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Panduro J, Vigh-Larsen JF, Ermidis G, Póvoas S, Schmidt JF, Søgaard K, Krustrup P, Mohr M, Randers MB. Acute arm and leg muscle glycogen and metabolite responses to small-sided football games in healthy young men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:1929-1937. [PMID: 35648211 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-04970-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Studies have indicated upper body involvement during football, provoking long-term muscular adaptations. This study aimed at examining the acute metabolic response in upper and lower body skeletal muscle to football training organized as small-sided games (SSG). METHODS Ten healthy male recreational football players [age 24 ± 1 (± SD) yrs; height 183 ± 4 cm; body mass 83.1 ± 9.7 kg; body fat 15.5 ± 5.4%] completed 1-h 5v5 SSG (4 × 12 min interspersed with 4-min recovery periods). Muscle biopsies were obtained from m. vastus lateralis (VL) and m. deltoideus (DE) pre- and post-SSG for muscle glycogen and metabolite analyses. Blood lactate samples were obtained at rest, middle and end of the SSG. RESULTS Muscle glycogen in VL decreased (P < 0.01) by 21% and tended (P = 0.08) to decrease in DE by 13%. Muscle lactate increased in VL (117%; P < 0.001) and DE (81%; P < 0.001) during the game, while blood lactate rose threefold. Muscle ATP and PCr were unaltered, but intermuscular differences were detected for ATP at both time points (P < 0.001) and for PCr at pre-SSG (P < 0.05) with VL demonstrating higher values than DE, while muscle creatine rose in VL (P < 0.001) by 41% and by 22% in DE (P = 0.02). Baseline citrate synthase maximal activity was higher (P < 0.05) in VL compared to DE, whereas baseline muscle lactate concentration was higher (P < 0.05) in DE than VL. CONCLUSION The upper body may be extensively involved during football play, but besides a rise in muscle lactate in the deltoideus muscle similar to the leg muscles, the present study did not demonstrate acute metabolic changes of an order that may explain the previously reported training effect of football play in the upper extremities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeppe Panduro
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jeppe F Vigh-Larsen
- Department of Public Health, Research Unit in Exercise Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Georgios Ermidis
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Susana Póvoas
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Maia, ISMAI, Maia, Portugal
| | - Jakob Friis Schmidt
- Section for Anaesthesia for ENT, Head Neck & Maxillofacial Surgery and Ortopedi, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karen Søgaard
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Peter Krustrup
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.,Danish Institute for Advanced Study (DIAS), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Magni Mohr
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Faculty of Health, Centre of Health Sciences, University of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
| | - Morten Bredsgaard Randers
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark. .,School of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsö, Norway.
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2
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Frandsen J, Sahl RE, Rømer T, Hansen MT, Nielsen AB, Lie‐Olesen MM, Rasmusen HK, Søgaard D, Ingersen A, Rosenkilde M, Westerterp K, Holst JJ, Andersen JL, Markowski AR, Blachnio‐Zabielska A, Clemmensen C, Sacchetti M, Cataldo A, Traina M, Larsen S, Dela F, Helge JW. Extreme duration exercise affects old and younger men differently. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2022; 235:e13816. [PMID: 35347845 PMCID: PMC9287057 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aim & Methods Extreme endurance exercise provides a valuable research model for understanding the adaptive metabolic response of older and younger individuals to intense physical activity. Here, we compare a wide range of metabolic and physiologic parameters in two cohorts of seven trained men, age 30 ± 5 years or age 65 ± 6 years, before and after the participants travelled ≈3000 km by bicycle over 15 days. Results Over the 15‐day exercise intervention, participants lost 2–3 kg fat mass with no significant change in body weight. V̇O2max did not change in younger cyclists, but decreased (p = 0.06) in the older cohort. The resting plasma FFA concentration decreased markedly in both groups, and plasma glucose increased in the younger group. In the older cohort, plasma LDL‐cholesterol and plasma triglyceride decreased. In skeletal muscle, fat transporters CD36 and FABPm remained unchanged. The glucose handling proteins GLUT4 and SNAP23 increased in both groups. Mitochondrial ROS production decreased in both groups, and ADP sensitivity increased in skeletal muscle in the older but not in the younger cohort. Conclusion In summary, these data suggest that older but not younger individuals experience a negative adaptive response affecting cardiovascular function in response to extreme endurance exercise, while a positive response to the same exercise intervention is observed in peripheral tissues in younger and older men. The results also suggest that the adaptive thresholds differ in younger and old men, and this difference primarily affects central cardiovascular functions in older men after extreme endurance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Frandsen
- Xlab Center for Healthy Aging Department of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Ronni Eg Sahl
- Xlab Center for Healthy Aging Department of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Tue Rømer
- Xlab Center for Healthy Aging Department of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Mikkel Thunestvedt Hansen
- Xlab Center for Healthy Aging Department of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Andreas Blaaholm Nielsen
- Xlab Center for Healthy Aging Department of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Michelle Munk Lie‐Olesen
- Xlab Center for Healthy Aging Department of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Hanne Kruuse Rasmusen
- Department of Cardiology Bispebjerg‐Frederiksberg University Hospital Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Ditte Søgaard
- Xlab Center for Healthy Aging Department of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Arthur Ingersen
- Xlab Center for Healthy Aging Department of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Mads Rosenkilde
- Xlab Center for Healthy Aging Department of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Klaas Westerterp
- NUTRIM Maastricht University Medical Centre Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Jens Juul Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Jesper Løvind Andersen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery M Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Adam Roman Markowski
- Epidemiology and Metabolic disorder Department Medical University of Bialystok Bialystok Poland
| | | | - Christoffer Clemmensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Massimo Sacchetti
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences University of Rome “Foro Italico” Rome Italy
| | - Angelo Cataldo
- Department of Sports Science (DISMOT) University of Palermo Palermo Italy
