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Revelo-Mejía IA, Gutiérrez-Idrobo R, López-Fernández VA, López-Rosales A, Astaiza-Montenegro FC, Garcés-Rengifo L, López-Ordoñez PA, Hardisson A, Rubio C, Gutiérrez ÁJ, Paz S. Fluoride levels in river water from the volcanic regions of Cauca (Colombia). ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:327. [PMID: 35381961 PMCID: PMC8983550 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-09999-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fluoride concentrations of 0.5 mg/L in drinking water are considered useful for dental caries prevention. However, fluoride concentrations higher than 1.2 mg/L in water can pose a risk of dental fluorosis due to high exposure to fluoride. The objective is to determine the fluoride concentration in water from aqueducts of different Colombian municipalities of Cauca (Popayán, Coconuco, and Puracé) to assess the fluoride dietary intake from the consumption of this water. A total of 66 water samples have been taken from Popayán, Coconuco, and Puracé. Fluoride content was determined by fluoride ion-selective electrode (ISE) potentiometry. The fluoride concentrations recorded in Coconuco and Puracé water were ≤ 0.002 mg/L. The mean fluoride content recorded in the Popayán water was 0.42 mg/L, with its highest concentration in Cauca River water (0.83 mg/L). Considering the admissible intake values, the water from Popayán confers remarkable fluoride intakes, especially in children with high percentages of contribution to the admissible daily intake (46.7% to 7- to 12-month children and 41.5% to 1- to 3-year children). The fluoride content in the water of Coconuco and Puracé does not reach an optimal value (< 0.5 mg/L) for the protective effect against dental caries, while the water of the main Cauca River basin does reach the optimal value. Likewise, the intake of fluoride from the consumption of the analyzed water does not confer any health risk. However, the implementation of monitoring systems for fluoride levels is recommended in order to safeguard the consumer's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés A Revelo-Mejía
- Faculty of Odontology, Universidad Antonio Nariño, PopayánBogotá, Cauca, Colombia
| | - Robinson Gutiérrez-Idrobo
- Faculty of Odontology, Dentist Research Group, Universidad Antonio Nariño, PopayánBogotá, Cauca, Colombia
| | - Vilma A López-Fernández
- Faculty of Odontology, Dentist Research Group, Universidad Antonio Nariño, PopayánBogotá, Cauca, Colombia
| | - Alejandra López-Rosales
- Faculty of Odontology, Dentist Research Group, Universidad Antonio Nariño, PopayánBogotá, Cauca, Colombia
| | - Francy C Astaiza-Montenegro
- Faculty of Odontology, Dentist Research Group, Municipalities of Coconuco and Puracé, Universidad Antonio Nariño, PopayánBogotá, Cauca, Colombia
| | - Leomary Garcés-Rengifo
- Faculty of Odontology, Dentist Research Group, Municipalities of Coconuco and Puracé, Universidad Antonio Nariño, PopayánBogotá, Cauca, Colombia
| | - Paola A López-Ordoñez
- Faculty of Odontology, Dentist Research Group, Municipalities of Coconuco and Puracé, Universidad Antonio Nariño, PopayánBogotá, Cauca, Colombia
| | - Arturo Hardisson
- Department of Toxicology, Universidad de La Laguna, La LagunaCanary Islands, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Carmen Rubio
- Department of Toxicology, Universidad de La Laguna, La LagunaCanary Islands, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Ángel J Gutiérrez
- Department of Toxicology, Universidad de La Laguna, La LagunaCanary Islands, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Soraya Paz
- Department of Toxicology, Universidad de La Laguna, La LagunaCanary Islands, Tenerife, Spain.
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Revelo-Mejía IA, Enríquez D, Espinosa D, Peña A, Bolaño I, Moná Y, Peña C, Prado D, Ardila L, López J, Cortes Y, Muñoz J, Muñoz J, Sánchez J, Erazo Y, López L, Mosquera A, Pérez D, Ordoñez Y, Torres JH, Hardisson A, Rubio C, Gutiérrez ÁJ, Paz S. Determination of the Fluoride Content in Water of Aqueducts of Cauca (Colombia) by Ion Exchange Chromatography. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:4867-4875. [PMID: 33405075 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02569-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Water for human consumption is the main source of fluoride exposure. The concentration in water should not exceed 1 mg/L of fluoride since, at higher levels; it increases the risk of dental fluorosis, among other adverse effects. The fluoride content of 149 water samples from different aqueducts in Cauca (Colombia) has been determined by ion exchange chromatography with the aim of fluoride risk assessment. The rural area of the Municipality of Santander de Quilichao registered fluoride concentrations between 0.012 and 0.150 mg/L. The urban area of Santander de Quilichao recorded lower fluoride levels than the rural area (0.027-0.068 mg/L). The urban area of the Municipality of Cajibío registered fluoride levels of 0.082-0.186 mg/L. The highest levels of fluoride were found in Timbío (0.121-0.210 mg/L). The fluoride levels recorded in this study are not considered sufficient to trigger dental fluorosis. Likewise, optimal levels are not considered to protect the child population against dental caries. However, a monitoring plan of fluoride concentrations in water should be implemented to assure the quality and safe of the water.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniela Enríquez
- Dentist Research Group of the Urban Zone, Municipality of Santander de Quilichao, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Popayán, Cauca, Colombia
| | - Deisy Espinosa
- Dentist Research Group of the Urban Zone, Municipality of Santander de Quilichao, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Popayán, Cauca, Colombia
| | - Andrés Peña
- Dentist Research Group of the Urban Zone, Municipality of Santander de Quilichao, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Popayán, Cauca, Colombia
| | - Ingrid Bolaño
- Dentist Research Group of the Rural Zone, Municipality of Santander de Quilichao, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Popayán, Cauca, Colombia
| | - Yobany Moná
- Dentist Research Group of the Rural Zone, Municipality of Santander de Quilichao, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Popayán, Cauca, Colombia
| | - Catherine Peña
- Dentist Research Group of the Rural Zone, Municipality of Santander de Quilichao, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Popayán, Cauca, Colombia
| | - Daniel Prado
- Dentist Research Group of the Rural Zone, Municipality of Santander de Quilichao, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Popayán, Cauca, Colombia
| | - Luisa Ardila
- Dentist Research Group, Vereda Pisojé, Municipality of Popayán, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Popayán, Cauca, Colombia
| | - Jennifer López
- Dentist Research Group, Vereda Pisojé, Municipality of Popayán, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Popayán, Cauca, Colombia
| | - Yoely Cortes
- Dentist Research Group, Municipality of Cajibío, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Popayán, Cauca, Colombia
| | - Jennifer Muñoz
- Dentist Research Group, Municipality of Cajibío, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Popayán, Cauca, Colombia
| | - Julieth Muñoz
- Dentist Research Group, Municipality of Cajibío, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Popayán, Cauca, Colombia
| | - Juan Sánchez
- Dentist Research Group, Municipality of Cajibío, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Popayán, Cauca, Colombia
| | - Yuliana Erazo
- Dentist Research Group, Municipality of Piendamó, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Popayán, Cauca, Colombia
| | - Luis López
- Dentist Research Group, Municipality of Piendamó, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Popayán, Cauca, Colombia
| | - Angie Mosquera
- Dentist Research Group, Municipality of Piendamó, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Popayán, Cauca, Colombia
| | - Daniela Pérez
- Dentist Research Group, Municipality of Piendamó, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Popayán, Cauca, Colombia
| | - Yamid Ordoñez
- Dentist Research Group, Municipality of Timbío, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Popayán, Cauca, Colombia
| | - Jhon H Torres
- Dentist Research Group, Municipality of Timbío, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Popayán, Cauca, Colombia
| | - Arturo Hardisson
- Department of Toxicology, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Carmen Rubio
- Department of Toxicology, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Ángel J Gutiérrez
- Department of Toxicology, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Soraya Paz
- Department of Toxicology, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.
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Ligate F, Ijumulana J, Ahmad A, Kimambo V, Irunde R, Mtamba JO, Mtalo F, Bhattacharya P. Groundwater resources in the East African Rift Valley: Understanding the geogenic contamination and water quality challenges in Tanzania. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2021.e00831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
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Chu Y, Liu Y, Guo N, Lou Q, Wang L, Huang W, Wu L, Wang J, Zhang M, Yin F, Gao Y, Yang Y. Association between ALOX15 gene polymorphism and brick-tea type skeletal fluorosis in Tibetans, Kazaks and Han, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2021; 31:421-432. [PMID: 31565963 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2019.1666972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the association between ALOX15 gene polymorphism and skeletal fluorosis (SF), a case-control study was conducted. A total of 1023 individuals, including 308 Tibetans, 290 Kazaks and 425 Han, were enrolled in this study, in which cases and controls were 278 and 745, respectively. SF was diagnosed by X-ray absorptiometry. SNPs were genotyped using the Sequenom Mass ARRAY system. The genotypes of ALOX15 rs7220870, rs2664593 and rs1107852 were not associated with the risk of SF. After reconstructing the haplotype of rs7220870 and rs11078528, the risk effect of haplotype CA was found in Han participants aged ≤45 years or with moderate fluoride intake. Diplotype of CC/CC had a protective effect on SF risk in Han participants; whereas, CA/CC diplotype showed a risk effect on SF risk in participants aged ≥65; Our results provide the first evidence of an association between ALOX15 gene polymorphism and SF risk in Han participants.Abbreviation: SF: Skeletal fluorosis; SNP: Single Nucleotide polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanru Chu
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Lab of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Lab of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ning Guo
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Lab of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Qun Lou
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Lab of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Limei Wang
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Lab of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Lab of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Liaowei Wu
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Lab of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Lab of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Meichen Zhang
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Lab of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Fanshuo Yin
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Lab of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yanhui Gao
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Lab of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yanmei Yang
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Lab of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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Revelo-Mejía IA, Hardisson A, Rubio C, Gutiérrez ÁJ, Paz S. Dental Fluorosis: the Risk of Misdiagnosis-a Review. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:1762-1770. [PMID: 32705431 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02296-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fluoride has been considered as the single factor most frequently responsible for causing enamel mottling. However, in humans, either endogenous and/or exogenous factors not related to fluoride exposure may also cause enamel mottling. In this sense, various studies in the international literature have reported severe mottling of the teeth that could not be attributed to fluoride exposure. Thus, misdiagnosis of non-fluoride-induced enamel defects may occur frequently. Reports of unexpectedly high population prevalence and individual cases of fluorosis, where such diagnoses are irreconcilable with the identified fluoride history, highlight the necessity for a more precise definition and diagnosis of dental fluorosis. Also, a more discriminating diagnostic procedure is suggested. Particularly, positive identification of environmental fluoride levels to which the communities and individuals are exposed shall be developed before the confirmation of a diagnosis of fluorosis. It is considered that a more critical methodology for the diagnosis of fluorosis will be helpful in the rational use and control of fluorides for dental health, and in the identification of factors that may induce enamel defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés A Revelo-Mejía
- Faculty of Odontology, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Popayán, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Arturo Hardisson
- Department of Toxicology, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Carmen Rubio
- Department of Toxicology, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Ángel J Gutiérrez
- Department of Toxicology, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Soraya Paz
- Department of Toxicology, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.
