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Naumenko N, Koivumäki JT, Lunko O, Tuomainen T, Leigh R, Rabiee M, Laurila J, Oksanen M, Lehtonen S, Koistinaho J, Tavi P. Presenilin-1 ΔE9 mutation associated sarcoplasmic reticulum leak alters [Ca 2+] i distribution in human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2024; 193:78-87. [PMID: 38851626 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2024.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Mutations in ubiquitously expressed presenilin genes (PSENs) lead to early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD), but patients carrying the mutation also suffer from heart diseases. To elucidate the cardiac myocyte specific effects of PSEN ΔE9, we studied cardiomyocytes derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC-CMs) from patients carrying AD-causing PSEN1 exon 9 deletion (PSEN1 ΔE9). When compared with their isogenic controls, PSEN1 ΔE9 cardiomyocytes showed increased sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ leak that was resistant to blockage of ryanodine receptors (RyRs) by tetracaine or inositol-3-reseceptors (IP3Rs) by 2-ABP. The SR Ca2+ leak did not affect electrophysiological properties of the hiPSC-CMs, but according to experiments and in silico simulations the leak induces a diastolic buildup of [Ca2+] near the perinuclear SR and reduces the releasable Ca2+ during systole. This demonstrates that PSEN1 ΔE9 induced SR Ca2+ leak has specific effects in iPSC-CMs, reflecting their unique structural and calcium signaling features. The results shed light on the physiological and pathological mechanisms of PSEN1 in cardiac myocytes and explain the intricacies of comorbidity associated with AD-causing mutations in PSEN1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Naumenko
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jussi T Koivumäki
- BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Olesia Lunko
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tomi Tuomainen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Robert Leigh
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mina Rabiee
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jalmari Laurila
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Minna Oksanen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sarka Lehtonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari Koistinaho
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pasi Tavi
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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2
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L'esperance OJ, McGhee J, Davidson G, Niraula S, Smith AS, Sosunov A, Yan SS, Subramanian J. Functional connectivity favors aberrant visual network c-Fos expression accompanied by cortical synapse loss in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.01.05.522900. [PMID: 36712054 PMCID: PMC9881957 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.05.522900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
While Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been extensively studied with a focus on cognitive networks, sensory network dysfunction has received comparatively less attention despite compelling evidence of its significance in both Alzheimer's disease patients and mouse models. We recently found that neurons in the primary visual cortex of an AD mouse model expressing human amyloid protein precursor with the Swedish and Indiana mutations (hAPP mutations) exhibit aberrant c-Fos expression and altered synaptic structures at a pre-amyloid plaque stage. However, it is unclear whether aberrant c-Fos expression and synaptic pathology vary across the broader visual network and to what extent c-Fos abnormality in the cortex is inherited through functional connectivity. Using both sexes of 4-6-month AD model mice with hAPP mutations (J20[PDGF-APPSw, Ind]), we found that cortical regions of the visual network show aberrant c-Fos expression and impaired experience-dependent modulation while subcortical regions do not. Interestingly, the average network-wide functional connectivity strength of a brain region in wild type (WT) mice significantly predicts its aberrant c-Fos expression, which in turn correlates with impaired experience-dependent modulation in the AD model. Using in vivo two-photon and ex vivo imaging of presynaptic termini, we observed a subtle yet selective weakening of excitatory cortical synapses in the visual cortex. Intriguingly, the change in the size distribution of cortical boutons in the AD model is downscaled relative to those in WT mice, suggesting that synaptic weakening may reflect an adaptation to aberrant activity. Our observations suggest that cellular and synaptic abnormalities in the AD model represent a maladaptive transformation of the baseline physiological state seen in WT conditions rather than entirely novel and unrelated manifestations.
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Kim J, Choi P, Park YT, Kim T, Ham J, Kim JC. The Cannabinoids, CBDA and THCA, Rescue Memory Deficits and Reduce Amyloid-Beta and Tau Pathology in an Alzheimer’s Disease-like Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076827. [PMID: 37047798 PMCID: PMC10095267 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Most studies related to hemp are focused on Cannabidiol (CBD) and Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC); however, up to 120 types of phytocannabinoids are present in hemp. Hemp leaves contain large amounts of Cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) and Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA), which are acidic variants of CBD and THC and account for the largest proportion of CBDA. In recent studies, CBDA exhibited anti-hyperalgesia and anti-inflammatory effects. THCA also showed anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects that may be beneficial for treating neurodegenerative diseases. CBDA and THCA can penetrate the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and affect the central nervous system. The purpose of this study was to determine whether CBDA and THCA ameliorate Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-like features in vitro and in vivo. The effect of CBDA and THCA was evaluated in the Aβ1–42-treated mouse model. We observed that Aβ1–42-treated mice had more hippocampal Aβ and p-tau levels, pathological markers of AD, and loss of cognitive function compared with PBS-treated mice. However, CBDA- and THCA-treated mice showed decreased hippocampal Aβ and p-tau and superior cognitive function compared with Aβ1–42-treated mice. In addition, CBDA and THCA lowered Aβ and p-tau levels, alleviated calcium dyshomeostasis, and exhibited neuroprotective effects in primary neurons. Our results suggest that CBDA and THCA have anti-AD effects and mitigate memory loss and resilience to increased hippocampal Ca2+, Aβ, and p-tau levels. Together, CBDA and THCA may be useful therapeutic agents for treating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyong Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Natural Product Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea
| | - Pilju Choi
- Natural Product Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Tae Park
- Natural Product Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea
| | - Taejung Kim
- Natural Product Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungyeob Ham
- Natural Product Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- NeoCannBio Co., Ltd., Gangneung 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Chul Kim
- Natural Product Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
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4
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Integrated Bioinformatics Analysis to Identify Alternative Therapeutic Targets for Alzheimer's Disease: Insights from a Synaptic Machinery Perspective. J Mol Neurosci 2021; 72:273-286. [PMID: 34414562 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-021-01893-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common type of dementia, is a serious neurodegenerative disease that has no cure yet, but whose symptoms can be alleviated with available medications. Therefore, early and accurate diagnosis of the disease and elucidation of the molecular mechanisms involved in the progression of pathogenesis are critically important. This study aimed to identify dysregulated miRNAs and their target mRNAs through the integrated analysis of miRNA and mRNA expression profiling in AD patients versus unaffected controls. Expression profiles in postmortem brain samples from AD patients and healthy individuals were extracted from the Gene Expression Omnibus database and were analyzed using bioinformatics approaches to identify gene ontologies, pathways, and networks. Finally, the module analysis of the PPI network and hub gene selection was carried out. A total of five differentially expressed miRNAs were extracted from the miRNA dataset, and 4312 differentially expressed mRNAs were obtained from the mRNA dataset. By comparing the DEGs and the putative targets of the altered miRNAs, 116 (3 upregulated and 113 downregulated) coordinated genes were determined. Also, six hub genes (SNAP25, GRIN2A, GRIN2B, DLG2, ATP2B2, and SCN2A) were identified by constructing a PPI network. The results of the present study provide insight into mechanisms such as synaptic machinery and neuronal communication underlying AD pathogenesis, specifically concerning miRNAs.
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5
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Elevating the Levels of Calcium Ions Exacerbate Alzheimer's Disease via Inducing the Production and Aggregation of β-Amyloid Protein and Phosphorylated Tau. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115900. [PMID: 34072743 PMCID: PMC8198078 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease with a high incidence rate. The main pathological features of AD are β-amyloid plaques (APs), which are formed by β-amyloid protein (Aβ) deposition, and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), which are formed by the excessive phosphorylation of the tau protein. Although a series of studies have shown that the accumulation of metal ions, including calcium ions (Ca2+), can promote the formation of APs and NFTs, there is no systematic review of the mechanisms by which Ca2+ affects the development and progression of AD. In view of this, the current review summarizes the mechanisms by which Ca2+ is transported into and out of cells and organelles, such as the cell, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondrial and lysosomal membranes to affect the balance of intracellular Ca2+ levels. In addition, dyshomeostasis of Ca2+ plays an important role in modulating the pathogenesis of AD by influencing the production and aggregation of Aβ peptides and tau protein phosphorylation and the ways that disrupting the metabolic balance of Ca2+ can affect the learning ability and memory of people with AD. In addition, the effects of these mechanisms on the synaptic plasticity are also discussed. Finally, the molecular network through which Ca2+ regulates the pathogenesis of AD is introduced, providing a theoretical basis for improving the clinical treatment of AD.