| | - Marcello Traina
- Department of Sports Science (DISMOT) University of Palermo Palermo Italy
| | - Steen Larsen
- Xlab Center for Healthy Aging Department of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
- Clinical Research Centre Medical University of Bialystok Bialystok Poland
| | - Flemming Dela
- Xlab Center for Healthy Aging Department of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Geriatrics Bispebjerg‐Frederiksberg University Hospital Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Jørn Wulff Helge
- Xlab Center for Healthy Aging Department of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
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3
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Xu J, Liu G, Hegde SM, Palta P, Boerwinkle E, Gabriel KP, Yu B. Physical Activity-Related Metabolites Are Associated with Mortality: Findings from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11010059. [PMID: 33477977 PMCID: PMC7835806 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Habitual physical activity can diminish the risk of premature death. Identifying a pattern of metabolites related to physical activity may advance our understanding of disease etiology. We quantified 245 serum metabolites in 3802 participants from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study using chromatography-mass spectrometry. We regressed self-reported moderate-to-vigorous intensity leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) against each metabolite, adjusting for traditional risk factors. A standardized metabolite risk score (MRS) was constructed to examine its association with all-cause mortality using the Cox proportional hazard model. We identified 10 metabolites associated with LTPA (p < 2.04 × 10-4) and established that an increase of one unit of the metabolic equivalent of task-hours per week (MET·hr·wk-1) in LTPA was associated with a 0.012 SD increase in MRS. During a median of 27.5 years of follow-up, we observed 1928 deaths. One SD increase of MRS was associated with a 10% lower risk of death (HR = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.85-0.95). The highest vs. the lowest MRS quintile rank was associated with a 22% reduced risk of death (HR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.62-0.94). The effects were consistent across race and sex groups. In summary, we identified a set of metabolites associated with LTPA and an MRS associated with a lower risk of death. Our study provides novel insights into the potential mechanisms underlying the health impacts of physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xu
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (J.X.); (G.L.); (E.B.)
| | - Guning Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (J.X.); (G.L.); (E.B.)
| | - Sheila M. Hegde
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Priya Palta
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA;
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (J.X.); (G.L.); (E.B.)
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Balor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kelley P. Gabriel
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Bing Yu
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (J.X.); (G.L.); (E.B.)
- Correspondence:
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4
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Luo P, Luo L, Zhao W, Wang L, Sun L, Wu H, Li Y, Zhang R, Shu G, Wang S, Gao P, Zhu X, Xi Q, Zhang Y, Wang L, Jiang Q. Dietary thymol supplementation promotes skeletal muscle fibre type switch in longissimus dorsi of finishing pigs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2020; 104:570-578. [PMID: 31975464 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
As one of the key points related to meat quality, skeletal muscle fibre type is determined by energy metabolism and genetic factors, but its transformation could be also greatly influenced by many factors. Thymol, the primary effective ingredients of thyme, is well known for its anti-oxidation and anti-inflammatory, while little is known about its effect on skeletal muscle oxidative metabolism and fibre type switch. Therefore, in order to investigate its effects and possibility to be applied in livestock production, 36 150-day-old fattening Pigs were fed with different diet for six-week experiment. As a result, the drip loss ratio of longissimus dorsi (LD) was significantly reduced (p < .05). Oxidative metabolism-related enzyme activity, the mRNA levels and protein expression of COX5B and PGC1α, mRNA level of myosin heavy chain I (MyHC I) and protein level of MyHC IIa were significantly upregulated (p < .05). While compared with control group, the protein expression of MyHC IIb was significantly decreased (p < .05). The result revealed that thymol could promote the oxidative metabolism in the muscle of pigs and improve the meat quality to a certain extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lv Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Weijie Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Leshan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lijuan Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hanyu Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongxiang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ruixue Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Gang Shu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Songbo Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ping Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaotong Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qianyun Xi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,National Engineering Research Center for the Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,National Engineering Research Center for the Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qingyan Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,National Engineering Research Center for the Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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5
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Gagnon DD, Dorman S, Ritchie S, Mutt SJ, Stenbäck V, Walkowiak J, Herzig KH. Multi-Day Prolonged Low- to Moderate-Intensity Endurance Exercise Mimics Training Improvements in Metabolic and Oxidative Profiles Without Concurrent Chromosomal Changes in Healthy Adults. