1
|
Freemas JA, Goss CS, Ables R, Baker TB, Bruinvels G, Mündel T, Martin BJ, Carter SJ, Chapman RF, Schlader ZJ. Fluid balance during physical work in the heat is not modified by the menstrual cycle when fluids are freely available. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 134:1376-1389. [PMID: 37055034 PMCID: PMC10202473 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00580.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that women may be more at risk of becoming dehydrated during physical work in the heat in the early follicular phase (EF), compared with the late follicular (LF) and mid-luteal (ML) phases of the menstrual cycle when allowed free access to drink. Twelve healthy, eumenorrheic, unacclimated women (26 ± 5 yr) completed three trials (EF, LF, and ML phases) involving 4 h of exposure to 33.8 ± 0.8 °C, 54 ± 1% relative humidity. Each hour, participants walked on a treadmill for 30 min at a rate of metabolic heat production of 338 ± 9 W. Participants drank a cool, flavor-preferred non-caloric sport drink ad libitum. Nude body weight was measured pre- and post-exposure, and percent changes in body weight loss were interpreted as an index of changes in total body water. Total fluid intake and urine output were measured and sweat rate was estimated from changes in body mass corrected for fluid intake and urine output. Fluid intake was not different between phases (EF: 1,609 ± 919 mL; LF: 1,902 ± 799 mL; ML: 1,913 ± 671; P = 0.202). Total urine output (P = 0.543) nor sweat rate (P = 0.907) differed between phases. Percent changes in body mass were not different between phases (EF: -0.5 ± 0.9%; LF: -0.3 ± 0.9%; ML: -0.3 ± 0.7%; P = 0.417). This study demonstrates that the normal hormonal fluctuations that occur throughout the menstrual cycle do not alter fluid balance during physical work in the heat.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The effect of the menstrual cycle on fluid balance during physical work in the heat when fluids are freely available is unknown. This study demonstrates that fluid balance is not modified in women across three distinct phases of the menstrual cycle during physical work in the heat These results indicate that when women have free access to cool fluid during physical work in the heat, they respond similarly across all three phases to maintain fluid homeostasis across the menstrual cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Freemas
- H.H. Morris Human Performance Laboratories, Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Curtis S Goss
- H.H. Morris Human Performance Laboratories, Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Riley Ables
- H.H. Morris Human Performance Laboratories, Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Tyler B Baker
- H.H. Morris Human Performance Laboratories, Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | | | - Toby Mündel
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bruce J Martin
- Indiana University Medical School, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Stephen J Carter
- H.H. Morris Human Performance Laboratories, Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Robert F Chapman
- H.H. Morris Human Performance Laboratories, Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Zachary J Schlader
- H.H. Morris Human Performance Laboratories, Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tiller NB, Wheatley-Guy CM, Fermoyle CC, Robach P, Ziegler B, Gavet A, Schwartz JC, Taylor BJ, Constantini K, Murdock R, Johnson BD, Stewart GM. Sex-Specific Physiological Responses to Ultramarathon. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:1647-1656. [PMID: 35653262 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite a growing body of literature on the physiological responses to ultramarathon, there is a paucity of data in females. This study assessed the female physiological response to ultramarathon and compared the frequency of perturbations to a group of race- and time-matched males. METHODS Data were collected from 53 contestants of an ultramarathon trail race at the Ultra-Trail du Mont-Blanc (UTMB®) in 2018/19. Before and within 2 h of the finish, participants underwent physiological assessments, including blood sampling for biomarkers (creatine kinase-MB isoenzyme [CK-MB], cardiac troponin I [cTnI], brain natriuretic peptide [BNP], and creatinine [Cr]), pulmonary function testing (spirometry, exhaled NO, diffusing capacities, and mouth pressures), and transthoracic ultrasound (lung comet tails, cardiac function). Data from eight female finishers (age = 36.6 ± 6.9 yr; finish time = 30:57 ± 11:36 h:min) were compared with a group of eight time-matched males (age = 40.3 ± 8.3 yr; finish time = 30:46 ± 10:32 h:min). RESULTS Females exhibited significant pre- to postrace increases in BNP (25.8 ± 14.6 vs 140.9 ± 102.7 pg·mL -1 ; P = 0.007) and CK-MB (3.3 ± 2.4 vs 74.6 ± 49.6 IU·L -1 ; P = 0.005), whereas males exhibited significant pre- to postrace increases in BNP (26.6 ± 17.5 vs 96.4 ± 51.9 pg·mL -1 ; P = 0.002), CK-MB (7.2 ± 3.9 vs 108.8 ± 37.4 IU·L -1 ; P = 0.002), and Cr (1.06 ± 0.19 vs 1.23 ± 0.24 mg·dL -1 ; P = 0.028). Lung function declined in both groups, but males exhibited additional reductions in lung diffusing capacities (DL CO = 34.4 ± 5.7 vs 29.2 ± 6.9 mL⋅min -1 ⋅mm Hg -1 , P = 0.004; DL NO = 179.1 ± 26.2 vs 152.8 ± 33.4 mL⋅min -1 ⋅mm Hg -1 , P = 0.002) and pulmonary capillary blood volumes (77.4 ± 16.7 vs 57.3 ± 16.1 mL; P = 0.002). Males, but not females, exhibited evidence of mild postrace pulmonary edema. Pooled effect sizes for within-group pre- to postrace changes, for all variables, were generally larger in males versus females ( d = 0.86 vs 0.63). CONCLUSIONS Ultramarathon negatively affects a range of physiological functions but generally evokes more frequent perturbations, with larger effect sizes, in males compared to females with similar race performances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas B Tiller
- Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Exercise Physiology, Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA
| | | | | | - Paul Robach
- Ecole Nationale des Sports de Montagne, Chamonix, FRANCE
| | - Briana Ziegler
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Alice Gavet
- Ecole Nationale des Sports de Montagne, Chamonix, FRANCE
| | - Jesse C Schwartz
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ
| | - Bryan J Taylor
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Keren Constantini
- School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, and Sylvan Adams Sports Institute, Tel-Aviv University, ISRAEL
| | | | - Bruce D Johnson
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Landers-Ramos RQ, Dondero K, Nelson C, Ranadive SM, Prior SJ, Addison O. Muscle thickness and inflammation during a 50km ultramarathon in recreational runners. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273510. [PMID: 36048789 PMCID: PMC9436055 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose
This study examined changes in circulating levels of inflammatory cytokines [IL-6, sIL-6R, TNF-α, and calprotectin], skeletal muscle morphology, and muscle strength following a 50km race in non-elite athletes.
Methods
Eleven individuals (8 men; 3 women) underwent pre-race assessments of rectus femoris muscle thickness (resting and contracted) using ultrasound, isometric knee extensor torque, and plasma cytokines. Measures were repeated after 10km of running, the 50km finish (post-race), and again 24-hrs post-race.
Results
Compared with baseline values, Δ muscle thickness (resting to contracted) increased significantly 24 hrs post-race (11 ± 11% vs. 22 ± 8%; P = 0.01). Knee extensor torque was significantly reduced immediately post-race (151 ± 46 vs. 134 ± 43 Nm; P = 0.047) but remained similar to post-race values at 24 hrs post-race (P = 0.613). Compared with pre-race levels, IL-6 and calprotectin concentrations increased 302% and 50% after 10km, respectively (P<0.017 for both), peaked post-race (2598% vs. pre-race for IL-6 and 68% vs. pre-race for calprotectin; P = 0.018 for both), and returned to pre-race levels at 24-hrs post-race (P>0.05 for both). Creatine kinase levels rose steadily during and after the race, peaking 24-hrs post-race (184 ± 113 U/L pre-race vs. 1508 ± 1815 U/L 24-hrs post-race; P = 0.005).