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The Relevance of Amyloid β-Calmodulin Complexation in Neurons and Brain Degeneration in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094976. [PMID: 34067061 PMCID: PMC8125740 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraneuronal amyloid β (Aβ) oligomer accumulation precedes the appearance of amyloid plaques or neurofibrillary tangles and is neurotoxic. In Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-affected brains, intraneuronal Aβ oligomers can derive from Aβ peptide production within the neuron and, also, from vicinal neurons or reactive glial cells. Calcium homeostasis dysregulation and neuronal excitability alterations are widely accepted to play a key role in Aβ neurotoxicity in AD. However, the identification of primary Aβ-target proteins, in which functional impairment initiating cytosolic calcium homeostasis dysregulation and the critical point of no return are still pending issues. The micromolar concentration of calmodulin (CaM) in neurons and its high affinity for neurotoxic Aβ peptides (dissociation constant ≈ 1 nM) highlight a novel function of CaM, i.e., the buffering of free Aβ concentrations in the low nanomolar range. In turn, the concentration of Aβ-CaM complexes within neurons will increase as a function of time after the induction of Aβ production, and free Aβ will rise sharply when accumulated Aβ exceeds all available CaM. Thus, Aβ-CaM complexation could also play a major role in neuronal calcium signaling mediated by calmodulin-binding proteins by Aβ; a point that has been overlooked until now. In this review, we address the implications of Aβ-CaM complexation in the formation of neurotoxic Aβ oligomers, in the alteration of intracellular calcium homeostasis induced by Aβ, and of dysregulation of the calcium-dependent neuronal activity and excitability induced by Aβ.
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Tzeng WY, Figarella K, Garaschuk O. Olfactory impairment in men and mice related to aging and amyloid-induced pathology. Pflugers Arch 2021; 473:805-821. [PMID: 33608800 PMCID: PMC7895745 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-021-02527-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Olfaction, or the sense of smell, is one of the most ancient senses in men and mice, important for a large variety of innate and acquired behaviors. Clinical data reveal an early impairment of olfaction during normal aging and in the course of neurodegenerative diseases, but the underlying cellular/molecular mechanisms remain obscure. In the current review, we compare different aspects of the aging- and Alzheimer's disease related impairment of olfaction in men and mice, aiming at the identification of common morbidities and biomarkers, which can be analyzed in detail in the appropriate mouse models. We also identify common, often interdependent (patho)physiological pathways, including but not limited to extracellular amyloid depositions, neuroinflammation, ɛ4 allele of the apolipoprotein E, CNS insulin resistance, and the impairment of adult neurogenesis, to be targeted by basic and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yu Tzeng
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Keplerstr. 15, 72074, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katherine Figarella
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Keplerstr. 15, 72074, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Olga Garaschuk
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Keplerstr. 15, 72074, Tübingen, Germany.
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8
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Sait A, Angeli C, Doig AJ, Day PJR. Viral Involvement in Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:1049-1060. [PMID: 33687205 PMCID: PMC8033564 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the presence of β-amyloid plaques (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the brain. The prevalence of the disease is increasing and is expected to reach 141 million cases by 2050. Despite the risk factors associated with the disease, there is no known causative agent for AD. Clinical trials with many drugs have failed over the years, and no therapeutic has been approved for AD. There is increasing evidence that pathogens are found in the brains of AD patients and controls, such as human herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1). Given the lack of a human model, the route for pathogen entry into the brain remains open for scrutiny and may include entry via a disturbed blood-brain barrier or the olfactory nasal route. Many factors can contribute to the pathogenicity of HSV-1, such as the ability of HSV-1 to remain latent, tau protein phosphorylation, increased accumulation of Aβ invivo and in vitro, and repeated cycle of reactivation if immunocompromised. Intriguingly, valacyclovir, a widely used drug for the treatment of HSV-1 and HSV-2 infection, has shown patient improvement in cognition compared to controls in AD clinical studies. We discuss the potential role of HSV-1 in AD pathogenesis and argue for further studies to investigate this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Sait
- Division
of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and
Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, The University
of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
- Faculty
of Applied Medical Science, Medical Laboratory Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Cristian Angeli
- Division
of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and
Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, The University
of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Doig
- Division
of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological
Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United
Kingdom
| | - Philip J. R. Day
- Division
of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and
Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, The University
of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
- Department
of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
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9
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Vogrinc D, Goričar K, Dolžan V. Genetic Variability in Molecular Pathways Implicated in Alzheimer's Disease: A Comprehensive Review. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:646901. [PMID: 33815092 PMCID: PMC8012500 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.646901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease, affecting a significant part of the population. The majority of AD cases occur in the elderly with a typical age of onset of the disease above 65 years. AD presents a major burden for the healthcare system and since population is rapidly aging, the burden of the disease will increase in the future. However, no effective drug treatment for a full-blown disease has been developed to date. The genetic background of AD is extensively studied; numerous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identified significant genes associated with increased risk of AD development. This review summarizes more than 100 risk loci. Many of them may serve as biomarkers of AD progression, even in the preclinical stage of the disease. Furthermore, we used GWAS data to identify key pathways of AD pathogenesis: cellular processes, metabolic processes, biological regulation, localization, transport, regulation of cellular processes, and neurological system processes. Gene clustering into molecular pathways can provide background for identification of novel molecular targets and may support the development of tailored and personalized treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vita Dolžan
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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10
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Olajide OJ, Gbadamosi IT, Yawson EO, Arogundade T, Lewu FS, Ogunrinola KY, Adigun OO, Bamisi O, Lambe E, Arietarhire LO, Oluyomi OO, Idowu OK, Kareem R, Asogwa NT, Adeniyi PA. Hippocampal Degeneration and Behavioral Impairment During Alzheimer-Like Pathogenesis Involves Glutamate Excitotoxicity. J Mol Neurosci 2021; 71:1205-1220. [PMID: 33420680 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01747-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology include senile plaques accumulation and neurofibrillary tangles, which is thought to underlie synaptic failure. Recent evidence however supports that synaptic failure in AD may instead be instigated by enhanced N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) activity, via a reciprocal relationship between soluble amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation and increased glutamate agonist. While previous studies have shown Aβ-mediated alterations to the glutamatergic system during AD, the underlying etiology of excitotoxic glutamate-induced changes has not been explored. Here, we investigated the acute effects of stereotaxic dentate gyrus (DG) glutamate injection on behavior and molecular expression of specific proteins and neurochemicals modulating hippocampal functions. Dependence of glutamate-mediated effects on NMDA receptor (NMDAR) hyperactivation was tested using NMDARs antagonist memantine. DG of Wistar rats (12-weeks-old) were bilaterally microinjected with glutamate (500 mM) with or without daily intraperitoneal (i.p.) memantine injection (20 mg/kg) for 14 days, while controls received either intrahippocampal/i.p. PBS or i.p. memantine. Behavioral characterization in open field and Y-maze revealed that glutamate evoked anxiogenic responses and perturbed spatial memory were inhibited by memantine. In glutamate-treated rats, increased NO expression was accompanied by marked reduction in profiles of glutathione-s-transferase and glutathione peroxidase. Similarly, glutamate-mediated increase in acetylcholinesterase expression corroborated downregulation of synaptophysin and PSD-95, coupled with initiation of reactive astrogliosis (GFAP). While neurofilament immunolocalization/immunoexpression was unperturbed, we found glutamate-mediated reduction in neurogenic markers Ki67 and PCNA immunoexpression, with a decrease in NR2B protein expression, whereas mGluR1 remains unchanged. In addition, increased expression of apoptotic regulatory proteins p53 and Bax was seen in glutamate infused rats, corroborating chromatolytic degeneration of granule neurons in the DG. Interestingly, memantine abrogated most of the degenerative changes associated with glutamate excitotoxicity in this study. Taken together, our findings causally link acute glutamate dyshomeostasis in the DG with development of AD-related behavioral impairment and molecular neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olayemi Joseph Olajide
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Neurobiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria. .,Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada.