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1123. [PMID: 31551806 PMCID: PMC6733972 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Oxidative stress results in lipid, protein, and DNA oxidation, resulting in telomere erosion, chromosomal damage, and accelerated cellular aging. Training promotes healthy metabolic and oxidative profiles whereas the effects of multi-day, prolonged, and continuous exercise are unknown. This study investigated the effects of multi-day prolonged exercise on metabolic and oxidative stress as well as telomere integrity in healthy adults. Methods Fifteen participants performed a 14-day, 260-km, wilderness canoeing expedition (12 males) (EXP) (24 ± 7 years, 72 ± 6 kg, 178 ± 8.0 cm, 18.4 ± 8.4% BF, 47.5 ± 9.3 mlO2 kg–1 min–1), requiring 6–9 h of low- to moderate-intensity exercise daily. Ten controls participated locally (seven males) (CON) (31 ± 11 years, 72 ± 15 kg, 174 ± 10 cm, 22.8 ± 10.0% BF, 47.1 ± 9.0 mlO2 kg–1 min–1). Blood plasma, serum, and mononuclear cells were sampled before and after the expedition to assess hormonal, metabolic, and oxidative changes. Results Serum cholesterol, high- and low-density lipoprotein, testosterone, insulin, sodium, potassium, urea, and chloride concentrations were not different between groups, whereas triglycerides, glucose, and creatinine levels were lower following the expedition (p < 0.001). Malondialdehyde and relative telomere length (TL) were unaffected (EXP: 4.2 ± 1.3 vs. CON: 4.1 ± 0.7 μM; p > 0.05; EXP: 1.00 ± 0.48 vs. CON: 0.89 ± 0.28 TS ratio; p = 0.77, respectively); however, superoxidase dismutase activity was greater in the expedition group (3.1 ± 0.4 vs. 0.8 ± 0.5 U ml–1; p < 0.001). Conclusion These results indicate a modest improvement in metabolic and oxidative profiles with increased superoxidase dismutase levels, suggesting an antioxidative response to counteract the exercise-associated production of free radicals and reactive oxygen species during prolonged exercise, mimicking the effects from long-term training. Although improved antioxidant activity may lead to increased TL, the present exercise stimulus was insufficient to promote a positive cellular aging profile with concordant chromosomal changes in our healthy and young participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique D Gagnon
- Laboratory of Environmental Exercise Physiology, School of Human Kinetics, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada.,Center of Research in Occupational Safety and Health, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | - Sandra Dorman
- Laboratory of Environmental Exercise Physiology, School of Human Kinetics, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada.,Center of Research in Occupational Safety and Health, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada.,Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen Ritchie
- Laboratory of Environmental Exercise Physiology, School of Human Kinetics, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada.,Center of Research in Occupational Safety and Health, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | - Shivaprakash Jagalur Mutt
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Physiology and Biocenter of Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ville Stenbäck
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Physiology and Biocenter of Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jarosław Walkowiak
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Karl-Heinz Herzig
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Physiology and Biocenter of Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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6
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MacInnis MJ, Skelly LE, Gibala MJ. CrossTalk proposal: Exercise training intensity is more important than volume to promote increases in human skeletal muscle mitochondrial content. J Physiol 2019; 597:4111-4113. [DOI: 10.1113/jp277633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauren E. Skelly
- Department of KinesiologyMcMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada
| | - Martin J. Gibala
- Department of KinesiologyMcMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada
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7
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Mohr M, Nielsen TS, Weihe P, Thomsen JA, Aquino G, Krustrup P, Nordsborg NB. Muscle ion transporters and antioxidative proteins have different adaptive potential in arm than in leg skeletal muscle with exercise training. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:5/19/e13470. [PMID: 29038365 PMCID: PMC5641943 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It was evaluated whether upper‐body compared to lower‐body musculature exhibits a different phenotype in relation to capacity for handling reactive oxygen species (ROS), H+, La−, Na+, K+ and also whether it differs in adaptive potential to exercise training. Eighty‐three sedentary premenopausal women aged 45 ± 6 years (mean ± SD) were randomized into a high‐intensity intermittent swimming group (HIS, n = 21), a moderate‐intensity swimming group (MOS, n = 21), a soccer group (SOC, n = 21), or a control group (CON, n = 20). Intervention groups completed three weekly training sessions for 15 weeks, and pre‐ and postintervention biopsies were obtained from deltoideus and vastus lateralis muscle. Before training, monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4), Na+/K+ pump α2, and superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) expressions were lower (P < 0.05) in m. deltoideus than in m. vastus lateralis, whereas deltoid had higher (P < 0.05) Na+/H+ exchanger 1 (NHE1) expression. As a result of training, Na+/K+ pump α2 isoform expression was elevated only in deltoideus muscle, while upregulation (P < 0.05) of the α1 and β1 subunits, phospholemman (FXYD1), NHE1, and superoxide dismutase 1 expression occurred exclusively in vastus lateralis muscle. The increased (P < 0.05) expression of MCT4 and SOD2 in deltoid muscle after HIS and vastus lateralis muscle after SOC were similar. In conclusion, arm musculature displays lower basal ROS, La−, K+ handling capability but higher Na+‐dependent H+ extrusion capacity than leg musculature. Training‐induced changes in the ion‐transporting and antioxidant proteins clearly differed between muscle groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magni Mohr
- Centre of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands.,Center for Health and Human Performance, Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tobias Schmidt Nielsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section of Human Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pál Weihe
- Centre of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands.,Department of Occupational Medicine and Public Health, The Faroese Hospital System, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
| | - Jákup A Thomsen
- Centre of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
| | - Giovanna Aquino
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellness (DiSMEB), University "Parthenope", Naples, Italy.,CEINGE-Advanced Biotechnologies, Naples, Italy
| | - Peter Krustrup
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC) University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Nikolai B Nordsborg
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section of Human Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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8
