against cancer. Here, we review the TAM receptor tyrosine kinases-TYRO3, AXL, and MERTK-as an emerging class of innate immune checkpoints that participate in key steps of anti-tumoral immunity. Namely, TAM-mediated efferocytosis, negative regulation of dendritic cell activity, and dysregulated production of chemokines collectively favor the escape of malignant cells. Hence, disabling TAM signaling may promote engagement of adaptive immunity and complement T-cell checkpoint blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yemsratch T Akalu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Carla V Rothlin
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sourav Ghosh
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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40
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Zhang C, Tang K, Zhang Y, Ma Y, Zhuang R, Zheng X, Jin B, Zhang Y. Elevated Plasma Growth Arrest-Specific 6 Protein Levels Are Associated with the Severity of Disease During Hantaan Virus Infection in Humans. Viral Immunol 2017; 30:330-335. [PMID: 28537534 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2016.0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is caused by Hantaan virus (HTNV) and Seoul virus infection in Asia. The clinical manifestation of HFRS is characterized by the rapid loss of renal function (acute kidney injury) and thrombocytopenia. The specific immune mechanisms that cause thrombocytopenia in HFRS are not well described. The growth arrest-specific 6 (Gas6) protein and TAM (Tyro3, Axl and Mer) receptors have been recently shown to play prominent roles in immune regulation, and high plasma levels of Gas6 may predict the severity of diseases. The association of TAM receptors with several autoimmune diseases has been investigated, although the relationship between TAM receptors and these diseases remains unclear in HFRS. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical significance of Gas6 and TAM receptor expression in HFRS. The concentrations of Gas6 in the plasma from 144 patients and the expression of TAM receptors on monocytes from 117 patients were quantified. The relationship between Gas6 levels and disease course, severity, and clinical parameters was analyzed. We first found that the plasma Gas6 levels were significantly higher in HFRS patients, whereby they were positively correlated with white blood cell counts and negatively correlated with platelet counts. The expression of Tyro3 was increased on monocytes in HFRS patients compared with that in controls. Taken together, our data indicate that elevated plasma Gas6 levels is associated with the severity of disease during HTNV infection in humans, suggesting that Gas6 may play an important role by binding with Tyro3 on monocytes, which will be assessed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Zhang
- 1 Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, China
| | - Kang Tang
- 1 Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, China
| | - Yusi Zhang
- 1 Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, China
| | - Ying Ma
- 1 Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, China
| | - Ran Zhuang
- 1 Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, China
| | - Xuyang Zheng
- 2 The Center of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, China
| | - Boquan Jin
- 1 Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- 1 Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, China
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41
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Laurance S, Bertin FR, Ebrahimian T, Kassim Y, Rys RN, Lehoux S, Lemarié CA, Blostein MD. Gas6 Promotes Inflammatory (CCR2 hiCX3CR1 lo) Monocyte Recruitment in Venous Thrombosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:1315-1322. [PMID: 28450294 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.308925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Coagulation and inflammation are inter-related. Gas6 (growth arrest-specific 6) promotes venous thrombosis and participates to inflammation through endothelial-innate immune cell interactions. Innate immune cells can provide the initiating stimulus for venous thrombus development. We hypothesize that Gas6 promotes monocyte recruitment during venous thrombosis. APPROACH AND RESULTS Deep venous thrombosis was induced in wild-type and Gas6-deficient (-/-) mice using 5% FeCl3 and flow reduction in the inferior vena cava. Total monocyte depletion was achieved by injection of clodronate before deep venous thrombosis. Inflammatory monocytes were depleted using an anti-C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2) antibody. Similarly, injection of an anti-chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) antibody induced CCL2 depletion. Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence were used to characterize the monocytes recruited to the thrombus. In vivo, absence of Gas6 was associated with a reduction of monocyte recruitment in both deep venous thrombosis models. Global monocyte depletion by clodronate leads to smaller thrombi in wild-type mice. Compared with wild type, the thrombi from Gas6-/- mice contain less inflammatory (CCR2hiCX3CR1lo) monocytes, consistent with a Gas6-dependent recruitment of this monocyte subset. Correspondingly, selective depletion of CCR2hiCX3CR1lo monocytes reduced the formation of venous thrombi in wild-type mice demonstrating a predominant role of the inflammatory monocytes in thrombosis. In vitro, the expression of both CCR2 and CCL2 were Gas6 dependent in monocytes and endothelial cells, respectively, impacting monocyte migration. Moreover, Gas6-dependent CCL2 expression and monocyte migration were mediated via JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that Gas6 specifically promotes the recruitment of inflammatory CCR2hiCX3CR1lo monocytes through the regulation of both CCR2 and CCL2 during deep venous thrombosis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CX3C Chemokine Receptor 1