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Chandio TA, Khan MN, Muhammad MT, Yalcinkaya O, Wasim AA, Kayis AF. Fluoride and arsenic contamination in drinking water due to mining activities and its impact on local area population. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:2355-2368. [PMID: 32880840 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10575-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of arsenic and fluoride in drinking water reservoirs is a serious health issue in the Sibi district, Balochistan, Pakistan. The contamination has already been affecting a large population of the district. Dental fluorosis and dermatitis are the most common reported illnesses in the area. This study focused on the evaluation of the root causes and pathway by which it reached to the body. Questioner analysis, simple examination, and pictorial representation were used to study the prevalence of diseases caused by As and F. People of the Sibi district were found to consume both surface and groundwater, which were highly contaminated with arsenic and fluoride. The saturation index, ranging from 1 to 7, showed high enrichment of contaminants in both types of water. Geochemical calculations and the sodium absorption ratio were evaluated. High values of the saturation index of different salts showed high saturation of salts in water. The principal component analysis grouped the data into three clusters, showing that the surface water has no resemblance with the control water. High degree of contamination was observed for most of the samples, whereas, some samples of ground water were closed to the control group; a group of samples within WHO limits. The correlation studies and other calculations also revealed that the F and As reached lethal limits in the drinking water and thus caused severe health damage to the local area population. The diseases found in the area are fluorosis, keratosis, dermatitis, and melanosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasawar Ali Chandio
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gazi University, 06500, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Maria Taj Muhammad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Ozcan Yalcinkaya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gazi University, 06500, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Agha Arslan Wasim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Ahmet Furkan Kayis
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gazi University, 06500, Ankara, Turkey
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Rizzu M, Tanda A, Canu L, Masawe K, Mtei K, Deroma MA, Roggero PP, Seddaiu G. Fluoride uptake and translocation in food crops grown in fluoride-rich soils. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:5498-5509. [PMID: 32567049 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The East African Rift Valley (EARV) area is characterized by an intense volcanic activity, which largely influences the nature of soils, ground and surface waters causing a transfer of fluoride from volcanic emissions to the environment. Field experiments were conducted in fluorine-contaminated areas of Ngarenanyuki (Arumeru district) in north Tanzania. In order to evaluate the potential fluoride exposure from diet and the related health risk for the local population, the content of fluoride in soil and plant tissues was assessed, focusing on the edible portions (leaves, fruits or seeds) of the main cultivated and consumed food crops in the area. RESULTS Average fluoride contents of 8.0, 11.4, 11.3 and 14.2 mg kg-1 of dry matter were observed respectively for maize (Zea mays L.), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and kale (Brassica sp. pl.) edible parts. The cumulative estimated average daily dose (EADD) ranged from 0.026 to 0.165 mg F d-1 kg-1 among different rural population groups and considering two different hypotheses of absorption fraction (75% or 100%), i.e. the amount of fluoride that is absorbed during the digestion process. The associated hazard index (HI) values varied from 0.43 to 2.75. CONCLUSIONS Considering the dietary habits of the local population, the outcomes of the present study suggest that the investigated crops can substantially contribute to fluoride related diseases, especially in earlier ages. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Rizzu
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- Desertification Research Centre, NRD, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Alberto Tanda
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- Desertification Research Centre, NRD, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Linda Canu
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Khairia Masawe
- Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, NM-AIST, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Kelvin Mtei
- Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, NM-AIST, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Mario A Deroma
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Pier P Roggero
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- Desertification Research Centre, NRD, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanna Seddaiu
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- Desertification Research Centre, NRD, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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Miranda-Rius J, Brunet-Llobet L, Lahor-Soler E, Mrina O, Mashala EI, Mahande MJ. Periodontal and dental conditions of a school population in a volcanic region of Tanzania with highly fluoridated community drinking water. Afr Health Sci 2020; 20:476-487. [PMID: 33402936 PMCID: PMC7750069 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v20i1.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Dental fluorosis is endemic in the Rift Valley in Africa, especially around volcanic areas, due to the high fluoride content in daily drinking water. Objective This study evaluates the oral health status and types of occlusion in a school population, and to assess the possible association between dental fluorosis and other pathologies such as decay, gingivitis and periodontitis. Material and methods An observational study of 581 individuals recruited from a public secondary school in Arusha, Northern Tanzania was undertaken. The indices used were: the Silness & Löe Plaque Index, the Community Periodontal Index and the Decayed/Missing/Filled index. Descriptive statistical analyses were performed and a chi-square test was used to assess the associations between independent variables. Results Almost all the school children evaluated (96.73%) presented Angle class I dental occlusion, and 75.22% presented some degree of dental fluorosis. Most of the population (511, 87.95%) showed bleeding on probing. A moderate/high degree of some dental pathology (DMF score) was recorded in 14.46%. The association between dental fluorosis, gingival bleeding and tooth decay indicated a higher concentration of pathology in groups with more severe fluorosis (p<0.05). Conclusion In this large population sample, both tooth decay and gingivitis were significantly associated with moderate or severe dental fluorosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Miranda-Rius
- Department of Odontostomatology. Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital Dentistry, Clinical Orthodontics & Periodontal Medicine Research Group (HDECORPEMrg), Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IRSJD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluís Brunet-Llobet
- Hospital Dentistry, Clinical Orthodontics & Periodontal Medicine Research Group (HDECORPEMrg), Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IRSJD), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry. Hospital Sant Joan de Déu. University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Lahor-Soler
- Department of Odontostomatology. Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital Dentistry, Clinical Orthodontics & Periodontal Medicine Research Group (HDECORPEMrg), Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IRSJD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ombeni Mrina
- Dental & Oral Department, Soweto General Hospital, Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Elias I Mashala
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Mount Meru Regional Hospital, Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Michael J Mahande
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics. Institute of Public Health. Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College (KCMU College), Moshi, United Republic of Tanzania
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Sah O, Maguire A, Zohoori FV. Effect of altitude on urinary, plasma and nail fluoride levels in children and adults in Nepal. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2020; 57:1-8. [PMID: 31541876 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2019.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A greater prevalence of dental fluorosis has been reported in higher- versus lower-altitude communities. This study, for the first time, examined several aspects of fluoride metabolism in children, aged 4-5 years, and their parent, living at lower altitude (<78 m) and higher altitude (>1487) areas in Nepal. METHODS The study assessed total daily fluoride intake (TDFI), 24 h urinary fluoride excretion (UFE), and fluoride concentrations of toe- and finger-nail (FCtoenail, FCfingernail) in children and parents as well as fluoride concentration of plasma (FCplasma) in parents. Fractional urinary fluoride excretion (FUFE) was calculated as the ratio between UFE and TDFI. FCtoenail, FCfingernail and FCplasma were normalised for TDFI by dividing the variables by TDFI and the ratio was reported as the percentage. RESULTS In total, 89 children and 80 parents took part in the study: 42 children and 41 parents from the lower altitude area; 47 children and 39 parents from the higher altitude area. Fluoride concentration of drinking water was significantly (P < 0.001) higher at lower altitude (0.395 mg F/l) than at higher altitude (0.104 mg F/l). TDFI was significantly (p < 0.001) higher in both children and parents living in lower altitude than those living at higher altitude. There was a statistically significant (p = 0.044) difference in the mean FUFE of children living at lower altitude (53%) and higher altitude (46%). However, no significant difference in FUFE was found between parents living at lower altitude (47%) compared with higher altitude (41%). In both children and parents, no statistically significant differences in normalised FCtoenail, FCfingernail were found between the two altitude areas. However, normalised FCplasma was statistically significantly (P = 0.005) higher in parents living at higher altitude (0.15%) compared with those living at lower altitude (0.11%). CONCLUSION The results suggest that higher altitude living results in decreased urinary fluoride excretion, and consequently increased fluoride retention in children for a given dose (amount) of fluoride.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Sah
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - A Maguire
- Centre for Oral Health Research, School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - F V Zohoori
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK.
