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Awad SM, Elgazzar HM, Hassan EH, Allam ET, Zaid AB, Elkhadry SW, Rizk SK, Fotoh DS, Salem TAEH. Leptin gene Polymorphism and Leptin protein levels in Pediatric Autoimmune Hepatitis. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2024; 45:210-232. [PMID: 38808600 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2024.2360083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptin plays a role in regulating energy balance, immunity, and inflammation. Studies suggest higher leptin levels might be associated with various autoimmune diseases. Most of them were in adult. To our knowledge, our study is one of the few that describe serum leptin level and leptin gene polymorphism in children with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). OBJECTIVE Our study aims to explore the association between serum leptin level and genetic variations in leptin gene with the likelihood of AIH in children. PATIENTS AND METHODS Thirty-one children with AIH and 29 healthy children serving as a control group were included. Serum leptin levels were measured by ELISA assays. Leptin rs2167270 genotyping was done using the real time-PCR. The relationship of serum leptin level and leptin gene polymorphism with patients' data was studied. Patients follow up to assess treatment response. RESULTS Children with AIH had significantly higher levels of leptin compared to healthy controls. GG genotype was significantly more prevalent in the AIH group compared to controls. CONCLUSION High serum leptin levels and leptin gene polymorphism may play a role in AIH development. It is worthy to recognize if leptin can serve as diagnostic and/or therapeutic target in AIH in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah M Awad
- Department of Clinical microbiology and immunology, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Shebin El-koom, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Hanaa M Elgazzar
- Department of Clinical microbiology and immunology, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Shebin El-koom, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Eman H Hassan
- Department of Clinical microbiology and immunology, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Shebin El-koom, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Esraa T Allam
- Department of Clinical pathology, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Shebin El-koom, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Ahmed B Zaid
- Immunology department, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Shebin El-koom, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Sally W Elkhadry
- Department of Epidemiology and preventive medicine, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Shebin El-koom, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Sara K Rizk
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology department, Faculty of Medicine, Menofia University, Shebin El-koom, Egypt
| | - Dina S Fotoh
- Physical Medicine, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation department, Faculty of Medicine, Menofia University, Shebin El-koom, Egypt
| | - Tahany Abd El Hamid Salem
- Department of Pediatric Hepatology, Gastroenterology and Nutrition, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Shebin El-koom, Menoufia, Egypt
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Ciraci E, Elgun T, Gok Yurttas A, Cagin Kuzey H, Ekenoglu Merdan Y, Sait Toprak M, Tetik S. Evaluation of serum placenta-specific gene 8 protein, total antioxidant capacity, interleukin-10, interleukin-17A, interleukin-21 and interleukin-33 levels in Turkish women with gestational diabetes mellitus. ENDOCRINOL DIAB NUTR 2024; 71:12-18. [PMID: 38388074 DOI: 10.1016/j.endien.2024.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as carbohydrate intolerance that begins or is diagnosed during pregnancy. Our study aimed to establish a correlation between proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory response in order to be able to develop treatment strategies and determine early diagnosis biomarkers in the sera of cases diagnosed with GDM. Moreover, we aimed to investigate interleukin (IL), placenta-specific gene 8 protein (PLAC8) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in patients with GDM. METHODS A total of 121 patients were included in the study. These were divided into four patient groups: pregnant and diagnosed with DM (P-GDM, n=30); pregnant and not diagnosed with DM (P-NGDM, n=32); non-pregnant diagnosed with DM (NP-DM, n=29) and non-pregnant and not diagnosed with DM (NPNDM, n=30). IL-10, IL-17A, IL-21, IL-33, PLAC8 and TAC determinations from patients were evaluated by ELISA (Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay) method. RESULTS IL-10 and IL-33 concentrations were found to be significantly higher in P-GDM and NP-DM patient groups compared to P-NGDM and NP-NDM groups (p<0.001). The PLAC8 level in the P-GDM patient group (20.38±5.37) was determined to be significantly higher than in the P-NGDM patient group (3.41±2.17, p<0.001). TAC in the P-NGDM and NP-NDM groups (12.42±2.31 vs. 12.96±3.78, p<0.001) was determined to be significantly higher than in the P-GDM and NP-DM groups (4.8±0.52 vs. 2.21±0.71, p<0.001). DISCUSSION The fact that the importance of PLAC8 level and TAC in the diagnosis and follow-up of GDM in pregnancy is demonstrated for the first time in this study shows that it is unique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enver Ciraci
- Biruni University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry, Zeytinburnu, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tugba Elgun
- Biruni University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Zeytinburnu, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Asiye Gok Yurttas
- Istanbul Health and Technology University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hazel Cagin Kuzey
- Memorial Şişli Hospital, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yagmur Ekenoglu Merdan
- Biruni University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Zeytinburnu, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Muhammed Sait Toprak
- Demiroglu Bilim University, Vocational School of Health Services, Department of Medical Laboratory, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sermin Tetik
- Lefke European University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry Lefke, Northern Cyprus
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Cytokines, Chemokines, Insulin and Haematological Indices in Type 2 Diabetic Male Sprague Dawley Rats Infected with Trichinella zimbabwensis. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12157743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease induced by the inability to control high blood glucose level. Helminth-induced immunomodulation has been reported to prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which, in turn, ameliorates insulin sensitivity. Therefore, there is a need to understand the underlying mechanisms utilized by helminths in metabolism and the induction of immuno-inflammatory responses during helminthic infection and T2DM comorbidity. This study aimed at using a laboratory animal model to determine the cytokines, chemokines and haematological indices in diabetic (T2DM) male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats infected with Trichinella zimbabwensis. One hundred and two male SD rats (160–180 g) were randomly selected into three experimental groups (i. T2DM-induced group (D) ii. T. zimbabwensis infected + T2DM group (TzD) and iii. T. zimbabwensis-infected group (Tz)). Rats selected for the D group and TzD group were injected with 40 mg/kg live weight of streptozotocin (STZ) intraperitoneally to induce T2DM, while animals in the Tz and TzD group were infected with T. zimbabwensis. Results showed that adult T. zimbabwensis worm loads and mean T. zimbabwensis larvae per gram (lpg) of rat muscle were significantly higher (p < 0.001) in the Tz group when compared to the TzD group. Blood glucose levels in the D group were significantly higher (p < 0.001) compared to the TzD group. An increase in insulin concentration was observed among the TzD group when compared to the D group. Liver and muscle glycogen decreased in the D when compared to the TzD group. A significant increase (p < 0.05) in red blood cells (RBCs) was observed in the D group when compared to the TzD and Tz groups. An increase in haematocrit, haemoglobin, white blood cells (WBCs), platelet, neutrophils and monocyte were observed in the D group when compared to the TzD group. TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13 concentrations were elevated in the TzD group when compared to the D and Tz groups, while IL-6 concentration showed a significant reduction in the Tz when compared to the D and the TzD groups. A significant increase in CCL5 in the D and TzD groups was observed in comparison to the Tz group. CXCL10 and CCL11 concentration also showed an increase in the TzD group in comparison to the Tz and the D groups. Overall, our results confirm that T. zimbabwensis, a parasite which produces tissue-dwelling larvae in the host, regulates T2DM driven inflammation to mediate a positive protective effect against T2DM outcomes.