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CCL2/genetics
- Chemokine CCL2/metabolism
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/drug effects
- Clodronic Acid/pharmacology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammation/pathology
- Inflammation/prevention & control
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/deficiency
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Monocytes/drug effects
- Monocytes/metabolism
- Paracrine Communication
- Phenotype
- Receptors, CCR2/genetics
- Receptors, CCR2/metabolism
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Vena Cava, Inferior/drug effects
- Vena Cava, Inferior/metabolism
- Vena Cava, Inferior/pathology
- Venous Thrombosis/genetics
- Venous Thrombosis/metabolism
- Venous Thrombosis/pathology
- Venous Thrombosis/prevention & control
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Laurance
- From the Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research (S.L., F.-R.B., T.E., Y.K., R.N.R., S.L., C.A.L., M.D.B.); and Department of Medicine (S.L., C.A.L., M.D.B.), Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - François-René Bertin
- From the Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research (S.L., F.-R.B., T.E., Y.K., R.N.R., S.L., C.A.L., M.D.B.); and Department of Medicine (S.L., C.A.L., M.D.B.), Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Talin Ebrahimian
- From the Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research (S.L., F.-R.B., T.E., Y.K., R.N.R., S.L., C.A.L., M.D.B.); and Department of Medicine (S.L., C.A.L., M.D.B.), Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Yusra Kassim
- From the Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research (S.L., F.-R.B., T.E., Y.K., R.N.R., S.L., C.A.L., M.D.B.); and Department of Medicine (S.L., C.A.L., M.D.B.), Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Ryan N Rys
- From the Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research (S.L., F.-R.B., T.E., Y.K., R.N.R., S.L., C.A.L., M.D.B.); and Department of Medicine (S.L., C.A.L., M.D.B.), Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Stéphanie Lehoux
- From the Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research (S.L., F.-R.B., T.E., Y.K., R.N.R., S.L., C.A.L., M.D.B.); and Department of Medicine (S.L., C.A.L., M.D.B.), Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Catherine A Lemarié
- From the Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research (S.L., F.-R.B., T.E., Y.K., R.N.R., S.L., C.A.L., M.D.B.); and Department of Medicine (S.L., C.A.L., M.D.B.), Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada.
| | - Mark D Blostein
- From the Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research (S.L., F.-R.B., T.E., Y.K., R.N.R., S.L., C.A.L., M.D.B.); and Department of Medicine (S.L., C.A.L., M.D.B.), Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
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Kimani SG, Kumar S, Bansal N, Singh K, Kholodovych V, Comollo T, Peng Y, Kotenko SV, Sarafianos SG, Bertino JR, Welsh WJ, Birge RB. Small molecule inhibitors block Gas6-inducible TAM activation and tumorigenicity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43908. [PMID: 28272423 PMCID: PMC5341070 DOI: 10.1038/srep43908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
TAM receptors (Tyro-3, Axl, and Mertk) are a family of three homologous type I receptor tyrosine kinases that are implicated in several human malignancies. Overexpression of TAMs and their major ligand Growth arrest-specific factor 6 (Gas6) is associated with more aggressive staging of cancers, poorer predicted patient survival, acquired drug resistance and metastasis. Here we describe small molecule inhibitors (RU-301 and RU-302) that target the extracellular domain of Axl at the interface of the Ig-1 ectodomain of Axl and the Lg-1 of Gas6. These inhibitors effectively block Gas6-inducible Axl receptor activation with low micromolar IC50s in cell-based reporter assays, inhibit Gas6-inducible motility in Axl-expressing cell lines, and suppress H1299 lung cancer tumor growth in a mouse xenograft NOD-SCIDγ model. Furthermore, using homology models and biochemical verifications, we show that RU301 and 302 also inhibit Gas6 inducible activation of Mertk and Tyro3 suggesting they can act as pan-TAM inhibitors that block the interface between the TAM Ig1 ectodomain and the Gas6 Lg domain. Together, these observations establish that small molecules that bind to the interface between TAM Ig1 domain and Gas6 Lg1 domain can inhibit TAM activation, and support the further development of small molecule Gas6-TAM interaction inhibitors as a novel class of cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley G Kimani
- Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Cancer Center, 205 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Sushil Kumar
- Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Cancer Center, 205 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Nitu Bansal
- Rutgers University, Cancer Institute of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Kamalendra Singh
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, and Department of Biochemistry, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Vladyslav Kholodovych
- Rutgers University, Office of Advanced Research Computing, 96 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.,Rutgers University, Robert Wood Johnson Medical Center, Department of Pharmacology, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Thomas Comollo
- Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Cancer Center, 205 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Youyi Peng