| | - Ismail Tayo Gbadamosi
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Neurobiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.,Central Research Laboratories Ltd, 132b University Road, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel Olusola Yawson
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Neurobiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.,Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria
| | - Tolulope Arogundade
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Neurobiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.,Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Adeleke University, Ede, Nigeria
| | - Folashade Susan Lewu
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Neurobiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Kehinde Yomi Ogunrinola
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Neurobiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.,Department of Anatomy, School of Post-Basic Nursing, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Oluwaseun Olaniyi Adigun
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Neurobiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Olawande Bamisi
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Neurobiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.,Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Ezra Lambe
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Neurobiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Leviticus Ogbenevurinrin Arietarhire
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Neurobiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Olushola Oladapo Oluyomi
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Neurobiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Olumayowa Kolawole Idowu
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Neurobiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Rukayat Kareem
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Neurobiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Nnaemeka Tobechukwu Asogwa
- Central Research Laboratories Ltd, 132b University Road, Ilorin, Nigeria.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Philip Adeyemi Adeniyi
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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11
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Ramachandran AK, Das S, Joseph A, Gurupur Gautham S, Alex AT, Mudgal J. Neurodegenerative Pathways in Alzheimer's Disease: A Review. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 19:679-692. [PMID: 32851951 PMCID: PMC8573750 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200807130637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease that leads to insidious deterioration of brain functions and is considered the sixth leading cause of death in the world. Alzheimer's patients suffer from memory loss, cognitive deficit and behavioral changes; thus, they eventually follow a low-quality life. AD is considered as a multifactorial disorder involving different neuropathological mechanisms. Recent research has identified more than 20 pathological factors that are promoting disease progression. Three significant hypotheses are said to be the root cause of disease pathology, which include acetylcholine deficit, the formation of amyloid-beta senile plaques and tau protein hyperphosphorylation. Apart from these crucial factors, pathological factors such as apolipoprotein E (APOE), glycogen synthase kinase 3β, notch signaling pathway, Wnt signaling pathway, etc., are considered to play a role in the advancement of AD and therefore could be used as targets for drug discovery and development. As of today, there is no complete cure or effective disease altering therapies for AD. The current therapy is assuring only symptomatic relief from the disease, and progressive loss of efficacy for these symptomatic treatments warrants the discovery of newer drugs by exploring these novel drug targets. A comprehensive understanding of these therapeutic targets and their neuropathological role in AD is necessary to identify novel molecules for the treatment of AD rationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Kunnath Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka-576104, India
| | - Subham Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka-576104, India
| | - Alex Joseph
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka-576104, India
| | - Shenoy, Gurupur Gautham
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka-576104, India
| | - Angel Treasa Alex
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka-576104, India
| | - Jayesh Mudgal
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka-576104, India
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12
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Ghoweri AO, Ouillette L, Frazier HN, Anderson KL, Lin RL, Gant JC, Parent R, Moore S, Murphy GG, Thibault O. Electrophysiological and Imaging Calcium Biomarkers of Aging in Male and Female 5×FAD Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 78:1419-1438. [PMID: 33164928 PMCID: PMC7836067 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In animal models and tissue preparations, calcium dyshomeostasis is a biomarker of aging and Alzheimer's disease that is associated with synaptic dysfunction, neuritic pruning, and dysregulated cellular processes. It is unclear, however, whether the onset of calcium dysregulation precedes, is concurrent with, or is the product of pathological cellular events (e.g., oxidation, amyloid-β production, and neuroinflammation). Further, neuronal calcium dysregulation is not always present in animal models of amyloidogenesis, questioning its reliability as a disease biomarker. OBJECTIVE Here, we directly tested for the presence of calcium dysregulation in dorsal hippocampal neurons in male and female 5×FAD mice on a C57BL/6 genetic background using sharp electrodes coupled with Oregon-green Bapta-1 imaging. We focused on three ages that coincide with the course of amyloid deposition: 1.5, 4, and 10 months old. METHODS Outcome variables included measures of the afterhyperpolarization, short-term synaptic plasticity, and calcium kinetics during synaptic activation. Quantitative analyses of spatial learning and memory were also conducted using the Morris water maze. Main effects of sex, age, and genotype were identified on measures of electrophysiology and calcium imaging. RESULTS Measures of resting Oregon-green Bapta-1 fluorescence showed significant reductions in the 5×FAD group compared to controls. Deficits in spatial memory, along with increases in Aβ load, were detectable at older ages, allowing us to test for temporal associations with the onset of calcium dysregulation. CONCLUSION Our results provide evidence that reduced, rather than elevated, neuronal calcium is identified in this 5×FAD model and suggests that this surprising result may be a novel biomarker of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam O Ghoweri
- UKMC MS313, Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Lara Ouillette
- 5037 BSRB, Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hilaree N Frazier
- UKMC MS313, Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Katie L Anderson
- UKMC MS313, Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ruei-Lung Lin
- UKMC MS313, Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - John C Gant
- UKMC MS313, Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Rachel Parent
- 5037 BSRB, Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Shannon Moore
- 5037 BSRB, Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,5037 BSRB, Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Geoffrey G Murphy
- 5037 BSRB, Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,5037 BSRB, Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Olivier Thibault
- UKMC MS313, Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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13
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Krauskopf J, Bergdahl IA, Johansson A, Palli D, Lundh T, Kyrtopoulos SA, de Kok TM, Kleinjans JC. Blood Transcriptome Response to Environmental Metal Exposure Reveals Potential Biological Processes Related to Alzheimer's Disease. Front Public Health 2020; 8:557587. [PMID: 33194959 PMCID: PMC7609776 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.557587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease which is manifested by a progressive and irreversible decline of cognition, memory loss, a shortened attention span, and changes in personality. Aging and genetic pre-dispositions, particularly the presence of a specific form of apolipoprotein E (APOE), are main risk factors of sporadic AD; however, a large body of evidence has shown that multiple environmental factors, including exposure to toxic metals, increase the risk for late onset AD. Lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) are ubiquitous toxic metals with a wide range of applications resulting in global distribution in the environment and exposure of all living organisms on earth. In addition to being classified as carcinogenic (Cd) and possibly carcinogenic (Pb) to humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, both compounds disrupt metal homeostasis and can cause toxic responses at the cellular and organismal levels. Pb toxicity targets the central nervous system and evidence for that has emerged also for Cd. Recent epidemiological studies show that both metals possibly are etiological factors of multiple neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). To further explore the association between metal exposure and AD risk we applied whole transcriptome gene expression analysis in peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) from 632 subjects of the general population, taken from the EnviroGenomarkers project. We used linear mixed effect models to associate metal exposure to gene expression after adjustment for gender, age, BMI, smoking, and alcohol consumption. For Pb exposure only few associations were identified, including a downregulation of the human eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5 (eIF5). In contrast, Cd exposure, particularly in males, revealed a much stronger transcriptomic response, featuring multiple pathways related to pathomolecular mechanisms of AD, such as endocytosis, neutrophil degranulation, and Interleukin−7 signaling. A gender stratified analysis revealed that the Cd responses were male-specific and included a downregulation of the APOE gene in men. This exploratory study revealed novel hypothetical findings which might contribute to the understanding of the neurotoxic effects of chronic Pb and Cd exposure and possibly improve our knowledge on the molecular mechanisms linking metal exposure to AD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Krauskopf
