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Tadesse BT, Gu L, Solem C, Mijakovic I, Jers C. The Probiotic Enterococcus Lactis SF68 as a Potential Food Fermentation Microorganism for Safe Food Production. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:18089-18099. [PMID: 39102436 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c03644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Due to the reports describing virulent and multidrug resistant enterococci, their use has become a topic of controversy despite most of them being safe and commonly used in traditionally fermented foods worldwide. We have characterized Enterococcus lactis SF68, a probiotic strain approved by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) for use in food and feed, and find that it has a remarkable potential in food fermentations. Genome analysis revealed the potential of SF68 to metabolize a multitude of carbohydrates, including lactose and sucrose, which was substantiated experimentally. Bacteriocin biosynthesis clusters were identified and SF68 was found to display a strong inhibitory effect against Listeria monocytogenes. Fermentation-wise, E. lactis SF68 was remarkably like Lactococcus lactis and displayed a clear mixed-acid shift on slowly fermented sugars. SF68 could produce the butter aroma compounds, acetoin and diacetyl, the production of which was enhanced under aerated conditions in a strain deficient in lactate dehydrogenase activity. Overall, E. lactis SF68 was found to be versatile, with a broad carbohydrate utilization capacity, a capacity for producing bacteriocins, and an ability to grow at elevated temperatures. This is key to eliminating pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms that are frequently associated with fermented foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belay Tilahun Tadesse
- National Food Institute, Research Group for Microbial Biotechnology and Biorefining, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Liuyan Gu
- Department of Bio- and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds vej 10, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Christian Solem
- National Food Institute, Research Group for Microbial Biotechnology and Biorefining, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Ivan Mijakovic
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
- Systems and Synthetic Biology Division, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Carsten Jers
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
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Andriani L, Rega M, Bonilauri P, Pupillo G, De Lorenzi G, Bonardi S, Conter M, Bacci C. Vancomycin resistance and virulence genes evaluation in Enterococci isolated from pork and wild boar meat. Heliyon 2024; 10:e34543. [PMID: 39104496 PMCID: PMC11298925 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Enterococci are considered valuable sentinel Gram-positive bacteria for monitoring vancomycin antibiotic resistance due to their widespread presence and characteristics. The use of antimicrobials in farming animals has a role in the increasing of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) and the anthropogenic transformation of the landscape has forced wildlife into greater contact with humans and their livestock. The transmission of resistant bacteria by their meat products is a significant contributor to AMR development. The present study aimed to assess the prevalence of vancomycin resistant Enterococci spp. In antimicrobial-treated farmed pigs meat and in antimicrobial-free wild boars meat. A total of 341 Enterococci were isolated from 598 pork meat samples (57 %) and 173 Enterococci were isolated from 404 wild boar meat samples (42.8 %). Data found showed that low-resistance was detected more in wild boars meat Enterococci (52.6 %) than in pork meat once (48.4 %). However, the prevalence of resistance genes was at low level (33.9 % in pork meat Enterococci and 4.4 % in wild boar meat ones) and the only gene found was vanC1/C2, related to intrinsic AMR. Normally, Enterococci persist in the normal intestinal flora of animals including humans. However, the presence of resistance genes was frequently linked to the detection of pathogenic genes, mostly gelE in pork meat isolates and asa1 in wild boars meat isolates. Pathogenic bacteria can cause severe infections in human that can become more risky if associated to the presence of AMR. Pathogenic bacteria were characterized and a high presence of E. gallinarum and E. casseliflavus was found. Given the growing interest in wild game meat consumption the monitoring of AMR in these matrices is essential. Further surveillance studies are needed to fully evaluate the emergence and spread of vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE) and pathogenic Enterococci from animal-derived food to humans, including the role of wildlife in this phenomenon. Giving the higher interest in wild animals meat consumption, it is important to better evaluate the spread of AMR phenomenon in the future and intensify hygienic control of wild animals derived food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Andriani
- Food Hygiene and Inspection Unit, Veterinary Science Department, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Martina Rega
- Food Hygiene and Inspection Unit, Veterinary Science Department, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Paolo Bonilauri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna, via Pitagora, 2, 42124, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pupillo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna, via Pitagora, 2, 42124, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Giorgia De Lorenzi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna, via Pitagora, 2, 42124, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Silvia Bonardi
- Food Hygiene and Inspection Unit, Veterinary Science Department, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Mauro Conter
- Food Hygiene and Inspection Unit, Veterinary Science Department, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Cristina Bacci
- Food Hygiene and Inspection Unit, Veterinary Science Department, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
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Kukułowicz A, Steinka I, Gardocka M. Enterococcus spp. in fish: Analysis of the presence and resistance in samples from Tri-City, Poland. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0306826. [PMID: 38980872 PMCID: PMC11232986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0306826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The growing concern over antibiotic resistance in foodborne pathogens necessitates comprehensive assessments of its prevalence and associated risks in various food products. The present study aimed to assess the occurrence of Enterococcus spp. in samples of fish purchased at various points of sale in the Tricity region. The selection of products (n = 74) was based on their availability and included both fish caught in the Baltic region and products imported from, Vietnam, China, Norway, and European Union (EU) countries. For bacterial isolation, samples were inoculated into selective broth, and the growth of enterococci was assessed based on turbidity. Positive cultures were confirmed by a change in color in bromocresol purple broth and were isolated on Slanetz-Bartley agar. Bacteria were present in all tested samples regardless of the degree of raw material processing as follows: frozen (F)- 55%, fresh/raw (FS)- 70.6%, thawed (DF)- 30%, smoked (S)- 50%, and the packaging methods, modified atmosphere packaging (MAP)- 34.4%, unit packaging (UP)- 75%, and sold in bulk (SB)- 76.9%, with an overall frequency of occurrence of 58.1%. The number of bacteria ranged from not detected to 4.28-log cfu/g, with the lowest mean values for thawed fish and those packed in MAP. Tests conducted on 24 strains isolated from samples showed their varied sensitivity to tetracyclines. Single cases of multidrug resistance of the tested strains were also observed. The conducted statistical analysis did not show statistically significant differences in the count of enterococci based on the origin, degree of processing, or packaging (p < 0.05). Moreover, differences in strain sensitivity to ampicillin were observed. Detected cases of resistance, especially to tetracycline, require careful monitoring and action to limit the health risks associated with resistant bacterial strains in food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Kukułowicz
- Faculty of Management and Quality Sciences, Department of Quality Management, Gdynia Maritime University, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Izabela Steinka
- Faculty of Management and Quality Sciences, Department of Quality Management, Gdynia Maritime University, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Maria Gardocka
- Faculty of Management and Quality Sciences, Department of Quality Management, Gdynia Maritime University, Gdynia, Poland
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Wu H, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Gao B, Li Y, He X, Sun J, Choe U, Chen P, Blaustein RA, Yu L. Chemical Composition of Turmeric ( Curcuma longa L.) Ethanol Extract and Its Antimicrobial Activities and Free Radical Scavenging Capacities. Foods 2024; 13:1550. [PMID: 38790848 PMCID: PMC11121704 DOI: 10.3390/foods13101550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) is a perennial tuberous plant from the genus Curcuma (Zingiberaceae) and has been widely used in foods for thousands of years. The present study examined the ethanol extract of turmeric for its chemical composition, antimicrobial activity, and free radical scavenging properties. UHPLC-MS/MS analysis tentatively identified eight compounds in the turmeric extract. Potential antimicrobial effects of 0.1, 1.0, and 10 mg turmeric equivalents (TE)/mL were evaluated in vitro against a variety of Gram-negative bacteria (i.e., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas sp.) and Gram-positive bacteria (i.e., Enterococcus faecalis, Listeria innocua, and Staphylococcus aureus). Concentrations of 0.1 and 1.0 mg TE/mL inhibited the growth of S. aureus and significantly suppressed that of Pseudomonas sp., E. faecalis, and L. innocua. The growth of all strains, including E. coli, was inhibited by 10 mg TE/mL. Moreover, free radical scavenging capacities were determined using HO●, ABTS●+, and DPPH● (HOSC, ABTS, and RDSC, respectively) radicals. The turmeric ethanol extract had a TPC value of 27.12 mg GAE/g, together with HOSC, RDSC, and ABTS values of 1524.59, 56.38, and 1.70 μmol TE/g, respectively. Our results suggest that turmeric extract has potential applications for use in functional foods to reduce microbial burdens and oxidative stress-related health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Xin’an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (U.C.); (R.A.B.); (L.Y.)
| | - Zhihao Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (U.C.); (R.A.B.); (L.Y.)
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (J.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Yaqiong Zhang
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.Z.); (B.G.)
| | - Boyan Gao
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.Z.); (B.G.)
| | - Yanfang Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (U.C.); (R.A.B.); (L.Y.)
| | - Xiaohua He
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA;
| | - Jianghao Sun
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (J.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Uyory Choe
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (U.C.); (R.A.B.); (L.Y.)
| | - Pei Chen
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (J.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Ryan A. Blaustein
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (U.C.); (R.A.B.); (L.Y.)
| | - Liangli Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (U.C.); (R.A.B.); (L.Y.)
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Son Y, Jin YB, Cho EJ, Park AR, Flores RA, Nguyen BT, Lee SY, Altanzul B, Park KI, Min W, Kim WH. Comparative Analysis of Antibiotic Resistance and Biofilm Characteristics of Two Major Enterococcus Species from Poultry Slaughterhouses in South Korea. Vet Sci 2024; 11:180. [PMID: 38668447 PMCID: PMC11054628 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11040180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The spread of antibiotic-resistant Enterococcus in the poultry industry poses significant public health challenges due to multidrug resistance and biofilm formation. We investigated the antibiotic resistance profiles and biofilm characteristics of E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates from chicken meat in poultry slaughterhouses in South Korea. Ninety-six isolates (forty-eight each of E. faecalis and E. faecium) were collected between March and September 2022. Both species were analyzed using MALDI-TOF, PCR, antibiotic susceptibility testing, and biofilm assays. A high level of multidrug resistance was observed in E. faecalis (95.8%) and E. faecium (93.8%), with E. faecium exhibiting a broader range of resistance, particularly to linezolid (52.1%) and rifampicin (47.9%). All E. faecalis isolates formed biofilm in vitro, showing stronger biofilm formation than E. faecium with a significant difference (p < 0.001) in biofilm strength. Specific genes (cob, ccf, and sprE) were found to be correlated with biofilm strength. In E. faecium isolates, biofilm strength was correlated with resistance to linezolid and rifampicin, while a general correlation between antibiotic resistance and biofilm strength was not established. Through analysis, correlations were noted between antibiotics within the same class, while no general trends were evident in other analyzed factors. This study highlights the public health risks posed by multidrug-resistant enterococci collected from poultry slaughterhouses, emphasizing the complexity of the biofilm-resistance relationship and the need for enhanced control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongwoo Son
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (Y.S.); (Y.B.J.); (R.A.F.); (B.T.N.); (S.Y.L.); (B.A.); (K.I.P.); (W.M.)