- Rutgers University, Cancer Institute of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Sergei V Kotenko
- Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Cancer Center, 205 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Stefan G Sarafianos
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, and Department of Biochemistry, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Joseph R Bertino
- Rutgers University, Cancer Institute of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - William J Welsh
- Rutgers University, Cancer Institute of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.,Rutgers University, Robert Wood Johnson Medical Center, Department of Pharmacology, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Raymond B Birge
- Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Cancer Center, 205 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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43
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AXL-dependent infection of human fetal endothelial cells distinguishes Zika virus from other pathogenic flaviviruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:2024-2029. [PMID: 28167751 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1620558114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Although a causal relationship between Zika virus (ZIKV) and microcephaly has been established, it remains unclear why ZIKV, but not other pathogenic flaviviruses, causes congenital defects. Here we show that when viruses are produced in mammalian cells, ZIKV, but not the closely related dengue virus (DENV) or West Nile virus (WNV), can efficiently infect key placental barrier cells that directly contact the fetal bloodstream. We show that AXL, a receptor tyrosine kinase, is the primary ZIKV entry cofactor on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), and that ZIKV uses AXL with much greater efficiency than does DENV or WNV. Consistent with this observation, only ZIKV, but not WNV or DENV, bound the AXL ligand Gas6. In comparison, when DENV and WNV were produced in insect cells, they also infected HUVECs in an AXL-dependent manner. Our data suggest that ZIKV, when produced from mammalian cells, infects fetal endothelial cells much more efficiently than other pathogenic flaviviruses because it binds Gas6 more avidly, which in turn facilitates its interaction with AXL.
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44
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Davra V, Kimani SG, Calianese D, Birge RB. Ligand Activation of TAM Family Receptors-Implications for Tumor Biology and Therapeutic Response. Cancers (Basel) 2016; 8:cancers8120107. [PMID: 27916840 PMCID: PMC5187505 DOI: 10.3390/cancers8120107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The TAM family of receptors (i.e., Tyro3, Axl, and Mertk), and their ligands Growth arrest specific factor 6 (Gas6) and Protein S (Pros1) contribute to several oncogenic processes, such as cell survival, invasion, migration, chemo-resistance, and metastasis, whereby expression often correlates with poor clinical outcomes. In recent years, there has been great interest in the study of TAM receptors in cancer, stemming both from their roles as oncogenic signaling receptors, as well as their roles in tumor immunology. As a result, several classes of TAM inhibitors that include small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, decoy receptors, as well as novel strategies to target TAM ligands are being developed. This paper will review the biology of TAM receptors and their ligands with a focus on cancer, as well as evidence-based data for the continued pursuit of TAM/Gas6 inhibitors in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viralkumar Davra
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
| | - Stanley G Kimani
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
| | - David Calianese
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
| | - Raymond B Birge
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
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45
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Targeting the TAM Receptors in Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2016; 8:cancers8110101. [PMID: 27834816 PMCID: PMC5126761 DOI: 10.3390/cancers8110101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted inhibition of members of the TAM (TYRO-3, AXL, MERTK) family of receptor tyrosine kinases has recently been investigated as a novel strategy for treatment of hematologic malignancies. The physiologic functions of the TAM receptors in innate immune control, natural killer (NK) cell differentiation, efferocytosis, clearance of apoptotic debris, and hemostasis have previously been described and more recent data implicate TAM kinases as important regulators of erythropoiesis and megakaryopoiesis. The TAM receptors are aberrantly or ectopically expressed in many hematologic malignancies including acute myeloid leukemia, B- and T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and multiple myeloma. TAM receptors contribute to leukemic phenotypes through activation of pro-survival signaling pathways and interplay with other oncogenic proteins such as FLT3, LYN, and FGFR3. The TAM receptors also contribute to resistance to both cytotoxic chemotherapeutics and targeted agents, making them attractive therapeutic targets. A number of translational strategies for TAM inhibition are in development, including small molecule inhibitors, ligand traps, and monoclonal antibodies. Emerging areas of research include modulation of TAM receptors to enhance anti-tumor immunity, potential roles for TYRO-3 in leukemogenesis, and the function of the bone marrow microenvironment in mediating resistance to TAM inhibition.