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Ingvar A Bergdahl
- Section of Sustainable Health, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Domenico Palli
- Cancer Risk Factors and Life-Style Epidemiology Unit, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network - ISPRO, Florence, Italy
| | - Thomas Lundh
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Theo M de Kok
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Jos C Kleinjans
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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14
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Najm R, Zalocusky KA, Zilberter M, Yoon SY, Hao Y, Koutsodendris N, Nelson M, Rao A, Taubes A, Jones EA, Huang Y. In Vivo Chimeric Alzheimer's Disease Modeling of Apolipoprotein E4 Toxicity in Human Neurons. Cell Rep 2020; 32:107962. [PMID: 32726626 PMCID: PMC7430173 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite its clear impact on Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk, apolipoprotein (apo) E4's contributions to AD etiology remain poorly understood. Progress in answering this and other questions in AD research has been limited by an inability to model human-specific phenotypes in an in vivo environment. Here we transplant human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neurons carrying normal apoE3 or pathogenic apoE4 into human apoE3 or apoE4 knockin mouse hippocampi, enabling us to disentangle the effects of apoE4 produced in human neurons and in the brain environment. Using single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq), we identify key transcriptional changes specific to human neuron subtypes in response to endogenous or exogenous apoE4. We also find that Aβ from transplanted human neurons forms plaque-like aggregates, with differences in localization and interaction with microglia depending on the transplant and host apoE genotype. These findings highlight the power of in vivo chimeric disease modeling for studying AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramsey Najm
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kelly A Zalocusky
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Gladstone Center for Translational Advancement, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Misha Zilberter
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Seo Yeon Yoon
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yanxia Hao
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Gladstone Center for Translational Advancement, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Nicole Koutsodendris
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Maxine Nelson
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Antara Rao
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Alice Taubes
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Emily A Jones
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Yadong Huang
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Gladstone Center for Translational Advancement, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Departments of Neurology and Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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15
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Dunn AR, Kaczorowski CC. Regulation of intrinsic excitability: Roles for learning and memory, aging and Alzheimer's disease, and genetic diversity. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2019; 164:107069. [PMID: 31442579 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2019.107069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Plasticity of intrinsic neuronal excitability facilitates learning and memory across multiple species, with aberrant modulation of this process being linked to the development of neurological symptoms in models of cognitive aging and Alzheimer's disease. Learning-related increases in intrinsic excitability of neurons occurs in a variety of brain regions, and is generally thought to promote information processing and storage through enhancement of synaptic throughput and induction of synaptic plasticity. Experience-dependent changes in intrinsic neuronal excitability rely on activity-dependent gene expression patterns, which can be influenced by genetic and environmental factors, aging, and disease. Reductions in baseline intrinsic excitability, as well as aberrant plasticity of intrinsic neuronal excitability and in some cases pathological hyperexcitability, have been associated with cognitive deficits in animal models of both normal cognitive aging and Alzheimer's disease. Genetic factors that modulate plasticity of intrinsic excitability likely underlie individual differences in cognitive function and susceptibility to cognitive decline. Thus, targeting molecular mediators that either control baseline intrinsic neuronal excitability, subserve learning-related intrinsic neuronal plasticity, and/or promote resilience may be a promising therapeutic strategy for maintaining cognitive function in aging and disease. In this review, we discuss the complementary relationship between intrinsic excitability and learning, with a particular focus on how this relationship varies as a function of age, disease state, and genetic make-up, and how targeting these factors may help to further elucidate our understanding of the role of intrinsic excitability in cognitive function and cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R Dunn
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
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16
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Belfiore M, Cariati I, Matteucci A, Gaddini L, Macchia G, Fioravanti R, Frank C, Tancredi V, D'Arcangelo G, Diociaiuti M. Calcitonin native prefibrillar oligomers but not monomers induce membrane damage that triggers NMDA-mediated Ca 2+-influx, LTP impairment and neurotoxicity. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5144. [PMID: 30914688 PMCID: PMC6435710 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41462-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid protein misfolding results in a self-assembling aggregation process, characterized by the formation of typical aggregates. The attention is focused on pre-fibrillar oligomers (PFOs), formed in the early stages and supposed to be neurotoxic. PFOs structure may change due to their instability and different experimental protocols. Consequently, it is difficult to ascertain which aggregation species are actually neurotoxic. We used salmon Calcitonin (sCT) as an amyloid model whose slow aggregation rate allowed to prepare stable samples without photochemical cross-linking. Intracellular Ca2+ rise plays a fundamental role in amyloid protein-induced neurodegerations. Two paradigms have been explored: (i) the "membrane permeabilization" due to the formation of amyloid pores or other types of membrane damage; (ii) "receptor-mediated" modulation of Ca2+ channels. In the present paper, we tested the effects of native sCT PFOs- with respect to Monomer-enriched solutions in neurons characterized by an increasing degree of differentiation, in terms of -Ca2+-influx, cellular viability, -Long-Term Potentiation impairment, Post-Synaptic Densities and synaptophysin expression. Results indicated that PFOs-, but not Monomer-enriched solutions, induced abnormal -Ca2+-influx, which could only in part be ascribed to NMDAR activation. Thus, we propose an innovative neurotoxicity mechanism for amyloid proteins where "membrane permeabilization" and "receptor-mediated" paradigms coexist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Belfiore
- National Center for Rare Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Ida Cariati
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Matteucci
- National Center for Drug Research and Evalutation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Gaddini
- National Center for Drug Research and Evalutation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Raoul Fioravanti
- National Center for Rare Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.,Chemistry Department, University "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Frank
- National Center for Rare Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Virginia Tancredi
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Marco Diociaiuti
- National Center for Rare Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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17
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Asavapanumas N, Brawek B, Martus P, Garaschuk O. Role of intracellular Ca2+ stores for an impairment of visual processing in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 121:315-326. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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18
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Abstract
Amyloid diseases are of major concern all over the world due to a number of factors including: (i) aging population, (ii) increasing life span and (iii) lack of effective pharmacotherapy options. The past decade has seen intense research in discovering disease-modifying multi-targeting small molecules as therapeutic options. In recent years, targeting the amyloid cascade has emerged as an attractive strategy to discover novel neurotherapeutics. Formation of amyloid species, with different degrees of solubility and neurotoxicity is associated with the gradual decline in cognition leading to dementia/cell dysfunction. Here, in this chapter, we have described the recent scenario of amyloid diseases with a great deal of information about the structural features of oligomers, protofibrils and fibrils. Also, comprehensive details have been provided to differentiate the degree of toxicity associated with prefibrillar aggregates. Moreover, a review of the technologies that aid characterisation of oligomer, protofibrils and fibrils as well as various inhibition strategies to overcome protein fibrillation are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nabeela Majid
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, U.P., India
| | - Sadia Malik
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, U.P., India
| | - Parvez Alam
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, U.P., India
| | - Rizwan Hasan Khan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, U.P., India.