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García-Estevez L, González-Martínez S, Moreno-Bueno G. The Leptin Axis and Its Association With the Adaptive Immune System in Breast Cancer. Front Immunol 2021; 12:784823. [PMID: 34868066 PMCID: PMC8634160 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.784823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue secretes various peptides, including leptin. This hormone acts through the leptin receptor (Ob-R), which is expressed ubiquitously on the surface of various cells, including breast cancer cells and immune cells. Increasing evidence points to an interaction between the tumor microenvironment, tumor cells, and the immune system. Leptin plays an important role in breast cancer tumorigenesis and may be implicated in activation of the immune system. While breast cancer cannot be considered an immunogenic cancer, the triple-negative subtype is an exception. Specific immune cells - tumor infiltrating lymphocytes - are involved in the immune response and act as predictive and prognostic factors in certain breast cancer subtypes. The aim of this article is to review the interaction between adipose tissue, through the expression of leptin and its receptor, and the adaptive immune system in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura García-Estevez
- Breast Cancer Department, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.,MD Anderson International Foundation, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia González-Martínez
- Pathology Department, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain.,Fundación Contigo Contra el Cáncer de la Mujer, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Moreno-Bueno
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.,MD Anderson International Foundation, Madrid, Spain.,Biochemistry Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols' (CSIC-UAM), IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain
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Supplementation with a Natural Source of Amino Acids, Sil-Q1 (Silk Peptide), Enhances Natural Killer Cell Activity: A Redesigned Clinical Trial with a Reduced Supplementation Dose and Minimized Seasonal Effects in a Larger Population. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13092930. [PMID: 34578808 PMCID: PMC8466343 DOI: 10.3390/nu13092930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to re-validate the changes in natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity and cytokines related to T cells after Sil-Q1 (SQ; silk peptide) supplementation in a larger pool of Korean adults with minimized daily dose of SQ and controlling seasonal influence compared to the previous study. A total of 130 subjects were randomly assigned (1:1) to consume either 7.5 g of SQ or placebo for 8 weeks. NK cell cytotoxicity and cytokines were measured at T0 (baseline) and T8 (follow-up). Comparing the NK cell cytotoxicity values at T0 and T8 within each group, the cytotoxicity at all effector cell (E) to target cell (T) ratios of 10:1, 5:1, 2.5:1, and 1.25:1 was significantly increased in the SQ group at T8. Additionally, significant differences in the changed value (Δ, subtract baseline values from follow-up values) comparison between the groups at E:T = 10:1, 5:1, and 2.5:1 were found. As a secondary endpoint, the interleukin (IL)-12 level in the SQ group was significantly increased for 8 weeks, and Δ IL-12 in the SQ group was greater than in the placebo group. In conclusion, the present study showed considerable practical implications of SQ supplementation. Thus, SQ is an effective and safe functional food supplement for enhancing immune function.
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Stiglbauer V, Gamradt S, Scherzer M, Brasanac J, Otte C, Rose M, Hofmann T, Hinkelmann K, Gold SM. Immunological substrates of depressive symptoms in patients with severe obesity: An exploratory study. Cell Biochem Funct 2021; 39:423-431. [PMID: 33401342 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this pilot study, we explored the immune phenotype of patients with severe obesity and comorbid depressive symptoms compared to non-depressed patients with obesity and normal-weight controls. Immune cell subsets were analysed by flow cytometry and depressive symptoms assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Cell frequencies were correlated with depressive symptom scores and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). Patients with obesity and comorbid depression showed significantly lower numbers of circulating cytotoxic natural killer cells, dendritic cells and CD8+ effector memory T cells, compared to normal-weight controls. Regulatory T cells and CD4+ central memory T cells were increased compared to non-depressed patients with obesity and compared to normal-weight controls, respectively. Frequencies of cytotoxic natural killer cells and CD4+ central memory T cells significantly correlated with PHQ-9 scores, but not with WHR. Reduced numbers of dendritic cells were observed in both patient groups with obesity and correlated with PHQ-9 scores and WHR. These findings provide evidence for an altered immune composition in comorbid obesity and depression, supporting a pathobiological overlap between the two disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Stiglbauer
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Gamradt
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie Scherzer
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Med. Klinik m.S. Psychosomatik, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jelena Brasanac
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (NCRC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Otte
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Rose
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Med. Klinik m.S. Psychosomatik, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Hofmann
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Med. Klinik m.S. Psychosomatik, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kim Hinkelmann
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Med. Klinik m.S. Psychosomatik, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan M Gold
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Med. Klinik m.S. Psychosomatik, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.,Institut für Neuroimmunologie und MS (INIMS), Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Marrodan M, Farez MF, Balbuena Aguirre ME, Correale J. Obesity and the risk of Multiple Sclerosis. The role of Leptin. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2020; 8:406-424. [PMID: 33369280 PMCID: PMC7886048 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of leptin on different T-cell populations, in order to gain more insight into the link between leptin and obesity. METHODS Three hundred and nine RRMS patients and 322 controls participated in a cross-sectional survey, to confirm whether excess weight/obesity in adolescence or early adulthood increased the risk of MS. Serum leptin levels were determined by ELISA. MBP83-102 , and MOG63-87 peptide-specific T cells lines were expanded from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Leptin receptor expression was measured by RT-PCR and flow cytometry. Bcl-2, p-STAT3, pERK1/2, and p27kip1 expression were assayed using ELISA, and apoptosis induction was determined by Annexin V detection. Cytokines were assessed by ELISPOT and ELISA, and regulatory T cells (Tregs) by flow cytometry. RESULTS Logistic regression analysis, showed excess weight at age 15, and obesity at 20 years of age increased MS risk (OR = 2.16, P = 0.01 and OR = 3.9, P = 0.01). Leptin levels correlated with BMI in both groups. The addition of Leptin increased autoreactive T-cell proliferation, reduced apoptosis induction, and promoted proinflammatory cytokine secretion. Obese patients produced more proinflammatory cytokines compared to overweight/normal/underweight subjects. Inverse correlation was found between leptin levels and circulating Treg cells (r = -0.97, P < 0.0001). Leptin inhibited Treg proliferation. Effects of leptin on CD4+ CD25- effector T cells were mediated by increased STAT3 and ERK1/2 phosphorylation, and down modulation of the cell cycle inhibitor P27kip1 . In contrast, leptin effects on Tregs resulted from decreased phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and upregulation of p27kip1 . INTERPRETATION Leptin promotes autoreactive T-cell proliferation and proinflammatory cytokine secretion, but inhibits Treg-cell proliferation.
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Rajamanickam A, Munisankar S, Bhootra Y, Dolla C, Thiruvengadam K, Nutman TB, Babu S. Metabolic Consequences of Concomitant Strongyloides stercoralis Infection in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 69:697-704. [PMID: 30407548 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human and animal studies have demonstrated that helminth infections are associated with a decreased prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, very little is known about their biochemical and immunological interactions. METHODS To assess the relationship between a soil-transmitted helminth, Strongyloides stercoralis (Ss), and T2DM, we examined analytes associated with glycemic control, metabolic processes, and T-cell-driven inflammation at the time of Ss diagnosis and 6 months after definitive anthelmintic treatment. We measured plasma levels of hemoglobin A1c, glucose, insulin, glucagon, adipocytokines, and T-helper (TH) 1-, 2-, and 17- associated cytokines in patients with T2DM with (INF group) or without (UN group) Ss infection. In INF individuals, we again assessed the levels of these analytes 6 months following anthelmintic treatment. RESULTS Compared to UN individuals, INF individuals exhibited significantly diminished levels of insulin and glucagon that increased significantly following therapy. Similarly, INF individuals exhibited significantly diminished levels of adiponectin and adipsin that reversed following therapy. INF individuals also exhibited significantly decreased levels of the TH1- and TH17- associated cytokines in comparison to UN individuals; again, anthelmintic therapy augmented these levels. As expected, INF individuals had elevated levels of TH2-associated and regulatory cytokines that normalized following definitive therapy. Multivariate analysis revealed that these changes were independent of age, sex, body mass index, and liver and renal function. CONCLUSIONS Strongyloides stercoralis infection is associated with a significant modulation of glycemic, hormonal, and cytokine parameters in T2DM and its reversal following anthelmintic therapy. Hence, Ss infection has a protective effect on diabetes-related parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Rajamanickam
- National Institute of Health, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, International Center for Excellence in Research
| | - Saravanan Munisankar
- National Institute of Health, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, International Center for Excellence in Research
| | - Yukthi Bhootra
- National Institute of Health, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, International Center for Excellence in Research
| | | | | | - Thomas B Nutman
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Subash Babu
- National Institute of Health, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, International Center for Excellence in Research.,Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Siddiqui S, Waghdhare S, Jha S, Dubey S. Role of immunological markers in gestational diabetes mellitus-a brief review. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2019; 13:2983-2985. [PMID: 30076086 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2018.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is a condition which develops due to insulin resistance. There are a number of immunological markers (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10, etc), which play significant role during normal pregnancy and their irregular levels could likely cause some level of insulin resistance. There are studies which have compared the levels of different immunological mediators in GDM affected females and their healthy controls, but their findings are little controversial. Some of the studies have reported increased levels of IL-6, TNF-α, adiponectin, leptin, in females affected with GDM, while others do not confirm this. We have tried to summarize, in this short review, the findings of research studies being conducted globally, which have reported the association of insulin resistance, GDM and immunological markers. Our review suggests that there is a need for high quality data on the immunological parameters associated with GDM, especially from India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samreen Siddiqui
- Institute of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Max Healthcare Inst. Ltd., Saket, New Delhi, 110017, India; Amity Institute of Virology & Immunology, Amity University, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313, India.