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10
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Abstract
Since the classical epidemiological studies by Dean, it has been known that there should be an optimum level of exposure to fluoride that would be able to provide the maximum protection against caries, with minimum dental fluorosis. The "optimal" daily intake of fluoride for children (0.05-0.07 mg per kilogram bodyweight) that is still accepted worldwide was empirically determined. In the present review, we discuss the appropriateness of the current guidance for fluoride intake, in light of the windows of susceptibility to caries and fluorosis, the modern trends of fluoride intake from multiple sources, individual variations in fluoride metabolism, and recent epidemiological data. The main conclusion is that it is very difficult to think about a strict recommendation for an "optimal" range of fluoride intake at the individual level in light of existing knowledge of 1) the mechanisms of action of fluoride to control caries, 2) the mechanisms involved in dental fluorosis development, 3) the distinct factors that interfere in the metabolism of fluoride, and 4) the windows of susceptibility to both dental caries and fluorosis development. An "optimal" range of fluoride intake is, however, desirable at the population level to guide programs of community fluoridation, but further research is necessary to provide additional support for future decisions on guidance in this area. This list includes the effect of factors affecting fluoride metabolism, clinical trials on the effectiveness of low-fluoride dentifrices to prevent caries in the primary dentition, and validation of biomarkers of exposure to fluoride.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A R Buzalaf
- 1 Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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11
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Nelson EA, Halling CL, Buikstra JE. Evidence of Skeletal Fluorosis at the Ray Site, Illinois, USA: a pathological assessment and discussion of environmental factors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PALEOPATHOLOGY 2019; 26:48-60. [PMID: 31228793 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To carefully assess skeletal lesions in close environment context in order to evaluate whether skeletal fluorosis was present in individuals living in the prehistoric Midwest, USA. MATERIALS Skeletal remains from minimally 117 individuals recovered from the Ray Site, located in western Illinois (USA) and dated to the Middle/early Late Woodland periods (50 BC-AD 400). METHODS Macroscopic evaluation of all recovered skeletal elements. RESULTS Eight individuals display a constellation of abnormal bony changes, including osteosclerosis, a high frequency of fractures, and dental abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS The osteosclerotic changes along with the naturally high fluoride content of west central Illinois soil and water suggests the presence of skeletal fluorosis. SIGNIFICANCE This is the first report of skeletal fluorosis from archaeologically recovered human remains from North America. LIMITATIONS The ambiguous nature of the skeletal changes associated with fluorosis, especially in the less severe stages of the disease, renders determination of the etiology difficult. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH The continuation of paleopathological investigations of fluoride toxicity within archaeological communities recovered from this region with emphasis on the incorporation of biomedical and environmental data. Furthermore, complementary analyses of the chemical composition and the histological presentation of the skeletons could provide support for this diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Nelson
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.
| | | | - Jane E Buikstra
- Center for Bioarchaeological Research, Arizona State University, United States
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12
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Khan ZN, Sabino IT, de Souza Melo CG, Martini T, da Silva Pereira HAB, Buzalaf MAR. Liver Proteome of Mice with Distinct Genetic Susceptibilities to Fluorosis Treated with Different Concentrations of F in the Drinking Water. Biol Trace Elem Res 2019; 187:107-119. [PMID: 29705835 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1344-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Appropriate doses of fluoride (F) have therapeutic action against dental caries, but higher levels can cause disturbances in soft and mineralized tissues. Interestingly, the susceptibility to the toxic effects of F is genetically determined. This study evaluated the effects of F on the liver proteome of mice susceptible (A/J) or resistant (129P3/J) to the effects of F. Weanling male A/J (n = 12) and 129P3/J (n = 12) mice were housed in pairs and assigned to two groups given low-F food and drinking water containing 15 or 50 ppm F for 6 weeks. Liver proteome profiles were examined using nano-LC-ESI-MS/MS. Difference in expression among the groups was determined using the PLGS software. Treatment with the lower F concentration provoked more pronounced alterations in fold change in liver proteins in comparison to the treatment with the higher F concentration. Interestingly, most of the proteins with fold change upon treatment with 15 ppm F were increased in the A/J mice compared with their 129P3/J counterparts, suggesting an attempt of the former to fight the deleterious effects of F. However, upon treatment with 50 ppm F, most proteins with fold change were decreased in the A/J mice compared with their 129P3/J counterparts, especially proteins related to oxidative stress and protein folding, which might be related to the higher susceptibility of the A/J animals to the deleterious effects of F. Our findings add light into the mechanisms underlying genetic susceptibility to fluorosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohaib Nisar Khan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Al. Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Bauru, São Paulo, 17012-901, Brazil
| | - Isabela Tomazini Sabino
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Al. Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Bauru, São Paulo, 17012-901, Brazil
| | - Carina Guimarães de Souza Melo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Al. Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Bauru, São Paulo, 17012-901, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Martini
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Al. Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Bauru, São Paulo, 17012-901, Brazil
| | - Heloísa Aparecida Barbosa da Silva Pereira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Al. Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Bauru, São Paulo, 17012-901, Brazil
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Center of Biological Sciences and the Health, Federal University of São Carlos, Washington Luis, Km 235, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Marília Afonso Rabelo Buzalaf
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Al. Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Bauru, São Paulo, 17012-901, Brazil.
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Yang Y, Zhao Q, Liu Y, Liu X, Chu Y, Yan H, Fan Y, Huo S, Wang L, Lou Q, Guo N, Sun D, Gao Y. FRZB1 rs2242070 polymorphisms is associated with brick tea type skeletal fluorosis in Kazakhs, but not in Tibetans, China. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:2217-2225. [PMID: 29785637 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2217-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal fluorosis is a metabolic bone and joint disease caused by excessive accumulation of fluoride in the bones. Compared with Kazakhs, Tibetans are more likely to develop moderate and severe brick tea type skeletal fluorosis, although they have similar fluoride exposure. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in frizzled-related protein (FRZB) have been associated with osteoarthritis, but their association with the risk of skeletal fluorosis has not been reported. In this paper, we investigated the association of three SNPs (rs7775, rs2242070 and rs9288087) in FRZB1with brick tea type skeletal fluorosis risk in a cross-sectional case-control study conducted in Sinkiang and Qinghai, China. A total of 598 individuals, including 308 Tibetans and 290 Kazakhs, were enrolled in this study, in which cases and controls were 221 and 377, respectively. The skeletal fluorosis was diagnosed according to the Chinese diagnostic criteria of endemic skeletal fluorosis (WS192-2008). The fluoride content in tea water or urine was detected using the fluoride ion electrode. SNPs were assessed using the Sequenom MassARRAY system. Binary logistic regressions found evidence of association with rs2242070 AA genotype in only Kazakh participants [odds ratio (OR) 0.417, 95% CI 0.216-0.807, p = 0.009], but not in Tibetans. When stratified by age, this protective effect of AA genotype in rs2242070 was pronounced in Kazakh participants aged 46-65 (OR 0.321, 95% CI 0.135-0.764, p = 0.010). This protective association with AA genotype in rs2242070 in Kazakhs also appeared to be stronger with tea fluoride intake > 3.5 mg/day (OR 0.396, 95% CI 0.182-0.864, p = 0.020). Our data suggest there might be differential genetic influence on skeletal fluorosis risk in Kazakh and Tibetan participants and that this difference might be modified by tea fluoride intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Yang
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province and Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Lab of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Qiaoshi Zhao
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province and Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Lab of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province and Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Lab of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiaona Liu
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province and Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Lab of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yanru Chu
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province and Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Lab of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Huazhu Yan
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province and Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Lab of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yumei Fan
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province and Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Lab of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Simeng Huo
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province and Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Lab of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Limei Wang
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province and Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Lab of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Qun Lou
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province and Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Lab of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ning Guo
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province and Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Lab of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Dianjun Sun
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province and Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Lab of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yanhui Gao
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China.
- Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province and Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China.
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Lab of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China.
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14
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McCormack VA, Menya D, Munishi MO, Dzamalala C, Gasmelseed N, Leon Roux M, Assefa M, Osano O, Watts M, Mwasamwaja AO, Mmbaga BT, Murphy G, Abnet CC, Dawsey SM, Schüz J. Informing etiologic research priorities for squamous cell esophageal cancer in Africa: A review of setting-specific exposures to known and putative risk factors. Int J Cancer 2017; 140:259-271. [PMID: 27466161 PMCID: PMC5763498 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most common cancers in most Eastern and Southern African countries, but its etiology has been understudied to date. To inform its research agenda, we undertook a review to identify, of the ESCC risk factors which have been established or strongly suggested worldwide, those with a high prevalence or high exposure levels in any ESCC-affected African setting and the sources thereof. We found that for almost all ESCC risk factors known to date, including tobacco, alcohol, hot beverage consumption, nitrosamines and both inhaled and ingested PAHs, there is evidence of population groups with raised exposures, the sources of which vary greatly between cultures across the ESCC corridor. Research encompassing these risk factors is warranted and is likely to identify primary prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A McCormack
- Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - D Menya
- School of Public Health, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - M O Munishi
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - C Dzamalala
- College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
- Malawi Cancer Registry, Malawi
| | - N Gasmelseed
- National Cancer Institute, University of Gezira, Sudan
- Faculty of Science, University of Hafr Al Batin, Saudi Arabia
| | - M Leon Roux
- Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - M Assefa
- Radiotherapy Center, Addis-Ababa-University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - O Osano
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Eldoret, Kenya
| | - M Watts
- Inorganic Chemistry, Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, British Geological Survey, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - A O Mwasamwaja
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - B T Mmbaga
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - G Murphy
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - C C Abnet
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - S M Dawsey
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - J Schüz
- Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
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15
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Antonijevic E, Mandinic Z, Curcic M, Djukic-Cosic D, Milicevic N, Ivanovic M, Carevic M, Antonijevic B. "Borderline" fluorotic region in Serbia: correlations among fluoride in drinking water, biomarkers of exposure and dental fluorosis in schoolchildren. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2016; 38:885-896. [PMID: 26423526 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-015-9769-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study explores relation between dental fluorosis occurrence in schoolchildren, residents of Ritopek, a small local community near Belgrade, and fluoride exposure via drinking water. Additionally, fluoride levels were determined in children's urine and hair samples, and efforts were made to correlate them with dental fluorosis. Dental fluorosis and caries prevalence were examined in a total of 52 schoolchildren aged 7-15 years (29 boys and 23 girls). Fluoride levels in three types of samples were analyzed using composite fluoride ion-selective electrode. Results showed high prevalence of dental fluorosis (34.6 %) and low prevalence of dental caries (23.1 %, mean DMFT 0.96) among children exposed to wide range of water fluoride levels (0.11-4.14 mg/L, n = 27). About 11 % of water samples exceeded 1.5 mg/L, a drinking-water quality guideline value for fluoride given by the World Health Organization (2006). Fluoride levels in urine and hair samples ranged between 0.07-2.59 (n = 48) and 1.07-19.83 mg/L (n = 33), respectively. Severity of dental fluorosis was positively and linearly correlated with fluoride levels in drinking water (r = 0.79). Fluoride levels in urine and hair were strongly and positively correlated with levels in drinking water (r = 0.92 and 0.94, respectively). Fluoride levels in hair samples appeared to be a potentially promising biomarker of fluoride intake via drinking water on one hand, and severity of dental fluorosis on the other hand. Based on community fluorosis index value of 0.58, dental fluorosis revealed in Ritopek can be considered as "borderline" public health issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evica Antonijevic
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, Belgrade, 11221, Serbia.