| | - Yeung Bae Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (Y.S.); (Y.B.J.); (R.A.F.); (B.T.N.); (S.Y.L.); (B.A.); (K.I.P.); (W.M.)
| | - Eun-Jeong Cho
- Gyeongnam Veterinary Service Laboratory, Jinju 52733, Republic of Korea; (E.-J.C.); (A.R.P.)
| | - Ae Ra Park
- Gyeongnam Veterinary Service Laboratory, Jinju 52733, Republic of Korea; (E.-J.C.); (A.R.P.)
| | - Rochelle A. Flores
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (Y.S.); (Y.B.J.); (R.A.F.); (B.T.N.); (S.Y.L.); (B.A.); (K.I.P.); (W.M.)
| | - Binh T. Nguyen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (Y.S.); (Y.B.J.); (R.A.F.); (B.T.N.); (S.Y.L.); (B.A.); (K.I.P.); (W.M.)
| | - Seung Yun Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (Y.S.); (Y.B.J.); (R.A.F.); (B.T.N.); (S.Y.L.); (B.A.); (K.I.P.); (W.M.)
| | - Bujinlkham Altanzul
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (Y.S.); (Y.B.J.); (R.A.F.); (B.T.N.); (S.Y.L.); (B.A.); (K.I.P.); (W.M.)
| | - Kwang Il Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (Y.S.); (Y.B.J.); (R.A.F.); (B.T.N.); (S.Y.L.); (B.A.); (K.I.P.); (W.M.)
| | - Wongi Min
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (Y.S.); (Y.B.J.); (R.A.F.); (B.T.N.); (S.Y.L.); (B.A.); (K.I.P.); (W.M.)
| | - Woo H. Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (Y.S.); (Y.B.J.); (R.A.F.); (B.T.N.); (S.Y.L.); (B.A.); (K.I.P.); (W.M.)
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Zhao X, Liu S, Li S, Jiang W, Wang J, Xiao J, Chen T, Ma J, Khan MZ, Wang W, Li M, Li S, Cao Z. Unlocking the power of postbiotics: A revolutionary approach to nutrition for humans and animals. Cell Metab 2024; 36:725-744. [PMID: 38569470 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2024.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Postbiotics, which comprise inanimate microorganisms or their constituents, have recently gained significant attention for their potential health benefits. Extensive research on postbiotics has uncovered many beneficial effects on hosts, including antioxidant activity, immunomodulatory effects, gut microbiota modulation, and enhancement of epithelial barrier function. Although these features resemble those of probiotics, the stability and safety of postbiotics make them an appealing alternative. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the latest research on postbiotics, emphasizing their positive impacts on both human and animal health. As our understanding of the influence of postbiotics on living organisms continues to grow, their application in clinical and nutritional settings, as well as animal husbandry, is expected to expand. Moreover, by substituting postbiotics for antibiotics, we can promote health and productivity while minimizing adverse effects. This alternative approach holds immense potential for improving health outcomes and revolutionizing the food and animal products industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sumin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jingjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianxin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tianyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiaying Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Muhammad Zahoor Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, The University of Agriculture, Dera Ismail Khan 29220, Pakistan
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mengmeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shengli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Maitreya A, Qureshi A. Genomic and phenotypic characterisation of Enterococcus mundtii AM_AQ_BC8 for its anti-biofilm, antimicrobial and probiotic potential. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:84. [PMID: 38296886 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03816-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Enterococcus mundtii AM_AQ_BC8 isolated from biofouled filtration membrane was characterised as a potential probiotic bacterium showing strong L-lactic acid-producing capability. Experimental studies revealed that E. mundtii AM_AQ_BC8 possess antibiofilm and antimicrobial ability too, as tested against strong biofilm-forming bacteria like Pseudomonas spp. The present study has evaluated the genetic potential of E. mundtii AM_AQ_BC8 through genome sequencing. Whole genome analysis revealed the presence of key genes like ldh_1 and ldh_2 responsible for lactic acid production along with genes encoding probiotic features such as acid and bile salt resistance (dnaK, dnaJ, argS), fatty acid synthesis (fabD, fabE) and lactose utilisation (lacG, lacD). The phylogenomic analysis based on OrthoANI (99.85%) and dDDH (96.8%) values revealed that the strain AM_AQ_BC8 shared the highest homology with E. mundtii. The genome sequence of strain AM_AQ_BC8 has been deposited to NCBI and released with GenBank accession no. SAMN32531201. The study primarily demonstrated the probiotic potential of E. mundtii AM_AQ_BC8 isolate, for L-lactate synthesis in high concentration (8.98 g/L/day), which also showed anti-biofilm and antimicrobial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuja Maitreya
- Environmental Biotechnology and Genomics Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440020, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Asifa Qureshi
- Environmental Biotechnology and Genomics Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440020, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Pandova M, Kizheva Y, Tsenova M, Rusinova M, Borisova T, Hristova P. Pathogenic Potential and Antibiotic Susceptibility: A Comprehensive Study of Enterococci from Different Ecological Settings. Pathogens 2023; 13:36. [PMID: 38251343 PMCID: PMC10818344 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The pathway and the lifestyle of known enterococcus species are too complicated. The aim of the present study is to trace the path of pathogenicity of enterococci isolated from seven habitats (Cornu aspersum intestine; Bulgarian yoghurt; goat and cow feta cheese-mature and young, respectively; Arabian street food-doner kebab; cow milk; and human breast milk) by comparing their pathogenic potential. In total, 72 enterococcal strains were isolated and identified by MALDI-TOF, sequencing, and PCR. Hemolytic and gelatinase activity were biochemically determined. PCR was carried out for detection of virulence factors (cylB, esp, gls24, nucl, psaA, agg, gelE, and ace) and antibiotic resistance (erm, ermB, blaZ, vanA, aphA, mefA, gyrA, catpIP501, and aac6'-aph2″). Phenotypic antibiotic resistance was assigned according to EUCAST. Eleven representatives of the genus Enterococcus were identified: E. mundtii, E. casseliflavus, E. gilvus, E. pseudoavium, E. pallens, E. malodoratus, E. devriesei, E. gallinarum, E. durans, E. faecium, and E. faecalis. Twenty-two strains expressed α-hemolysis. Thirteen strains had the cylB gene. Only two strains expressed α-hemolysis and possessed the cylB gene simultaneously. Positive amplification for gelE was found in 35% of the isolates, but phenotypic gelatinase activity was observed only in three strains. All isolates showed varying antibiotic resistance. Only E. faecalis BM15 showed multiple resistance (AMP-HLSR-RP). Correlation between genotypic and phenotypic macrolide resistance was revealed for two E. faecalis strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pandova
- Department of General and Industrial Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.P.); (M.T.); (P.H.)
| | - Yoana Kizheva
- Department of General and Industrial Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.P.); (M.T.); (P.H.)
| | - Margarita Tsenova
- Department of General and Industrial Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.P.); (M.T.); (P.H.)
| | - Mariya Rusinova
- Human Milk Bank Bulgaria, 1309 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.R.); (T.B.)
| | | | - Petya Hristova
- Department of General and Industrial Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.P.); (M.T.); (P.H.)
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Abdel Tawab FI, Abd Elkadr MH, Sultan AM, Hamed EO, El-Zayat AS, Ahmed MN. Probiotic potentials of lactic acid bacteria isolated from Egyptian fermented food. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16601. [PMID: 37789063 PMCID: PMC10547719 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43752-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are of major concern due to their health benefits. Fermented food products comprise variable LAB demonstrating probiotic properties. Discovering and evaluating new probiotics in fermented food products poses a global economic and health importance. Therefore, the present work aimed to investigate and evaluate the probiotic potentials of LAB strains isolated from Egyptian fermented food. In this study, we isolated and functionally characterized 100 bacterial strains isolated from different Egyptian fermented food sources as probiotics. Only four LAB strains amongst the isolated LAB showed probiotic attributes and are considered to be safe for their implementation as feed or dietary supplements. Additionally, they were shown to exert antimicrobial activities against pathogenic bacteria and anticancer effects against the colon cancer cell line Caco-2. The Enterococcus massiliensis IS06 strain was exclusively reported in this study as a probiotic strain with high antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-colon cancer activity. Hitherto, few studies have focused on elucidating the impact of probiotic supplementation in vivo. Therefore, in the current study, the safety of the four strains was tested in vivo through the supplementation of rats with potential probiotic strains for 21 days. The results revealed that probiotic bacterial supplementation in rats did not adversely affect the general health of rats. The Lactiplantibacillus plantarum IS07 strain significantly increased the growth performance of rats. Furthermore, the four strains exhibited increased levels of antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase and glutathione in vivo. Consistently, all strains also showed high antioxidant activity of the superoxide dismutase enzyme in vitro. Overall, these findings demonstrated that these isolated potential probiotics harbor desirable characteristics and can be applied widely as feed additives for animals or as dietary supplements for humans to exert their health benefits and combat serious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma I Abdel Tawab
- Oil Crops Biotechnology Lab, Agricultural Genetic Engineering Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Menna H Abd Elkadr
- Microbiology Lab, Research Park, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Amany M Sultan
- Department of Biochemistry, Toxicology Unit, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ehdaa O Hamed
- Department of Biochemistry, Toxicology Unit, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ayatollah S El-Zayat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, El-Gamaa Street, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Marwa N Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, El-Gamaa Street, Giza, 12613, Egypt.
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10
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Özdemir N. Gene Expression, Structural Characterization, and Functional Properties of Exopolysaccharide Produced from Potential Probiotic Enterococcus faecalis NOC219 Strain. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:6183-6202. [PMID: 36847981 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04393-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to reveal the structural characterization and functional properties of microbial EPS-NOC219 material produced by the Enterococcus faecalis NOC219 strain with high EPS yield isolated from yogurt, with simultaneously, demonstrating the potential of this EPS for future industrial applications. According to the results of the analyses made for this aim, it was determined that the NOC219 strain contains the epsB, p-gtf-epsEFG, and p-gtf-P1 genes. In addition, it was also revealed that the EPS-NOC219 structure is expressed by the epsB, p-gtf-epsEFG, and p-gtf-P1 genes and has a heteropolymeric feature consisting of glucose, galactose, and fructose units. According to the results of the analyses made for this aim, it was determined that the EPS-NOC219 structure, which was produced from the NOC219 strain containing the epsB, p-gtf-epsEFG, and p-gtf-P1 genes, had a heteropolymeric structure consisting of glucose, galactose, and fructose units. On the other hand, it was shown that this structure had a thickener property, high heat stability exhibited a pseudoplastic flow behavior, and had a high melting point. This showed that the EPS-NOC219 had high heat stability and could be used as a thickener in heat treatment processes. In addition, it was revealed that it is suitable for plasticized biofilm production. On the other hand, the bioavailability of this structure was demonstrated with its high antioxidant activity (55.84%) against DPPH radicals and high antibiofilm activity against Escherichia coli (77.83%) and Listeria monocytogenes (72.14%) pathogens. These results suggest that the EPS-NOC219 structure may be an alternative natural resource for many industries as it has strong physicochemical properties and a healthy food-grade adjunct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilgün Özdemir
- Department of Food Engineering, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Engineering Faculty, 55139, Samsun, Turkey.