| | - Swati Waghdhare
- Institute of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Max Healthcare Inst. Ltd., Saket, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - Sujeet Jha
- Institute of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Max Healthcare Inst. Ltd., Saket, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - Shweta Dubey
- Amity Institute of Virology & Immunology, Amity University, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313, India
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Jones KL, Van de Water J. Maternal autoantibody related autism: mechanisms and pathways. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:252-265. [PMID: 29934547 PMCID: PMC6784837 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0099-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
It has been estimated that autism spectrum disorder (ASD) now affects 1 in 59 children in the United States. Although the cause(s) of ASD remain largely unknown, it is becoming increasingly apparent that ASD can no longer be defined simply as a behavioral disorder, but is in effect a rather complex and highly heterogeneous biological disorder. Up until recently the brain was thought to be "immune privileged." However, it is now known that the immune system plays critical roles in the development and functioning of the brain throughout life. Recent evidence from multiple investigators has illustrated the deleterious role that dysregulation of the maternal immune system during gestation can play in the manifestation of changes in neurodevelopment, resulting in the development of neurobehavioral disorders such as ASD. One potential etiologic pathway through which the maternal immune system can interfere with neurodevelopment is through maternal autoantibodies that recognize proteins in the developing fetal brain. This mechanism of pathogenesis is now thought to lead to a subphenotype of ASD that has been termed maternal autoantibody related (MAR) ASD. This review provides an overview of the current research implicating the presence of brain-reactive maternal autoantibodies as a risk factor for MAR ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L. Jones
- Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, 451 E. Health Sciences Drive, Suite 6510 GBSF, Davis, CA 95616, USA,The M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Judy Van de Water
- Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, 451 E. Health Sciences Drive, Suite 6510 GBSF, Davis, CA, 95616, USA. .,The M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA. .,NIEHS Center for Children's Environmental Health, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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Melekoglu R, Ciftci O, Celik E, Yilmaz E, Bastemur AG. Evaluation of second trimester amniotic fluid ADAMTS4, ADAMTS5, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α levels in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2019; 45:824-829. [PMID: 30623540 DOI: 10.1111/jog.13914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM To test the hypothesis that altered A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase Domains with Thrombospondins motifs (ADAMTS) is implicated in the etiopathogenesis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). METHODS All pregnant women who underwent elective amniocentesis for karyotype analysis between January 1, 2016, and January 1, 2018, were included in this study. From this cohort, the study group consisting of 20 patients diagnosed with GDM was selected and compared against a control group consisting of 20 age- and body mass index (BMI)-matched patients without GDM. ADAMTS4, ADAMTS5, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels were compared in the second trimester amniotic fluid of patients with GDM and normoglycemic pregnant women. RESULTS No significant differences were observed between GDM and control groups regarding age, BMI, gestational age at amniocentesis and indication for amniocentesis. Mean amniotic fluid ADAMTS4 and ADAMTS5 levels were significantly increased in the GDM group compared with the control group (253.5 ± 18.7 pg/mL and 188.5 ± 21.3 pg/mL, P < 0.001; 192.9 ± 16.4 pg/mL and 154.8 ± 19.9 pg/mL, P = 0.021, respectively). Significant increases in IL-6 and TNF-α levels were also detected in the amniotic fluid of GDM patients relative to controls (136.2 ± 17.3 pg/mL and 98.3 ± 11.5 pg/mL, P < 0.001; 154.2 ± 12.5 pg/mL and 86.2 ± 10.8 pg/mL, P < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION The data presented here suggest that increased levels of ADAMTS4, ADAMTS5, IL-6 and TNF-α may play an important role in the progression of GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rauf Melekoglu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Inonu, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Osman Ciftci
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pamukkale, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Ebru Celik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Koc, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ercan Yilmaz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Inonu, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Ayse G Bastemur
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Inonu, Malatya, Turkey
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12
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Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Avila-Ramírez J, Calderón-Garcidueñas A, González-Heredia T, Acuña-Ayala H, Chao CK, Thompson C, Ruiz-Ramos R, Cortés-González V, Martínez-Martínez L, García-Pérez MA, Reis J, Mukherjee PS, Torres-Jardón R, Lachmann I. Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers in Highly Exposed PM2.5 Urbanites: The Risk of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases in Young Mexico City Residents. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 54:597-613. [PMID: 27567860 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone (O3) above US EPA standards is associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk, while Mn toxicity induces parkinsonism. Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) children have pre- and postnatal sustained and high exposures to PM2.5, O3, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and metals. Young MCMA residents exhibit frontal tau hyperphosphorylation and amyloid-β (Aβ)1 - 42 diffuse plaques, and aggregated and hyperphosphorylated α-synuclein in olfactory nerves and key brainstem nuclei. We measured total prion protein (TPrP), total tau (T-tau), tau phosphorylated at threonine 181 (P-Tau), Aβ1-42, α-synuclein (t-α-syn and d-α-synuclein), BDNF, insulin, leptin, and/or inflammatory mediators, in 129 normal CSF samples from MCMA and clean air controls. Aβ1-42 and BDNF concentrations were significantly lower in MCMA children versus controls (p = 0.005 and 0.02, respectively). TPrP increased with cumulative PM2.5 up to 5 μg/m3 and then decreased, regardless of cumulative value or age (R2 = 0.56). TPrP strongly correlated with T-Tau and P-Tau, while d-α-synuclein showed a significant correlation with TNFα, IL10, and IL6 in MCMA children. Total synuclein showed an increment in childhood years related to cumulated PM2.5, followed by a decrease after age 12 years (R2 = 0.47), while d-α-synuclein exhibited a tendency to increase with cumulated PM2.5 (R2 = 0.30). CSF Aβ1-42, BDNF, α-synuclein, and TPrP changes are evolving in young MCMA urbanites historically showing underperformance in cognitive processes, odor identification deficits, downregulation of frontal cellular PrP, and neuropathological AD and PD hallmarks. Neuroprotection of young MCMA residents ought to be a public health priority.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rubén Ruiz-Ramos
- Instituto de Medicina Forense, Universidad Veracruzana, Boca del Río, México
| | | | | | | | - Jacques Reis
- Service de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg, France
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Lee F, Lawrence DA. From Infections to Anthropogenic Inflicted Pathologies: Involvement of Immune Balance. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2017; 21:24-46. [PMID: 29252129 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2017.1412212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A temporal trend can be seen in recent human history where the dominant causes of death have shifted from infectious to chronic diseases in industrialized societies. Human influences in the current "Anthropocene" epoch are exponentially impacting the environment and consequentially health. Changing ecological niches are suggested to have created health transitions expressed as modifications of immune balance from infections inflicting pathologies in the Holocene epoch (12,000 years ago) to human behaviors inflicting pathologies beginning in the Anthropocene epoch (300 years ago). A review of human immune health and adaptations responding to environmental (biological, chemical, physical, and psychological) stresses, which are influenced by social conditions, emphasize the involvement of fluctuations in immune cell subsets affecting influential gene-environment interactions. The literature from a variety of fields (anthropological, immunological, and environmental) is incorporated to present an expanded perspective on shifts in diseases within the context of immune balance and function and environmental immunology. The influences between historical and contemporary human ecology are examined in relation to human immunity. Several examples of shifts in human physiology and immunity support the premise that increased incidences of chronic diseases are a consequence of human modification of environment and lifestyle. Although the development of better health care and a broader understanding of human health have helped with better life quality and expectancy, the transition of morbidity and mortality rates from infections to chronic diseases is a cause for concern. Combinations of environmental stressors/pollutants and human behaviors and conditions are modulating the immune-neuroendocrine network, which compromises health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Lee
- a Department of Anthropology , University at Albany , Albany , NY , USA
| | - David A Lawrence
- b Wadsworth Center/New York State Department of Health , Albany , NY , USA
- c Biomedical Sciences and Environmental Health Sciences , University at Albany, School of Public Health , Albany , NY , USA
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14
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Ruscica M, Baragetti A, Catapano AL, Norata GD. Translating the biology of adipokines in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases: Gaps and open questions. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2017; 27:379-395. [PMID: 28237179 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIM Critically discuss the available data, to identify the current gaps and to provide key concepts that will help clinicians in translating the biology of adipokines in the context of atherosclerosis and cardio-metabolic diseases. DATA SYNTHESIS Adipose tissue is nowadays recognized as an active endocrine organ, a function related to the ability to secrete adipokines (such as leptin and adiponectin) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha and resistin). Studies in vitro and in animal models have observed that obesity status presents a chronic low-grade inflammation as the consequence of the immune cells infiltrating the adipose tissue as well as adipocytes. This inflammatory signature is often related to the presence of cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis and thrombosis. These links are less clear in humans, where the role of adipokines as prognostic marker and/or player in cardiovascular diseases is not as clear as that observed in experimental models. Moreover, plasma adipokine levels might reflect a condition of adipokine-resistance in which adipokine redundancy occurs. The investigation of the cardio-metabolic phenotype of carriers of single nucleotide polymorphisms affecting the levels or function of a specific adipokine might help determine their relevance in humans. Thus, the aim of the present review is to critically discuss the available data, identify the current gaps and provide key concepts that will help clinicians translate the biology of adipokines in the context of atherosclerosis and cardio-metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ruscica