Conclusion
This is the first report of delayed increases in Δ muscle thickness at 24 hrs post-50km, which are preceded by reductions in knee extensor torque and elevations in plasma IL-6, and calprotectin. Recreational athletes should consider the acute muscle inflammatory response when determining training and recovery strategies for 50km participation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rian Q. Landers-Ramos
- Department of Kinesiology, Towson University, Towson, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Kathleen Dondero
- Department of Kinesiology, Towson University, Towson, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christa Nelson
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | | | - Steven J. Prior
- University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Geriatric Research and Clinical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Odessa Addison
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Geriatric Research and Clinical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Burtscher J, Vanderriele PE, Legrand M, Predel HG, Niebauer J, O’Keefe JH, Millet GP, Burtscher M. Could Repeated Cardio-Renal Injury Trigger Late Cardiovascular Sequelae in Extreme Endurance Athletes? Sports Med 2022; 52:2821-2836. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01734-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AbstractRegular exercise confers multifaceted and well-established health benefits. Yet, transient and asymptomatic increases in markers of cardio-renal injury are commonly observed in ultra-endurance athletes during and after competition. This has raised concerns that chronic recurring insults could cause long-term cardiac and/or renal damage. Indeed, extreme endurance exercise (EEE) over decades has sometimes been linked with untoward cardiac effects, but a causal relation with acute injury markers has not yet been established. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on markers of cardiac and/or renal injury in EEE athletes, outline the possible interplay between cardiac and kidney damage, and explore the roles of various factors in the development of potential exercise-related cardiac damage, including underlying diseases, medication, sex, training, competition, regeneration, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammation. In conclusion, despite the undisputed health benefits of regular exercise, we speculate, based on the intimate link between heart and kidney diseases, that in rare cases excessive endurance sport may induce adverse cardio-renal interactions that under specific, hitherto undefined conditions could result in persistent cardiac damage. We highlight future research priorities and provide decision support for athletes and clinical consultants who are seeking safe strategies for participation in EEE training and competition.
Collapse
|
5
|
Nowak R, Rój K, Ciechanowicz A, Lewandowska K, Kostrzewa-Nowak D. Capillary Blood Recovery Variables in Young Swimmers: An Observational Case Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19148580. [PMID: 35886433 PMCID: PMC9318784 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Sport diagnostics is still in pursuit of the optimal combination of biochemical and hematological markers to assess training loads and the effectiveness of recovery. The biochemical and hematological markers selected for a panel should be specific to the sport and training program. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of selected biochemical and hematological variables in professional long-distance and sprint swimming. Twenty-seven participants aged 15–18 years took part in the study. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities and creatinine (Cr), C-reactive protein (CRP), ferritin, total bilirubin (TB), direct bilirubin (DB) and iron concentrations were measured for 10 weeks and compared with the traditional sport diagnostic markers of creatine kinase (CK) activity and urea (U) concentration. Additionally, capillary blood morphology was analyzed. An effective panel should consist of measurements of CK and AST activities and urea, TB, DB and ferritin concentrations. These markers provide a good overview of athletes’ post-training effort changes, can help assess the effectiveness of their recovery regardless of sex or competitive distance and are affordable. Moreover, changes in ferritin concentration can indicate inflammation status and, when combined with iron concentration and blood morphology, can help to avoid iron deficiencies, anemia and adverse inflammatory states in swimmers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Nowak
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, University of Szczecin, 17C Narutowicza Str., 70-240 Szczecin, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Konrad Rój
- Student of ”Sports Diagnostics”, Faculty of Physical Education and Health, University of Szczecin, 40b Piastów Al., 70-240 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Ciechanowicz
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 72 Powstańców Wlkp. Al., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (A.C.); (K.L.)
| | - Klaudyna Lewandowska
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 72 Powstańców Wlkp. Al., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (A.C.); (K.L.)