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11
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Macit E, Yücel N, Dertli E. The characterization of the non-starter lactic acid bacteria and yeast microbiota and the chemical and aromatic properties of traditionally produced Turkish White Cheese. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:2227-2241. [PMID: 37624476 PMCID: PMC10484850 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01098-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Turkish White Cheese is a brined (or pickled) cheese with a salty, acidic flavor and a soft or semi-hard texture. It is the most produced and consumed type of cheese in Turkey. The purpose of this study was to determine the non-starter lactic acid bacteria and yeast microbiota of traditionally produced Turkish White Cheese and analyze the chemical properties and the aroma profile of the cheese. The results of the study identified 27 distinct strains belonging to 14 the non-starter lactic acid bacteria species and 49 different strains belonging to 11 yeast species. Lactobacillus plantarum was found to be the dominant species among the lactic acid bacteria, while Candida zeylanoides was the dominant yeast species in the White Cheese samples. In addition, Kluyveromyces lactis and Debaryomyces hansenii were prominent yeast species in cheese samples. Turkish White Cheese samples had different aromatic properties. The study is highly significant as it anaylzed both non-starter lactic acid bacteria and yeast microbiota of traditionally produced Turkish White Cheese through molecular methods. It also determined and analyzed a number of chemical and aromatic properties of White Cheese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine Macit
- Atatürk University, Faculty of Tourism, Department of Gastronomy and Culinary Arts, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Nur Yücel
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bayburt University, Bayburt, Turkey
| | - Enes Dertli
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Yıldız Technical University, İstanbul, Turkey
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12
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Lauková A, Styková E, Focková V, Maďar M. Enterococcus moraviensis EMo 1-1Nik of horse origin:characteristics and potential bacteriocin-producing strain. Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:1471-1478. [PMID: 36929156 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10101-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, developed more precisious identification techniques have allowed to validate newer enterococcal species. Among them, the species Enterococcus moraviensis was also validated, at first from surface waters. However, in this study, characteristics and potential to bacteriocin production by the strain E. moraviensis EMo 1-1Nik isolated from buccal mucosa of Slovak warm-blood horse breed has been studied. BLASTn analysis allotted this strain to the species E. moraviensis with percentage identity BLASTn 16S rRNA sequence in the strain up to 100% (99.93% similarity with E. moraviensis NR113937.1). The strain EMo 1-1Nik has been provided with GenBank accession number MW326085. It is hemolysis-negative (γ-hemolysis), deoxyribonuclease-negative and gelatinase-negative; absent of virulence factor genes, low-grade biofilm-positive (0.133 ± 0.36), mostly susceptible to tested antibiotics. Moreover, 60% of EMo1-1Nik colonies were found as bacteriocin-producing against the principal indicator Enterococcus avium EA5. The concentrated substance (CS, pH 4.5) of EMo1-1Nik showed the inhibitory activity against EA5 strain (800 AU/mL); CSs with pH 6.3 and 7.3 reached inhibitory activity 100 AU/mL against EA5 strain. CS was thermo-stable and it does not lost activity after enzymes treatment. Oppositelly, EMo 1-1Nik was susceptible to Mundticin EM 41/3 (800 AU/mL) produced by horse fecal strain E. mundtii EM 41/3 and enterocins (up to 51 200 AU/mL). In spite of the preliminary results, it has been shown a potential to produce bacteriocin substance of the safe strain E. moraviensis EMo1-1Nik. The additional studies are in processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Lauková
- Centre of Biosciences of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Animal Physiology, Šoltésovej 4-6, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Eva Styková
- University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Clinic of Horses and Department of Microbiology and Imunology, Komenského 73, 041 81, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Valentína Focková
- Centre of Biosciences of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Animal Physiology, Šoltésovej 4-6, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Marián Maďar
- University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Clinic of Horses and Department of Microbiology and Imunology, Komenského 73, 041 81, Košice, Slovakia
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13
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Cunha S, Miranda C, Martins Â, Soares R, Maia M, Silva F, Igrejas G, Poeta P. Analysis of Antibiotic-Resistant and Virulence Genes of Enterococcus Detected in Calf Colostrum-One Health Perspective. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1900. [PMID: 37370411 DOI: 10.3390/ani13121900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococci are considered among the most prevalent global multidrug-resistant microorganisms globally. Their dissemination is a global concern, particularly by food-producing animals for both animals and humans. The aim of this study was to identify the species and investigate the antibiotic resistance and virulence profile of Enterococcus in bovine colostrum. Out of 88 presumptive Enterococcus isolates, species identification and susceptibility to 14 antimicrobials were tested using the disk diffusion method. An analysis of the antibiotic resistance and virulence genes was performed on the most prevalent species, using specific PCR assays. Enterococcus faecalis (54.5%), E. faecium (14.8%) and E. gallinarum (6.8%) were the identified species. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of E. gallinarum in bovine colostrum. The majority of the isolates showed resistance to quinupristin-dalfopristin (95.9%), erythromycin (80.7%), tetracycline (80.7%) and streptomycin (58%). Ninety-two percent of isolates were classified as multidrug-resistant. The most frequently detected resistance genes were tet(K) (61.1%), tet(M) (75.9%), tet(L) (90.7%), erm(B) (55.6%) and ant(6)-Ia (46.3%). The most prevalent virulence factors were cpd, esp, agg and cylLL. Enterococcus faecium showed a higher probability of carrying the erm(C), tet(M), ace and gel(E) genes (p < 0.05). These results demonstrated that colostrum can constitute an important reservoir and vehicle for the dissemination of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes to the three niches included in a One Health perspective (humans, animals and the environment), highlighting the importance of hygiene sanitary measures to mitigate colostrum microbial contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Cunha
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Carla Miranda
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisbon, 1099-085 Caparica, Portugal
- Toxicology Research Unit (TOXRUN), University Institute of Health Sciences, Advanced Polytechnic and University Cooperative (IUCS-CESPU), 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - Ângela Martins
- Department of Zootechnics, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Rúben Soares
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Manuel Maia
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Filipe Silva
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Gilberto Igrejas
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisbon, 1099-085 Caparica, Portugal
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Poeta
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisbon, 1099-085 Caparica, Portugal
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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14
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Salek F, Mirzaei H, Khandaghi J, Javadi A, Nami Y. Apoptosis induction in cancer cell lines and anti-inflammatory and anti-pathogenic properties of proteinaceous metabolites secreted from potential probiotic Enterococcus faecalis KUMS-T48. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7813. [PMID: 37188770 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34894-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Potential probiotic Enterococcus faecalis KUMS-T48, isolated from a kind of Iranian traditional dairy product (Tarkhineh), was assessed for its anti-pathogenic, anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative properties against HT-29 and AGS cancer cell lines. This strain showed strong effects on Bacillus subtilis and Listeria monocytogenes and moderate effect on Yersinia enterocolitica, while indicated weak effect on Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli. Also, neutralizing the cell-free supernatant and treating it with catalase and proteinase K enzymes reduced the antibacterial effects. Similar to Taxol, the cell-free supernatant of E. faecalis KUMS-T48 inhibited the in vitro proliferation of both cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner, but unlike Taxol, they had no activity against normal cell line (FHs-74). Pronase-treatment of the CFS of E. faecalis KUMS-T48 abrogated its anti-proliferative capacity, thereby showing the proteinaceous nature of the cell-free supernatant. Further, induction of apoptosis-based cytotoxic mechanism by E. faecalis KUMS-T48 cell-free supernatant is related to anti-apoptotic genes ErbB-2 and ErbB-3, which is different from Taxol's apoptosis induction (intrinsic mitochondria apoptosis pathway). Also, as evidenced by a decline in interleukin 1β inflammation-promoting gene expression and a rise in the anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 gene expression in the HT-29 cell line, probiotic E. faecalis KUMS-T48 cell-free supernatant demonstrated a significant anti-inflammatory impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Salek
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tabriz Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamid Mirzaei
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tabriz Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jalil Khandaghi
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Sarab Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sarab, Iran
| | - Afshin Javadi
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tabriz Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yousef Nami
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Branch for Northwest and West Region, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tabriz, Iran.