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - A Baragetti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; SISA Center for the Study of Atherosclerosis, Bassini Hospital, Cinisello Balsamo, Italy
| | - A L Catapano
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Multimedica Hospital, Sesto San Giovanni, Milan, Italy
| | - G D Norata
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; SISA Center for the Study of Atherosclerosis, Bassini Hospital, Cinisello Balsamo, Italy; School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
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15
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Kiehn JT, Tsang AH, Heyde I, Leinweber B, Kolbe I, Leliavski A, Oster H. Circadian Rhythms in Adipose Tissue Physiology. Compr Physiol 2017; 7:383-427. [PMID: 28333377 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c160017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The different types of adipose tissues fulfill a wide range of biological functions-from energy storage to hormone secretion and thermogenesis-many of which show pronounced variations over the course of the day. Such 24-h rhythms in physiology and behavior are coordinated by endogenous circadian clocks found in all tissues and cells, including adipocytes. At the molecular level, these clocks are based on interlocked transcriptional-translational feedback loops comprised of a set of clock genes/proteins. Tissue-specific clock-controlled transcriptional programs translate time-of-day information into physiologically relevant signals. In adipose tissues, clock gene control has been documented for adipocyte proliferation and differentiation, lipid metabolism as well as endocrine function and other adipose oscillations are under control of systemic signals tied to endocrine, neuronal, or behavioral rhythms. Circadian rhythm disruption, for example, by night shift work or through genetic alterations, is associated with changes in adipocyte metabolism and hormone secretion. At the same time, adipose metabolic state feeds back to central and peripheral clocks, adjusting behavioral and physiological rhythms. In this overview article, we summarize our current knowledge about the crosstalk between circadian clocks and energy metabolism with a focus on adipose physiology. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:383-427, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana-Thabea Kiehn
- Chronophysiology Group, Medical Department I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Anthony H Tsang
- Chronophysiology Group, Medical Department I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Isabel Heyde
- Chronophysiology Group, Medical Department I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Brinja Leinweber
- Chronophysiology Group, Medical Department I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Isa Kolbe
- Chronophysiology Group, Medical Department I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Alexei Leliavski
- Institute of Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Henrik Oster
- Chronophysiology Group, Medical Department I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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16
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Stagi S, Cavalli L, Cavalli T, de Martino M, Brandi ML. Peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) for the assessment of bone strength in most of bone affecting conditions in developmental age: a review. Ital J Pediatr 2016; 42:88. [PMID: 27670687 PMCID: PMC5037897 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-016-0297-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral quantitative computed tomography provides an automatical scan analysis of trabecular and cortical bone compartments, calculating not only their bone mineral density (BMD), but also bone geometrical parameters, such as marrow and cortical Cross-Sectional Area (CSA), Cortical Thickness (CoTh), both periosteal and endosteal circumference, as well as biomechanical parameters like Cross-Sectional Moment of Inertia (CSMI), a measure of bending, polar moment of inertia, indicating bone strength in torsion, and Strength Strain Index (SSI). Also CSA of muscle and fat can be extracted. Muscles, which are thought to stimulate bones to adapt their geometry and mineral content, are determinant to preserve or increase bone strength; thus, pQCT provides an evaluation of the functional 'muscle-bone unit', defined as BMC/muscle CSA ratio. This functional approach to bone densitometry can establish if bone strength is normally adapted to the muscle force, and if muscle force is adequate for body size, providing more detailed insights to targeted strategies for the prevention and treatment of bone fragility. The present paper offers an extensive review of technical features of pQCT and its possible clinical application in the diagnostic of bone status as well as in the monitoring of the skeleton's health follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Stagi
- Health Sciences Department, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children’s University Hospital, viale Pieraccini 24, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Loredana Cavalli
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, Endocrinology Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Tiziana Cavalli
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, Emergency and Digestive Surgery with Oncological and Functional Address Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Maurizio de Martino
- Health Sciences Department, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children’s University Hospital, viale Pieraccini 24, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Brandi
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, Endocrinology Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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17
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Krakowiak P, Walker CK, Tancredi D, Hertz-Picciotto I, Van de Water J. Autism-specific maternal anti-fetal brain autoantibodies are associated with metabolic conditions. Autism Res 2016; 10:89-98. [PMID: 27312731 DOI: 10.1002/aur.1657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 23% of mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) produce specific patterns of autoantibodies to fetal brain proteins that have been detected in only 1% of mothers of typically developing children. The biological mechanisms underlying the development of ASD-specific maternal autoantibodies are poorly understood. We sought to determine whether ASD-specific maternal autoantibodies identified postnatally were associated with metabolic conditions (MCs) during gestation. Participants were 227 mothers of 2-5 year old children with confirmed ASD, enrolled in CHARGE (Childhood Autism Risk from Genetics and the Environment) between January 2003 and April 2008, and from whom blood samples were collected and analyzed for anti-fetal brain autoantibodies (Ab+). MCs included diabetes, hypertensive disorders, and prepregnancy obesity or overweight, ascertained from medical records or structured telephone interviews. Log-linear regression models were performed to estimate prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) based on robust standard errors. Fifty-six (25%) mothers were Ab+. Ab+ prevalence was higher among mothers with diabetes, hypertensive disorders, or overweight compared to healthy mothers, but differences were not statistically significant. In a subset of 145 mothers whose children exhibited severe ASD (31 Ab+), those diagnosed with type 2 or gestational diabetes were 2.7-fold more likely to be Ab+ (95% CI 1.1, 6.6), controlling for delivery payer and smoking. Gestational diabetes specifically was associated with a 3.2-fold increased Ab+ prevalence (95% CI 1.2, 8.6). In this exploratory study, mothers whose children had severe ASD and who experienced diabetes were more likely to have anti-fetal brain autoantibodies 2-5 years later. Autism Res 2017, 10: 89-98. © 2016 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Krakowiak
- Divisions of Epidemiology and of Environmental and Occupational Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California.,Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute (MIND), University of California, Davis, California
| | - Cheryl K Walker
- Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute (MIND), University of California, Davis, California.,Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Daniel Tancredi
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Irva Hertz-Picciotto
- Divisions of Epidemiology and of Environmental and Occupational Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California.,Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute (MIND), University of California, Davis, California
| | - Judy Van de Water
- Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute (MIND), University of California, Davis, California.,Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
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18
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Zhou Y, Yu X, Chen H, Sjöberg S, Roux J, Zhang L, Ivoulsou AH, Bensaid F, Liu CL, Liu J, Tordjman J, Clement K, Lee CH, Hotamisligil GS, Libby P, Shi GP. Leptin Deficiency Shifts Mast Cells toward Anti-Inflammatory Actions and Protects Mice from Obesity and Diabetes by Polarizing M2 Macrophages. Cell Metab 2015; 22:1045-58. [PMID: 26481668 PMCID: PMC4670585 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity and diabetes. This study demonstrates that leptin deficiency slants MCs toward anti-inflammatory functions. MCs in the white adipose tissue (WAT) of lean humans and mice express negligible leptin. Adoptive transfer of leptin-deficient MCs expanded ex vivo mitigates diet-induced and pre-established obesity and diabetes in mice. Mechanistic studies show that leptin-deficient MCs polarize macrophages from M1 to M2 functions because of impaired cell signaling and an altered balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, but do not affect T cell differentiation. Rampant body weight gain in ob/ob mice, a strain that lacks leptin, associates with reduced MC content in WAT. In ob/ob mice, genetic depletion of MCs exacerbates obesity and diabetes, and repopulation of ex vivo expanded ob/ob MCs ameliorates these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xueqing Yu
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Huimei Chen
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Research Institute of Nephrology, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Sara Sjöberg
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joséphine Roux
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Al-Habib Ivoulsou
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Farid Bensaid
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Cong-Lin Liu
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Joan Tordjman