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Koh HCE, Nielsen J, Saltin B, Holmberg HC, Ørtenblad N. Pronounced limb and fibre type differences in subcellular lipid droplet content and distribution in elite skiers before and after exhaustive exercise. J Physiol 2017. [PMID: 28639688 DOI: 10.1113/jp274462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Although lipid droplets in skeletal muscle are an important energy source during endurance exercise, our understanding of lipid metabolism in this context remains incomplete. Using transmission electron microscopy, two distinct subcellular pools of lipid droplets can be observed in skeletal muscle - one beneath the sarcolemma and the other between myofibrils. At rest, well-trained leg muscles of cross-country skiers contain 4- to 6-fold more lipid droplets than equally well-trained arm muscles, with a 3-fold higher content in type 1 than in type 2 fibres. During exhaustive exercise, lipid droplets between the myofibrils but not those beneath the sarcolemma are utilised by both type 1 and 2 fibres. These findings provide insight into compartmentalisation of lipid metabolism within skeletal muscle fibres. ABSTRACT Although the intramyocellular lipid pool is an important energy store during prolonged exercise, our knowledge concerning its metabolism is still incomplete. Here, quantitative electron microscopy was used to examine subcellular distribution of lipid droplets in type 1 and 2 fibres of the arm and leg muscles before and after 1 h of exhaustive exercise. Intermyofibrillar lipid droplets accounted for 85-97% of the total volume fraction, while the subsarcolemmal pool made up 3-15%. Before exercise, the volume fractions of intermyofibrillar and subsarcolemmal lipid droplets were 4- to 6-fold higher in leg than in arm muscles (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the volume fraction of intermyofibrillar lipid droplets was 3-fold higher in type 1 than in type 2 fibres (P < 0.001), with no fibre type difference in the subsarcolemmal pool. Following exercise, intermyofibrillar lipid droplet volume fraction was 53% lower (P = 0.0082) in both fibre types in arm, but not leg muscles. This reduction was positively associated with the corresponding volume fraction prior to exercise (R2 = 0.84, P < 0.0001). No exercise-induced change in the subsarcolemmal pool could be detected. These findings indicate clear differences in the subcellular distribution of lipid droplets in the type 1 and 2 fibres of well-trained arm and leg muscles, as well as preferential utilisation of the intermyofibrillar pool during prolonged exhaustive exercise. Apparently, the metabolism of lipid droplets within a muscle fibre is compartmentalised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Chow E Koh
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Muscle Research Cluster (SMRC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Joachim Nielsen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Muscle Research Cluster (SMRC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark.,Department of Pathology, SDU Muscle Research Cluster (SMRC), Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Bengt Saltin
- Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Niels Ørtenblad
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Muscle Research Cluster (SMRC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
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9
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Lerche L, Olsen A, Petersen KEN, Rostgaard-Hansen AL, Dragsted LO, Nordsborg NB, Tjønneland A, Halkjaer J. Validity of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness in the Danish cohort "Diet, Cancer and Health-Next Generations". Scand J Med Sci Sports 2017; 27:1864-1872. [PMID: 28267247 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Valid assessments of physical activity (PA) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) are essential in epidemiological studies to define dose-response relationship for formulating thorough recommendations of an appropriate pattern of PA to maintain good health. The aim of this study was to validate the Danish step test, the physical activity questionnaire Active-Q, and self-rated fitness against directly measured maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max). A population-based subsample (n=125) was included from the "Diet, Cancer and Health-Next Generations" (DCH-NG) cohort which is under establishment. Validity coefficients, which express the correlation between measured and "true" exposure, were calculated, and misclassification across categories was evaluated. The validity of the Danish step test was moderate (women: r=.66, and men: r=.56); however, men were systematically underestimated (43% misclassification). When validating the questionnaire-derived measures of PA, leisure-time physical activity was not correlated with VO2 max. Positive correlations were found for sports overall, but these were only significant for men: total hours per week of sports (r=.26), MET-hours per week of sports (r=.28) and vigorous sports (0.28) alone were positively correlated with VO2 max. Finally, the percentage of misclassification was low for self-rated fitness (women: 9% and men: 13%). Thus, self-rated fitness was found to be a superior method to the Danish step test, as well as being less cost prohibitive and more practical than the VO2 max method. Finally, even if correlations were low, they support the potential for questionnaire outcomes, particularly sports, vigorous sports, and self-rated fitness to be used to estimate CRF.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lerche
- Unit of Diet, Genes and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - A Olsen
- Unit of Diet, Genes and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - K E N Petersen
- Unit of Diet, Genes and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - A L Rostgaard-Hansen
- Unit of Diet, Genes and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - L O Dragsted
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - N B Nordsborg
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - A Tjønneland
- Unit of Diet, Genes and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - J Halkjaer
- Unit of Diet, Genes and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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Independent Associations between Sedentary Time, Moderate-To-Vigorous Physical Activity, Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Cardio-Metabolic Health: A Cross-Sectional Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160166. [PMID: 27463377 PMCID: PMC4963092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to study the independent associations of sedentary time (ST), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), and objectively measured cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) with clustered cardio-metabolic risk and its individual components (waist circumference, fasting glucose, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides and blood pressure). We also investigated whether any associations between MVPA or ST and clustered cardio-metabolic risk were mediated by CRF. MVPA, ST, CRF and individual cardio-metabolic components were measured in a population-based sample of 341 adults (age 53.8 ± 8.9 years; 61% men) between 2012 and 2014. MVPA and ST were measured with the SenseWear pro 3 Armband and CRF was measured with a maximal exercise test. Multiple linear regression models and the product of coefficients method were used to examine independent associations and mediation effects, respectively. Results showed that low MVPA and low CRF were associated with a higher clustered cardio-metabolic risk (β = -0.26 and β = -0.43, both p<0.001, respectively). CRF explained 73% of the variance in the association between MVPA and clustered cardio-metabolic risk and attenuated this association to non-significance. After mutual adjustment for MVPA and ST, CRF was the most important risk factor for a higher clustered cardio-metabolic risk (β = -0.39, p<0.001). In conclusion, because of the mediating role of CRF, lifestyle-interventions need to be feasible yet challenging enough to lead to increases in CRF to improve someone’s cardio-metabolic health.