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15
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Rodríguez-Lucas C, Ladero V. Enterococcal Phages: Food and Health Applications. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12050842. [PMID: 37237745 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12050842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus is a diverse genus of Gram-positive bacteria belonging to the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) group. It is found in many environments, including the human gut and fermented foods. This microbial genus is at a crossroad between its beneficial effects and the concerns regarding its safety. It plays an important role in the production of fermented foods, and some strains have even been proposed as probiotics. However, they have been identified as responsible for the accumulation of toxic compounds-biogenic amines-in foods, and over the last 20 years, they have emerged as important hospital-acquired pathogens through the acquisition of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). In food, there is a need for targeted measures to prevent their growth without disturbing other LAB members that participate in the fermentation process. Furthermore, the increase in AMR has resulted in the need for the development of new therapeutic options to treat AMR enterococcal infections. Bacteriophages have re-emerged in recent years as a precision tool for the control of bacterial populations, including the treatment of AMR microorganism infections, being a promising weapon as new antimicrobials. In this review, we focus on the problems caused by Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis in food and health and on the recent advances in the discovery and applications of enterococcus-infecting bacteriophages against these bacteria, with special attention paid to applications against AMR enterococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Rodríguez-Lucas
- Microbiology Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
- Translational Microbiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Victor Ladero
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Dairy Products, Dairy Research Institute, IPLA CSIC, 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain
- Molecular Microbiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
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16
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Yashwant CP, Rajendran V, Krishnamoorthy S, Nagarathinam B, Rawson A, Anandharaj A, Sivanandham V. Antibiotic resistance profiling and valorization of food waste streams to starter culture biomass and exopolysaccharides through fed-batch fermentations. Food Sci Biotechnol 2023; 32:863-874. [PMID: 37041804 PMCID: PMC10082887 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-022-01222-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated antibiotic resistance (ABR) in bacteria isolated from different food wastes viz., meat slaughterhouses, dairy and restaurants. About 120 strains isolated from the food waste were subjected to ABR screening. More than 50% of all the strains were resistant to Vancomycin, Neomycin and Methicilin, which belong to third-generation antibiotics. Two lactic acid bacteria (LAB) free of ABR were chosen to be used as starter cultures in media formulated from food waste. Food waste combination (FWC-4) was found to be on par with the nutrient broth in biomass production. The non-ABR LAB strains showed excellent probiotic properties, and in the fed-batch fermentation process, adding a nitrogen source (soya protein) enhanced the microbial biomass (3.7 g/l). Additionally, exopolysaccharide production was found to be 2.3 g/l. This study highlights the ABR incidence in food waste medium and its economic advantage for starter culture biomass production. Graphical abstract Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10068-022-01222-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chavan Priyanka Yashwant
- National Institute of Food Technology, Entrepreneurship and Management, Thanjavur (NIFTEM-T), Thanjavur, 613005 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Vijay Rajendran
- National Institute of Food Technology, Entrepreneurship and Management, Thanjavur (NIFTEM-T), Thanjavur, 613005 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Srinivasan Krishnamoorthy
- National Institute of Food Technology, Entrepreneurship and Management, Thanjavur (NIFTEM-T), Thanjavur, 613005 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Baskaran Nagarathinam
- National Institute of Food Technology, Entrepreneurship and Management, Thanjavur (NIFTEM-T), Thanjavur, 613005 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Ashish Rawson
- National Institute of Food Technology, Entrepreneurship and Management, Thanjavur (NIFTEM-T), Thanjavur, 613005 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Arunkumar Anandharaj
- National Institute of Food Technology, Entrepreneurship and Management, Thanjavur (NIFTEM-T), Thanjavur, 613005 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Vignesh Sivanandham
- National Institute of Food Technology, Entrepreneurship and Management, Thanjavur (NIFTEM-T), Thanjavur, 613005 Tamil Nadu India
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17
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Mwikuma G, Kainga H, Kallu SA, Nakajima C, Suzuki Y, Hang’ombe BM. Determination of the Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium Associated with Poultry in Four Districts in Zambia. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12040657. [PMID: 37107019 PMCID: PMC10135028 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12040657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of antimicrobial-resistant Enterococci in poultry is a growing public health concern worldwide due to its potential for transmission to humans. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and patterns of antimicrobial resistance and to detect drug-resistant genes in Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium in poultry from four districts in Zambia. Identification of Enterococci was conducted using phenotypic methods. Antimicrobial resistance was determined using the disc diffusion method and antimicrobial resistance genes were detected using polymerase chain reaction and gene-specific primers. The overall prevalence of Enterococci was 31.1% (153/492, 95% CI: 27.1–35.4). Enterococcus faecalis had a significantly higher prevalence at 37.9% (58/153, 95% CI: 30.3–46.1) compared with E. faecium, which had a prevalence of 10.5% (16/153, 95% CI: 6.3–16.7). Most of the E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates were resistant to tetracycline (66/74, 89.2%) and ampicillin and erythromycin (51/74, 68.9%). The majority of isolates were susceptible to vancomycin (72/74, 97.3%). The results show that poultry are a potential source of multidrug-resistant E. faecalis and E. faecium strains, which can be transmitted to humans. Resistance genes in the Enterococcus species can also be transmitted to pathogenic bacteria if they colonize the same poultry, thus threatening the safety of poultry production, leading to significant public health concerns.
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18
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Ma N, Sun J, Li S, Shao M, Ying N, Liu W, Zhu L. A Potential Risk Comprehensive Evaluation Model of Probiotic Species Based on Complete Genome Sequences. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-023-02456-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
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19
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Microbiological Quality and Safety of Fresh Turkey Meat at Retail Level, Including the Presence of ESBL-Producing Enterobacteriaceae and Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus. Foods 2023; 12:foods12061274. [PMID: 36981199 PMCID: PMC10048072 DOI: 10.3390/foods12061274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the microbiological safety and quality of marketed fresh turkey meat, with special emphasis on methicillin-resistant S. aureus, ESBL-producing E. coli, and K. pneumoniae. A total of 51 fresh turkey meat samples were collected at retail level in Spain. Mesophile, Pseudomonas spp., enterococci, Enterobacteriaceae, and staphylococci counts were 5.10 ± 1.36, 3.17 ± 0.87, 2.03 ± 0.58, 3.18 ± 1.00, and 2.52 ± 0.96 log CFU/g, respectively. Neither Campylobacter spp. nor Clostridium perfringens was detected in any sample. ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae and E. coli were detected in 22 (43.14%), and three (5.88%) samples, respectively, all of which were multi-resistant. Resistance to antimicrobials of category A (monobactams, and glycilcyclines) and category B (cephalosporins of third or fourth generation, polymixins, and quinolones), according to the European Medicine Agency classification, was found among the Enterobacteriaceae isolates. S. aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus were detected in nine (17.65%) and four samples (7.84%), respectively. Resistance to antimicrobials of category A (mupirocin, linezolid, rifampicin, and vancomycin) and category B (cephalosporins of third- or fourth generation) was found among S. aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci, and M. caseolyticus isolates.
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20
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Gajewska J, Chajęcka-Wierzchowska W, Byczkowska-Rostkowska Z, Saki M. Biofilm Formation Capacity and Presence of Virulence Determinants among Enterococcus Species from Milk and Raw Milk Cheeses. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020495. [PMID: 36836852 PMCID: PMC9962698 DOI: 10.3390/life13020495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilm is one of the major hazards facing the food industry. Biofilm-forming ability is one of the most important virulence properties of enterococci. The genus Enterococcus includes pathogenic, spoilage, and pro-technological bacteria. The presence of enterococci in milk and dairy products is usually associated with inadequate hygiene practices. The study examined the isolates' capacity for biofilm formation and identification of the genetic determinants of its formation among 85 Enterococcus strains isolated from raw milk (n = 49) and soft-ripened cheeses made from unpasteurized milk (n = 36). E. faecalis and E. faecium were the dominant species. The obtained results showed that 41.4% isolates from milk and 50.0% isolates from cheeses were able to form biofilm. All of the isolates analyzed had at least one of the studied genes. As regards the isolates from raw milk, the most prevalent gene was the gelE (85.6%), followed by the asa1 (66.7%). None of the isolates from cheeses showed the presence of cylA and sprE. The most prevalent gene among the strains from this source was the epbC (94.4%), followed by the gelE (88.9%). In isolates from both sources, the presence of proteins from the Fsr group was noted the least frequently. Nevertheless, results showed that were no significant differences between the biofilm-producing Enterococcus spp. and non-biofilm-producing isolates in term of occurrences of tested virulence genes. The ability to produce a biofilm by enterococci isolated from raw milk or ready-to-eat products emphasizes the need for continuous monitoring of the mechanisms of microbial adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Gajewska
- Department of Industrial and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Cieszyński 1, 10-726 Olsztyn, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Wioleta Chajęcka-Wierzchowska
- Department of Industrial and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Cieszyński 1, 10-726 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Byczkowska-Rostkowska
- Department of Industrial and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Cieszyński 1, 10-726 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Morteza Saki
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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21
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Acciarri G, Gizzi FO, Torres Manno MA, Stülke J, Espariz M, Blancato VS, Magni C. Redundant potassium transporter systems guarantee the survival of Enterococcus faecalis under stress conditions. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1117684. [PMID: 36846772 PMCID: PMC9945522 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1117684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus is able to grow in media at pH from 5.0 to 9.0 and a high concentration of NaCl (8%). The ability to respond to these extreme conditions requires the rapid movement of three critical ions: proton (H+), sodium (Na+), and potassium (K+). The activity of the proton F0F1 ATPase and the sodium Na+ V0V1 type ATPase under acidic or alkaline conditions, respectively, is well established in these microorganisms. The potassium uptake transporters KtrI and KtrII were described in Enterococcus hirae, which were associated with growth in acidic and alkaline conditions, respectively. In Enterococcus faecalis, the presence of the Kdp (potassium ATPase) system was early established. However, the homeostasis of potassium in this microorganism is not completely explored. In this study, we demonstrate that Kup and KimA are high-affinity potassium transporters, and the inactivation of these genes in E. faecalis JH2-2 (a Kdp laboratory natural deficient strain) had no effect on the growth parameters. However, in KtrA defective strains (ΔktrA, ΔkupΔktrA) an impaired growth was observed under stress conditions, which was restored to wild type levels by external addition of K+ ions. Among the multiplicity of potassium transporters identify in the genus Enterococcus, Ktr channels (KtrAB and KtrAD), and Kup family symporters (Kup and KimA) are present and may contribute to the particular resistance of these microorganisms to different stress conditions. In addition, we found that the presence of the Kdp system in E. faecalis is strain-dependent, and this transporter is enriched in strains of clinical origin as compared to environmental, commensal, or food isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Acciarri
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Genética de Bacterias Lácticas, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Sede Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas (FBioyF), Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONICET), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Fernán O. Gizzi
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Genética de Bacterias Lácticas, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Sede Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas (FBioyF), Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONICET), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Mariano A. Torres Manno
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Genética de Bacterias Lácticas, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Sede Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas (FBioyF), Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONICET), Rosario, Argentina,Área Bioinformática, Departamento de Matemática y Estadística, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Jörg Stülke
- Department of General Microbiology, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martín Espariz
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Genética de Bacterias Lácticas, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Sede Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas (FBioyF), Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONICET), Rosario, Argentina,Área Bioinformática, Departamento de Matemática y Estadística, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Víctor S. Blancato