| | - Dorota Kostrzewa-Nowak
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, University of Szczecin, 17C Narutowicza Str., 70-240 Szczecin, Poland;
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 72 Powstańców Wlkp. Al., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (A.C.); (K.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Perrotta AS, Jeklin AT, Bredin SSD, Shellington EM, Kaufman KL, de Faye A, Miles RM, Warburton DER. Effect of an Ultra-Endurance Event on Cardiovascular Function and Cognitive Performance in Marathon Runners. Front Physiol 2022; 13:838704. [PMID: 35514331 PMCID: PMC9065716 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.838704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ultra-marathon running participation has become increasingly more popular in recent years; however, there is inconclusive evidence concerning the effects of participation on cognition and cardiovascular function. The purpose of this study was to examine alterations in cardiovascular function and cognitive performance and their association in ultra-marathon runners prior to and following an ultra-endurance event. Methods In total, 24 runners (19 males and 5 females) participated in an ultra-marathon race (FatDog120) held in British Columbia, Canada. Participants competed in varying races distances [48 km (n = 2), 80 km (n = 7), 113 km (n = 3), and 193 km (n = 12)]. Cognition was assessed prior to and upon race completion using simple reaction time, choice reaction time, discrimination reaction time, and recognition memory (% correct). Cardiovascular function was assessed prior to and upon race completion using radial applanation tonometry for diastolic pulse contour examination. Results Cognitive performance displayed significantly (p < 0.001) slower reaction times post-race for simple (30.2%), discrimination (22.7%), and choice reaction time (30.5%), as well as a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in memory test performance (−8.2%). A significant association between systemic vascular resistance and choice reaction time was observed post-race (r = 0.41, p < 0.05). Significant changes in post-race cardiovascular function were observed in resting heart rate (31.5%), cardiac output (27.5%), mean arterial blood pressure (−5.6%), total systemic resistance (−17.6%), systolic blood pressure (−7.0%), pulse pressure (−11.2%), and rate pressure product (22.4%). There was evidence of enhanced cardiovascular function being associated with improved cognitive performance before and after the ultra-endurance event. Conclusion Ultra endurance running is associated with marked impairments in cognitive performance that are associated (at least in part) with changes in cardiovascular function in healthy adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew T Jeklin
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Cardiovascular Physiology and Rehabilitation Laboratory, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Shannon S D Bredin
- Faculty of Education, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Cognitive and Motor Learning Laboratory, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Erin M Shellington
- Faculty of Education, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Cognitive and Motor Learning Laboratory, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kai L Kaufman
- Cardiovascular Physiology and Rehabilitation Laboratory, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Faculty of Education, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Cognitive and Motor Learning Laboratory, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Amanda de Faye
- Cardiovascular Physiology and Rehabilitation Laboratory, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Faculty of Education, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Rosalin M Miles
- Cardiovascular Physiology and Rehabilitation Laboratory, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Faculty of Education, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Cognitive and Motor Learning Laboratory, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Darren E R Warburton
- Cardiovascular Physiology and Rehabilitation Laboratory, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Faculty of Education, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Experimental Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Champigneulle B, Doutreleau S, Baillieul S, Brugniaux JV, Robach P, Bouzat P, Verges S. Changes in cardiac function following a speed ascent to the top of Europe at 4808 m. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:889-902. [PMID: 35103862 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-04895-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Both prolonged exercise and acute high-altitude exposure are known to induce cardiac changes. We sought to describe the cardiac responses to speed climbing at high-altitude, including left ventricular (LV) performance assessment using the myocardial work index (MWI), a new index derived from 2D speckle tracking echocardiography (STE). METHODS Eleven elite alpinists (9 males, age: 26 ± 4 years) were evaluated before and immediately after a speed ascent of the Mont-Blanc (4808 m) by echocardiography using conventional measurements as well as STE and MWI computation with derivate parameters as global work efficiency (GWE) or global wasted work (GWW). RESULTS Athletes performed a long-duration (8 h 58 min ± 60 min) and intense (78 ± 4% of maximal heart rate) ascent under gradual hypoxic conditions (minimal SpO2 at 4808 m: 71 ± 4%). Hypoxic exercise-induced cardiac fatigue was observed post-ascent with a change in right ventricular (RV) and LV systolic function (RV fractional area change: - 20 ± 23%, p = 0.01; LV global longitudinal strain change: - 8 ± 9%, p = 0.02), as well as LV geometry and RV-LV interaction alterations with emergence of a D-shape septum in 5/11 (46%) participants associated with RV pressure overload (mean pulmonary arterial pressure change: + 55 ± 20%, p < 0.001). Both MWI and GWE were reduced post-ascent (- 21 ± 16%, p = 0.004 and - 4 ± 4%, p = 0.007, respectively). Relative decrease in MWI and GWE were inversely correlated with increase in GWW (r = - 0.86, p = 0.003 and r = -0.97, p < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Prolonged high-altitude speed climbing in elite climbers is associated with RV and LV function changes with a major interaction alteration. MWI, assessing the myocardial performance, could be a new tool for evaluating LV exercise-induced cardiac fatigue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Champigneulle
- HP2 laboratory, UM Sports Pathologies, Hôpital Sud, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CHU Grenoble Alpes, CS 10217, 38043 Cedex 9, Grenoble, France.