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Lucas SJE, Helge JW, Schütz UHW, Goldman RF, Cotter JD. Moving in extreme environments: extreme loading; carriage versus distance. EXTREME PHYSIOLOGY & MEDICINE 2016; 5:6. [PMID: 27110357 PMCID: PMC4840901 DOI: 10.1186/s13728-016-0047-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review addresses human capacity for movement in the context of extreme loading and with it the combined effects of metabolic, biomechanical and gravitational stress on the human body. This topic encompasses extreme duration, as occurs in ultra-endurance competitions (e.g. adventure racing and transcontinental races) and expeditions (e.g. polar crossings), to the more gravitationally limited load carriage (e.g. in the military context). Juxtaposed to these circumstances is the extreme metabolic and mechanical unloading associated with space travel, prolonged bedrest and sedentary lifestyle, which may be at least as problematic, and are therefore included as a reference, e.g. when considering exposure, dangers and (mal)adaptations. As per the other reviews in this series, we describe the nature of the stress and the associated consequences; illustrate relevant regulations, including why and how they are set; present the pros and cons for self versus prescribed acute and chronic exposure; describe humans' (mal)adaptations; and finally suggest future directions for practice and research. In summary, we describe adaptation patterns that are often U or J shaped and that over time minimal or no load carriage decreases the global load carrying capacity and eventually leads to severe adverse effects and manifest disease under minimal absolute but high relative loads. We advocate that further understanding of load carrying capacity and the inherent mechanisms leading to adverse effects may advantageously be studied in this perspective. With improved access to insightful and portable technologies, there are some exciting possibilities to explore these questions in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J. E. Lucas
- />School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
- />Department of Physiology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jørn W. Helge
- />Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Uwe H. W. Schütz
- />Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- />Orthopaedic Consulting Office at the Green Tower and Medical Pain Centre Lake Constance–Upper Swabia, Ravensburg, Germany
| | | | - James D. Cotter
- />School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Rosenkilde M, Morville T, Andersen PR, Kjær K, Rasmusen H, Holst JJ, Dela F, Westerterp K, Sjödin A, Helge JW. Inability to match energy intake with energy expenditure at sustained near-maximal rates of energy expenditure in older men during a 14-d cycling expedition. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 102:1398-405. [PMID: 26490491 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.109918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The upper rates of energy expenditure (EE) and the corresponding regulation of energy intake (EI), as described in younger trained subjects, are not well elucidated in older subjects. OBJECTIVES The aim was to investigate EE in older men during prolonged cycling and determine whether it is sufficiently matched by EI to maintain energy balance. In addition, we investigated appetite ratings and concentrations of appetite-regulating hormones. DESIGN Six men (mean ± SE age: 61 ± 3 y) completed 2706 km of cycling, from Copenhagen to Nordkapp, in 14 d. EE was measured by using doubly labeled water, and food and drink intake was recorded by the accompanying scientific staff. Energy balance was calculated as the discrepancy between EI and EE and from changes in body energy stores as derived from deuterium dilution. Fasting hormones were measured before and after cycling, and appetite ratings were recorded twice daily. RESULTS EE (±SE) increased from 17 ± 1 MJ/d before to 30 ± 2 MJ/d during the cycling trip (P < 0.001), which is equivalent to 4.0 ± 0.1 times the basal metabolic rate. Although body weight remained stable during the 14 d of cycling, body fat decreased (-2.2 ± 0.7 kg; P = 0.02) and fat-free mass increased (2.5 ± 0.6 kg; P = 0.01). EI was 25 ± 1 MJ/d during cycling, resulting in a negative energy balance calculated by the EE - EI gap (-5.2 ± 1.2 MJ/d). Calculated from changes in body energy stores, energy balance was also negative (-4.8 ± 2.0 MJ/d) during the first week. In the morning and evening, hunger ratings increased (both P = 0.02), whereas ratings of fullness decreased in the evening (P = 0.04). Fasting plasma concentrations of insulin increased by 120% ± 15% (P = 0.02), glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) by 60% ± 20% (P < 0.01), and Polypeptide YY(3-36) by 80% ± 30% (P < 0.02) after cycling. CONCLUSIONS Older male cyclists sustained near-maximal rates of EE during prolonged cycling but were unable to upregulate EI to maintain energy balance. Despite the presence of increased motivation to eat, a more profound counteracting physiologic stimulus inhibiting increases in EI was present. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02353624.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Katja Kjær
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Healthy Aging
| | - Hanne Rasmusen
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Jens Juul Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, and
| | - Flemming Dela
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Healthy Aging
| | - Klaas Westerterp
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Anders Sjödin
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørn W Helge
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Healthy Aging