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19
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Sabbir MG. Loss of Ca 2+/Calmodulin Dependent Protein Kinase Kinase 2 Leads to Aberrant Transferrin Phosphorylation and Trafficking: A Potential Biomarker for Alzheimer's Disease. Front Mol Biosci 2018; 5:99. [PMID: 30525042 PMCID: PMC6256988 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2018.00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 (CaMKK2) is a serine/threonine kinase that is activated following an increase in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration and activates multiple signaling cascades that control physiologically important neuronal processes. CaMKK2 has been implicated in schizophrenia, bipolar disease, neurodegeneration, and cancer. Using isoelectric focusing (IEF) and mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis, it was found that knockdown (KD) of CaMKK2 in cultured adult primary dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons resulted in the reduction of transferrin (TF) phosphorylation at multiple functionally relevant residues which corresponded to loss of an acidic fraction (pH~3-4) of TF. In vitro studies using CRISPR/Cas9 based CaMKK2 knockout (KO) HEK293 and HepG2 cells lines validated previous findings and revealed that loss of CaMKK2 interfered with TF trafficking and turnover. TF is an iron transporter glycoprotein. Abnormal accumulation of iron and/or deregulated Ca2+ homeostasis leads to neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Therefore, it was hypothesized that aberrant CaMKK2 in AD may lead to aberrant phosphorylated transferrin (P-TF: pH~3-4 fraction) which may serve as a hallmark biomarker for AD. A significant reduction of P-TF in the brain and serum of CaMKK2 KO mice and a triple-transgenic mouse model of AD (3xTg-AD) supported this hypothesis. In addition, analysis of early (< 65 years) and late-stage (>65 years) postmortem human AD cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum samples revealed that aberrant P-TF (pH~3-4 fraction) profile was associated with both early and late-stage AD compared to age-matched controls. This indicates P-TF (pH~3-4 fraction) profile may be useful as a minimally invasive biomarker for AD. In addition, this study provides a link between aberrant CaMKK2 with TF trafficking and turnover which provides a novel insight into the neurodegeneration process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Golam Sabbir
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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20
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Lerdkrai C, Garaschuk O. Role of presynaptic calcium stores for neural network dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:977-978. [PMID: 29926819 PMCID: PMC6022463 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.233435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chommanad Lerdkrai
- Institute of Physiology, Department Neurophysiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Olga Garaschuk
- Institute of Physiology, Department Neurophysiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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21
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Garaschuk O, Semchyshyn HM, Lushchak VI. Healthy brain aging: Interplay between reactive species, inflammation and energy supply. Ageing Res Rev 2018; 43:26-45. [PMID: 29452266 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Brains' high energy expenditure with preferable utilization of glucose and ketone bodies, defines the specific features of its energy homeostasis. The extensive oxidative metabolism is accompanied by a concomitant generation of high amounts of reactive oxygen, nitrogen, and carbonyl species, which will be here collectively referred to as RONCS. Such metabolism in combination with high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids creates specific problems in maintaining brains' redox homeostasis. While the levels of products of interaction between RONCS and cellular components increase slowly during the first two trimesters of individuals' life, their increase is substantially accelerated towards the end of life. Here we review the main mechanisms controlling the redox homeostasis of the mammalian brain, their age-dependencies as well as their adaptive potential, which might turn out to be much higher than initially assumed. According to recent data, the organism seems to respond to the enhancement of aging-related toxicity by forming a new homeostatic set point. Therefore, further research will focus on understanding the properties of the new set point(s), the general nature of this phenomenon and will explore the limits of brains' adaptivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Garaschuk
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - H M Semchyshyn
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 57 Shevchenko Str, Ivano-Frankivsk, 76018, Ukraine.
| | - V I Lushchak
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 57 Shevchenko Str, Ivano-Frankivsk, 76018, Ukraine.
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22
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Ma J, Zhang W, Tan L, Wang HF, Wan Y, Sun FR, Tan CC, Yu JT, Tan L, Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. MS4A6A genotypes are associated with the atrophy rates of Alzheimer's disease related brain structures. Oncotarget 2018; 7:58779-58788. [PMID: 27244883 PMCID: PMC5312275 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane-spanning 4-domains, subfamily A, member 6A (MS4A6A) has been identified as susceptibility loci of Alzheimer's disease (AD) by several recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS), whereas little is known about the potential roles of these variants in the brain structure and function of AD. In this study, we included a total of 812 individuals from the Alzheimer's disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database. Using multiple linear regression models, we found MS4A6A genotypes were strongly related to atrophy rate of left middle temporal (rs610932: Pc = 0.017, rs7232: Pc = 0.022), precuneus (rs610932: Pc = 0.015) and entorhinal (rs610932, Pc = 0.022) on MRI in the entire group. In the subgroup analysis, MS4A6A SNPs were significantly accelerated the percentage of volume loss of middle temporal, precuneus and entorhinal, especially in the MCI subgroup. These findings reveal that MS4A6A genotypes affect AD specific brain structures which supported the possible role of MS4A6A polymorphisms in influencing AD-related neuroimaging phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ma
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lin Tan
- College of Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Hui-Fu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yu Wan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Fu-Rong Sun
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chen-Chen Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jin-Tai Yu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,College of Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
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23
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Intracellular Ca 2+ stores control in vivo neuronal hyperactivity in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E1279-E1288. [PMID: 29358403 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1714409115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal hyperactivity is the emerging functional hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in both humans and different mouse models, mediating an impairment of memory and cognition. The mechanisms underlying neuronal hyperactivity remain, however, elusive. In vivo Ca2+ imaging of somatic, dendritic, and axonal activity patterns of cortical neurons revealed that both healthy aging and AD-related mutations augment neuronal hyperactivity. The AD-related enhancement occurred even without amyloid deposition and neuroinflammation, mainly due to presenilin-mediated dysfunction of intracellular Ca2+ stores in presynaptic boutons, likely causing more frequent activation of synaptic NMDA receptors. In mutant but not wild-type mice, store emptying reduced both the frequency and amplitude of presynaptic Ca2+ transients and, most importantly, normalized neuronal network activity. Postsynaptically, the store dysfunction was minor and largely restricted to hyperactive cells. These findings identify presynaptic Ca2+ stores as a key element controlling AD-related neuronal hyperactivity and as a target for disease-modifying treatments.
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24
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Dudczig S, Currie PD, Jusuf PR. Developmental and adult characterization of secretagogin expressing amacrine cells in zebrafish retina. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185107. [PMID: 28949993 PMCID: PMC5614429 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium binding proteins show stereotypical expression patterns within diverse neuron types across the central nervous system. Here, we provide a characterization of developmental and adult secretagogin-immunolabelled neurons in the zebrafish retina with an emphasis on co-expression of multiple calcium binding proteins. Secretagogin is a recently identified and cloned member of the F-hand family of calcium binding proteins, which labels distinct neuron populations in the retinas of mammalian vertebrates. Both the adult distribution of secretagogin labeled retinal neurons as well as the developmental expression indicative of the stage of neurogenesis during which this calcium binding protein is expressed was quantified. Secretagogin expression was confined to an amacrine interneuron population in the inner nuclear layer, with monostratified neurites in the center of the inner plexiform layer and a relatively regular soma distribution (regularity index > 2.5 across central–peripheral areas). However, only a subpopulation (~60%) co-labeled with gamma-aminobutyric acid as their neurotransmitter, suggesting that possibly two amacrine subtypes are secretagogin immunoreactive. Quantitative co-labeling analysis with other known amacrine subtype markers including the three main calcium binding proteins parvalbumin, calbindin and calretinin identifies secretagogin immunoreactive neurons as a distinct neuron population. The highest density of secretagogin cells of ~1800 cells / mm2 remained relatively evenly along the horizontal meridian, whilst the density dropped of to 125 cells / mm2 towards the dorsal and ventral periphery. Thus, secretagogin represents a new amacrine label within the zebrafish retina. The developmental expression suggests a possible role in late stage differentiation. This characterization forms the basis of functional studies assessing how the expression of distinct calcium binding proteins might be regulated to compensate for the loss of one of the others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Dudczig
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter David Currie
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Patricia Regina Jusuf