| | - Zoran Mandinic
- Clinic for Preventive and Paediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 11, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Marijana Curcic
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, Belgrade, 11221, Serbia
| | - Danijela Djukic-Cosic
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, Belgrade, 11221, Serbia
| | - Nemanja Milicevic
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, Belgrade, 11221, Serbia
| | - Mirjana Ivanovic
- Clinic for Preventive and Paediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 11, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Momir Carevic
- Clinic for Preventive and Paediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 11, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Biljana Antonijevic
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, Belgrade, 11221, Serbia
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Olaka LA, Wilke FDH, Olago DO, Odada EO, Mulch A, Musolff A. Groundwater fluoride enrichment in an active rift setting: Central Kenya Rift case study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 545-546:641-53. [PMID: 26775113 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater is used extensively in the Central Kenya Rift for domestic and agricultural demands. In these active rift settings groundwater can exhibit high fluoride levels. In order to address water security and reduce human exposure to high fluoride in drinking water, knowledge of the source and geochemical processes of enrichment are required. A study was therefore carried out within the Naivasha catchment (Kenya) to understand the genesis, enrichment and seasonal variations of fluoride in the groundwater. Rocks, rain, surface and groundwater sources were sampled for hydrogeochemical and isotopic investigations, the data was statistically and geospatially analyzed. Water sources have variable fluoride concentrations between 0.02-75 mg/L. 73% exceed the health limit (1.5mg/L) in both dry and wet seasons. F(-) concentrations in rivers are lower (0.2-9.2mg/L) than groundwater (0.09 to 43.6 mg/L) while saline lake waters have the highest concentrations (0.27-75 mg/L). The higher values are confined to elevations below 2000 masl. Oxygen (δ(18)O) and hydrogen (δD) isotopic values range from -6.2 to +5.8‰ and -31.3 to +33.3‰, respectively, they are also highly variable in the rift floor where they attain maximum values. Fluoride base levels in the precursor vitreous volcanic rocks are higher (between 3750-6000 ppm) in minerals such as cordierite and muscovite while secondary minerals like illite and kaolinite have lower remnant fluoride (<1000 ppm). Thus, geochemical F(-) enrichment in regional groundwater is mainly due to a) rock alteration, i.e. through long residence times and natural discharge and/or enhanced leakages of deep seated geothermal water reservoirs, b) secondary concentration fortification of natural reservoirs through evaporation, through reduced recharge and/or enhanced abstraction and c) through additional enrichment of fluoride after volcanic emissions. The findings are useful to help improve water management in Naivasha as well as similar active rift setting environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia A Olaka
- Department of Geology, University of Nairobi, P.O Box 30197, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | | | - Daniel O Olago
- Department of Geology, University of Nairobi, P.O Box 30197, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Eric O Odada
- Department of Geology, University of Nairobi, P.O Box 30197, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Andreas Mulch
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany; Institut für Geowissenschaften, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas Musolff
- UFZ-Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Hydrogeology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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Charone S, De Lima Leite A, Peres-Buzalaf C, Silva Fernandes M, Ferreira de Almeida L, Zardin Graeff MS, Cardoso de Oliveira R, Campanelli AP, Groisman S, Whitford GM, Everett ET, Buzalaf MAR. Proteomics of Secretory-Stage and Maturation-Stage Enamel of Genetically Distinct Mice. Caries Res 2016; 50:24-31. [DOI: 10.1159/000442301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which excessive ingestion of fluoride (F) during amelogenesis leads to dental fluorosis (DF) are still not precisely known. Inbred strains of mice vary in their susceptibility to develop DF, and therefore permit the investigation of underlying molecular events influencing DF severity. We employed a proteomic approach to characterize and evaluate changes in protein expression from secretory-stage and maturation-stage enamel in 2 strains of mice with different susceptibilities to DF (A/J, i.e. ‘susceptible' and 129P3/J, i.e. ‘resistant'). Weanling male and female susceptible and resistant mice fed a low-F diet were divided into 2 F-water treatment groups. They received water containing 0 (control) or 50 mg F/l for 6 weeks. Plasma and incisor enamel was analyzed for F content. For proteomic analysis, the enamel proteins extracted for each group were separated by 2-dimensional electrophoresis and subsequently characterized by liquid-chromatography electrospray-ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. F data were analyzed by 2-way ANOVA and Bonferroni's test (p < 0.05). Resistant mice had significantly higher plasma and enamel F concentrations when compared with susceptible mice in the F-treated groups. The proteomic results for mice treated with 0 mg F/l revealed that during the secretory stage, resistant mice had a higher abundance of proteins than their susceptible counterparts, but this was reversed during the maturation stage. Treatment with F greatly increased the number of protein spots detected in both stages. Many proteins not previously described in enamel (e.g. type 1 collagen) as well as some uncharacterized proteins were identified. Our findings reveal new insights regarding amelogenesis and how genetic background and F affect this process.
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Wong HM, Wen YF, King NM, McGrath CPJ. Longitudinal changes in developmental defects of enamel. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2016; 44:255-62. [PMID: 26776741 DOI: 10.1111/cdoe.12213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Epidemiological studies on developmental defects of enamel (DDE) have focused on its potential contributory factors and prevalence while there is limited evidence on the longitudinal changes in the epidemiological profile of DDE. Thus, the objective of this longitudinal study was to investigate whether any type of DDE changes with time. METHODS A total of 668 participants were initially recruited in 2010, and 432 participants were successfully followed up and examined for DDE both at the age of 12 in 2010 and 15 in 2013. The central incisor, lateral incisor and first molar in each quadrant were chosen as index teeth and were examined 'wet' by two trained and calibrated examiners using the modified FDI (DDE) Index. RESULTS The mouth prevalence and tooth prevalence of 'any defect' showed a significant decrease from 2010 to 2013 (P < 0.001). This was predominantly due to the decrease in diffuse opacities (P < 0.001). Significant difference in the distribution of the extent of DDE was also found for diffuse opacities at both the participant and tooth levels irrespective of the types of tooth (P < 0.0001). Median extent score for diffuse opacities in 2013 was lower than those in 2010 at both participant and tooth level irrespective of the types of tooth (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Diffuse opacities, in terms of prevalence and severity, did fade out over time. The observed overall change in DDE was due to the dominating effect of diffuse opacities over demarcated opacities and hypoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Ming Wong
- Paediatric Dentistry & Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yi Feng Wen
- Paediatric Dentistry & Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Nigel Martyn King
- Paediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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Fan Z, Gao Y, Wang W, Gong H, Guo M, Zhao S, Liu X, Yu B, Sun D. Prevalence of Brick Tea-Type Fluorosis in the Tibet Autonomous Region. J Epidemiol 2015; 26:57-63. [PMID: 26499132 PMCID: PMC4728115 DOI: 10.2188/jea.je20150037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of brick tea-type fluorosis is high in Tibet because of the habit of drinking brick tea in this region. Brick tea-type fluorosis has become an urgent public health problem in China. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted to investigate prevalence of brick tea-type fluorosis in all districts of Tibet using a stratified cluster sampling method. Dental fluorosis in children aged 8–12 years and clinical skeletal fluorosis in adults were diagnosed according to the national criteria. A total of 423 children and 1320 adults participated in the study. Samples of drinking water, brick tea, brick tea infusion (or buttered tea), and urine were collected and measured for fluoride concentrations by the fluoride ion selective electrode method. Results The fluoride level in all but one of the brick tea samples was above the national standard. The average daily fluoride intake from drinking brick tea in all seven districts in Tibet was much higher than the national standard. The prevalence of dental fluorosis was 33.57%, and the prevalence of clinical skeletal fluorosis was 46.06%. The average daily fluoride intake from drinking brick tea (r = 0.292, P < 0.05), urine fluoride concentrations in children (r = 0.134, P < 0.05), urine fluoride concentrations in adults (r = 0.162, P < 0.05), and altitude (r = 0.276, P < 0.05) were positively correlated with the prevalence of brick tea-type fluorosis. Herdsmen had the highest fluoride exposure and the most severe skeletal fluorosis. Conclusions Brick tea-type fluorosis in Tibet is more serious than in other parts of China. The altitude and occupational factors are important risk factors for brick tea-type fluorosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Fan
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health
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Bala Y, Seeman E. Bone's Material Constituents and their Contribution to Bone Strength in Health, Disease, and Treatment. Calcif Tissue Int 2015; 97:308-26. [PMID: 25712256 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-015-9971-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 collagen matrix volume, its degree of completeness of its mineralization, the extent of collagen crosslinking and water content, and the non-collagenous proteins like osteopontin and osteocalcin comprise the main constituents of bone's material composition. Each influences material strength and change in different ways during advancing age, health, disease, and drug therapy. These traits are not quantifiable using bone densitometry and their plurality is better captured by the term bone 'qualities' than 'quality'. These qualities are the subject of this manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Bala
- Laboratoire Vibrations Acoustique, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon, Campus LyonTech la Doua, Villeurbanne, France
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Abstract
Dental fluorosis manifests by too much ingestion of fluoride resulting in disturbances in enamel mineralization. The result is intrinsic discolorations in the maxillary and mandibular teeth with a poor esthetic appearance. In challenging cases, an esthetic result may be achieved only by a combination of techniques. This case report demonstrates a combination of modalities used to treat a patient presenting with atypical staining as a result of high-level exposure to ingested fluoride present in the drinking water as a child. Conservative treatment consisted of a combination of in-office bleaching to reduce the discoloration and porcelain veneers to create an esthetic result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Slaska
- Department of Cariology and Comprehensive Care, New York University College of Dentistry, 77 East 12th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Arnold I Liebman
- Department of Cariology and Comprehensive Care, New York University College of Dentistry, 2280 East 71st Street, New York, NY 11234, USA.