- INSERM, U 872, Paris, F-75006 France, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris6, UMRS 872, Paris, F-75006 France; Université Paris Descartes, UMRS 872, Paris, F-75006 France
| | - Karine Clement
- INSERM, U 872, Paris, F-75006 France, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris6, UMRS 872, Paris, F-75006 France; Université Paris Descartes, UMRS 872, Paris, F-75006 France
| | - Chih-Hao Lee
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gokhan S Hotamisligil
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peter Libby
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Guo-Ping Shi
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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De Rosa V, Galgani M, Santopaolo M, Colamatteo A, Laccetti R, Matarese G. Nutritional control of immunity: Balancing the metabolic requirements with an appropriate immune function. Semin Immunol 2015; 27:300-9. [PMID: 26527507 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The immune system is a highly integrated network of cells sensitive to a number of environmental factors. Interestingly, recent years have seen a dramatic increase in our understanding of how diet makes a crucial contribution to human health, affecting the immune system, secretion of adipocytokines and metabolic pathways. Recent experimental evidence indicates that diet and its components are able to profoundly influence immune responses, thus affecting the development of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. This review aims to discuss some of the main topics concerning the impact of nutrients and their relative composition on immune cell development and function that may be particularly important for regulating the balance between inflammatory and tolerogenic processes. We also highlight the effects of diet on commensal bacteria and how changes in the composition of the microbiota alter intestinal and systemic immune homeostasis. Finally, we summarize the effects of dietary compounds on epigenetic mechanisms involved in the regulation of several immune related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica De Rosa
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Napoli 80131, Italy; Unità di NeuroImmunologia, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Roma 00143, Italy
| | - Mario Galgani
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Napoli 80131, Italy
| | - Marianna Santopaolo
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Napoli 80131, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Napoli 80131, Italy
| | - Alessandra Colamatteo
- Unità di NeuroImmunologia, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Roma 00143, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Salerno, Baronissi Campus, Baronissi 84081, Salerno, Italy
| | - Roberta Laccetti
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Napoli 80131, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Salerno, Baronissi Campus, Baronissi 84081, Salerno, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Matarese
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Salerno, Baronissi Campus, Baronissi 84081, Salerno, Italy; IRCCS MultiMedica, Milano 20138, Italy.
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Liu SH, Chen HJ, Hsieh TH, Chen JC, Huang YC. Excessive adiposity, metabolic health, and risks for genital human papillomavirus infection in adult women: a population-based cross-sectional study. BMC OBESITY 2015; 2:39. [PMID: 26442154 PMCID: PMC4591625 DOI: 10.1186/s40608-015-0071-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of excessive adiposity or its metabolic consequences in persistent HPV infection among general adult women remains unknown. METHODS Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) in 2003-2010, we compared adult women's likelihood for any- or high-risk (HR) type HPV infection by degrees of excessive adiposity and metabolic health status. RESULTS Any-type (41.1 % vs. 44.9 %, P = 0.045) or HR-type HPV prevalence (21.9 % vs. 25.4 %, P = 0.055) was comparable in women aged 20-59 years with or without central obesity. After adjusting for age, socioeconomic indicators, and lifetime sexual risks, centrally-obese women barely showed a different likelihood for any-type (aPR [adjusted prevalence ratio] = 0.91, P = 0.03) or HR-HPV infection (aPR = 0.92, P = 0.279). However, obesity (aPR = 0.76, P = 0.017) or centrally-obesity (aPR = 0.72, P = 0.003) was negatively correlated with HR-HPV infection in women reporting an early sex debut (<16 years; P for interaction <0.05). In the fasting subpopulation, obesity (aPR = 0.77, P = 0.016) or metabolically unhealthy obesity (aPR = 0.69, P = 0.018) was significantly correlated with a 23 % or 31 % reduced prevalence of HR-HPV infection. DISCUSSION In contrary to findings for the general population, HR-HPV prevalence was decreased in a subgroup of women with obesity or central obesity. Possible explanations for such heterogeneity included less risky sexual behaviors, an altered immune milieu that promoted viral clearance, and increased access to healthcare resources due to other obesity-related co-morbidities in this subpopulation. CONCLUSIONS Obesity or central obesity was not significantly associated with prevalent any-type or HR-type HPV infection among adult women in general. However, in certain subpopulations, excessive adiposity or its relevant metabolic dysfunction was negatively associated with HR-HPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Hsun Liu
- />College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Wen Hwa 1st Rd., Gueishan District, Taoyuan City, 333 Taiwan
- />Department of Family Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, 5 Fuhsin Street, Gueishan District, Taoyuan City, 333 Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Jen Chen
- />Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, No.155, Sec.2, Li Nong Street, Taipei, 112 Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Han Hsieh
- />Department of Emergency Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, 5 Fuhsin Street, Gueishan District, Taoyuan City, 333 Taiwan
| | - Jih-Chang Chen
- />Department of Emergency Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, 5 Fuhsin Street, Gueishan District, Taoyuan City, 333 Taiwan
| | - Yhu-Chering Huang
- />College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Wen Hwa 1st Rd., Gueishan District, Taoyuan City, 333 Taiwan
- />Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, 5 Fuhsin Street, Gueishan District, Taoyuan City, 333 Taiwan
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21
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Carrieri PB, Carbone F, Perna F, Bruzzese D, La Rocca C, Galgani M, Montella S, Petracca M, Florio C, Maniscalco GT, Spitaleri DLA, Iuliano G, Tedeschi G, Della Corte M, Bonavita S, Matarese G. Longitudinal assessment of immuno-metabolic parameters in multiple sclerosis patients during treatment with glatiramer acetate. Metabolism 2015; 64:1112-21. [PMID: 25986733 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the effect of glatiramer acetate (GA) on the modulation of immune cell subpopulations and serum levels of multiple immune/metabolic markers in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) to understand whether the treatment with GA could induce a specific change in the immunometabolic asset of patients with RRMS. MATERIAL AND METHODS We performed an extensive peripheral blood immunophenotyping and measured serum levels of several parameters involved in the pathogenesis of RRMS and also relevant in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome and obesity such as leptin, soluble leptin-receptor (sLep-R), myeloperoxidase (MPO), soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40-L), soluble tumor necrosis factor-receptor (sTNF-R), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), soluble Inter-Cellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and osteoprotegerin (OPG), in 20 naïve-to-treatment RRMS patients and 20 healthy controls. We repeated these analyses over time at 6 and 12 months after starting GA treatment. RESULTS Our analysis showed that naïve-to-treatment RRMS patients had a lower number of CD16(+)CD56(+) NK cells, CD19(+) B cells, CD4(+) T cells co-expressing the MHC class II activation marker HLA-DR (CD4(+)DR(+)) and naïve CD4(+)CD45RA(+) T cells in basal conditions. GA treatment induced a specific and significant decrease of circulating CD19(+) B cells. Naïve-to-treatment RRMS patients also showed a significantly higher number of CD4(+) T cells with a memory phenotype (CD4(+)CD45RO(+)) whose peripheral frequency was not affected by GA treatment. These changes over time associated with a higher serum concentration of leptin and lower levels of MPO. GA treatment also reduced significantly the circulating levels of sCD40-L and sTNF-R overtime. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that the clinical outcome of GA treatment is associated with changes in immune cell subpopulations and modulation of specific immunometabolic markers. These data add substantial evidence of the immune modulating effect of GA during RRMS and could be of relevance in understanding the pathogenesis of disease and its follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro B Carrieri
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Scienze Riproduttive ed Odontostomatologiche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Fortunata Carbone
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), c/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesco Perna
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Dario Bruzzese
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Claudia La Rocca
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), c/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Mario Galgani
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), c/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Silvana Montella
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Scienze Riproduttive ed Odontostomatologiche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria Petracca
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Scienze Riproduttive ed Odontostomatologiche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Napoli, Italy; Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA
| | - Ciro Florio
- Dipartimento di Neurologia, Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale Cardarelli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Giorgia T Maniscalco
- Dipartimento di Neurologia, Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale Cardarelli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Daniele L A Spitaleri
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Neurologia, Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilevo Nazionale S. Giuseppe Moscati, Avellino, Italy
| | - Gerardo Iuliano
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Unità di Malattie Demielinizzanti, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria S. Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona, Salerno, Italy
| | - Gioacchino Tedeschi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Chirurgiche, Neurologiche, Metaboliche e dell'Invecchiamento, Seconda Università di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Marida Della Corte
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Chirurgiche, Neurologiche, Metaboliche e dell'Invecchiamento, Seconda Università di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Simona Bonavita
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Chirurgiche, Neurologiche, Metaboliche e dell'Invecchiamento, Seconda Università di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Matarese
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Salerno, Baronissi Campus, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy; IRCCS MultiMedica, Milano, Italy.