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Genética de Bacterias Lácticas, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Sede Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas (FBioyF), Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONICET), Rosario, Argentina,Laboratorio de Biotecnología e Inocuidad de los Alimentos, Área de Biotecnología de los Alimentos, FBioyF, UNR–Municipalidad de Granadero Baigorria, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Christian Magni
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Genética de Bacterias Lácticas, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Sede Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas (FBioyF), Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONICET), Rosario, Argentina,Laboratorio de Biotecnología e Inocuidad de los Alimentos, Área de Biotecnología de los Alimentos, FBioyF, UNR–Municipalidad de Granadero Baigorria, Rosario, Argentina,*Correspondence: Christian Magni, ✉
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22
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Emamjomeh M, Mohd Hashim A, Abdul-Mutalib NA, Khairil Mokhtar NF, Mustapha NA, Maeda T, Amin-Nordin S. Profiling bacterial communities and foodborne pathogens on food-associated surface following contact with raw beef, chicken and pork using 16S amplicon metagenomics. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
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23
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Ahmad NH, Marks BP, Ryser ET. Effect of Lactose and Milk Protein on Thermal Resistance of Enterococcus faecium NRRL B-2354 and Salmonella in Dairy Powders. J Food Prot 2022; 85:1865-1874. [PMID: 36173901 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-22-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Microbial challenge studies using nonpathogenic surrogates provide a practical means for validating thermally based pathogen controls for low-moisture foods. Because the relative thermal resistance, or kill ratio, of Enterococcus faecium NRRL B-2354 (a nonpathogenic surrogate) to Salmonella is greatly influenced by food composition, this study assessed relative thermal resistance of a five-strain Salmonella cocktail and E. faecium in skim milk powder (SMP), lactose-free skim milk powder (LSMP), 90% milk protein isolate (MPI), and lactose powder (LP). The impact of sugar composition (lactose versus glucose-galactose) on resuscitation of bacterial survivors, by using SMP and LSMP, was also determined. Dairy powders were inoculated with agar-grown cultures, mixed, preequilibrated at 0.25 water activity (aw), ground to achieve homogeneity, reequilibrated, and subjected to isothermal treatment. After enumeration on nonselective differential media, log-linear and Bigelow models were fit to the survivor data via one-step global regression. The aw changes and glass transition temperature were assessed at elevated temperatures by using uninoculated, equilibrated powder samples. Estimated D90°C-values were approximately two times higher for E. faecium (P < 0.05) than for Salmonella in SMP, LP, and MPI, but statistically similar (P > 0.05) in LSMP. Addition of sugars to recovery media did not influence survivor resuscitation from heat-treated SMP and LSMP, confirming that microbial inactivation was impacted primarily by the thermal treatment, not the recovery step. Thermally induced changes in aw were seen only for LP and MPI, with the glass transition temperature observed only for SMP and MPI. In conclusion, rather than always requiring greater lethality of E. faecium than Salmonella, these findings suggest that sufficient pathogen controls for low-moisture foods can also be validated by thoroughly documenting the appropriate kill ratios of E. faecium to Salmonella. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Hawa Ahmad
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Bradley P Marks
- Department of Biosystem and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Elliot T Ryser
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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24
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Quintela-Baluja M, Jobling K, Graham DW, Tabraiz S, Shamurad B, Alnakip M, Böhme K, Barros-Velázquez J, Carrera M, Calo-Mata P. Rapid Proteomic Characterization of Bacteriocin-Producing Enterococcus faecium Strains from Foodstuffs. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213830. [PMID: 36430310 PMCID: PMC9697693 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus belongs to a group of microorganisms known as lactic acid bacteria (LAB), which constitute a broad heterogeneous group of generally food-grade microorganisms historically used in food preservation. Enterococci live as commensals of the gastrointestinal tract of warm-blooded animals, although they also are present in food of animal origin (milk, cheese, fermented sausages), vegetables, and plant materials because of their ability to survive heat treatments and adverse environmental conditions. The biotechnological traits of enterococci can be applied in the food industry; however, the emergence of enterococci as a cause of nosocomial infections makes their food status uncertain. Recent advances in high-throughput sequencing allow the subtyping of bacterial pathogens, but it cannot reflect the temporal dynamics and functional activities of microbiomes or bacterial isolates. Moreover, genetic analysis is based on sequence homologies, inferring functions from databases. Here, we used an end-to-end proteomic workflow to rapidly characterize two bacteriocin-producing Enterococcus faecium (Efm) strains. The proteome analysis was performed with liquid chromatography coupled to a trapped ion mobility spectrometry-time-of-flight mass spectrometry instrument (TimsTOF) for high-throughput and high-resolution characterization of bacterial proteins. Thus, we identified almost half of the proteins predicted in the bacterial genomes (>1100 unique proteins per isolate), including quantifying proteins conferring resistance to antibiotics, heavy metals, virulence factors, and bacteriocins. The obtained proteomes were annotated according to function, resulting in 22 complete KEGG metabolic pathway modules for both strains. The workflow used here successfully characterized these bacterial isolates and showed great promise for determining and optimizing the bioengineering and biotechnology properties of other LAB strains in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Quintela-Baluja
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus Lugo, 27002 Lugo, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Kelly Jobling
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - David W. Graham
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Shamas Tabraiz
- School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury CT1 1QU, UK
| | | | - Mohamed Alnakip
- Department of Food Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Karola Böhme
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus Lugo, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Jorge Barros-Velázquez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus Lugo, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Mónica Carrera
- Department of Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Marine Research Institute (IIM), 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - Pilar Calo-Mata
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus Lugo, 27002 Lugo, Spain
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25
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Zhou C, Zhan G, Pan D, Zhou G, Wang Y, He J, Cao J. Charactering the spoilage mechanism of “three sticks” of Jinhua ham. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2022.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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26
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Zhan X, Tan Y, Lv Y, Fang J, Zhou Y, Gao X, Zhu H, Shi C. The Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activity of Oregano Essential Oil against Enterococcus faecalis and Its Application in Chicken Breast. Foods 2022; 11:2296. [PMID: 35954060 PMCID: PMC9368637 DOI: 10.3390/foods11152296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Oregano essential oil (OEO) possesses anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and cancer-suppressive properties. Enterococcus faecalis is a foodborne opportunistic pathogen that can be found in nature and the food processing industry. The goal of this investigation was to explore the antimicrobial action and mechanism of OEO against E. faecalis, inactivation action of OEO on E. faecalis in mature biofilms, and its application in chicken breast. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of OEO against E. faecalis strains (ATCC 29212 and nine isolates) ranged from 0.25 to 0.50 μL/mL. OEO therapy reduced intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels, caused cell membrane hyperpolarization, increased the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and elevated extracellular malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations. Furthermore, OEO treatment diminished cell membrane integrity and caused morphological alterations in the cells. In biofilms on stainless-steel, OEO showed effective inactivation activity against E. faecalis. OEO reduced the number of viable cells, cell viability and exopolysaccharides in the biofilm, as well as destroying its structure. Application of OEO on chicken breast results in a considerable reduction in E. faecalis counts and pH values, in comparison to control samples. These findings suggest that OEO could be utilized as a natural antibacterial preservative and could effectively control E. faecalis in food manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chao Shi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (X.Z.); (Y.T.); (Y.L.); (J.F.); (Y.Z.); (X.G.); (H.Z.)
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27
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Habib I, Lakshmi GB, Mohamed MYI, Ghazawi A, Khan M, Li D. Enumeration, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Virulence Genes Screening of Enterococcus spp. Isolated from Retail Chicken Carcasses in the United Arab Emirates. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2022; 19:590-597. [PMID: 35749143 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2022.0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococci have recently emerged as nosocomial pathogens worldwide. Their ubiquitous nature determines their frequent finding in foods as contaminants. In this study, we aimed to determine the counts, species diversity, antimicrobial resistance profile, and to screen for a set of virulence genes among enterococci. Enterococcus were identified from 75.7% (125/165) of chilled chicken carcasses, belonging to seven companies, sampled from retail markets in Abu Dhabi Emirate, United Arab Emirates (U.A.E.). Overall, the samples, with a mean Enterococcus count of 2.58 log10 colony-forming unit (CFU)/g with a standard deviation of ±1.17 log10 CFU/g. Among the characterized Enterococcus isolates (n = 90), Enterococcus faecalis was the predominant species (51.1%), followed by Enterococcus faecium (37.8%). Using Vitek2 automated antimicrobial sensitivity panel, we found none of the E. faecalis nor E. faecium to be resistant to ampicillin, teicoplanin, vancomycin, or tigecycline. A third of the E. faecalis (28.3%) and E. faecium (35.3%) were resistant to high-level gentamicin. Over half of E. faecalis (54.3%) were resistant to ciprofloxacin, and the same was in about a third of E. faecium isolates (29.4%). Linezolid resistance was identified in 10 E. faecalis and 7 E. faecium isolates belonging to samples from three companies. All of the linezolid-resistant isolates harbored oxazolidinone resistance optrA gene. Virulence-associated genes (asa1 and gelE) were significantly (p < 0.05) more detected among E. faecalis compared to E. faecium isolates recovered in this study. Over half of the E. faecalis (25/46) and E. faecium (20/34) isolates were identified as multidrug-resistant. This study provides further insight into virulence genes and their association with the dissemination of multidrug-resistant E. faecalis and E. faecium in supermarket chicken meat in the U.A.E. This is probably the first description of the optrA gene in enterococci from supermarket chicken meat in the U.A.E. and from Arab countries. This study adds to the regional and global understanding of antimicrobial resistance spread in foods of animal origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihab Habib
- Veterinary Public Health Research Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab of Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Environmental Health, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.,School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Glindya Bhagya Lakshmi
- Veterinary Public Health Research Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab of Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamed-Yousif Ibrahim Mohamed
- Veterinary Public Health Research Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab of Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Akela Ghazawi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mushtaq Khan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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28
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Ghatani K, Thapa S, Sha SP, Sarkar S, Modak D, Bhattacharjee S. Revealing Probiotic Potential of Enterococcus Strains Isolated From Traditionally Fermented Chhurpi and Healthy Human Gut. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:909987. [PMID: 35783420 PMCID: PMC9244166 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.909987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the two lactic acid bacterial strains Enterococcus durans and Enterococcus lactis previously isolated from soft chhurpi, a traditionally fermented milk product prepared by the indigenous community of Sikkim Himalayas and healthy human gut were used. In this study, we attempted to investigate the probiotic attributes, safety, and health beneficial role, and hypercholesterolemia of Enterococcus durans and Enterococcus lactis. Both probiotic potential strains showed good hypocholesterolemic activity in vitro along with tolerance to acid pH (2 and 2.5), tolerance to three bile salts, oxbile, cholic acid, and taurocholic acid (0.5 and 1%), presence of BSH enzyme and its activity, and cell surface adherence. On assessing for safety, both LAB strains were sensitive to antibiotics and exhibited no hemolytic activity. The probiotic strains were tested in vivo in the Sprague–Dawley rats which were divided into five experimental groups: Normal Control (ND), probiotic strain Enterococcus durans HS03 (BSH-negative) and high-cholesterol diet (HCD1), probiotic strain Enterococcus lactis YY1 (BSH-positive) and high-cholesterol diet (HCD2), and a combination of both strains and high-cholesterol diet (HCD3) and Negative Control (HCD). The probiotic-treated groups HCD1, HCD2, and HCD3 showed a decrease in serum cholesterol levels up to 22.55, 6.67, and 31.06%; the TG and VLDL concentrations were 25.39, 26.3, and 33.21%; reduction in LDL-cholesterol was 33.66, 28.50, and 35.87%; and increase of HDL was 38.32, 47.9, and 41.92%. Similarly, the effects of total cholesterol and TG in the liver, kidney and liver histopathology, liver and body lipid index, and oxidative stress in rat liver were also studied. The fecal lactobacilli were more in the samples of the probiotic-treated groups and their fecal coliform and E. coli counts decreased relatively as compared to the control groups in 0, 7, 14, and 21 days. This is the first report on the probiotic potential of Enterococcus durans HS03 and Enterococcus lactis YY1 strains that gives a new insight into the cholesterol-lowering and probiotic product development with wide health attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kriti Ghatani
- Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Food Technology, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, India
- Kriti Ghatani
| | - Subarna Thapa
- Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Food Technology, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, India
| | - Shankar Prasad Sha
- Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Kurseong College, Kurseong, India
- *Correspondence: Shankar Prasad Sha
| | - Sourav Sarkar
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, India
| | - Debabrata Modak
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, India
| | - Soumen Bhattacharjee
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, India
- Soumen Bhattacharjee
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29
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Wang Z, Li P, Zhou H, Xu B, Cai K, Li P, Zhou K, Wang Z, Han Q. An insight into the changes in the microbial community of Kantuan‐sliced chicken during storage at different temperatures. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.16614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqi Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering Hefei University of Technology Hefei China
| | - Ping Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering Hefei University of Technology Hefei China
| | - Hui Zhou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering Hefei University of Technology Hefei China
- Engineering Research Center of Bio‐process, Ministry of Education Hefei University of Technology Hefei China
| | - Baocai Xu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering Hefei University of Technology Hefei China
- Engineering Research Center of Bio‐process, Ministry of Education Hefei University of Technology Hefei China
- State Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control Jiangsu Yurun Meat Food Co. LTD, Nanjing Jiangsu Province China
| | - Kezhou Cai
- School of Food and Biological Engineering Hefei University of Technology Hefei China
- Engineering Research Center of Bio‐process, Ministry of Education Hefei University of Technology Hefei China
| | - Peijun Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering Hefei University of Technology Hefei China
- Engineering Research Center of Bio‐process, Ministry of Education Hefei University of Technology Hefei China
| | - Kai Zhou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering Hefei University of Technology Hefei China
- Engineering Research Center of Bio‐process, Ministry of Education Hefei University of Technology Hefei China
| | - Zhaoming Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering Hefei University of Technology Hefei China
- Engineering Research Center of Bio‐process, Ministry of Education Hefei University of Technology Hefei China
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30
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Bao W, He Y, Liu W. Diversity Analysis of Bacterial and Function Prediction in Hurunge From Mongolia. Front Nutr 2022; 9:835123. [PMID: 35399660 PMCID: PMC8990233 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.835123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With the continuous infiltration of industrialization and modern lifestyle into pastoral areas, the types and processing capacity of Hurunge are decreasing, and the beneficial microbial resources contained in it are gradually disappearing. The preservation and processing of Hurunge are very important for herdsmen to successfully produce high-quality koumiss in the second year. Therefore, in this study, 12 precious Hurunge samples collected from Bulgan Province, Ovorkhangay Province, Arkhangay Province, and Tov Province of Mongolia were sequenced based on the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene, and the bacterial diversity and function were predicted and analyzed. There were significant differences in the species and abundance of bacteria in Hurunge from different regions and different production methods (p < 0.05). Compared with the traditional fermentation methods, the OTU level of Hurunge fermented in the capsule was low, the Acetobacter content was high and the bacterial diversity was low. Firmicutes and Lactobacillus were the dominant phylum and genus of 12 samples, respectively. The sample QHA contained Komagataeibacter with the potential ability to produce bacterial nanocellulose, and the abundance of Lactococcus in the Tov Province (Z) was significantly higher than that in the other three regions. Functional prediction analysis showed that genes related to the metabolism of bacterial growth and reproduction, especially carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism, played a dominant role in microorganisms. In summary, it is of great significance to further explore the bacterial diversity of Hurunge for the future development and research of beneficial microbial resources, promotion, and protection of the traditional ethnic dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuyundalai Bao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
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31
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Lauková A, Tomáška M, Fraqueza MJ, Szabóová R, Bino E, Ščerbová J, Pogány Simonová M, Dvorožňáková E. Bacteriocin-Producing Strain Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LP17L/1 Isolated from Traditional Stored Ewe’s Milk Cheese and Its Beneficial Potential. Foods 2022; 11:foods11070959. [PMID: 35407045 PMCID: PMC8997471 DOI: 10.3390/foods11070959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Stored ewe’s milk lump cheese is a local product that can be a source of autochthonous beneficial microbiota, especially lactic acid bacteria. The aim of this study was to show the antimicrobial potential of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LP17L/1 isolated from stored ewe’s milk lump cheese. Lpb. plantarum LP17L/1 is a non-hemolytic, non-biofilm-forming strain, susceptible to antibiotics. It contains genes for 10 bacteriocins—plantaricins and exerted active bacteriocin with in vitro anti-staphylococcal and anti-listerial effect. It does not produce damaging enzymes, but it produces β-galactosidase. It also sufficiently survives in Balb/c mice without side effects which indicate its safety. Moreover, a reduction in coliforms in mice jejunum was noted. LP17L/1 is supposed to be a promising additive for Slovak local dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Lauková
- Centre of Biosciences of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Animal Physiology, Šoltésovej 4–6, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (R.S.); (E.B.); (J.Š.); (M.P.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Martin Tomáška
- Dairy Research Institute, a.s., Dlhá 95, 010 01 Žilina, Slovakia;
| | - Maria Joao Fraqueza
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Tecnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Renáta Szabóová
- Centre of Biosciences of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Animal Physiology, Šoltésovej 4–6, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (R.S.); (E.B.); (J.Š.); (M.P.S.)
| | - Eva Bino
- Centre of Biosciences of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Animal Physiology, Šoltésovej 4–6, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (R.S.); (E.B.); (J.Š.); (M.P.S.)
| | - Jana Ščerbová
- Centre of Biosciences of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Animal Physiology, Šoltésovej 4–6, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (R.S.); (E.B.); (J.Š.); (M.P.S.)
| | - Monika Pogány Simonová
- Centre of Biosciences of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Animal Physiology, Šoltésovej 4–6, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (R.S.); (E.B.); (J.Š.); (M.P.S.)
| | - Emília Dvorožňáková
- Parasitological Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia;
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Duthoo E, De Reu K, Leroy F, Weckx S, Heyndrickx M, Rasschaert G. To culture or not to culture: careful assessment of metabarcoding data is necessary when evaluating the microbiota of a modified-atmosphere-packaged vegetarian meat alternative throughout its shelf-life period. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:34. [PMID: 35078415 PMCID: PMC8788083 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02446-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
As the increased consumption of ready-to-eat meat alternatives is a fairly recent trend, little is known about the composition and dynamics of the microbiota present on such products. Such information is nonetheless valuable in view of spoilage and food safety prevention. Even though refrigeration and modified-atmosphere-packaging (MAP) can extend the shelf-life period, microbial spoilage can still occur in these products. In the present study, the microbiota of a vegetarian alternative to poultry-based charcuterie was investigated during storage, contrasting the use of a culture-dependent method to a culture-independent metagenetic method.
Results
The former revealed that lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were the most abundant microbial group, specifically at the end of the shelf-life period, whereby Latilactobacillus sakei was the most abundant species. Metabarcoding analysis, in contrast, revealed that DNA of Xanthomonas was most prominently present, which likely was an artifact due to the presence of xanthan gum as an ingredient, followed by Streptococcus and Weissella.
Conclusions
Taken together, these results indicated that Lb. sakei was likely the most prominent specific spoilage organisms (SSO) and, additionally, that the use of metagenetic analysis needs to be interpreted with care in this specific type of product. In order to improve the performance of metagenetics in food samples with a high DNA matrix but a low bacterial DNA load, selective depletion techniques for matrix DNA could be explored.
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You R, Kwon OY, Woo HJ, Lee SH. Hovenia Monofloral Honey can Attenuate Enterococcus faecalis Mediated Biofilm Formation and Inflammation. Food Sci Anim Resour 2022; 42:84-97. [PMID: 35028576 PMCID: PMC8728505 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2021.e65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the anti-biofilm formation and anti-inflammatory activity of Hovenia
monofloral honey (HMH) against Enterococcus faecalis.
Co-culture of HMH with E. faecalis attenuated the biofilm
formation of E. faecalis on a polystyrene surface. In addition,
HMH effectively eradicated the established E. faecalis biofilm.
HMH significantly attenuated E. faecalis growth but did not
affect the production of extracellular polymeric substances on E.
faecalis, indicating that reduction of E. faecalis
biofilm is a result of HMH-mediated killing of E. faecalis.
Furthermore, we found that HMH can effectively attenuate E.
faecalis-induced expression of a proinflammatory interleukin-8
(IL-8) in HT-29 cells. Interestingly, treatment of HMH significantly attenuated
the E. faecalis-mediated expression of Toll-like receptor-2
(TLR-2) and its adaptor molecules, myeloid differentiation primary response 88
(MyD88), in HT-29 cells. In addition, E. faecalis-induced
mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) phosphorylation was significantly
attenuated by HMH administration. Furthermore, HMH-mediated anti-inflammatory
efficacy (0.2 mg/mL of HMHs) had an equal extent of inhibitory efficacy as 5
μM of MyD88 inhibitor to attenuate E. faecalis-mediated
IL-8 expression in HT-29 cells. These results suggest that HMH could effectively
inhibit E. faecalis-mediated gastrointestinal inflammation
through regulating the TLR-2/MyD88/MAPKs signaling pathways. Collectively, our
data suggest that HMH could be developed as a potential natural agent to control
E. faecalis-mediated biofilm formation and
inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ri You
- Department of Nano-Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea
| | - Oh Yun Kwon
- Department of Nano-Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea
| | - Hyun Joo Woo
- Department of Nano-Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea
| | - Seung Ho Lee
- Department of Nano-Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea
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Lactic Acid Bacteria Antagonism of Acid-tolerant and Antibiotic-resistant Non-staphylococcal Pathogenic Species Isolated from a Fermented Cereal Beverage using Baird-Parker Agar. NUTRITION AND FOOD SCIENCES RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.52547/nfsr.9.1.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Bastião Rocha PA, Monteiro Marques JM, Barreto AS, Semedo-Lemsaddek T. Enterococcus spp. from Azeitão and Nisa PDO-cheeses: Surveillance for antimicrobial drug resistance. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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COSTA LETÍCIADAF, FALCÃO DAIANEA, GRASSOTTI TIELAT, CHRISTIANO FRANCIELED, FRAZZON JEVERSON, FRAZZON ANAPAULAG. Antimicrobial resistance of enterococci isolated from food in South Brazil: Comparing pre- and post-RDC 20/2011. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2022; 94:e20201765. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202220201765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Occurrence and antimicrobial resistance of enterococci isolated from goat’s milk. J Vet Res 2021; 65:449-455. [PMID: 35111998 PMCID: PMC8775730 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2021-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Enterococci are widespread, being part of the bacterial flora of humans and animals. The food chain can be therefore considered as the main route of transmission of antibiotic resistant bacteria between the animal and human populations. Milk in particular represents a source from which resistant bacteria can enter the human food chain. The aim of the study was to determine the occurrence and resistance to antimicrobial agents of Enterococcus spp. strains isolated from raw goat’s milk samples. Material and Methods A total of 207 goat’s milk samples were collected. Samples were cultivated on selective media and confirmed as E. faecium or E. faecalis and screened for selected resistance genes by PCR. Drug susceptibility determination was performed by microdilution on Sensititre EU Surveillance Enterococcus EUVENC Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST) Plates and Sensititre US National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System Gram Positive CMV3AGPF AST Plates. Results Enterococcal strains totalling 196 were isolated, of which 40.8% were E. faecalis and 15.3% were E. faecium. All tested isolates were susceptible to linezolid, penicillin and tigecycline. For most other antimicrobials the prevalence of resistance was 0.5–6.6% while high prevalence of quinupristin/dalfopristin (51.5%), tetracycline (30%) and lincomycin (52%) resistance was observed. Conclusion This study affords better knowledge concerning the safety of raw goat’s milk in terms of the enterococci possible to isolate from this foodstuff. It seems that enterococci in milk are still mostly susceptible to antimicrobials of major concern as multiply resisted drugs, such as gentamycin and vancomycin. However, the presence of multi-resistant strains in goat milk is cause for apprehension.