| | - Stéphane Doutreleau
- HP2 laboratory, UM Sports Pathologies, Hôpital Sud, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CHU Grenoble Alpes, CS 10217, 38043 Cedex 9, Grenoble, France
| | - Sébastien Baillieul
- HP2 laboratory, UM Sports Pathologies, Hôpital Sud, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CHU Grenoble Alpes, CS 10217, 38043 Cedex 9, Grenoble, France
| | - Julien Vincent Brugniaux
- HP2 laboratory, UM Sports Pathologies, Hôpital Sud, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CHU Grenoble Alpes, CS 10217, 38043 Cedex 9, Grenoble, France
| | - Paul Robach
- HP2 laboratory, UM Sports Pathologies, Hôpital Sud, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CHU Grenoble Alpes, CS 10217, 38043 Cedex 9, Grenoble, France
- National School for Mountain Sports, Site of the National School for Skiing and Mountaineering (ENSA), Chamonix, France
| | - Pierre Bouzat
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Samuel Verges
- HP2 laboratory, UM Sports Pathologies, Hôpital Sud, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CHU Grenoble Alpes, CS 10217, 38043 Cedex 9, Grenoble, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Skinner S, Nader E, Stauffer E, Robert M, Boisson C, Cibiel A, Foschia C, Feasson L, Robach P, Millet GY, Connes P. Differential impacts of trail and ultra-trail running on cytokine profiles: An observational study. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2021; 78:301-310. [PMID: 33814421 DOI: 10.3233/ch-211121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endurance running events are known to cause inflammation and result in increased cytokine production. However, the effects of ultramarathons on cytokine profiles are not well characterized. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to describe and compare the effects of a trail (40 km) race and an ultra-trail (171 km) race on leukocyte concentrations and cytokine profiles. METHODS The study was conducted during the Ultra-Trail du Mont Blanc® ultra-marathon running event, and included 11 runners who completed the 40 km trail run and 12 runners who completed the 171 km ultra-trail. Blood samples were taken before and after the races. RESULTS Leukocyte concentrations significantly increased after both races. Circulating levels of IL-6, IL-1β, MCP-1, and IFN-γ were significantly higher after the longer race compared to the shorter race. Furthermore, while both races resulted in significant increases in IL-6 and IL-8, only the longer race resulted in significant increases in MIP-1β, IL-7, IL-17a, and IL-4. CONCLUSIONS These results illustrate that a 171 km ultra-trail race results in greater modulations in cytokine profiles than a traditional trail race.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Skinner
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité (LIBM) EA7424, Team "Vascular Biology and Red Blood Cell", Université Claude Bernard Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence du Globule Rouge (Labex GR-Ex), PRES Sorbonne, Paris, France
| | - Elie Nader
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité (LIBM) EA7424, Team "Vascular Biology and Red Blood Cell", Université Claude Bernard Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence du Globule Rouge (Labex GR-Ex), PRES Sorbonne, Paris, France
| | - Emeric Stauffer
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité (LIBM) EA7424, Team "Vascular Biology and Red Blood Cell", Université Claude Bernard Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence du Globule Rouge (Labex GR-Ex), PRES Sorbonne, Paris, France.,Explorations Fonctionnelles Respiratoires, Médecine du Sport et de l'Activité Physique, Hôpital Croix Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Mélanie Robert
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité (LIBM) EA7424, Team "Vascular Biology and Red Blood Cell", Université Claude Bernard Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence du Globule Rouge (Labex GR-Ex), PRES Sorbonne, Paris, France.,Erytech Pharma, Lyon, France
| | - Camille Boisson
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité (LIBM) EA7424, Team "Vascular Biology and Red Blood Cell", Université Claude Bernard Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence du Globule Rouge (Labex GR-Ex), PRES Sorbonne, Paris, France
| | | | - Clément Foschia
- Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Léonard Feasson
- Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Saint-Etienne, France.,Unité de Myologie, Service de Physiologie Clinique et de l'Exercice, Hôpital Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Paul Robach
- National School for Mountain Sports, Site of the National School for Skiing and Mountaineering (ENSA), Chamonix, France
| | - Guillaume Y Millet
- Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Saint-Etienne, France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Philippe Connes