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Nordsborg NB, Connolly L, Weihe P, Iuliano E, Krustrup P, Saltin B, Mohr M. Oxidative capacity and glycogen content increase more in arm than leg muscle in sedentary women after intense training. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 119:116-23. [PMID: 26023221 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00101.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothesis that the adaptive capacity is higher in human upper- than lower-body skeletal muscle was tested. Furthermore, the hypothesis that more pronounced adaptations in upper-body musculature can be achieved by "low-volume high-intensity" compared with "high-volume low-intensity" exercise training was evaluated. A group of sedentary premenopausal women aged 45 ± 6 yr (± SD) with expected high adaptive potential in both upper- and lower-extremity muscle groups participated. After random allocation to high-intensity swimming (HIS, n = 21), moderate-intensity swimming (MOS, n = 21), soccer (SOC, n = 21) or a nontraining control group (CON, n = 20), the training groups completed three workouts per week for 15 wk. Resting muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis muscle and deltoideus muscle before and after the intervention. After the training intervention, a larger (P < 0.05) increase existed in deltoideus muscle of the HIS group compared with vastus lateralis muscle of the SOC group for citrate synthase maximal activity (95 ± 89 vs. 27 ± 34%), citrate synthase protein expression (100 ± 29 vs. 31 ± 44%), 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase maximal activity (35 ± 43 vs. 3 ± 25%), muscle glycogen content (63 ± 76 vs. 20 ± 51%), and expression of mitochondrial complex II, III, and IV. Additionally, HIS caused higher (P < 0.05) increases than MOS in deltoideus muscle citrate synthase maximal activity, citrate synthase protein expression, and muscle glycogen content. In conclusion, the deltoideus muscle has a higher adaptive potential than the vastus lateralis muscle in sedentary women, and "high-intensity low-volume" training is a more efficient regime than "low-intensity high-volume" training for increasing the aerobic capacity of the deltoideus muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai B Nordsborg
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section of Human Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Luke Connolly
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Pál Weihe
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Public Health, The Faroese Hospital System, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
| | - Enzo Iuliano
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Molise, Italy
| | - Peter Krustrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section of Human Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Bengt Saltin
- Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre, Rigshopsitalet and University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Magni Mohr
- Faculty of Natural and Health Sciences, University of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands; and Center of Health and Human Performance, Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
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14
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Physical activity enhances metabolic fitness independently of cardiorespiratory fitness in marathon runners. DISEASE MARKERS 2015; 2015:806418. [PMID: 25821340 PMCID: PMC4363791 DOI: 10.1155/2015/806418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
High levels of cardiovascular fitness (CRF) and physical activity (PA) are associated with decreased mortality and risk to develop metabolic diseases. The independent contributions of CRF and PA to metabolic disease risk factors are unknown. We tested the hypothesis that runners who run consistently >50 km/wk and/or >2 marathons/yr for the last 5 years have superior metabolic fitness compared to matched sedentary subjects (CRF, age, gender, and BMI). Case-control recruitment of 31 pairs of runner-sedentary subjects identified 10 matched pairs with similar VO2max (mL/min/kg) (similar-VO2max). The similar-VO2max group was compared with a group of age, gender, and BMI matched pairs who had the largest difference in VO2max (different-VO2max). Primary outcomes that defined metabolic fitness including insulin response to an oral glucose tolerance test, fasting lipids, and fasting insulin were superior in runners versus sedentary controls despite similar VO2max. Furthermore, performance (velocity at VO2max, running economy), improved exercise metabolism (lactate threshold), and skeletal muscle levels of mitochondrial proteins were superior in runners versus sedentary controls with similar VO2max. In conclusion subjects with a high amount of PA have more positive metabolic health parameters independent of CRF. PA is thus a good marker against metabolic diseases.
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Boushel R, Ara I, Gnaiger E, Helge JW, González-Alonso J, Munck-Andersen T, Sondergaard H, Damsgaard R, van Hall G, Saltin B, Calbet JAL. Low-intensity training increases peak arm VO2 by enhancing both convective and diffusive O2 delivery. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2014; 211:122-34. [PMID: 24528535 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM It is an ongoing discussion the extent to which oxygen delivery and oxygen extraction contribute to an increased muscle oxygen uptake during dynamic exercise. It has been proposed that local muscle factors including the capillary bed and mitochondrial oxidative capacity play a large role in prolonged low-intensity training of a small muscle group when the cardiac output capacity is not directly limiting. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relative roles of circulatory and muscle metabolic mechanisms by which prolonged low-intensity exercise training alters regional muscle VO2 . METHODS In nine healthy volunteers (seven males, two females), haemodynamic and metabolic responses to incremental arm cycling were measured by the Fick method and biopsy of the deltoid and triceps muscles before and after 42 days of skiing for 6 h day(-1) at 60% max heart rate. RESULTS Peak pulmonary VO2 during arm crank was unchanged after training (2.38 ± 0.19 vs. 2.18 ± 0.2 L min(-1) pre-training) yet arm VO2 (1.04 ± 0.08 vs. 0.83 ± 0.1 L min(1) , P < 0.05) and power output (137 ± 9 vs. 114 ± 10 Watts) were increased along with a higher arm blood flow (7.9 ± 0.5 vs. 6.8 ± 0.6 L min(-1) , P < 0.05) and expanded muscle capillary volume (76 ± 7 vs. 62 ± 4 mL, P < 0.05). Muscle O2 diffusion capacity (16.2 ± 1 vs. 12.5 ± 0.9 mL min(-1) mHg(-1) , P < 0.05) and O2 extraction (68 ± 1 vs. 62 ± 1%, P < 0.05) were enhanced at a similar mean capillary transit time (569 ± 43 vs. 564 ± 31 ms) and P50 (35.8 ± 0.7 vs. 35 ± 0.8), whereas mitochondrial O2 flux capacity was unchanged (147 ± 6 mL kg min(-1) vs. 146 ± 8 mL kg min(-1) ). CONCLUSION The mechanisms underlying the increase in peak arm VO2 with prolonged low-intensity training in previously untrained subjects are an increased convective O2 delivery specifically to the muscles of the arm combined with a larger capillary-muscle surface area that enhance diffusional O2 conductance, with no apparent role of mitochondrial respiratory capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Boushel
- The Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre; Copenhagen Denmark
- The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences; Stockholm Sweden