| | - Diana Kukleris
- Private Practice, 1248 Farm to Market 78, Schertz, TX 78154, USA
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Wu J, Wang W, Liu Y, Sun J, Ye Y, Li B, Liu X, Liu H, Sun Z, Li M, Cui J, Sun D, Yang Y, Gao Y. Modifying Role of GSTP1 Polymorphism on the Association between Tea Fluoride Exposure and the Brick-Tea Type Fluorosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128280. [PMID: 26046522 PMCID: PMC4457801 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Brick tea type fluorosis is a public health concern in the north-west area of China. The association between SNPs of genes influencing bone mass and fluorosis has attracted attention, but the association of SNPs with the risk of brick-tea type of fluorosis has not been reported. Objective To investigate the modifying roles of GSTP1 rs1695 polymorphisms on this association. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted. Brick-tea water was tested by the standard of GB1996-2005 (China). Urinary fluoride was tested by the standard of WS/T 89-2006 (China). Skeletal fluorosis was diagnosed by X-ray, the part we scheduled was forearm, shank, and pelvic, then diagnosed the skeletal fluorosis by the standard of WS/192-2008 (China). Gene polymorphism was tested by Sequenom MassARRAY system. Result The prevalence rate in different ethnical participants was different: Tibetan individuals had the highest prevalence rate of skeletal fluorosis. There were significant differences in genotype frequencies of GSTP1 Rs1695 among different ethnical participants (p<0.001): Tibetan, Mongolian and Han subjects with homozygous wild type (GSTP1-AA) genotype were numerically higher than Kazakh and Russian subjects (p<0.001). Compared to Tibetan participants who carried homozygous A allele of GSTP1 Rs1695, Tibetan participants who carried G allele had a significantly decreased risk of skeletal fluorosis (OR = 0.558 [95% CI, 0.326-0.955]). For Kazakh participants, a decreased risk of skeletal fluorosis among carriers of the G allele was limited to non high-loaded fluoride status (OR = 0. 166 [95% CI, 0.035–0.780] vs. OR = 1.478 [95% CI, 0.866–2.552] in participants with high-loaded fluoride status). Neither SNP-IF nor SNP-age for GSTP1 Rs1695 was observed. Conclusion The prevalence rate of the brick tea type fluorosis might have ethnic difference. For Tibetan individuals, who had the highest prevalence rate, G allele of GSTP1 Rs1695 might be a protective factor for brick tea type skeletal fluorosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Wu
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin 150081, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin 150081, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin 150081, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin 150081, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yan Ye
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin 150081, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Bingyun Li
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin 150081, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xiaona Liu
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin 150081, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Hongxu Liu
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin 150081, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Zhenqi Sun
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin 150081, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Mang Li
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin 150081, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Jing Cui
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin 150081, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Dianjun Sun
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin 150081, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yanmei Yang
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin 150081, Heilongjiang Province, China
- * E-mail: (YY); (YG)
| | - Yanhui Gao
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin 150081, Heilongjiang Province, China
- * E-mail: (YY); (YG)
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Buzalaf MAR, Barbosa CS, Leite ADL, Chang SR, Liu J, Czajka-Jakubowska A, Clarkson B. Enamel crystals of mice susceptible or resistant to dental fluorosis: an AFM study. J Appl Oral Sci 2014; 22:159-64. [PMID: 25025555 PMCID: PMC4072265 DOI: 10.1590/1678-775720130515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to assess the overall apatite crystals profile in the enamel
matrix of mice susceptible (A/J strain) or resistant (129P3/J strain) to dental
fluorosis through analyses by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Material and Methods Samples from the enamel matrix in the early stages of secretion and maturation
were obtained from the incisors of mice from both strains. All detectable traces
of matrix protein were removed from the samples by a sequential extraction
procedure. The purified crystals (n=13 per strain) were analyzed
qualitatively in the AFM. Surface roughness profile (Ra) was measured. Results The mean (±SD) Ra of the crystals of A/J strain (0.58±0.15 nm) was lower than the
one found for the 129P3/J strain (0.66±0.21 nm) but the difference did not reach
statistical significance (t=1.187, p=0.247). Crystals of the 129P3/J strain
(70.42±6.79 nm) were found to be significantly narrower (t=4.013, p=0.0013) than
the same parameter measured for the A/J strain (90.42±15.86 nm). Conclusion Enamel crystals of the 129P3/J strain are narrower, which is indicative of slower
crystal growth and could interfere in the occurrence of dental fluorosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carolina Silveira Barbosa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline de Lima Leite
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Sywe-Ren Chang
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, U.S.A
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, U.S.A
| | - Agata Czajka-Jakubowska
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland
| | - Brian Clarkson
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland
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Rango T, Vengosh A, Jeuland M, Tekle-Haimanot R, Weinthal E, Kravchenko J, Paul C, McCornick P. Fluoride exposure from groundwater as reflected by urinary fluoride and children's dental fluorosis in the Main Ethiopian Rift Valley. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 496:188-197. [PMID: 25084227 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Revised: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This cross-sectional study explores the relationships between children's F(-) exposure from drinking groundwater and urinary F(-) concentrations, combined with dental fluorosis (DF) in the Main Ethiopian Rift (MER) Valley. We examined the DF prevalence and severity among 491 children (10 to 15 years old) who are life-long residents of 33 rural communities in which groundwater concentrations of F(-) cover a wide range. A subset of 156 children was selected for urinary F(-) measurements. Our results showed that the mean F(-) concentrations in groundwater were 8.5 ± 4.1 mg/L (range: 1.1-18 mg/L), while those in urine were 12.1±7.3 mg/L (range: 1.1-39.8 mg/L). The prevalence of mild, moderate, and severe DF in children's teeth was 17%, 29%, and 45%, respectively, and the majority (90%; n=140) of the children had urinary F(-) concentrations above 3 mg/L. Below this level most of the teeth showed mild forms of DF. The exposure-response relationship between F(-) and DF was positive and non-linear, with DF severity tending to level off above a F(-) threshold of ~6 mg/L, most likely due to the fact that at ~6 mg/L the enamel is damaged as much as it can be clinically observed in most children. We also observed differential prevalence (and severity) of DF and urinary concentration, across children exposed to similar F(-) concentrations in water, which highlights the importance of individual-specific factors in addition to the F(-) levels in drinking water. Finally, we investigated urinary F(-) in children from communities where defluoridation remediation was taking place. The lower F(-) concentration measured in urine of this population demonstrates the capacity of the urinary F(-) method as an effective monitoring and evaluation tool for assessing the outcome of successful F(-) mitigation strategy in relatively short time (months) in areas affected with severe fluorosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tewodros Rango
- Division of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Avner Vengosh
- Division of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Marc Jeuland
- Sanford School of Public Policy and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Institute of Water Policy, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Erika Weinthal
- Division of Environmental Sciences and Policy, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Julia Kravchenko
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Christopher Paul
- Division of Environmental Sciences and Policy, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Peter McCornick
- International Water Management Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka
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Wong HM, McGrath C, King NM. Diffuse opacities in 12-year-old Hong Kong children - four cross-sectional surveys. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2013; 42:61-9. [DOI: 10.1111/cdoe.12064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hai Ming Wong
- Paediatric Dentistry & Orthodontics; Faculty of Dentistry; The University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam Hong Kong
| | - Colman McGrath
- Periodontology & Public Health; Faculty of Dentistry; The University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam Hong Kong
| | - Nigel M. King
- Paediatric Dentistry; School of Dentistry; Faculty of Medicine; Dentistry and Health Sciences; The University of Western Australia; Perth WA Australia
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García-Pérez A, Irigoyen-Camacho M, Borges-Yáñez A. Fluorosis and Dental Caries in Mexican Schoolchildren Residing in Areas with Different Water Fluoride Concentrations and Receiving Fluoridated Salt. Caries Res 2013; 47:299-308. [DOI: 10.1159/000346616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Rango T, Kravchenko J, Atlaw B, McCornick PG, Jeuland M, Merola B, Vengosh A. Groundwater quality and its health impact: An assessment of dental fluorosis in rural inhabitants of the Main Ethiopian Rift. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2012; 43:37-47. [PMID: 22484218 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to assess the link between fluoride content in groundwater and its impact on dental health in rural communities of the Ethiopian Rift. A total of 148 water samples were collected from two drainage basins within the Main Ethiopian Rift (MER). In the Ziway-Shala basin in particular, wells had high fluoride levels (mean: 9.4±10.5mg/L; range: 1.1 to 68 mg/L), with 48 of 50 exceeding the WHO drinking water guideline limit of 1.5mg/L. Total average daily intake of fluoride from drinking groundwater (calculated per weight unit) was also found to be six times higher than the No-Observed-Adverse-Effects-Level (NOAEL) value of 0.06 mg/kg/day. The highest fluoride levels were found in highly-alkaline (pH of 7 to 8.9) groundwater characterized by high salinity; high concentrations of sodium (Na⁺), bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻), and silica (SiO₂); and low concentrations of calcium (Ca²⁺). A progressive Ca²⁺ decrease along the groundwater flow path is associated with an increase of fluoride in the groundwater. The groundwater quality problem is also coupled with the presence of other toxic elements, such as arsenic (As) and uranium (U). The health impact of fluoride was evaluated based on clinical examination of dental fluorosis (DF) among local residents using the Thylstrup and Fejerskov index (TFI). In total, 200 rural inhabitants between the ages of 7 and 40 years old using water from 12 wells of fluoride range of 7.8-18 mg/L were examined. Signs of DF (TF score of ≥ 1) were observed in all individuals. Most of the teeth (52%) recorded TF scores of 5 and 6, followed by TF scores of 3 and 4 (30%), and 8.4% had TF scores of 7 or higher. Sixty percent of the teeth exhibited loss of the outermost enamel. Within the range of fluoride contents, we did not find any correlation between fluoride content and DF. Finally, preliminary data suggest that milk intake has contributed to reducing the severity of DF. The study highlights the apparent positive role of milk on DF, and emphasizes the importance of nutrition in management efforts to mitigate DF in the MER and other parts of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tewodros Rango
- Division of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Box 90227, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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A conservative approach for management of fluorosed anterior teeth. Indian J Dent 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijd.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Abstract
Fluoride is a naturally occurring element with multiple implications for human health. This review discusses its metabolism and toxicity, along with the current understanding of the mechanism of action of fluoride and its role as a safe and effective agent in the prevention of dental caries. The relationship between excessive fluoride intake during periods of dental enamel formation and the development of dental fluorosis is also reviewed.