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Zhu YZ, Wang W, Xian N, Wu B. Inhibition of TYRO3/Akt signaling participates in hypoxic injury in hippocampal neurons. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:752-7. [PMID: 27335558 PMCID: PMC4904465 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.182701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the role of the TYRO3/Akt signaling pathway in hypoxic injury to hippocampal neurons. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay showed that hypoxia inhibited the proliferation and viability of hippocampal neurons. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling assay demonstrated that hypoxia induced neuronal apoptosis in a time-dependent manner, with a greater number of apoptotic cells with longer hypoxic exposure. Immunofluorescence labeling revealed that hypoxia suppressed TYRO3 expression. Western blot assay showed that hypoxia decreased Akt phosphorylation levels in a time-dependent manner. Taken together, these findings suggest that hypoxia inhibits the proliferation of hippocampal neurons and promotes apoptosis, and that the inhibition of the TYRO3/Akt signaling pathway plays an important role in hypoxia-induced neuronal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Zhen Zhu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Na Xian
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Bing Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
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Levin PA, Brekken RA, Byers LA, Heymach JV, Gerber DE. Axl Receptor Axis: A New Therapeutic Target in Lung Cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2016; 11:1357-1362. [PMID: 27130831 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel A Levin
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Rolf A Brekken
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Lauren Averett Byers
- Department of Head and Neck/Thoracic Medical Oncology, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - John V Heymach
- Department of Head and Neck/Thoracic Medical Oncology, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - David E Gerber
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.
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Happonen KE, Tran S, Mörgelin M, Prince R, Calzavarini S, Angelillo-Scherrer A, Dahlbäck B. The Gas6-Axl Protein Interaction Mediates Endothelial Uptake of Platelet Microparticles. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:10586-601. [PMID: 27006397 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.699058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon activation, platelets release plasma membrane-derived microparticles (PMPs) exposing phosphatidylserine on their surface. The functions and clearance mechanism of these microparticles are incompletely understood. As they are pro-coagulant and potentially pro-inflammatory, rapid clearance from the circulation is essential for prevention of thrombotic diseases. The tyrosine kinase receptors Tyro3, Axl, and Mer (TAMs) and their ligands protein S and Gas6 are involved in the uptake of phosphatidylserine-exposing apoptotic cells in macrophages and dendritic cells. Both TAMs and their ligands are expressed in the vasculature, the functional significance of which is poorly understood. In this study, we investigated how vascular TAMs and their ligands may mediate endothelial uptake of PMPs. PMPs, generated from purified human platelets, were isolated by ultracentrifugation and labeled with biotin or PKH67. The uptake of labeled microparticles in the presence of protein S and Gas6 in human aortic endothelial cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells was monitored by flow cytometry, Western blotting, and confocal/electron microscopy. We found that both endothelial cell types can phagocytose PMPs, and by using TAM-blocking antibodies or siRNA knockdown of individual TAMs, we show that the uptake is mediated by endothelial Axl and Gas6. As circulating PMP levels were not altered in Gas6(-/-) mice compared with Gas6(+/+) mice, we hypothesize that the Gas6-mediated uptake is not a means to clear the bulk of circulating PMPs but may serve to locally phagocytose PMPs generated at sites of platelet activation and as a way to effect endothelial responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa E Happonen
- From the Department of Translational Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Lund University, SE-20502 Malmö Sweden,
| | - Sinh Tran
- From the Department of Translational Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Lund University, SE-20502 Malmö Sweden
| | - Matthias Mörgelin
- the Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Infection Medicine, Lund University, SE-22185 Lund, Sweden
| | - Raja Prince
- the University Clinic of Hematology and Central Hematology Laboratory, Bern University Hospital, Bern CH-3010, Switzerland, and the Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern CH-3010, Switzerland