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Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Franco-Lira M, D'Angiulli A, Rodríguez-Díaz J, Blaurock-Busch E, Busch Y, Chao CK, Thompson C, Mukherjee PS, Torres-Jardón R, Perry G. Mexico City normal weight children exposed to high concentrations of ambient PM2.5 show high blood leptin and endothelin-1, vitamin D deficiency, and food reward hormone dysregulation versus low pollution controls. Relevance for obesity and Alzheimer disease. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 140:579-592. [PMID: 26037109 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Millions of Mexico, US and across the world children are overweight and obese. Exposure to fossil-fuel combustion sources increases the risk for obesity and diabetes, while long-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone (O3) above US EPA standards is associated with increased risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Mexico City Metropolitan Area children are chronically exposed to PM2.5 and O3 concentrations above the standards and exhibit systemic, brain and intrathecal inflammation, cognitive deficits, and Alzheimer disease neuropathology. We investigated adipokines, food reward hormones, endothelial dysfunction, vitamin D and apolipoprotein E (APOE) relationships in 80 healthy, normal weight 11.1±3.2 year olds matched by age, gender, BMI and SES, low (n: 26) versus high (n:54) PM2.5 exposures. Mexico City children had higher leptin and endothelin-1 (p<0.01 and p<0.000), and decreases in glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP 1), ghrelin, and glucagon (<0.02) versus controls. BMI and leptin relationships were significantly different in low versus high PM2.5 exposed children. Mexico City APOE 4 versus 3 children had higher glucose (p=0.009). Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D<30 ng/mL was documented in 87% of Mexico City children. Leptin is strongly positively associated to PM 2.5 cumulative exposures. Residing in a high PM2.5 and O3 environment is associated with 12h fasting hyperleptinemia, altered appetite-regulating peptides, vitamin D deficiency, and increases in ET-1 in clinically healthy children. These changes could signal the future trajectory of urban children towards the development of insulin resistance, obesity, type II diabetes, premature cardiovascular disease, addiction-like behavior, cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Increased efforts should be made to decrease pediatric PM2.5 exposures, to deliver health interventions prior to the development of obesity and to identify and mitigate environmental factors influencing obesity and Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Calderón-Garcidueñas
- The Center for Structural and Functional Neurosciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; Hospital Central Militar, Mexico City 11649, Mexico.
| | | | - Amedeo D'Angiulli
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6
| | - Joel Rodríguez-Díaz
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Valle de México, Saltillo, Coahuila 25204, Mexico
| | | | - Yvette Busch
- Clinical and Environmental Laboratory Micro Trace Minerals (MTM), 91217 Hersbruck, Germany
| | - Chih-kai Chao
- The Center for Structural and Functional Neurosciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Charles Thompson
- The Center for Structural and Functional Neurosciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | | | - Ricardo Torres-Jardón
- Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - George Perry
- College of Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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23
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Verma R, Chopra A, Giardina C, Sabbisetti V, Smyth JA, Hightower LE, Perdrizet GA. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) suppresses biomarkers of cell stress and kidney injury in diabetic mice. Cell Stress Chaperones 2015; 20:495-505. [PMID: 25648080 PMCID: PMC4406928 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-015-0574-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The disease burden from diabetic kidney disease is large and growing. Effective therapies are lacking, despite an urgent need. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) activates Nrf2 and cellular antioxidant defenses; therefore, it may be generally useful for treating conditions that feature chronic oxidative tissue damage. Herein, we determined how periodic exposure to oxygen at elevated pressure affected type 2 diabetes mellitus-related changes in the kidneys of db/db mice. Two groups of db/db mice, designated 2.4 ATA and 1.5 ATA, were treated four times per week with 100 % oxygen at either 1.5 or 2.4 ATA (atmospheres absolute) followed by tests to assess kidney damage and function. The sham group of db/db mice and the Hets group of db/+ mice were handled but did not receive HBOT. Several markers of kidney damage were reduced significantly in the HBOT groups including urinary biomarkers neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and cystatin C (CyC) along with significantly lower levels of caspase-3 activity in kidney tissue extracts. Other stress biomarkers also showed trends to improvement in the HBOT groups, including urinary albumin levels. Expressions of the stress response genes NRF2, HMOX1, MT1, and HSPA1A were reduced in the HBOT groups at the end of the experiment, consistent with reduced kidney damage in treated mice. Urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR), a measure of albuminuria, was significantly reduced in the db/db mice receiving HBOT. All of the db/db mouse groups had qualitatively similar changes in renal histopathology. Glycogenated nuclei, not previously reported in db/db mice, were observed in these three experimental groups but not in the control group of nondiabetic mice. Overall, our findings are consistent with therapeutic HBOT alleviating stress and damage in the diabetic kidney through cytoprotective responses. These findings support an emerging paradigm in which tissue oxygenation and cellular defenses effectively limit damage from chronic oxidative stress more effectively than chemical antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Verma
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA,
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24
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Quante M, Dietrich A, ElKhal A, Tullius SG. Obesity-related immune responses and their impact on surgical outcomes. Int J Obes (Lond) 2015; 39:877-83. [PMID: 25697667 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2015.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The obesity epidemic represents a critical disease burden with broad clinical consequences. At the same time, obesity has been linked to inferior surgical outcomes and considered a contraindication for some elective surgical procedures. A growing body of mechanistic evidence has accumulated linking obesity to changes of metabolism and immune responses. This concept provides an integrated inflammatory network based on the perception of obesity as a state of chronic low-grade inflammation. With a more detailed understanding of this dynamic network and mechanistic insights, novel treatment and management strategies may be developed with the goal to optimize surgical outcomes in obese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Quante
- 1] Division of Transplant Surgery and Transplant Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA [2] IFB Integrated Research and Treatment Centre Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany [3] Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - A Dietrich
- 1] IFB Integrated Research and Treatment Centre Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany [2] Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - A ElKhal
- Division of Transplant Surgery and Transplant Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S G Tullius
- Division of Transplant Surgery and Transplant Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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25
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A gene variant in the transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) is associated with an increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2014; 180:77-82. [PMID: 25048152 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2014.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adipokines play an important role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance during pregnancy. We studied the association of genetic variants linked with type 2 diabetes in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) subjects and its influence on maternal adipokines. STUDY DESIGN We recruited 25 healthy pregnant women (Controls) and 45 women with GDM at 24-28 weeks of gestation. Maternal blood samples were collected at recruitment and delivery. Adipokines were determined at both sampling times. Genomic DNA was extracted from recruitment samples and FTO rs9939609, TCF7L2 rs4506565, rs7901695, rs12243326, rs12255372 and rs7903146, INSIG2 rs7566605, SREBF1 rs114001633, rs45535737 and rs12941356 and FATP4 rs2003560 genotyped. RESULTS Serum adiponectin was significantly lower in GDM than Controls at recruitment and showed a similar trend at delivery (p=0.060). In contrast, resistin tended to higher levels in GDM only at recruitment. TCF7L2 rs4506565 (OR=2.31, 95% CI: 1.97-5.01; p=0.031) and FTO rs9939609 (OR=2.17, 95% CI: 1.07-4.41; p=0.039) were associated with GDM risk. Women carrying the T allele of TCF7L2 rs4506565 had increases in plasma resistin of 9.38 μg/L (95% CI 1.39-17.37; p=0.022) per allele; this association remained significant after adjusting for pre-gestational body weight. CONCLUSION TCF7L2 rs4506565 variant (T/T) is associated with increased risk of GDM and plasma resistin concentrations in women with GDM.