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Everett ET. Fluoride's effects on the formation of teeth and bones, and the influence of genetics. J Dent Res 2010; 90:552-60. [PMID: 20929720 DOI: 10.1177/0022034510384626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluorides are present in the environment. Excessive systemic exposure to fluorides can lead to disturbances of bone homeostasis (skeletal fluorosis) and enamel development (dental/enamel fluorosis). The severity of dental fluorosis is also dependent upon fluoride dose and the timing and duration of fluoride exposure. Fluoride's actions on bone cells predominate as anabolic effects both in vitro and in vivo. More recently, fluoride has been shown to induce osteoclastogenesis in mice. Fluorides appear to mediate their actions through the MAPK signaling pathway and can lead to changes in gene expression, cell stress, and cell death. Different strains of inbred mice demonstrate differential physiological responses to ingested fluoride. Genetic studies in mice are capable of identifying and characterizing fluoride-responsive genetic variations. Ultimately, this can lead to the identification of at-risk human populations who are susceptible to the unwanted or potentially adverse effects of fluoride action and to the elucidation of fundamental mechanisms by which fluoride affects biomineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- E T Everett
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 228 Brauer Hall, CB# 7450, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Mandinic Z, Curcic M, Antonijevic B, Carevic M, Mandic J, Djukic-Cosic D, Lekic CP. Fluoride in drinking water and dental fluorosis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2010; 408:3507-3512. [PMID: 20580811 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Revised: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In this study we determined the fluoride content in drinking water and hair of 12-year-old schoolchildren from different Serbian municipalities, i.e. Valjevo, Veliko Gradiste, Kacarevo and Vranjska Banja. The analyses were performed using composite fluoride ion-selective electrode. Average fluoride levels were 0.10, 0.15, 0.79 and 11 ppm in well water, 0.07, 0.10, 0.17 and 0.15 ppm in tap water, 19.3, 21.5, 25.4, and 32.5 ppm in hair samples, in Valjevo, Veliko Gradiste, Kacarevo and Vranjska Banja, respectively. Correlation analysis indicated statistically significant positive relationship between fluoride in wells water and fluoride in hair, for all municipalities: correlation coefficients were 0.54 (p < 0.05), 0.89, 0.97 and 0.99 (p < 0.001), in Vranjska Banja, Valjevo, Veliko Gradiste, and Kacarevo, respectively. Positive correlation was obtained also between fluoride in tap water and hair samples in all regions under the study, with statistical significance only in Valjevo municipality, p < 0.05. Dental examination of schoolchildren confirmed dental fluorosis only in the region of Vranjska Banja. Moreover, in endemic fluorotic region of Vranjska Banja, positive and statistically significant correlations were confirmed between fluoride in well water and dental fluorosis level (r = 0.61; p < 0.01) and additionally between fluoride in hair and dental fluorosis level (0.62; p < 0.01). The primary findings from this study have shown that fluoride content in hair is highly correlated with fluoride content in drinking water and dental fluorosis level, indicating that hair may be regarded as biomaterial of high informative potential in evaluating prolonged exposure to fluorides and to individuate children at risk of fluorosis regardless of the phase of teeth eruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Mandinic
- Clinic of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 11, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
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Carvalho JG, Leite AL, Yan D, Everett ET, Whitford GM, Buzalaf MAR. Influence of genetic background on fluoride metabolism in mice. J Dent Res 2009; 88:1054-8. [PMID: 19828896 DOI: 10.1177/0022034509347249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A/J and 129P3/J mouse strains have different susceptibilities to dental fluorosis, due to their genetic backgrounds. This study tested whether these differences are due to variations in water intake and/or F metabolism. A/J (susceptible to dental fluorosis) and 129P3/J mice (resistant) received drinking water containing 0, 10, or 50 ppm F. Weekly F intake, excretion and retention, and terminal plasma and femur F levels were determined. Dental fluorosis was evaluated clinically and by quantitative fluorescence (QF). Data were tested by two-way ANOVA. Although F intakes by the strains were similar, excretion by A/J mice was significantly higher due to greater urinary F excretion, which resulted in lower plasma and femur F levels. Compared with 129P3/J mice given 50 ppm F, significantly higher QF scores were recorded for A/J mice. In conclusion, these strains differ with respect to several features of F metabolism, and amelogenesis in the 129P3/J strain seems to be unaffected by high F exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Carvalho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, Al. Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Bauru-SP 17012-901, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Mousny M, Omelon S, Wise L, Everett ET, Dumitriu M, Holmyard DP, Banse X, Devogelaer JP, Grynpas MD. Fluoride effects on bone formation and mineralization are influenced by genetics. Bone 2008; 43:1067-74. [PMID: 18755305 PMCID: PMC2664744 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2008.07.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Revised: 07/17/2008] [Accepted: 07/31/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A variation in bone response to fluoride (F(-)) exposure has been attributed to genetic factors. Increasing fluoride doses (0 ppm, 25 ppm, 50 ppm, 100 ppm) for three inbred mouse strains with different susceptibilities to developing dental enamel fluorosis (A/J, a "susceptible" strain; SWR/J, an "intermediate" strain; 129P3/J, a "resistant" strain) had different effects on their cortical and trabecular bone mechanical properties. In this paper, the structural and material properties of the bone were evaluated to explain the previously observed changes in mechanical properties. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study assessed the effect of increasing fluoride doses on the bone formation, microarchitecture, mineralization and microhardness of the A/J, SWR/J and 129P3/J mouse strains. Bone microarchitecture was quantified with microcomputed tomography and strut analysis. Bone formation was evaluated by static histomorphometry. Bone mineralization was quantified with backscattered electron (BSE) imaging and powder X-ray diffraction. Microhardness measurements were taken from the vertebral bodies (cortical and trabecular bones) and the cortex of the distal femur. RESULTS Fluoride treatment had no significant effect on bone microarchitecture for any of the strains. All three strains demonstrated a significant increase in osteoid formation at the largest fluoride dose. Vertebral body trabecular bone BSE imaging revealed significantly decreased mineralization heterogeneity in the SWR/J strain at 50 ppm and 100 ppm F(-). The trabecular and cortical bone mineralization profiles showed a non-significant shift towards higher mineralization with increasing F(-) dose in the three strains. Powder X-ray diffraction showed significantly smaller crystals for the 129P3/J strain, and increased crystal width with increasing F(-) dose for all strains. There was no effect of F(-) on trabecular and cortical bone microhardness. CONCLUSION Fluoride treatment had no significant effect on bone microarchitecture in these three strains. The increased osteoid formation and decreased mineralization heterogeneity support the theory that F(-) delays mineralization of new bone. The increasing crystal width with increasing F(-) dose confirms earlier results and correlates with most of the decreased mechanical properties. An increase in bone F(-) may affect the mineral-organic interfacial bonding and/or bone matrix proteins, interfering with bone crystal growth inhibition on the crystallite faces as well as bonding between the mineral and organic interface. The smaller bone crystallites of the 129P3/J (resistant) strain may indicate a stronger organic/inorganic interface, reducing crystallite growth rate and increasing interfacial mechanical strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mousny
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Everett ET, Yan D, Weaver M, Liu L, Foroud T, Martinez-Mier EA. Detection of dental fluorosis-associated quantitative trait Loci on mouse chromosomes 2 and 11. Cells Tissues Organs 2008; 189:212-8. [PMID: 18701810 DOI: 10.1159/000151383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic exposure to greater than optimal fluoride (F) can lead to dental fluorosis (DF). Parental A/J (DF-susceptible) and 129P3/J (DF-resistant) inbred mice were used for histological studies and to generate F2 progeny. Mice were treated with 0 or 50 ppm F in their drinking water for 60 days. A clinical criterion (modified Thylstrup and Fejerskov categorical scale) was used to assess the severity of DF for each individual F2 animal. Parental strains were subjected to histological examination of maturing enamel. F treatment resulted in accumulation of amelogenins in the maturing enamel of A/J mice. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) detection was performed using phenotypic extreme F2 animals genotyped for 354 single nucleotide polymorphism-based markers distributed throughout the mouse genome followed by chi(2) analysis. Significant evidence of association was observed on chromosomes 2 and 11 for a series of consecutive markers (p < 0.0001). Further analyses were performed to examine whether the phenotypic effects were found in both male and female F2 mice or whether there was evidence for gender-specific effects. Analyses performed using the markers on chromosomes 2 and 11 which were significant in the mixed-gender mice were also significant when analyses were limited to only the male or female mice. The QTL detected on chromosomes 2 and 11 which influence the variation in response to fluorosis have their effect in mice of both genders. Finally, the QTL in both chromosomes appear to have an additive effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T Everett