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Haberman RP, Branch A, Gallagher M. Targeting Neural Hyperactivity as a Treatment to Stem Progression of Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease. Neurotherapeutics 2017; 14:662-676. [PMID: 28560709 PMCID: PMC5509635 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-017-0541-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporadic late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD), the most common form of dementia in the elderly, causes progressive and severe loss of cognitive abilities. With greater numbers of people living to advanced ages, LOAD will increasingly burden both the healthcare system and society. There are currently no available disease-modifying therapies, and the failure of several recent pathology-based strategies has highlighted the urgent need for effective therapeutic targets. With aging as the greatest risk factor for LOAD, targeting mechanisms by which aging contributes to disease could prove an effective strategy to delay progression to clinical dementia by intervention in elderly individuals in an early prodromal stage of disease. Excess neural activity in the hippocampus, a recently described phenomenon associated with age-dependent memory loss, was first identified in animal models of aging and subsequently translated to clinical conditions of aging and early-stage LOAD. Critically, elevated activity was similarly localized to specific circuits within the hippocampal formation in aged animals and humans. Here we review evidence for hippocampal hyperactivity as a significant contributor to age-dependent cognitive decline and the progressive accumulation of pathology in LOAD. We also describe studies demonstrating the efficacy of reducing hyperactivity with an initial test therapy, levetiracetam (Keppra), an atypical antiepileptic. By targeting excess neural activity, levetiracetam may improve cognition and attenuate the accumulation of pathology contributing to progression to the dementia phase of LOAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca P Haberman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, 116 Dunning Hall, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
| | - Audrey Branch
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, 116 Dunning Hall, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Michela Gallagher
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, 116 Dunning Hall, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
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Shin KY, Kim KY, Suh YH. Dehydroevodiamine·HCl enhances cognitive function in memory-impaired rat models. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 21:55-64. [PMID: 28066141 PMCID: PMC5214911 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2017.21.1.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Progressive memory impairment such as that associated with depression, stroke, and Alzheimer's disease (AD) can interfere with daily life. In particular, AD, which is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, prominently features a memory and learning impairment that is related to changes in acetylcholine and abnormal β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition in the brain. In the present study, we investigated the effects of dehydroevodiamine·HCl (DHED) on cognitive improvement and the related mechanism in memory-impaired rat models, namely, a scopolamine-induced amnesia model and a Aβ1-42-infused model. The cognitive effects of DHED were measured using a water maze test and a passive avoidance test in the memory-impaired rat models. The results demonstrate that DHED (10 mg/kg, p.o.) and Donepezil (1 mg/kg, p.o.) ameliorated the spatial memory impairment in the scopolamine-induced amnestic rats. Moreover, DHED significantly improved learning and memory in the Aβ1-42-infused rat model. Furthermore, the mechanism of these behavioral effects of DHED was investigated using a cell viability assay, reactive oxygen species (ROS) measurement, and intracellular calcium measurement in primary cortical neurons. DHED reduced neurotoxicity and the production of Aβ-induced ROS in primary cortical neurons. In addition, similar to the effect of MK801, DHED decreased intracellular calcium levels in primary cortical neurons. Our results suggest that DHED has strong protective effects against cognitive impairments through its antioxidant activity and inhibition of neurotoxicity and intracellular calcium. Thus, DHED may be an important therapeutic agent for memory-impaired symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Young Shin
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Ka Young Kim
- Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea
| | - Yoo-Hun Suh
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Neuroscience Research Institute (NRI), Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea
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Dinwoodie IH. COMPUTATIONAL METHODS FOR ASYNCHRONOUS BASINS. DISCRETE AND CONTINUOUS DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS. SERIES B 2016; 21:3391-3405. [PMID: 28154501 PMCID: PMC5283826 DOI: 10.3934/dcdsb.2016103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
For a Boolean network we consider asynchronous updates and define the exclusive asynchronous basin of attraction for any steady state or cyclic attractor. An algorithm based on commutative algebra is presented to compute the exclusive basin. Finally its use for targeting desirable attractors by selective intervention on network nodes is illustrated with two examples, one cell signalling network and one sensor network measuring human mobility.
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Dussaut JS, Gallo CA, Cecchini RL, Carballido JA, Ponzoni I. Crosstalk pathway inference using topological information and biclustering of gene expression data. Biosystems 2016; 150:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Di Marco LY, Farkas E, Martin C, Venneri A, Frangi AF. Is Vasomotion in Cerebral Arteries Impaired in Alzheimer's Disease? J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 46:35-53. [PMID: 25720414 PMCID: PMC4878307 DOI: 10.3233/jad-142976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A substantial body of evidence supports the hypothesis of a vascular component in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Cerebral hypoperfusion and blood-brain barrier dysfunction have been indicated as key elements of this pathway. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is a cerebrovascular disorder, frequent in AD, characterized by the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide in cerebral blood vessel walls. CAA is associated with loss of vascular integrity, resulting in impaired regulation of cerebral circulation, and increased susceptibility to cerebral ischemia, microhemorrhages, and white matter damage. Vasomotion— the spontaneous rhythmic modulation of arterial diameter, typically observed in arteries/arterioles in various vascular beds including the brain— is thought to participate in tissue perfusion and oxygen delivery regulation. Vasomotion is impaired in adverse conditions such as hypoperfusion and hypoxia. The perivascular and glymphatic pathways of Aβ clearance are thought to be driven by the systolic pulse. Vasomotion produces diameter changes of comparable amplitude, however at lower rates, and could contribute to these mechanisms of Aβ clearance. In spite of potential clinical interest, studies addressing cerebral vasomotion in the context of AD/CAA are limited. This study reviews the current literature on vasomotion, and hypothesizes potential paths implicating impaired cerebral vasomotion in AD/CAA. Aβ and oxidative stress cause vascular tone dysregulation through direct effects on vascular cells, and indirect effects mediated by impaired neurovascular coupling. Vascular tone dysregulation is further aggravated by cholinergic deficit and results in depressed cerebrovascular reactivity and (possibly) impaired vasomotion, aggravating regional hypoperfusion and promoting further Aβ and oxidative stress accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Yuri Di Marco
- Centre for Computational Imaging and Simulation Technologies in Biomedicine (CISTIB), Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Eszter Farkas
- Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Chris Martin
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Annalena Venneri
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,IRCCS, Fondazione Ospedale S. Camillo, Venice, Italy
| | - Alejandro F Frangi
- Centre for Computational Imaging and Simulation Technologies in Biomedicine (CISTIB), Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Barral S, Cheng R, Reitz C, Vardarajan B, Lee J, Kunkle B, Beecham G, Cantwell LS, Pericak-Vance MA, Farrer LA, Haines JL, Goate AM, Foroud T, Boerwinkle E, Schellenberg GD, Mayeux R. Linkage analyses in Caribbean Hispanic families identify novel loci associated with familial late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2015; 11:1397-1406. [PMID: 26433351 PMCID: PMC4690771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2015.07.487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We performed linkage analyses in Caribbean Hispanic families with multiple late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) cases to identify regions that may contain disease causative variants. METHODS We selected 67 LOAD families to perform genome-wide linkage scan. Analysis of the linked regions was repeated using the entire sample of 282 families. Validated chromosomal regions were analyzed using joint linkage and association. RESULTS We identified 26 regions linked to LOAD (HLOD ≥3.6). We validated 13 of the regions (HLOD ≥2.5) using the entire family sample. The strongest signal was at 11q12.3 (rs2232932: HLODmax = 4.7, Pjoint = 6.6 × 10(-6)), a locus located ∼2 Mb upstream of the membrane-spanning 4A gene cluster. We additionally identified a locus at 7p14.3 (rs10255835: HLODmax = 4.9, Pjoint = 1.2 × 10(-5)), a region harboring genes associated with the nervous system (GARS, GHRHR, and NEUROD6). DISCUSSION Future sequencing efforts should focus on these regions because they may harbor familial LOAD causative mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Barral
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rong Cheng
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christiane Reitz
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Badri Vardarajan
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joseph Lee
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brian Kunkle
- The John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Gary Beecham
- The John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Laura S Cantwell
- Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Margaret A Pericak-Vance
- The John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Lindsay A Farrer
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan L Haines
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Alison M Goate
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tatiana Foroud
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences (EHGES), University of Texas School of Public Health at Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Richard Mayeux
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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Kuboyama T, Lee YA, Nishiko H, Tohda C. Inhibition of clathrin-mediated endocytosis prevents amyloid β-induced axonal damage. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:1808-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Age-related changes in large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels in mammalian circadian clock neurons. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:2176-83. [PMID: 25735218 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Aging impairs the function of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN, the central mammalian clock), leading to a decline in the circadian rhythm of many physiological processes, including sleep-wake rhythms. Recent studies have found evidence of age-related changes in the circadian regulation of potassium currents; these changes presumably lead to a decrease in the SCN's electrical rhythm amplitude. Current through large-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) (BK) channels promote rhythmicity in both SCN neuronal activity and behavior. In many neuron types, changes in BK activity are correlated with changes in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]i). We performed patch-clamp recordings of SCN neurons in aged mice and observed that the circadian modulation of BK channel activity was lost because of a reduction in BK currents during the night. This reduced current diminished the afterhyperpolarization, depolarized the resting membrane potential, widened the action potential, and increased [Ca(2+)]i. These data suggest that reduced BK current increases [Ca(2+)]i by altering the action potential waveform, possibly contributing to the observed age-related phenotype.