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26
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Torrão RC, Bennett SJ, Brown JE, Griffiths HR. Does metabolic reprogramming underpin age-associated changes in T cell phenotype and function? Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 71:26-35. [PMID: 24632379 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Revised: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
T cells are required for an effective adaptive immune response. The principal function of T cells is to promote efficient removal of foreign material by identifying and mounting a specific response to nonself. A decline in T cell function in aging is thought to contribute to reduced response to infection and vaccination and an increase in autoimmunity. This may in part be due to the age-related decrease in naïve CD4(+) T cells and increase in antigen-experienced CD4(+) T cells, loss of redox homeostasis, and impaired metabolic switching. Switching between subsets is triggered by the integration of extracellular signals sensed through surface receptors and the activation of discrete intracellular metabolic pathways. This article explores how metabolic programming and loss of redox homeostasis during aging may contribute to age-associated changes in T cell phenotype and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita C Torrão
- Life and Health Sciences and Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, West Midlands, UK
| | - Stuart J Bennett
- Life and Health Sciences and Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, West Midlands, UK
| | - James E Brown
- Life and Health Sciences and Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, West Midlands, UK
| | - Helen R Griffiths
- Life and Health Sciences and Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, West Midlands, UK.
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Stagi S, Cavalli L, Signorini C, Bertini F, Cerinic MM, Brandi ML, Falcini F. Bone mass and quality in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: longitudinal evaluation of bone-mass determinants by using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, peripheral quantitative computed tomography, and quantitative ultrasonography. Arthritis Res Ther 2014; 16:R83. [PMID: 24684763 PMCID: PMC4060444 DOI: 10.1186/ar4525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Our objective was to evaluate longitudinally the main bone-mass and quality predictors in young juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) patients by using lumbar spine dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan, radius peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT), and phalangeal quantitative ultrasonography (QUS) at the same time. Methods In total, 245 patients (172 females, 73 males; median age, 15.6 years: 148 oligoarticular, 55 polyarticular, 20 systemic, and 22 enthesitis-related-arthritis (ERA) onset) entered the study. Of these, 166 patients were evaluated longitudinally. Data were compared with two age- and sex-matched control groups. Results In comparison with controls, JIA patients, but not with ERA, had a reduced spine bone-mineral apparent density (BMAD) standard deviation score (P < 0.001) and musculoskeletal deficits, with significantly lower levels of trabecular bone mineral density (TrabBMD) (P < 0.0001), muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) (P < 0.005), and density-weighted polar section modulus (SSIp) (P < 0.05). In contrast, JIA showed fat CSA significantly higher than controls (P < 0.0001). Finally, JIA patients had a significant reduced amplitude-dependent speed of sound (AD-SoS) (P < 0.001), and QUS z score (P < 0.005). Longitudinally, we did not find any difference in all JIA patients in comparison with baseline, except for the SSIp value that normalized. Analyzing the treatments, a significant negative correlation among spine BMAD values, TrabBMD, AD-SoS, and systemic and/or intraarticular corticosteroids, and a positive correlation among TNF-α-blocking agents and spine BMAD, TrabBMD, and AD-SoS were observed. Conclusions JIA patients have a low bone mass that, after a first increase due to the therapy, does not reach the normal condition over time. The pronounced bone deficits in JIA are greater than would be expected because of reduction in muscle cross-sectional area. Thus, bone alterations in JIA likely represent a mixed defect of bone accrual and lower muscle forces.
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Matarese G, Colamatteo A, De Rosa V. Metabolic fuelling of proper T cell functions. Immunol Lett 2013; 161:174-8. [PMID: 24365064 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The interplay of the immune system with other aspects of physiology is one of the hottest topics of the recent literature. A crucial example is the influence of metabolic cues on immune responses. It is now well accepted that upon activation, T lymphocytes take on a metabolic profile profoundly distinct from that of their quiescent and anergic counterparts; in these sense, T cell metabolism is highly dynamic and has a serious impact on the ability of T cell to grow, activate and differentiate. Specific metabolic pathways provide energy and biosynthetic precursors able to support specific T cell functions, such as effector, regulatory and memory. Here, we review the main signaling pathways that control metabolism and how the metabolic phenotypes of T cell subtypes integrate with their specific function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Matarese
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Salerno, Baronissi Campus, Baronissi 84081, Salerno, Italy; IRCCS-MultiMedica, Milano 20138, Italy.
| | | | - Veronica De Rosa
- Unità di NeuroImmunologia, IRCCS-Fondazione Santa Lucia, Roma 00143, Italy; Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Napoli 80131, Italy
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29
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The role of cytokines in the functional activity of phagocytes in blood and colostrum of diabetic mothers. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:590190. [PMID: 24489577 PMCID: PMC3877604 DOI: 10.1155/2013/590190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Immune response changes induced by diabetes are a risk factor for infections during pregnancy and may modify the development of the newborn's immune system. The present study analyzed colostrum and maternal and cord blood of diabetic women to determine (1) the levels of the cytokines IFN-γ and TGF-β and (2) phagocytic activity after incubation with cytokines. Methods. Colostrum and maternal and cord blood samples were classified into normoglycemic (N = 20) and diabetic (N = 19) groups. Cytokine levels, superoxide release, rate of phagocytosis, bactericidal activity, and intracellular Ca2+ release by phagocytes were analyzed in the samples. Irrespective of glycemic status, IFN-γ and TGF-β levels were not changed in colostrum and maternal and cord blood. In maternal blood and colostrum, superoxide release by cytokine-stimulated phagocytes was similar between the groups. Compared to spontaneous release, superoxide release was stimulated by IFN-γ and TGF-β in normoglycemic and diabetic groups. In the diabetic group, cord blood phagocytes incubated with IFN-γ exhibited higher phagocytic activity in response to EPEC, and maternal blood exhibited lower microbicidal activity. These data suggest that diabetes interferes in maternal immunological parameters and that IFN-γ and TGF-β modulate the functional activity of phagocytes in the colostrum, maternal blood, and cord blood of pregnant diabetic women.