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Akosu TJ, Zoakah AI. Risk factors associated with dental fluorosis in Central Plateau State, Nigeria. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2008; 36:144-8. [PMID: 18333878 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0528.2007.00387.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dental fluorosis is known to occur in some parts of Plateau State, but the factors responsible for its occurrence are unknown. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to determine the factors associated with the occurrence of dental fluorosis in Central Plateau. METHODS The study was cross-sectional and comparative in design. Subjects were selected using the multi-stage sampling technique. One Local Government Area each was randomly selected from the high and low altitude parts of the district, and from each selected Local Government Area two health districts were randomly selected with probability proportional to size. From each of the selected health districts two major settlements were selected again with probability proportional to size. Twelve- to fifteen-year-old lifelong residents of the selected settlements were then selected for study. Each respondent completed an interviewer-administered questionnaire after which he/she was clinically examined to ascertain his/her fluorosis status. Samples of water were collected from water sources consumed by the respondents in each settlement. RESULTS One thousand one hundred children aged 12-15 years were studied, 554 (50.4%) of which lived in the high altitude part of the district and 546 (49.6%) in the low altitude part of the district. Fluorosis prevalence was significantly associated with altitude and the fluoride level of water. The prevalence of fluorosis was significantly associated with altitude (chi(2) = 85.735, d.f. = 1, P < 0.0001) and the fluoride level of water (chi(2) for trend = 8.009, d.f. = 1, P < 0.05) in the low altitude parts of the district. None of the respondents had used fluoride-containing toothpaste before 4 years of age and none used fluoride supplements. CONCLUSION The occurrence of dental fluorosis in Central Plateau could be because of the high altitude of the area and the fluoride concentration of the waters consumed in the district.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyavyar J Akosu
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Dental fluorosis is a condition of enamel hypomineralization due to the effects of excessive fluoride on ameloblasts during enamel formation. Delayed degradation of enamel matrix proteins or inhibited protein removal results in impaired and incomplete crystal growth, producing hypomineralized and porous enamel. Severely fluorosed teeth may undergo post-eruptive surface breakdown and post-eruptive dark brown to black staining. METHODS A 13 year old girl presented with severely discoloured maxillary central incisors. Initial aesthetic management of these teeth was conservative, including in-office tooth whitening, microabrasion and take-home whitening. RESULTS Dark brown to black staining of the teeth was reduced successfully without the need for gross mechanical preparation of the enamel. Further improvement of aesthetics was achieved with composite veneers. CONCLUSIONS Conservative treatment options such as tooth whitening and microabrasion can dramatically improve severely discoloured fluorosed teeth. This can provide a satisfactory interim outcome or minimize the removal of discoloured enamel and dentine prior to the provision of composite veneers. The use of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) may enhance remineralization and decrease postoperative sensitivity following tooth whitening and microabrasion procedures in hypomineralized teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ng
- School of Dental Science, The University of Melbourne, Victoria
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Mousny M, Banse X, Wise L, Everett ET, Hancock R, Vieth R, Devogelaer JP, Grynpas MD. The genetic influence on bone susceptibility to fluoride. Bone 2006; 39:1283-9. [PMID: 16920415 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2006.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2006] [Revised: 06/13/2006] [Accepted: 06/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The influence of genetic background on bone architecture and mechanical properties is well established. Nevertheless, to date, only few animal studies explore an underlying genetic basis for extrinsic factors effect such as fluoride effect on bone metabolism. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study assessed the effect of increasing fluoride doses (0 ppm, 25 ppm, 50 ppm, 100 ppm) on the bone properties in 3 inbred mouse strains that demonstrate different susceptibilities to developing enamel fluorosis (A/J a "susceptible" strain, 129P3/J a "resistant" strain and SWR/J an "intermediate" strain). Fluoride concentrations were determined in femora and vertebral bodies. Bone mineral density was evaluating through DEXA. Finally, three-point bend testing of femora, compression testing of vertebral bodies and femoral neck-fracture testing were performed to evaluate mechanical properties. RESULTS Concordant with increasing fluoride dose were significant increases of fluoride concentration in femora and vertebral bodies from all 3 strains. Fluoride treatment had little effect on the bone mineral densities (BMD) in the 3 strains. Mechanical testing showed significant alterations in "bone quality" in the A/J strain, whereas moderate alterations in "bone quality" in the SWR/J strain and no effects in the 129P3/J strain were observed. CONCLUSION The results suggest that genetic factors may contribute to the variation in bone response to fluoride exposure and that fluoride might affect bone properties without altering BMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mousny
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Martínez-Mier EA, Soto-Rojas AE, Buckley CM, Zero DT, Margineda J. Fluoride concentration of bottled water, tap water, and fluoridated salt from two communities in Mexico. Int Dent J 2005; 55:93-9. [PMID: 15880964 DOI: 10.1111/j.1875-595x.2005.tb00040.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine fluoride levels in bottled water, tap water, and fluoridated salt from two communities in Mexico. DESIGN Stratified random collection of water and salt samples from Mexico City and Veracruz, Mexico for fluoride analysis. METHODS Samples were analysed using a combination fluoride ion-specific electrode. Results were compared using Student's t-test and mixed-model ANOVA. Water fluoride values were compared by type, community and collection area; salt fluoride values were compared by community and collection area. RESULTS 197 tap water samples, 133 bottled water samples and 20 fluoridated salt samples were collected. The mean (+/- SD) fluoride content for all tap water was 0.20 +/- 0.17 microg F/g (ranging from 0.01 to 0.88 microg F/g) and 0.24 +/- 0.24 microg F/g for all bottled water (ranging from 0.01 to 2.80 microg F/g). This difference was not statistically significant. When results were analysed by city, the difference between tap water samples was statistically significant. Ten bottled water samples contained more than negligible fluoride (ranging from 0.7-2.8 microg F/g). Mean salt fluoride content was 230.0 +/- 49.8 microg F/g, which was within governmental regulation levels. CONCLUSION Some water samples had amounts of fluoride exceeding the maximum recommended levels. Salt fluoride levels were within regulation limits. Monitoring of fluoride content of both bottled and tap water is strongly advised.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Angeles Martínez-Mier
- Oral Health Research Institute, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Abstract
Poverty, low birth weight, low life expectation at birth, widespread malnutrition, numerous endemic infections, little or no access to safe water, poor oral hygiene, deplorable environmental sanitation and political instability among other problems, characterise the lives of many Africans, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. In African countries undergoing rapid urbanisation, health problems associated with undernutrition and overnutrition coexist, and these result from lifestyle changes which promote physical inactivity, increased consumption of fats and refined carbohydrates, as well as abuse of tobacco and alcohol. Thus, in several African countries, inflammatory oral diseases (e.g. periodontal diseases, acute necrotising gingivitis, noma) resulting from inappropriate interactions between microorganisms and the malnourished, immunocompromised host, have continued to pose serious health problems. There are suggestions of increasing incidence of squamous cell carcinoma, probably related to increased use of alcohol and tobacco, which elicit nutrient deficiencies and oxidative stress. Additionally, there is an increase in caries prevalence particularly in the poor urban areas. The latter is related not only to increased availability of refined sugars, but also to limited access to the caries preventive effects of fluorides. Good dietary practices through judicious combination of available foods should therefore feature prominently in the promotion of optimal oral health in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril O Enwonwu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.
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Wondwossen F, Astrøm AN, Bjorvatn K, Bårdsen A. The relationship between dental caries and dental fluorosis in areas with moderate- and high-fluoride drinking water in Ethiopia. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2004; 32:337-44. [PMID: 15341618 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0528.2004.00172.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study is to assess the relationship between caries and dental fluorosis in Ethiopian children living in Rift Valley areas known for endemic fluorosis. METHOD A total of 306 children (12-15 years old), selected from areas with moderate (0.3-2.2 mg/l), or high (10-14 mg/l) fluoride concentration in the drinking water were interviewed and examined for caries and dental fluorosis. Scorings were recorded according to the DMF system, and the Thylstrup-Fejerskov (TF) Index. RESULTS Prevalence of dental fluorosis (TF-score > or = 1) was 91.8% (moderate area) and 100% (high-fluoride area). The corresponding caries prevalence and mean DMFT in the areas were 45.3% versus 61.6%, and 1.2 versus 1.8, respectively. Age and severity of dental fluorosis were found to be independent predictors for DMFT > or = 1. When compared with 12-year olds with TF-scores 0-4, odds ratios were 3.0 (95% CI 1.6-5.7) and 2.0 (95% CI 1.2-3.2) if TF-scores were > or = 5 and age 13-15 years, respectively. A positive relationship between caries and fluorosis was observed across tooth types in both areas. The percentage of children with DMFT > or = 1 was highest in groups with TF-score > or = 5 in the second molar, followed by the first molar. CONCLUSION The present findings indicate that the second molar is the tooth most severely affected by dental fluorosis and dental caries. Dental caries increased with increasing severity of dental fluorosis, both in moderate- and high-fluoride areas. Thus, a positive relationship between dental caries and dental fluorosis was observed across various tooth types, in both areas.