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité (LIBM) EA7424, Team "Vascular Biology and Red Blood Cell", Université Claude Bernard Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence du Globule Rouge (Labex GR-Ex), PRES Sorbonne, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nguyen HT, Grenier T, Leporq B, Le Goff C, Gilles B, Grange S, Grange R, Millet GP, Beuf O, Croisille P, Viallon M. Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging Assessment of the Quadriceps Changes during an Extreme Mountain Ultramarathon. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:869-881. [PMID: 33044438 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE Extreme ultra-endurance races are growing in popularity, but their effects on skeletal muscles remain mostly unexplored. This longitudinal study explores physiological changes in mountain ultramarathon athletes' quadriceps using quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) coupled with serological biomarkers. The study aimed to monitor the longitudinal effect of the race and recovery and to identify local inflammatory and metabolic muscle responses by codetection of biological markers. METHODS An automatic image processing framework was designed to extract imaging-based biomarkers from quantitative MRI acquisitions of the upper legs of 20 finishers at three time points. The longitudinal effect of the race was demonstrated by analyzing the image markers with dedicated biostatistical analysis. RESULTS Our framework allows for a reliable calculation of statistical data not only inside the whole quadriceps volume but also within each individual muscle head. Local changes in MRI parameters extracted from quantitative maps were described and found to be significantly correlated with principal serological biomarkers of interest. A decrease in the PDFF after the race and a stable paramagnetic susceptibility value were found. Pairwise post hoc tests suggested that the recovery process differs among the muscle heads. CONCLUSIONS This longitudinal study conducted during a prolonged and extreme mechanical stress showed that quantitative MRI-based markers of inflammation and metabolic response can detect local changes related to the prolonged exercise, with differentiated involvement of each head of the quadriceps muscle as expected in such eccentric load. Consistent and efficient extraction of the local biomarkers enables to highlight the interplay/interactions between blood and MRI biomarkers. This work indeed proposes an automatized analytic framework to tackle the time-consuming and mentally exhausting segmentation task of muscle heads in large multi-time-point cohorts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hoai-Thu Nguyen
- Univ-Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, INSA-Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Inserm, Saint-Etienne, FRANCE
| | - Thomas Grenier
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UJM-Saint Etienne, CNRS, Inserm, Villeurbanne, FRANCE
| | - Benjamin Leporq
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UJM-Saint Etienne, CNRS, Inserm, Villeurbanne, FRANCE
| | - Caroline Le Goff
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Liège, CHU Sart-Tilman, Liège, BELGIUM
| | | | | | | | - Grégoire P Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, SWITZERLAND
| | - Olivier Beuf
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UJM-Saint Etienne, CNRS, Inserm, Villeurbanne, FRANCE
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Physiological Determinants of Ultramarathon Trail-Running Performance. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16:1454-1461. [PMID: 33691287 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The physiological determinants of ultramarathon success have rarely been assessed and likely differ in their contributions to performance as race distance increases. PURPOSE To examine predictors of performance in athletes who completed either a 50-, 80-, or 160-km trail race over a 20-km loop course on the same day. METHODS Measures of running history, aerobic fitness, running economy, body mass loss, hematocrit alterations, age, and cardiovascular health were examined in relation to race-day performance. Performance was defined as the percentage difference from the winning time at a given race distance, with 0% representing the fastest possible time. RESULTS In the 50-km race, training volumes, cardiovascular health, aerobic fitness, and a greater loss of body mass during the race were all related to better performance (all P < .05). Using multiple linear regression, peak velocity achieved in the maximal oxygen uptake test (β = -11.7, P = .002) and baseline blood pressure (β = 3.1, P = .007) were the best performance predictors for the men's 50-km race (r = .98, r2 = .96, P < .001), while peak velocity achieved in the maximal oxygen uptake test (β = -13.6, P = .001) and loss of body mass (β = 12.8, P = .03) were the best predictors for women (r = .94, r2 = .87, P = .001). In the 80-km race, only peak velocity achieved in the maximal oxygen uptake test predicted performance (β = -20.3, r = .88, r2 = .78, P < .001). In the 160-km race, there were no significant performance determinants. CONCLUSIONS While classic determinants of running performance, including cardiovascular health and running fitness, predict 50-km trail-running success, performance in longer-distance races appears to be less influenced by such physiological parameters.