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Slovak Local Ewe's Milk Lump Cheese, a Source of Beneficial Enterococcus durans Strain. Foods 2021; 10:foods10123091. [PMID: 34945639 PMCID: PMC8701886 DOI: 10.3390/foods10123091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Slovak ewe's milk lump cheese is produced from unpasteurized ewe's milk without any added culture. Because of the traditional processing and shaping by hand into a lump, this cheese was given the traditional specialty guaranteed (TSG) label. Up till now, there have existed only limited detailed studies of individual microbiota and their benefits in ewe's milk lump cheese. Therefore, this study has been focused on the beneficial properties and safety of Enterococcus durans strains with the aim to contribute to basic dairy microbiology but also for further application potential and strategy. The total enterococcal count in cheeses reached 3.93 CFU/g (log 10) ± 1.98 on average. Based on a MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry evaluation, the strains were allotted to the species E. durans (score, 1.781-2.245). The strains were gelatinase and hemolysis-negative (γ-hemolysis) and were mostly susceptible to commercial antibiotics. Among the strains, E. durans ED26E/7 produced the highest value of lactase enzyme β-galactosidase (10 nmoL). ED26E/7 was absent of virulence factor genes such as Hyl (hyaluronidase), IS 16 element and gelatinase (GelE). To test safety, ED26E/7 did not cause mortality in Balb/c mice. Its partially purified bacteriocin substance showed the highest inhibition activity/bioactivity against Gram-positive indicator bacteria: the principal indicator Enterococcus avium EA5 (102,400 AU/mL), Staphylococcus aureus SA5 and listeriae (25,600 AU/mL). Moreover, 16 staphylococci (out of 22) were inhibited (100 AU/mL), and the growth of 36 (out of 51) enterococcal indicators was as well. After further technological tests, E. durans ED26E/7, with its bacteriocin substance, can be supposed as a promising additive to dairy products.
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Islam MZ, Uddin ME, Rahman MT, Islam MA, Harun-ur-Rashid M. Isolation and characterization of dominant lactic acid bacteria from raw goat milk: Assessment of probiotic potential and technological properties. Small Rumin Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2021.106532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Darbandi A, Asadi A, Mahdizade Ari M, Ohadi E, Talebi M, Halaj Zadeh M, Darb Emamie A, Ghanavati R, Kakanj M. Bacteriocins: Properties and potential use as antimicrobials. J Clin Lab Anal 2021; 36:e24093. [PMID: 34851542 PMCID: PMC8761470 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of bacteriocins originate from lactic acid bacteria, which have recently been modified by scientists. Many strains of lactic acid bacteria related to food groups could produce bacteriocins or antibacterial proteins highly effective against foodborne pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas fluorescens, P. aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Clostridium botulinum. A wide range of bacteria belonging primarily to the genera Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus have been characterized with different health‐promoting attributes. Extensive studies and in‐depth understanding of these antimicrobials mechanisms of action could enable scientists to determine their production in specific probiotic lactic acid bacteria, as they are potentially crucial for the final preservation of functional foods or for medicinal applications. In this review study, the structure, classification, mode of operation, safety, and antibacterial properties of bacteriocins as well as their effect on foodborne pathogens and antibiotic‐resistant bacteria were extensively studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atieh Darbandi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Microbial Biotechnology Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arezoo Asadi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Microbial Biotechnology Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Mahdizade Ari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Microbial Biotechnology Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elnaz Ohadi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Microbial Biotechnology Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Malihe Talebi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Microbial Biotechnology Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoume Halaj Zadeh
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Microbial Biotechnology Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Darb Emamie
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Maryam Kakanj
- Food and Drug Laboratory Research Center, Food and Drug Administration, MOH&ME, Tehran, Iran
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Probiotic potential and safety assessment of bacteriocinogenic Enterococcus faecium strains with antibacterial activity against Listeria and vancomycin-resistant enterococci. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2021; 2:100070. [PMID: 34841360 PMCID: PMC8610289 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2021.100070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteriocinogenic Enterococcus faecium strains were evaluated for their beneficial and safety properties. Safety of the strains were evaluated based on phenotypic and bio-molecular approaches. The beneficial properties of the strains were demonstrated. High survivability under simulated GIT conditions and inhibition of Listeria spp. were demonstrated. The strains were found to carry genes coding for GABA production.
Enterococcus spp., known for their wide ecological distribution, have been associated with various fermented food products of plant and animal origin. The strains used in this study, bacteriocinogenic Enterococcus faecium previously isolated from artisanal soybean paste, have shown strong activity against Listeria spp. and vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Although their antimicrobial activity is considered beneficial, the potential application of enterococci is still under debate due to concerns about their safety for human and other animal consumption. Therefore, this study not only focuses on the screening of potential virulence factors, but also the auxiliary beneficial properties of the strains Ent. faecium ST651ea, ST7119ea, and ST7319ea. Phenotypic screening for gelatinase, hemolysin, and biogenic amine production showed that the strains were all safe. Furthermore, the antibiogram profiling showed that all the strains were susceptible to the panel of antibiotics used in the assessment except for erythromycin. Yet, Ent. faecium ST7319ea was found to carry some of the virulence genes used in the molecular screening for safety including hyl, esp, and IS16. The probiotic potential and other beneficial properties of the strains were also studied, demonstrating high aggregation and co-aggregation levels compared to previously characterized strains, in addition to high survivability under simulated gastrointestinal conditions, and production of numerous desirable enzymes as evaluated by APIZym, indicating diverse possible biotechnological applications of these strains. Additionally, the strains were found to carry genes coding for γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) production, an auxiliary characteristic for their probiotic potential. Although these tests showed relatively favorable characteristics, it should be considered that these assays were carried out in vitro and should therefore also be assessed under in vivo conditions.
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Terzić-Vidojević A, Veljović K, Popović N, Tolinački M, Golić N. Enterococci from Raw-Milk Cheeses: Current Knowledge on Safety, Technological, and Probiotic Concerns. Foods 2021; 10:2753. [PMID: 34829034 PMCID: PMC8624194 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study is focused on the safety, technological characteristics, and probiotic evaluation of Enterococcus species from different artisanal raw milk dairy products, mainly cheeses with ripening. Apart from proteolytic and lipolytic activities, most enterococci show the ability to metabolize citrate and convert it to various aromatic compounds. Long-ripened cheeses therefore have a specific flavor that makes them different from cheeses produced from thermally treated milk with commercial starter cultures. In addition, enterococci are producers of bacteriocins effective against spoilage and pathogenic bacteria, so they can be used as food preservatives. However, the use of enterococci in the dairy industry should be approached with caution. Although originating from food, enterococci strains may carry various virulence factors and antibiotic-resistance genes and can have many adverse effects on human health. Still, despite their controversial status, the use of enterococci in the food industry is not strictly regulated since the existence of these so-called desirable and undesirable traits in enterococci is a strain-dependent characteristic. To be specific, the results of many studies showed that there are some enterococci strains that are safe for use as starter cultures or as probiotics since they do not carry virulence factors and antibiotic-resistance genes. These strains even exhibit strong health-promoting effects such as stimulation of the immune response, anti-inflammatory activity, hypocholesterolemic action, and usefulness in prevention/treatment of some diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarela Terzić-Vidojević
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11042 Belgrade, Serbia; (K.V.); (N.P.); (M.T.); (N.G.)
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Ferchichi M, Sebei K, Boukerb AM, Karray-Bouraoui N, Chevalier S, Feuilloley MGJ, Connil N, Zommiti M. Enterococcus spp.: Is It a Bad Choice for a Good Use-A Conundrum to Solve? Microorganisms 2021; 9:2222. [PMID: 34835352 PMCID: PMC8622268 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since antiquity, the ubiquitous lactic acid bacteria (LAB) Enterococci, which are just as predominant in both human and animal intestinal commensal flora, have been used (and still are) as probiotics in food and feed production. Their qualities encounter several hurdles, particularly in terms of the array of virulence determinants, reflecting a notorious reputation that nearly prevents their use as probiotics. Additionally, representatives of the Enterococcus spp. genus showed intrinsic resistance to several antimicrobial agents, and flexibility to acquire resistance determinants encoded on a broad array of conjugative plasmids, transposons, and bacteriophages. The presence of such pathogenic aspects among some species represents a critical barrier compromising their use as probiotics in food. Thus, the genus neither has Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) status nor has it been included in the Qualified Presumption of Safety (QPS) list implying drastic legislation towards these microorganisms. To date, the knowledge of the virulence factors and the genetic structure of foodborne enterococcal strains is rather limited. Although enterococcal infections originating from food have never been reported, the consumption of food carrying virulence enterococci seems to be a risky path of transfer, and hence, it renders them poor choices as probiotics. Auspiciously, enterococcal virulence factors seem to be strain specific suggesting that clinical isolates carry much more determinants that food isolates. The latter remain widely susceptible to clinically relevant antibiotics and subsequently, have a lower potential for pathogenicity. In terms of the ideal enterococcal candidate, selected strains deemed for use in foods should not possess any virulence genes and should be susceptible to clinically relevant antibiotics. Overall, implementation of an appropriate risk/benefit analysis, in addition to the case-by-case assessment, the establishment of a strain's innocuity, and consideration for relevant guidelines, legislation, and regulatory aspects surrounding functional food development seem to be the crucial elements for industries, health-staff and consumers to accept enterococci, like other LAB, as important candidates for useful and beneficial applications in food industry and food biotechnology. The present review aims at shedding light on the world of hurdles and limitations that hampers the Enterococcus spp. genus and its representatives from being used or proposed for use as probiotics. The future of enterococci use as probiotics and legislation in this field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounir Ferchichi
- Unité de Protéomique Fonctionnelle et Potentiel Nutraceutique de la Biodiversité de Tunisie, Institut Supérieur des Sciences Biologiques Appliquées de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1006, Tunisia; (M.F.); (K.S.)