| | - I. Ara
- The Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre; Copenhagen Denmark
- GENUD Toledo Research Group; University of Castilla-La Mancha; Castilla-La Mancha Spain
| | - E. Gnaiger
- D. Swarovski Research Laboratory; Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery; Medical University of Innsbruck; Innsbruck Austria
| | - J. W. Helge
- The Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre; Copenhagen Denmark
- X-Lab; Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - J. González-Alonso
- The Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre; Copenhagen Denmark
- Centre for Sports Medicine and Human Performance; Brunel University; Uxbridge Middlesex UK
| | | | - H. Sondergaard
- The Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - R. Damsgaard
- The Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - G. van Hall
- The Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - B. Saltin
- The Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - J. A. L. Calbet
- The Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre; Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Physical Education and Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias; University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria; Spain
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Flöel A, Werner C, Grittner U, Hesse S, Jöbges M, Knauss J, Seifert M, Steinhagen-Thiessen E, Gövercin M, Dohle C, Fischer W, Schlieder R, Nave AH, Meisel A, Ebinger M, Wellwood I. Physical fitness training in Subacute Stroke (PHYS-STROKE)--study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2014; 15:45. [PMID: 24491065 PMCID: PMC3922602 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-15-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Given the rising number of strokes worldwide, and the large number of individuals left with disabilities after stroke, novel strategies to reduce disability, increase functions in the motor and the cognitive domains, and improve quality of life are of major importance. Physical activity is a promising intervention to address these challenges but, as yet, there is no study demonstrating definite outcomes. Our objective is to assess whether additional treatment in the form of physical fitness-based training for patients early after stroke will provide benefits in terms of functional outcomes, in particular gait speed and the Barthel Index (co-primary outcome measures) reflecting activities of daily living (ADL). We will gather secondary functional outcomes as well as mechanistic parameters in an exploratory approach. Methods/Design Our phase III randomised controlled trial will recruit 215 adults with moderate to severe limitations of walking and ADL 5 to 45 days after stroke onset. Participants will be stratified for the prognostic variables of “centre”, “age”, and “stroke severity”, and randomly assigned to one of two groups. The interventional group receives physical fitness training delivered as supported or unsupported treadmill training (cardiovascular active aerobic training; five times per week, over 4 weeks; each session 50 minutes; total of 20 additional physical fitness training sessions) in addition to standard rehabilitation treatment. The control intervention consists of relaxation sessions (non-cardiovascular active; five times per week week, over 4 weeks; each session 50 minutes) in addition to standard rehabilitation treatment. Co-primary efficacy endpoints will be gait speed (in m/s, 10 m walk) and the Barthel Index (100 points total) at 3 months post-stroke, compared to baseline measurements. Secondary outcomes include standard measures of quality of life, sleep and mood, cognition, arm function, maximal oxygen uptake, and cardiovascular risk factors including blood pressure, pulse, waist-to-hip ratio, markers of inflammation, immunity and the insulin-glucose pathway, lipid profile, and others. Discussion The goal of this endpoint-blinded, phase III randomised controlled trial is to provide evidence to guide post-stroke physical fitness-based rehabilitation programmes, and to elucidate the mechanisms underlying this intervention. Trial registration Registered in ClinicalTrials.gov with the Identifier NCT01953549.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Flöel
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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17
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Munch-Andersen T, Olsen DB, Søndergaard H, Daugaard JR, Bysted A, Christensen DL, Saltin B, Helge JW. Metabolic profile in two physically active Inuit groups consuming either a western or a traditional Inuit diet. Int J Circumpolar Health 2012; 71:17342. [PMID: 22456044 PMCID: PMC3417641 DOI: 10.3402/ijch.v71i0.17342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To evaluate the effect of regular physical activity on metabolic risk factors and blood pressure in Inuit with high BMI consuming a western diet (high amount of saturated fatty acids and carbohydrates with a high glycemic index). Study design Cross sectional study, comparing Inuit eating a western diet with Inuit eating a traditional diet. Methods Two physically active Greenland Inuit groups consuming different diet, 20 eating a traditional diet (Qaanaaq) and 15 eating a western diet (TAB), age (mean (range)); 38, (22–58) yrs, BMI; 28 (20–40) were subjected to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), blood sampling, maximal oxygen uptake test, food interview/collection and monitoring of physical activity. Results All Inuit had a normal OGTT. Fasting glucose (mmol/l), HbA1c (%), total cholesterol (mmol/l) and HDL-C (mmol/l) were for Qaanaaq women: 4.8±0.2, 5.3±0.1, 4.96±0.42, 1.34±0.06, for Qaanaaq men: 4.9±0.1, 5.7±0.1, 5.08±0.31, 1.28±0.09, for TAB women: 5.1±0.2, 5.3±0.1, 6.22±0.39, 1.86±0.13, for TAB men: 5.1±0.2, 5.3±0.1, 6.23±0.15, 1.60±0.10. No differences were found in systolic or diastolic blood pressure between the groups. There was a more adverse distribution of small dense LDL-C particles and higher total cholesterol and HDL-C concentration in the western diet group. Conclusions Diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance was not found in the Inuit consuming either the western or the traditional diet, and this could, at least partly, be due to the high amount of regular daily physical activity. However, when considering the total cardio vascular risk profile the Inuit consuming a western diet had a less healthy profile than the Inuit consuming a traditional diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thor Munch-Andersen
- Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre, Rigshospitalet (National University Hospital), DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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18
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Helge JW. Arm and leg substrate utilization and muscle adaptation after prolonged low-intensity training. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2010; 199:519-28. [PMID: 20345410 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2010.02123.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This review will focus on current data where substrate metabolism in arm and leg muscle is investigated and discuss the presence of higher carbohydrate oxidation and lactate release observed during arm compared with leg exercise. Furthermore, a basis for a possible difference in substrate partitioning between endogenous and exogenous substrate during arm and leg exercise will be debated. Moreover the review will probe if differences between arm and leg muscle are merely a result of different training status rather than a qualitative difference in limb substrate regulation. Along this line the review will address the available studies on low-intensity training performed separately with arm or legs or as whole-body training to evaluate if this leads to different adaptations in arm and leg muscle resulting in different substrate utilization patterns during separate arm or leg exercise at comparable workloads. Finally, the influence and capacity of low-intensity training to influence metabolic fitness in the face of a limited effect on aerobic fitness will be challenged.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Helge
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Independent associations of physical activity and cardiovascular fitness with cardiovascular risk in adults. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 17:175-80. [DOI: 10.1097/hjr.0b013e32833254f2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Tremblay JH, Péronnet F, Lavoie C, Massicotte D. Fuel selection during prolonged arm and leg exercise with 13C-glucose ingestion. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010; 41:2151-7. [PMID: 19915504 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3181ab2579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare fuel selection during prolonged arm (AE) and leg exercise (LE) with water or glucose ingestion. METHODS Ten subjects (VO2max: 4.77 +/- 0.20 and 3.36 +/- 0.15 L x min(-1) for LE and AE, respectively) completed 120 min of LE and AE at 50% of the mode-specific maximal power output (353 +/- 18 and 160 +/- 9 W, respectively) with ingestion of water (20 mL x kg(-1)) or 13C-glucose (2 g x kg(-1)). Substrate oxidation was measured using indirect respiratory calorimetry corrected for urea excretion and 13CO2 production at the mouth. RESULTS The contribution of protein oxidation to the energy yield (%En) was higher during AE than LE (approximately 8% vs approximately 4%) because of the lower energy expenditure and was not significantly modified with glucose ingestion. With water ingestion, the %En from CHO oxidation was not significantly different during LE and AE (64 +/- 2% and 66 +/- 2%, respectively). Glucose ingestion significantly increased the %En from total CHO oxidation during AE (78 +/- 3%) but not during LE (71 +/- 2%). Exogenous glucose oxidation was not significantly different in AE and LE (56 +/- 4 and 65 +/- 3 g, respectively), but the %En from exogenous glucose was higher during AE than LE (30 +/- 1% and 24 +/- 1%) because of the lower energy expenditure. When glucose was ingested, the %En from endogenous CHO oxidation was significantly reduced during both AE (66 +/- 2% to 48 +/- 3%) and LE (64 +/- 2% to 47 +/- 3%) and was not significantly different in the two modes of exercise. CONCLUSIONS The difference in fuel selection between AE and LE when water was ingested was modest with a slightly higher reliance on CHO oxidation during AE. The amount of exogenous glucose oxidized was lower but its %En was higher during AE because of the lower energy expenditure.
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Flöel A, Ruscheweyh R, Krüger K, Willemer C, Winter B, Völker K, Lohmann H, Zitzmann M, Mooren F, Breitenstein C, Knecht S. Physical activity and memory functions: Are neurotrophins and cerebral gray matter volume the missing link? Neuroimage 2010; 49:2756-63. [PMID: 19853041 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2009] [Revised: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Ruscheweyh R, Willemer C, Krüger K, Duning T, Warnecke T, Sommer J, Völker K, Ho HV, Mooren F, Knecht S, Flöel A. Physical activity and memory functions: an interventional study. Neurobiol Aging 2009; 32:1304-19. [PMID: 19716631 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Revised: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested beneficial effects of physical activity on cognition. Here, we asked in an interventional approach if physical activity performed at different intensity levels would differentially affect episodic memory function. Additionally, we tried to identify mechanisms mediating these changes. Sixty-two healthy elderly individuals were assessed for level of physical activity, aerobic fitness, episodic memory score, neurotrophin and catecholamine levels, and received a magnetic resonance image of the brain at baseline and after a six months intervention of medium or low-intensity physical activity or control. Increase in total physical activity was positively associated with increase in memory score over the entire cohort, without significant differences between intensity groups. It was also positively associated with increases in local gray matter volume in prefrontal and cingulate cortex, and BDNF levels (trend). In conclusion, we showed that physical activity conveys the beneficial effects on memory function independently of its intensity, possibly mediated by local gray matter volume and neurotrophic factors. Our findings may carry significant implications for prevention of cognitive decline in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ruscheweyh
- Department of Neurology, University of Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Strasse 33, Muenster, Germany
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Péronnet F, Abdelaoui M, Lavoie C, Marrao C, Kerr S, Massicotte D, Giesbrecht G. Effect of a 20-day ski trek on fuel selection during prolonged exercise at low workload with ingestion of 13C-glucose. Eur J Appl Physiol 2009; 106:41-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-009-0987-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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