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33
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Austin D, Dinwoodie IH. MONOMIALS AND BASIN CYLINDERS FOR NETWORK DYNAMICS. SIAM JOURNAL ON APPLIED DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS 2015; 14:25-42. [PMID: 25620893 PMCID: PMC4299671 DOI: 10.1137/140975929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We describe methods to identify cylinder sets inside a basin of attraction for Boolean dynamics of biological networks. Such sets are used for designing regulatory interventions that make the system evolve towards a chosen attractor, for example initiating apoptosis in a cancer cell. We describe two algebraic methods for identifying cylinders inside a basin of attraction, one based on the Groebner fan that finds monomials that define cylinders and the other on primary decomposition. Both methods are applied to current examples of gene networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Austin
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 SW Bond Ave, MC: CH13B, Portland OR 97239
| | - Ian H Dinwoodie
- Fariborz Maseeh Department of Mathematics and Statistics, 724 SW Harrison St, Portland State University, Portland OR 97201
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Ma J, Yu JT, Tan L. MS4A Cluster in Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 51:1240-8. [PMID: 24981432 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8800-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Several variants within membrane-spanning 4-domains subfamily A (MS4A) gene cluster have recently been implicated the association of Alzheimer's disease (AD) by serial recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS). As cell membrane proteins, MS4A family members are found to participate in the regulation of calcium signaling which have been widely discussed in neurodegeneration and AD. Besides, although the MS4A family members are poorly characterized, an important role in immunity has already been identified for several members of this cluster (such as MS4A1, MS4A2, and MS4A4B), indicating the possible involvement of MS4A gene cluster in AD pathogenesis. In this article, we briefly summarize the structure, localization, and function of MS4A gene cluster, review recent genetic and expression findings concerning the association of MS4A gene cluster with AD pathogenesis, and also speculate the possible roles of MS4A gene cluster in this disease. Based on the contributing effects of MS4A gene cluster in AD pathogenesis, targeting MS4A gene cluster might provide new opportunities for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ma
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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35
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Brawek B, Schwendele B, Riester K, Kohsaka S, Lerdkrai C, Liang Y, Garaschuk O. Impairment of in vivo calcium signaling in amyloid plaque-associated microglia. Acta Neuropathol 2014; 127:495-505. [PMID: 24407428 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-013-1242-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) both in man and in multiple mouse models, and epidemiological studies link the use of anti-inflammatory drugs with a reduced risk of developing the disease. AD-related neuroinflammation is largely mediated by microglia, the main immune cells of the central nervous system. In vitro, executive functions of microglia are regulated by intracellular Ca(2+) signals, but little is known about microglial Ca(2+) signaling in vivo. Here we analyze in vivo properties of these cells in two mouse models of AD. In both strains plaque-associated microglia had hypertrophic/amoeboid morphology and were strongly positive for markers of activation such as CD11b and CD68. Activated microglia failed to respond reliably to extracellular release of adenosine triphosphate (ATP, mimicking tissue damage) and showed an increased incidence of spontaneous intracellular Ca(2+) transients. These Ca(2+) transients required activation of ATP receptors and Ca(2+) release from the intracellular Ca(2+) stores, and were not induced by neuronal or astrocytic hyperactivity. Neuronal silencing, however, selectively increased the frequency of Ca(2+) transients in plaque-associated microglia. Thus, our in vivo data reveal substantial dysfunction of plaque-associated microglia and identify a novel Ca(2+) signal possibly triggering a Ca(2+)-dependent release of toxic species in the plaque vicinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Brawek
- Institute of Physiology II, Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen, Keplerstr. 15, 72074, Tuebingen, Germany
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36
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U KP, Subramanian V, Nicholas AP, Thompson PR, Ferretti P. Modulation of calcium-induced cell death in human neural stem cells by the novel peptidylarginine deiminase-AIF pathway. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:1162-71. [PMID: 24607566 PMCID: PMC3996523 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PADs (peptidylarginine deiminases) are calcium-dependent enzymes that change protein-bound arginine to citrulline (citrullination/deimination) affecting protein conformation and function. PAD up-regulation following chick spinal cord injury has been linked to extensive tissue damage and loss of regenerative capability. Having found that human neural stem cells (hNSCs) expressed PAD2 and PAD3, we studied PAD function in these cells and investigated PAD3 as a potential target for neuroprotection by mimicking calcium-induced secondary injury responses. We show that PAD3, rather than PAD2 is a modulator of cell growth/death and that PAD activity is not associated with caspase-3-dependent cell death, but is required for AIF (apoptosis inducing factor)-mediated apoptosis. PAD inhibition prevents association of PAD3 with AIF and AIF cleavage required for its translocation to the nucleus. Finally, PAD inhibition also hinders calcium-induced cytoskeleton disassembly and association of PAD3 with vimentin, that we show to be associated also with AIF; together this suggests that PAD-dependent cytoskeleton disassembly may play a role in AIF translocation to the nucleus. This is the first study highlighting a role of PAD activity in balancing hNSC survival/death, identifying PAD3 as an important upstream regulator of calcium-induced apoptosis, which could be targeted to reduce neural loss, and shedding light on the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kin Pong U
- Developmental Biology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | | | - Antony P Nicholas
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham and Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Paul R Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, TSRI, Scripps Florida, FL 33458, USA
| | - Patrizia Ferretti
- Developmental Biology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
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Tau causes synapse loss without disrupting calcium homeostasis in the rTg4510 model of tauopathy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80834. [PMID: 24278327 PMCID: PMC3835324 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) of tau are one of the defining hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and are closely associated with neuronal degeneration. Although it has been suggested that calcium dysregulation is important to AD pathogenesis, few studies have probed the link between calcium homeostasis, synapse loss and pathological changes in tau. Here we test the hypothesis that pathological changes in tau are associated with changes in calcium by utilizing in vivo calcium imaging in adult rTg4510 mice that exhibit severe tau pathology due to over-expression of human mutant P301L tau. We observe prominent dendritic spine loss without disruptions in calcium homeostasis, indicating that tangles do not disrupt this fundamental feature of neuronal health, and that tau likely induces spine loss in a calcium-independent manner.
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38
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Gene expression analysis of induced pluripotent stem cells from aneuploid chromosomal syndromes. BMC Genomics 2013; 14 Suppl 5:S8. [PMID: 24564826 PMCID: PMC3852284 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-s5-s8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human aneuploidy is the leading cause of early pregnancy loss, mental retardation, and multiple congenital anomalies. Due to the high mortality associated with aneuploidy, the pathophysiological mechanisms of aneuploidy syndrome remain largely unknown. Previous studies focused mostly on whether dosage compensation occurs, and the next generation transcriptomics sequencing technology RNA-seq is expected to eventually uncover the mechanisms of gene expression regulation and the related pathological phenotypes in human aneuploidy. Results Using next generation transcriptomics sequencing technology RNA-seq, we profiled the transcriptomes of four human aneuploid induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines generated from monosomy × (Turner syndrome), trisomy 8 (Warkany syndrome 2), trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome), and partial trisomy 11:22 (Emanuel syndrome) as well as two umbilical cord matrix iPSC lines as euploid controls to examine how phenotypic abnormalities develop with aberrant karyotype. A total of 466 M (50-bp) reads were obtained from the six iPSC lines, and over 13,000 mRNAs were identified by gene annotation. Global analysis of gene expression profiles and functional analysis of differentially expressed (DE) genes were implemented. Over 5000 DE genes are determined between aneuploidy and euploid iPSCs respectively while 9 KEGG pathways are overlapped enriched in four aneuploidy samples. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that the extra or missing chromosome has extensive effects on the whole transcriptome. Functional analysis of differentially expressed genes reveals that the genes most affected in aneuploid individuals are related to central nervous system development and tumorigenesis.