| | - Sara Calzavarini
- the University Clinic of Hematology and Central Hematology Laboratory, Bern University Hospital, Bern CH-3010, Switzerland, and the Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern CH-3010, Switzerland
| | - Anne Angelillo-Scherrer
- the University Clinic of Hematology and Central Hematology Laboratory, Bern University Hospital, Bern CH-3010, Switzerland, and the Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern CH-3010, Switzerland
| | - Björn Dahlbäck
- From the Department of Translational Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Lund University, SE-20502 Malmö Sweden
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The TAM receptor Mertk protects against neuroinvasive viral infection by maintaining blood-brain barrier integrity. Nat Med 2015; 21:1464-72. [PMID: 26523970 PMCID: PMC4674389 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The TAM receptors Tyro3, Axl, and Mertk are receptor tyrosine kinases that dampen host innate immune responses following engagement with their ligands, Gas6 and Protein S, which recognize phosphatidylserine on apoptotic cells. In a form of apoptotic mimicry, many enveloped viruses display phosphatidylserine on the outer leaflet of their membranes, enabling TAM receptor activation and down-regulation of antiviral responses. Accordingly, we hypothesized that a deficiency of TAM receptors would enhance antiviral responses and protect against viral infection. Unexpectedly, mice lacking Mertk and/or Axl but not Tyro3 exhibited greater vulnerability to infection with neuroinvasive West Nile and La Crosse viruses. This phenotype was associated with increased blood-brain barrier permeability, which enhanced virus entry into and infection of the brain. Activation of Mertk synergized with IFN-β to tighten cell junctions and prevent virus transit across brain microvascular endothelial cells. Because TAM receptors restrict pathogenesis of neuroinvasive viruses, these findings have implications for TAM antagonists that are currently in clinical development.
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Baaten CCFMJ, Veenstra LF, Wetzels R, van Geffen JP, Swieringa F, de Witt SM, Henskens YMC, Crijns H, Nylander S, van Giezen JJJ, Heemskerk JWM, van der Meijden PEJ. Gradual increase in thrombogenicity of juvenile platelets formed upon offset of prasugrel medication. Haematologica 2015; 100:1131-8. [PMID: 26113418 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2014.122457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In patients with acute coronary syndrome, dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and a P2Y12 inhibitor like prasugrel is prescribed for one year. Here, we investigated how the hemostatic function of platelets recovers after discontinuation of prasugrel treatment. Therefore, 16 patients who suffered from ST-elevation myocardial infarction were investigated. Patients were treated with aspirin (100 mg/day, long-term) and stopped taking prasugrel (10 mg/day) after one year. Blood was collected at the last day of prasugrel intake and at 1, 2, 5, 12 and 30 days later. Platelet function in response to ADP was normalized between five and 30 days after treatment cessation and in vitro addition of the reversible P2Y12 receptor antagonist ticagrelor fully suppressed the regained activation response. Discontinuation of prasugrel resulted in the formation of an emerging subpopulation of ADP-responsive platelets, exhibiting high expression of active integrin αIIbβ3. Two different mRNA probes, thiazole orange and the novel 5'Cy5-oligo-dT probe revealed that this subpopulation consisted of juvenile platelets, which progressively contributed to platelet aggregation and thrombus formation under flow. During offset, juvenile platelets were overall more reactive than older platelets. Interestingly, the responsiveness of both juvenile and older platelets increased in time, pointing towards a residual inhibitory effect of prasugrel on the megakaryocyte level. In conclusion, the gradual increase in thrombogenicity after cessation of prasugrel treatment is due to the increased activity of juvenile platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance C F M J Baaten
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - Leo F Veenstra
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - Rick Wetzels
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna P van Geffen
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - Frauke Swieringa
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - Susanne M de Witt
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - Yvonne M C Henskens
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - Harry Crijns
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Johan W M Heemskerk
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - Paola E J van der Meijden
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
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