Collapse
|
11
|
Impact of Trail Running Races on Blood Viscosity and Its Determinants: Effects of Distance. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228531. [PMID: 33198320 PMCID: PMC7696476 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood rheology is a key determinant of tissue perfusion at rest and during exercise. The present study investigated the effects of race distance on hematological, blood rheological, and red blood cell (RBC) senescence parameters. Eleven runners participated in the Martigny–Combes à Chamonix 40 km race (MCC, elevation gain: 2300 m) and 12 others in the Ultra-Trail du Mont Blanc (UTMB, 171 km, elevation gain: 10,000 m). Blood samples were collected before and after the races. After the UTMB, the percentage of RBC phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure was not affected while RBC CD235a levels decreased and RBC-derived microparticles increased. In contrast, after the MCC, RBC PS exposure increased, while RBC CD235a and RBC-derived microparticles levels were not affected. The free hemoglobin and hemolysis rate did not change during the races. RBC aggregation and blood viscosity at moderate shear rates increased after the MCC. RBC deformability, blood viscosity at a high shear rate, and hematocrit decreased after the UTMB but not after the MCC. Our results indicate that blood rheology behavior is different between a 40 km and a 171 km mountain race. The low blood viscosity after the ultra-marathon might facilitate blood flow to the muscles and optimize aerobic performance.
Collapse
|
12
|
Changes in γH2AX and H4K16ac levels are involved in the biochemical response to a competitive soccer match in adolescent players. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14481. [PMID: 32879387 PMCID: PMC7468116 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71436-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine novel putative markers of the response to the competitive soccer match in adolescent players, such as changes in global levels of γH2AX and H4K16ac in the chromatin of peripheral mononuclear blood cells (PMBCs) and a Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)-based biochemical fingerprint of serum. These characteristics were examined with reference to the physiological and metabolic aspects of this response. Immediately post-match we noticed: (1) a systemic inflammatory response, manifesting as peaks in leukocyte count and changes in concentrations of IL-6, TNFα, and cortisol; (2) a peak in plasma lactate; (3) onset of oxidative stress, manifesting as a decline in GSH/GSSG; (4) onset of muscle injury, reflected in an increase in CK activity. Twenty-four hours post-match the decrease in GSH/GSSG was accompanied by accumulation of MDA and 8-OHdG, macromolecule oxidation end-products, and an increase in CK activity. No changes in SOD1 or GPX1 levels were found. Repeated measures correlation revealed several associations between the investigated biomarkers. The FTIR analysis revealed that the match had the greatest impact on serum lipid profile immediately post-game. In turn, increases in γH2AX and H4K16ac levels at 24 h post-match indicated activation of a DNA repair pathway.