| | - Khaled Sebei
- Unité de Protéomique Fonctionnelle et Potentiel Nutraceutique de la Biodiversité de Tunisie, Institut Supérieur des Sciences Biologiques Appliquées de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1006, Tunisia; (M.F.); (K.S.)
| | - Amine Mohamed Boukerb
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Signaux et Microenvironnement (LMSM) EA 4312, Université de Rouen Normandie, 27000 Evreux, France; (A.M.B.); (S.C.); (M.G.J.F.); (N.C.)
| | - Najoua Karray-Bouraoui
- Laboratoire de Productivité Végétale et Contraintes Abiotiques, LR18ES04, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia;
| | - Sylvie Chevalier
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Signaux et Microenvironnement (LMSM) EA 4312, Université de Rouen Normandie, 27000 Evreux, France; (A.M.B.); (S.C.); (M.G.J.F.); (N.C.)
| | - Marc G. J. Feuilloley
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Signaux et Microenvironnement (LMSM) EA 4312, Université de Rouen Normandie, 27000 Evreux, France; (A.M.B.); (S.C.); (M.G.J.F.); (N.C.)
| | - Nathalie Connil
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Signaux et Microenvironnement (LMSM) EA 4312, Université de Rouen Normandie, 27000 Evreux, France; (A.M.B.); (S.C.); (M.G.J.F.); (N.C.)
| | - Mohamed Zommiti
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Signaux et Microenvironnement (LMSM) EA 4312, Université de Rouen Normandie, 27000 Evreux, France; (A.M.B.); (S.C.); (M.G.J.F.); (N.C.)
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Johnson CN, Sheriff EK, Duerkop BA, Chatterjee A. Let Me Upgrade You: Impact of Mobile Genetic Elements on Enterococcal Adaptation and Evolution. J Bacteriol 2021; 203:e0017721. [PMID: 34370561 PMCID: PMC8508098 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00177-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococci are Gram-positive bacteria that have evolved to thrive as both commensals and pathogens, largely due to their accumulation of mobile genetic elements via horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Common agents of HGT include plasmids, transposable elements, and temperate bacteriophages. These vehicles of HGT have facilitated the evolution of the enterococci, specifically Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium, into multidrug-resistant hospital-acquired pathogens. On the other hand, commensal strains of Enterococcus harbor CRISPR-Cas systems that prevent the acquisition of foreign DNA, restricting the accumulation of mobile genetic elements. In this review, we discuss enterococcal mobile genetic elements by highlighting their contributions to bacterial fitness, examine the impact of CRISPR-Cas on their acquisition, and identify key areas of research that can improve our understanding of enterococcal evolution and ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cydney N. Johnson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Emma K. Sheriff
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Breck A. Duerkop
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Anushila Chatterjee
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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The Many Faces of Enterococcus spp.-Commensal, Probiotic and Opportunistic Pathogen. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9091900. [PMID: 34576796 PMCID: PMC8470767 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus spp. are Gram-positive, facultative, anaerobic cocci, which are found in the intestinal flora and, less frequently, in the vagina or mouth. Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium are the most common species found in humans. As commensals, enterococci colonize the digestive system and participate in the modulation of the immune system in humans and animals. For many years reference enterococcal strains have been used as probiotic food additives or have been recommended as supplements for the treatment of intestinal dysbiosis and other conditions. The use of Enterococcus strains as probiotics has recently become controversial due to the ease of acquiring different virulence factors and resistance to various classes of antibiotics. Enterococci are also seen as opportunistic pathogens. This problem is especially relevant in hospital environments, where enterococcal outbreaks often occur. Their ability to translocate from the gastro-intestinal tract to various tissues and organs as well as their virulence and antibiotic resistance are risk factors that hinder eradication. Due to numerous reports on the plasticity of the enterococcal genome and the acquisition of pathogenic microbial features, we ask ourselves, how far is this commensal genus from acquiring pathogenicity? This paper discusses both the beneficial properties of these microorganisms and the risk factors related to their evolution towards pathogenicity.
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Patil A, Banerji R, Kanojiya P, Saroj SD. Foodborne ESKAPE Biofilms and Antimicrobial Resistance: lessons Learned from Clinical Isolates. Pathog Glob Health 2021; 115:339-356. [PMID: 33851566 PMCID: PMC8592604 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2021.1916158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp.) are identified to be multidrug-resistant (MDR), extensively drug-resistant (XDR), and pan drug-resistant (PDR); thereby, imposing severe challenges in the treatment of associated infections. ESKAPE pathogens colonize on various biotic and abiotic surfaces; biofilms formed by these pathogens are a potential source for food contamination. Moreover, biofilms play a pivotal role in the development of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) strains. Hence, the frequent isolation of antimicrobial-resistant ESKAPE pathogens from food products across the globe imposes a threat to public health. A comprehensive understanding of the adhesion signaling involved in the polymicrobial and single-species biofilm will assist in developing alternative preservation techniques and novel therapeutic strategies to combat ESKAPE pathogens. The review provides a comprehensive overview of the signaling mechanisms that prevail in the ESKAPE pathogens for adhesion to abiotic and biotic surfaces and molecular mechanisms associated with poly-microbial biofilm-assisted AMR in ESKAPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Patil
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Symbiosis Knowledge Village, PuneMaharashtra, India
| | - Rajashri Banerji
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Symbiosis Knowledge Village, PuneMaharashtra, India
| | - Poonam Kanojiya
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Symbiosis Knowledge Village, PuneMaharashtra, India
| | - Sunil D. Saroj
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Symbiosis Knowledge Village, PuneMaharashtra, India
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Hasanpour F, Neyestani Z, Arzanlou M, Moradi-Asl E, Sahebkar A, Khademi F. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis of non-clinical studies. GENE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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48
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Ready-to-Eat Sandwiches as Source of Pathogens Endowed with Antibiotic Resistance and Other Virulence Factors. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11167177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate and characterize the bacterial load present in twenty-four Ready-To-Eat (RTE) sandwiches, purchased at refrigerated vending machines and supermarkets in the province of Modena (Italy). We isolated 54 bacterial strains, including pathogens of interest in food safety, such as Listeria, Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, Yersinia, Aeromonas and Acinetobacter spp. Phenotypic tests have been performed on these pathogens to detect the presence of virulence factors, such as gelatinase production and hemolytic capability. To test their antibiotic resistance features, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against eight commonly used antibiotics (Amikacin, Ciprofloxacin, Ampicillin, Oxacillin, Imipenem, Tetracycline, Erythromycin and Vancomycin) was also evaluated. The results showed that among the 54 isolates, fifty percent (50%) belonged to harmless microorganisms (Leuconostoc and Lactococcus), whereas the remaining fifty percent (50%) included pathogenic bacteria (Listeria ivanovii, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Yersinia, and Citrobacter spp.), species responsible for pathologies often difficult to treat due to the presence of antibiotic resistance features. This study demonstrates the importance of thorough controls, both during the production and marketing of RTE food like sandwiches, to avoid reaching the infectious load and the onset of pathologies, particularly dangerous for old and immunocompromised patients.
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Tyagi S, Singh RK, Tiwari SP. Anti-enterococcal and anti-oxidative potential of a thermophilic cyanobacterium, Leptolyngbya sp. HNBGU 003. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:4022-4028. [PMID: 34220260 PMCID: PMC8241890 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococci, the opportunistic pathogens, pose several serious and life-threatening infections such as urinary tract infections, sepsis, and endocarditis. The situation is worsening due to the development of drug resistance in these pathogens against several antibiotics. The addition of anti-enterococcal compounds with antioxidant activity in fermented and packaged food may help prevent the transmission of food-borne enterococcal infections. Scientists are in continuous search of such compounds from various sources. Hence, the present study has tested the diethyl ether extracts of thermophilic cyanobacteria, selected based on a previous study, against the multidrug-resistant and -sensitive strains of Enterococcus faecium. Out of the eleven tested extracts, 72% have shown anti-enterococcal activity against both strains. Among the extracts with anti-enterococcal activity, the diethyl ether extract of Leptolyngbya sp. (DEEL-3) inhibited the growth of VRE in a dose-dependent manner with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 2.0 mg mL-1. The DEEL-3 has also shown its antioxidant potential in terms of DPPH scavenging with an IC50 of 3.16 mg mL-1. The organism was named Leptolyngbya sp. HNBGU 003 based on 16SrRNA sequence homology analysis and morphological features. Further, the GC–MS analysis of the DEEL-3 has revealed the predominance of two phenolic compounds, phenol, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-, phosphite (3:1) and tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate, in it. Thus, the anti-enterococcal and antioxidant activity of DEEL-3 may be attributed to these phenolics, which may be isolated and developed as food additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Tyagi
- Cyano Biotech Lab, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, Srinagar (Garhwal) 246174, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Rahul Kunwar Singh
- Cyano Biotech Lab, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, Srinagar (Garhwal) 246174, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Shree Prakash Tiwari
- Department of Microbiology, VBS Purvanchal University, Jaunpur 222003, Uttar Pradesh, India
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50
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Wu X, Wu B, Li Y, Jin X, Wang X. Identification and safety assessment of Enterococcus thailandicus TC1 isolated from healthy pigs. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254081. [PMID: 34197541 PMCID: PMC8248690 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococci have the dual characteristics of being opportunistic pathogens and promising probiotics. The isolation from patients of CDC PNS-E2, a newly described Enterococcus species Enterococcus sanguinicola, may pose potential hazards. Enterococcus thailandicus from fermented sausage is a senior subjective synonym of E. sanguinicola. In this study, Enterococcus thailandicus TC1 was first isolated in healthy pigs in Tongcheng, China and identified by phenotypic analysis and 16S rRNA-based techniques. To evaluate the strain safety, an approach including virulence factors, antibiotic resistance, and animal experiments was adopted. The results show that cylA, gelE, esp, agg, ace, efaAfm, efaAfs, ptsD genes were undetected, and that the strain was sensitive or poorly resistant to some clinically relevant antibiotics. However, the isolated strain demonstrated β-hemolytic activity in rabbit blood agar plates. Analysis of animal experiments revealed that the isolated strain had no adverse effect on translocation and the internal organ indices, though significant differences in histology (villi height, crypts height) of ileum were observed. The data acquired suggest that E. thailandicus TC1 may be associated with a potential health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Wu
- Department of Biology, Taiyuan Normal College, Taiyuan, PR China
| | - Bei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Yue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Xiue Jin
- Hubei Provincial Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Xiliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
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