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Cury JA, Tabchoury CPM. Determination of appropriate exposure to fluoride in non-EME countries in the future. J Appl Oral Sci 2003; 11:83-95. [DOI: 10.1590/s1678-77572003000200002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An appropriate exposure to fluoride must be able to interfere with the development of dental caries (benefit) without great concern for dental fluorosis (risks). This condition in relation to individual seems feasible leading to a rational use of fluoride. Nevertheless, dealing with population and particularly non-EME countries (non-Established Market Economies or developing), the most suitable method of fluoride use will depend on each nation. On the other hand, each country should have a public health program to control dental caries as part of its health system. The choice between fluoridated dentifrice or fluoridated drinking water and the option for salt will depend on its applicability in each country. At the same time, it is important that either the appropriate exposure to a community method of fluoride use as well as the association with other methods and preventive measures in relation to risks-benefits are evaluated for each country. The determination of an appropriate exposure to fluoride in non-EME countries in the future will depend on critical analysis of how it has been used at present. Available data have shown that some non-EME countries have even been able to revert the dramatic situation of dental caries in their population, but in others caries experience continues a public health problem. Nevertheless, in other countries the increase in caries prevalence, which was expected, has not occurred but endemic fluorosis has been a concern. The challenges for non-EME countries are huge and identical solutions cannot be used for distinct problems.
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Wondwossen F, Astrøm AN, Bårdsen A, Bjorvatn K. Perception of dental fluorosis amongst Ethiopian children and their mothers. Acta Odontol Scand 2003; 61:81-6. [PMID: 12790504 DOI: 10.1080/00016350310001415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted in three Ethiopian Rift Valley villages known for endemic fluorosis. Three-hundred-and-six adolescents (12-15 years) and 233 mothers participated. The aim was to study dental fluorosis in the youngsters and to assess the extent of agreement between clinical and self-rated discoloration and pitting of teeth, and also the level at which dental fluorosis is perceived as a problem both by children and their mothers. The children (154 M and 152 F) gave a simple self-assessment of tooth-color and quality of their teeth, and were subsequently examined for dental fluorosis. Finally, four color photographs of teeth with dental fluorosis (TF-scores 2, 3, 5, and 7) were used as references during a structured oral interview of the children, as well as their mothers. At TF score > or = 2, the prevalence of dental fluorosis on maxillary central incisors was 72% and 37% at TF score > or = 4. The mean TF score was significantly higher among boys than among girls of unemployed fathers compared to children of employed fathers. The likelihood of reporting problems with dental appearance increased with increasing individual TF scores. The child/mother pairs found teeth with TF scores 2 and 3 esthetically acceptable, while teeth with TF scores 5 and 7 were considered unacceptable. Mothers were more critical of severe fluorosis than were their children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fantaye Wondwossen
- Faculty of Medicine (Fluoride Project), Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess the perceived oral health status and to explore its relationship with clinically assessed dental fluorosis among school children in Arusha town, Tanzania. METHODS A total of 478 students (mean age 15.7 years) completed questionnaires administered in the schools during May to July 2000. Clinical photos of the upper and lower incisors were taken under field conditions. A total of 461 slides were rated under laboratory conditions. The severity of dental fluorosis in the permanent maxillary central incisors was assessed using the Thylstrup & Fejerskov Index (TFI). RESULTS The prevalence of dental fluorosis at TFI score > or = 2 was 74%. A total of 67% of boys and 70% of girls rated their teeth as yellow to brown, 58% of boys and 68% of girls (P < 0.05) confirmed dissatisfaction with their dental appearance. Kappa values of 0.40-0.44 were obtained between dental fluorosis (TFI > or = 2) and self-reported discoloration. The proportion of school children reporting dissatisfaction with oral condition and dental appearance increased with increasing TFI scores. Stepwise multiple logistic regression analysis explained 21% and 32% of the variance in the dissatisfaction with oral condition and dental appearance scores; TFI scores 11% and 15% of variation in points, and social and psychological variables 11% and 17%. CONCLUSION Whereas dental fluorosis at different diagnostic cut-off points impacts self-rated oral health negatively, social and personal factors are as important in shaping the responses of school children to oral condition and dental appearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Astrøm
- Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The association between low birth weight and dental fluorosis was explored in a cross-sectional study to explain the higher prevalence of dental fluorosis among African-American children. METHODS Birth weight data on 960 children were obtained from the New York State Birth Registry. Data on race, fluoride exposure, sociodemographic characteristics, and dental fluorosis were available from a cross-sectional study conducted in Newburgh and Kingston. Associations among birth weight, race, and fluoride exposure from fluoridated water, regular use of supplements, brushing before the age of 2 years, and subject-level dental fluorosis were explored using logistic regression procedures. RESULTS The regression coefficients for the main effects and the two-way interaction effects associated with low birth weight, race, and fluoride exposure were not statistically significant. Even after controlling for low birth weight and fluoride exposure, African-American children had a statistically significant higher odds ratio (OR = 2.0). An analysis of the data limited to mandibular permanent first molars showed similar effects, except for evidence of effect modification in low birth weight children exposed to fluoride supplements. CONCLUSIONS Lower birth weight did not explain the higher prevalence of dental fluorosis observed among African-American children.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Kumar
- Bureau of Dental Health, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12237-0619, USA.
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Rwenyonyi CM, Birkeland JM, Haugejorden O. Assessment of the validity and consequences of different methods of expressing the severity of dental fluorosis in a subject. Acta Odontol Scand 2000; 58:148-54. [PMID: 11045367 DOI: 10.1080/000163500429136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to assess the validity and consequences of different methods of expressing severity of dental fluorosis in a subject. The analyses were based on Ugandan children (n = 481), aged 10-14 years, with life-long consumption of drinking water with either 0.5 or 2.5 mg fluoride per liter. Fluorosis was assessed using the Thylstrup and Fejerskov (TF) index. All children (n = 219) with 28 teeth and fluorosis on at least 1 tooth pair were selected to test methods of expressing fluorosis, e.g. the TF score on the most severely affected tooth, a maxillary central incisor, the median and the mean scores. A test group (n = 40), the 10 most and the 10 least severely affected children in each district, was used to evaluate the methods and a reference group (n = 179) to confirm or refute the findings in the test group. To evaluate consequences of the different methods of expressing severity of fluorosis in a subject, children from the low (n = 130) and the high fluoride (n = 132) districts not included in the test or reference group formed the community comparison groups. Comparison between the median (gold standard) and mean scores showed a significant deviation in the reference group only. Most of the partial recording methods, such as the score for the most severely affected tooth, were significantly and systematically higher than the median. While for all recording methods the median score was zero in both communities, the distribution of the subjects according to severity differed significantly between the communities.
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Burt BA, Keels MA, Heller KE. The effects of a break in water fluoridation on the development of dental caries and fluorosis. J Dent Res 2000; 79:761-9. [PMID: 10728978 DOI: 10.1177/00220345000790021001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Durham, NC, fluoridated since 1962, had an 11-month cessation of fluoridation between September, 1990, and August, 1991. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of this break on the development of caries and fluorosis in children. Study participants were continuously-resident children in Kindergarten through Grade 5 in Durham's elementary schools. There were 1696 children, 81.4% of those eligible, for whom a questionnaire was completed and clinical data recorded. Age cohorts were defined by a child's age at the time that fluoridation ceased. Caries was recorded in children in the Birth Cohort through Cohort 3, and fluorosis for children in Cohorts 1 through 5. Caries was assessed in the primary first and second molars according to the decayed-filled index; fluorosis on the labial surfaces of the upper permanent central and lateral incisors was assessed by the Thylstrup-Fejerskov (TF) index. Mother's education was associated with caries; higher education of the mother had an odds ratio of 0.53 (95% CI 0.40, 0.76) for caries in the child. No cohort effects could be discerned for caries. Overall prevalence of fluorosis was 44%. Prevalence in Cohorts 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 was 39.8%, 32.3%, 33.0%, 62.3%, and 57.1%, respectively. These cohort differences remained statistically significant in regression analysis. It was concluded that while the break had little effect on caries, dental fluorosis is sensitive to even small changes in fluoride exposure from drinking water, and this sensitivity is greater at 1 to 3 years of age than at 4 or 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Burt
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-2029, USA.
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Awadia AK, Bjorvatn K, Birkeland JM, Haugejorden O. Weaning food and magadi associated with dental fluorosis in Northern Tanzania. Acta Odontol Scand 2000; 58:1-7. [PMID: 10809392 DOI: 10.1080/000163500429352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
A cross-sectional study of 143 children aged 10-14 years was carried out to identify factors associated with the severity of dental fluorosis in 2 areas (Moshi/Kibosho: n = 63/80) with fluoride (F) concentrations < 0.4 mg F/L in the drinking water. Dental fluorosis was recorded under field conditions using the Thylstrup and Fejerskov index (TFI). The score on tooth 21 was used to indicate the severity. The prevalence of dental fluorosis in Moshi at TFI score > or =1 was 60% and at TFI score > or =5 it was 10%. The corresponding values in Kibosho were 100% and 34%, respectively. Background variables pertained primarily to the child's first 6 years of life. In Moshi and Kibosho, 65% and 97% of children, respectively, used magadi, a fluoride-containing food tenderizer. In Moshi, the risk of having TFI score > or =2 was significantly higher among users of magadi (odds ratio (OR) = 5). Kiborou, a traditional homemade weaning food (porridge) cooked with magadi, was used only in Kibosho. Users of kiborou (36%) were at significantly higher risk (OR = 3) of developing fluorosis at severity TFI > or =4 than the users of lishe, another type of weaning food. All children in Moshi and 64% in Kibosho used lishe, which is cooked without magadi. Magadi and kiborou were significant risk indicators. Thus, it seems that the unexpectedly high prevalence of dental fluorosis and the observed differences in fluorosis prevalence and severity may be partly explained by F exposure from magadi.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Awadia
- Department of Odontology, Faculty of Dentistry and Center for International Health, University of Bergen, Norway.
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