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Liu L, Martin R, Kohler G, Chan C. Palmitate induces transcriptional regulation of BACE1 and presenilin by STAT3 in neurons mediated by astrocytes. Exp Neurol 2013; 248:482-90. [PMID: 23968646 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Deregulation of calcium has been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Previously, we showed that saturated free-fatty acid, palmitate, causes AD-like changes in primary cortical neurons mediated by astrocytes. However, the molecular mechanisms by which conditioned medium from astrocytes cultured in palmitate induce AD-like changes in neurons are unknown. This study demonstrates that this condition medium from astrocytes elevates calcium level in the neurons, which subsequently increases calpain activity, a calcium-dependent protease, leading to enhance p25/Cdk5 activity and phosphorylation and activation of the STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription) transcription factor. Inhibiting calpain or Cdk5 significantly reduces the upregulation in nuclear level of pSTAT3, which we found to transcriptionally regulate both BACE1 and presenilin-1, the latter is a catalytic subunit of γ-secretase. Decreasing pSTAT3 levels reduced the mRNA levels of both BACE1 and presenilin-1 to near control levels. These data demonstrate a signal pathway leading to the activation of STAT3, and the generation of the amyloid peptide. Thus, our results suggest that STAT3 is an important potential therapeutic target of AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Briggs CA, Schneider C, Richardson JC, Stutzmann GE. β amyloid peptide plaques fail to alter evoked neuronal calcium signals in APP/PS1 Alzheimer's disease mice. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 34:1632-43. [PMID: 23337342 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial disorder of unknown etiology. Mechanistically, beta amyloid peptides (Aβ) and elevated Ca(2+) have been implicated as proximal and likely interactive features of the disease process. We tested the hypothesis that proximity to Aβ plaque might exacerbate activity-dependent neuronal Ca(2+) signaling in hippocampal pyramidal neurons from APPSWE/PS1M146V mice. Using combined approaches of whole cell patch clamp recording and 2-photon imaging of neuronal Ca(2+) signals with thioflavin-S plaque labeling in hippocampal slices, we found no correlation between thioflavin-S labeled Aβ plaque proximity and Ca(2+) responses triggered by ryanodine receptor (RyR) activation or action potentials in either dendrites or somata of AD mice, regardless of age. Baseline and RyR-stimulated spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic potentials also showed little difference in relation to Aβ plaque proximity. Consistent with previous studies, RyR-evoked Ca(2+) release in APPSWE/PS1M146V mice was greater than in nontransgenic controls. Within the soma, RyR-evoked Ca(2+) release was elevated in older APPSWE/PS1M146V mice compared with younger APPSWE/PS1M146V mice, but was still independent of plaque proximity. The results indicate that early Ca(2+) signaling disruptions can become yet more severe with age through mechanisms independent of Aβ plaques, suggesting that alternative pathogenic mechanisms might contribute to AD-associated dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clark A Briggs
- Department of Neuroscience, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
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Maj M, Milenkovic I, Bauer J, Berggård T, Veit M, Ilhan-Mutlu A, Wagner L, Tretter V. Novel insights into the distribution and functional aspects of the calcium binding protein secretagogin from studies on rat brain and primary neuronal cell culture. Front Mol Neurosci 2012; 5:84. [PMID: 22888312 PMCID: PMC3412267 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2012.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretagogin is a calcium binding protein (CBP) highly expressed in neuroendocrine cells. It has been shown to be involved in insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells and is a strong candidate as a biomarker for endocrine tumors, stroke, and eventually psychiatric conditions. Secretagogin has been hypothesized to exert a neuroprotective role in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease. The expression pattern of Secretagogin is not conserved from rodents to humans. We used brain tissue and primary neuronal cell cultures from rat to further characterize this CBP in rodents and to perform a few functional assays in vitro. Immunohistochemistry on rat brain slices revealed a high density of Secretagogin-positive cells in distinct brain regions. Secretagogin was found in the cytosol or associated with subcellular compartments. We tested primary neuronal cultures for their suitability as model systems to further investigate functional properties of Secretagogin. These cultures can easily be manipulated by treatment with drugs or by transfection with test constructs interfering with signaling cascades that might be linked to the cellular function of Secretagogin. We show that, like in pancreatic beta cells and insulinoma cell lines, also in neurons the expression level of Secretagogin is dependent on extracellular insulin and glucose. Further, we show also for rat brain neuronal tissue that Secretagogin interacts with the microtubule-associated protein Tau and that this interaction is dependent on Ca(2+). Future studies should aim to study in further detail the molecular properties and function of Secretagogin in individual neuronal cell types, in particular the subcellular localization and trafficking of this protein and a possible active secretion by neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Maj
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Medizinische Universität Wien Vienna, Austria
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Armato U, Bonafini C, Chakravarthy B, Pacchiana R, Chiarini A, Whitfield JF, Dal Prà I. The calcium-sensing receptor: a novel Alzheimer's disease crucial target? J Neurol Sci 2012; 322:137-40. [PMID: 22841885 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2012.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common human neurodegenerative ailment, the most prevalent (>95%) late-onset type of which has a still uncertain etiology. The progressive decline of cognitive functions, dementia, and physical disabilities of AD is caused by synaptic losses that progressively disconnect key neuronal networks in crucial brain areas, like the hippocampus and temporoparietal cortex, and critically impair language, sensory processing, memory, and conscious thought. AD's two main hallmarks are fibrillar amyloid-β (fAβ) plaques in extracellular spaces and intracellular accumulation of fAβ peptides and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). It is still undecided whether either or both these AD hallmarks cause or result from the disease. Recently, the dysregulation of calcium homeostasis has been advanced as a novel cause of AD. In this case, a suitable candidate of AD driver would be the Aβ peptides-binding/activated calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), whose intracellular signalling is triggered by Aβ peptides. In this review, we briefly discuss CaSR's roles in normal adult human astrocytes (NAHAs) and their possible impacts on AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ubaldo Armato
- Histology and Embryology Unit, Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona Medical School, Verona, Venetia, Italy.
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Garaschuk O. Imaging microcircuit function in healthy and diseased brain. Exp Neurol 2012; 242:41-9. [PMID: 22370088 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Neural microcircuits are the computational units of the mammalian brain. Recent evidence suggests that they are not composed exclusively of neurons but also involve other cell types such as astrocytes and microglia. In the healthy brain microglia, the resident immune cell, closely interacts with synapses and is likely to be involved in their structural plasticity. The interaction between the nervous and the immune systems is even more prominent under pathological conditions such as brain injury, inflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. This review discusses the techniques for high resolution imaging of microcircuit function in health and disease by focusing on some of the most recent advances in the field of in vivo calcium imaging of neurons, astrocytes and microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Garaschuk
- Dept. of Physiology II, University of Tuebingen, Keplerstrasse 15, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany.
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Grasso G, Giuffrida ML, Rizzarelli E. Metallostasis and amyloid β-degrading enzymes. Metallomics 2012; 4:937-49. [DOI: 10.1039/c2mt20105d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Abstract
Accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), intracellular inclusions of fibrillar forms of tau, is a hallmark of Alzheimer Disease. NFT have been considered causative of neuronal death, however, recent evidence challenges this idea. Other species of tau, such as soluble misfolded, hyperphosphorylated, and mislocalized forms, are now being implicated as toxic. Here we review the data supporting soluble tau as toxic to neurons and synapses in the brain and the implications of these data for development of therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies.
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Orbán G, Völgyi K, Juhász G, Penke B, Kékesi KA, Kardos J, Czurkó A. Different electrophysiological actions of 24- and 72-hour aggregated amyloid-beta oligomers on hippocampal field population spike in both anesthetized and awake rats. Brain Res 2010; 1354:227-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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