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Samaras K, Viardot A, Botelho NK, Jenkins A, Lord RV. Immune cell-mediated inflammation and the early improvements in glucose metabolism after gastric banding surgery. Diabetologia 2013; 56:2564-72. [PMID: 24114113 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-013-3033-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The contribution of immune cells to the inflammasome that characterises type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity is under intense research scrutiny. We hypothesised that early changes in glucose metabolism following gastric banding surgery may relate to systemic inflammation, particularly cell-mediated immunity. METHODS Obese participants (BMI 43.4 ± 4.9 kg/m(2), n = 15) with diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) underwent laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding surgery. Measurements taken before, and at 2 and 12 weeks after surgery included: fasting glucose, glucose levels 2 h after a 75 g oral load, glucose incremental AUC, oral glucose insulin sensitivity index (OGIS), circulating immune cell numbers and activation, and adipokine levels. Subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue were collected at surgery, and macrophage number and activation measured. RESULTS There were significant reductions in fasting and 2 h glucose, as well as improved OGIS at 2 and 12 weeks. At 12 weeks, 80% of the diabetic participants reverted to normal glucose tolerance or IGT, and all IGT participants had normalised glucose tolerance. The 12 week fall in fasting glucose was significantly related to baseline lymphocyte and T lymphocyte numbers, and to granulocyte activation, but also to the magnitude of the 12 week reduction in lymphocyte and T lymphocyte numbers and TNF-α levels. In a model that explained 75% of the variance in the change in fasting glucose, the 12 week change in T lymphocytes was independently associated with the 12 week fall in fasting glucose. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Rapid improvements in glucose metabolism after gastric banding surgery are related to reductions in circulating pro-inflammatory immune cells, specifically T lymphocytes. The contribution of immune cell-mediated inflammation to glucose homeostasis in type 2 diabetes and its improvement after bariatric surgery require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Samaras
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia,
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31
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Role of leptin-mediated colonic inflammation in defense against Clostridium difficile colitis. Infect Immun 2013; 82:341-9. [PMID: 24166957 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00972-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of leptin in the mucosal immune response to Clostridium difficile colitis, a leading cause of nosocomial infection, was studied in humans and in a murine model. Previously, a mutation in the receptor for leptin (LEPR) was shown to be associated with susceptibility to infectious colitis and liver abscess due to Entamoeba histolytica as well as to bacterial peritonitis. Here we discovered that European Americans homozygous for the same LEPR Q223R mutation (rs1137101), known to result in decreased STAT3 signaling, were at increased risk of C. difficile infection (odds ratio, 3.03; P = 0.015). The mechanism of increased susceptibility was studied in a murine model. Mice lacking a functional leptin receptor (db/db) had decreased clearance of C. difficile from the gut lumen and diminished inflammation. Mutation of tyrosine 1138 in the intracellular domain of LepRb that mediates signaling through the STAT3/SOCS3 pathway also resulted in decreased mucosal chemokine and cell recruitment. Collectively, these data support a protective mucosal immune function for leptin in C. difficile colitis partially mediated by a leptin-STAT3 inflammatory pathway that is defective in the LEPR Q223R mutation. Identification of the role of leptin in protection from C. difficile offers the potential for host-directed therapy and demonstrates a connection between metabolism and immunity.
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Kumar NP, Sridhar R, Banurekha VV, Jawahar MS, Fay MP, Nutman TB, Babu S. Type 2 diabetes mellitus coincident with pulmonary tuberculosis is associated with heightened systemic type 1, type 17, and other proinflammatory cytokines. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2013; 10:441-9. [PMID: 23987505 PMCID: PMC3960913 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201305-112oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a major risk factor for the development of active tuberculosis, although the biological basis underlying this susceptibility remains poorly characterized. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS To identify the influence of coincident diabetes mellitus on cytokine levels in pulmonary tuberculosis, we examined circulating levels of a panel of cytokines and chemokines in the plasma of individuals with tuberculosis with diabetes and compared them with those of individuals without diabetes. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Tuberculosis with diabetes is characterized by elevated circulating levels of type 1 (IFN-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, and IL-2), type 2 (IL-5), and type 17 (IL-17A) cytokines but decreased circulating levels of IL-22. This was associated with increased systemic levels of other proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-18) and an antiinflammatory cytokine (IL-10) but not type 1 IFNs. Moreover, tuberculosis antigen-stimulated whole blood also showed increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Finally, type 1 and type 17 cytokines in plasma exhibit a significant positive correlation with hemoglobin A1C levels, indicating that impaired control of diabetes is associated with this proinflammatory milieu. Multivariate analysis revealed that the association of proinflammatory cytokines with diabetes mellitus was not influenced by age, sex, or other metabolic parameters. CONCLUSIONS Our data reveal that tuberculosis with diabetes is characterized by heightened cytokine responsiveness, indicating that chronic inflammation underlying type 2 diabetes potentially contributes to increased immune pathology and poor control in tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathella Pavan Kumar
- International Center for Excellence in Research, National Institutes of Health
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, and
| | | | | | | | | | - Thomas B. Nutman
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Subash Babu
- International Center for Excellence in Research, National Institutes of Health
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Kumar NP, Sridhar R, Banurekha VV, Jawahar MS, Nutman TB, Babu S. Expansion of pathogen-specific T-helper 1 and T-helper 17 cells in pulmonary tuberculosis with coincident type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Infect Dis 2013; 208:739-48. [PMID: 23715661 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major risk factor for the development of active pulmonary tuberculosis, although the immunological mechanisms underlying this interaction remain unexplored. The influence of poorly controlled diabetes on pathogen-specific T-helper 1 (Th1) and T-helper 17 (Th17) responses have not been examined. METHODS To identify the role of Th1 and Th17 cells in tuberculosis with coincident DM, we examined mycobacteria-specific immune responses in the whole blood of individuals who had tuberculosis with DM and compared them to those in individuals who had tuberculosis without DM. RESULTS Tuberculosis coincident with DM is characterized by elevated frequencies of monofunctional and dual-functional CD4(+) Th1 cells following Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen stimulation and elevated frequencies of Th17 subsets at both baseline and following antigen stimulation. This was associated with increased systemic (plasma) levels of both Th1 and Th17 cytokines and decreased baseline frequencies of natural regulatory T cells but not interleukin 10 or transforming growth factor β. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, our data reveal that tuberculosis in persons with DM is characterized by elevated frequencies of Th1 and Th17 cells, indicating that DM is associated with an alteration in the immune response to tuberculosis, leading to a biased induction of Th1- and Th17-mediated cellular responses and likely contributing to increased immune pathology in M. tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathella Pavan Kumar
- National Institutes of Health-International Center for Excellence in Research, Medical Hospital, Chennai, India
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Gomes CP, Torloni MR, Gueuvoghlanian-Silva BY, Alexandre SM, Mattar R, Daher S. Cytokine levels in gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review of the literature. Am J Reprod Immunol 2013; 69:545-57. [PMID: 23414425 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is an inflammatory condition that involves unbalanced cytokine production. We carried out a systematic review on the relationship between GDM and maternal circulating levels of cytokines in the 2nd/3rd trimesters. METHOD OF STUDY Three electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE and LILACS), were searched. Duplicate study selection, extraction and quality assessment was performed. RESULTS Twenty-two studies with 1982 participants reporting levels of 9 cytokines (IL-1B, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, IL-18, IFN-G, TGF-B and TNF-A) were included. Most studies differed considerably in selection criteria, sampling and assay methods and in reporting their results. Consequently, only two studies could be pooled: TNF-A concentration was slightly higher in GDM than in control patients, although not significant (WMD=0.45, 95% CI -0.34-1.23). CONCLUSIONS New studies with well-defined, more homogeneous methodological parameters are needed to detect whether there are significant differences in circulating levels of cytokines in patients with GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio Perez Gomes
- Department of Obstetrics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Rathmell
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Selective capacity of metreleptin administration to reconstitute CD4+ T-cell number in females with acquired hypoleptinemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E818-27. [PMID: 23382191 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1214554110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin is an adipocyte-derived hormone that controls food intake and reproductive and immune functions in rodents. In uncontrolled human studies, low leptin levels are associated with impaired immune responses and reduced T-cell counts; however, the effects of leptin replacement on the adaptive immune system have not yet been reported in the context of randomized, controlled studies and/or in conditions of chronic acquired leptin deficiency. To address these questions, we performed a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of recombinant methionyl-human leptin (metreleptin) administration in replacement doses in women experiencing the female triad (hypothalamic amenorrhea) with acquired chronic hypoleptinemia induced by negative energy balance. Metreleptin restored both CD4(+) T-cell counts and their in vitro proliferative responses in these women. These changes were accompanied by a transcriptional signature in which genes relevant to cell survival and hormonal response were up-regulated, and apoptosis genes were down-regulated in circulating immune cells. We also observed that signaling pathways involved in cell growth/survival/proliferation, such as the STAT3, AMPK, mTOR, ERK1/2, and Akt pathways, were activated directly by acute in vivo metreleptin administration in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and CD4(+) T-cells both from subjects with chronic hypoleptinemia and from normoleptinemic, lean female subjects. Our data show that metreleptin administration, in doses that normalize circulating leptin levels, induces transcriptional changes, activates intracellular signaling pathways, and restores CD4(+) T-cell counts. Thus, metreleptin may prove to be a safe and effective therapy for selective CD4(+) T-cell immune reconstitution in hypoleptinemic states such as tuberculosis and HIV infection in which CD4(+) T cells are reduced.
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