Collapse
|
13
|
Nishiie-Yano R, Hirayama S, Tamura M, Kanemochi T, Ueno T, Hirayama A, Hori A, Ai T, Hirose N, Miida T. Hemolysis Is Responsible for Elevation of Serum Iron Concentration After Regular Exercises in Judo Athletes. Biol Trace Elem Res 2020; 197:63-69. [PMID: 31786754 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-019-01981-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Serum iron concentration increases in marathon athletes after running due to mechanical destruction of red blood cells (hemolysis). This study was performed to examine whether serum iron concentration increases after regular Judo exercise, and if so, whether such post-exercise iron increase is caused by hemolysis. We examined biochemical parameters related to red blood cell and iron metabolism in 16 male competitive Judo athletes before and after traditional exercise training composed of basic movements and freestyle matchup. The parameters were adjusted for changes in plasma volume based on simultaneously measured albumin concentration. The red blood cell count, hemoglobin concentration, and hematocrit levels decreased significantly, by 6.0-8.4%, after Judo exercise. The serum iron concentration and transferrin saturation increased significantly, from 87 ± 34 μg/dL to 98 ± 29 μg/dL and from 27.1 ± 9.7% to 31.2 ± 9.0%, respectively. Furthermore, the serum free hemoglobin level increased by 33.9% (p < 0.05), and haptoglobin concentration decreased by 19.2% (p < 0.001). A significant negative correlation was observed between Δ haptoglobin concentration and Δ serum iron concentration (r = - 0.551, p = 0.027). The results of this study indicate that serum iron concentration increases significantly after Judo exercise due to hemolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rina Nishiie-Yano
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hirayama
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Tamura
- Department of Sports Science, Juntendo University Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Hiragagakuendai 1-1, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan
| | - Takumi Kanemochi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
- Department of Sports Science, Juntendo University Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Hiragagakuendai 1-1, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan
- Toho Junior and Senior High School, Naka 3-1-10, Kunitachi, Tokyo, 186-0004, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ueno
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
- Clinical Laboratory, Juntendo Tokyo Koto Geriatric Medical Center, Shinsuna 3-3-20, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 136-0075, Japan
| | - Akiko Hirayama
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hori
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
- Center for Genomic and Regenerative Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Ai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Hirose
- Department of Sports Science, Juntendo University Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Hiragagakuendai 1-1, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan
| | - Takashi Miida
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
BESSON THIBAULT, ROSSI JÉRÉMY, LE ROUX MALLOUF THIBAULT, MARECHAL MATTHIEU, DOUTRELEAU STÉPHANE, VERGES SAMUEL, MILLET GUILLAUMEY. Fatigue and Recovery after Single-Stage versus Multistage Ultramarathon Running. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 52:1691-1698. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
15
|
Giovanelli N, Lazzer S, Cauci S. Muscle damage and inflammatory status biomarkers after a 3-stage trail running race. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 60:1486-1492. [PMID: 32586083 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.10997-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Participants in ultramarathon and multi-stage races are continuously increasing. A detailed knowledge of the time-course of the restoration in muscular, cardiac, and inflammatory biomarkers after a multi-stage race may help the design of training schedules focused to avoid adverse outcomes of repetitive high-intensity endurance exercise and athlete exhaustion. Thus, the aim of the study was to evaluate blood parameters and serum biomarkers associated to muscle damage and inflammation in athletes participating in a 3-stage competition. METHODS Ten runners concluded the race "Magraid" consisting of 3 stages of 22, 48 and 20 km. Before (PRE), immediately after the end of the third stage (POST) and five days after the last stage (R5d), we collected blood samples. RESULTS Among others, at POST mean white blood cell (+57±42%; P=0.006), blood urea nitrogen (+68±39%; P<0.001), creatinine (+17±12%, P=0.005), alanine aminotransferase (ALT, +104±69%; P=0.002), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, +116±64%; P<0.001), creatine kinase (CK, +2044±1433%; P=0.011), CK-MBm (+1544±1007%; P=0.004), cardiac troponin I (cTnI, +85±129%; P=0.015), C-reactive protein (hsCRP, +2137±1660%; P=0.015) were higher than PRE. At R5d, ALT (+72±53%; P=0.010), LDH (+32±25%; P=0.006) and hsCRP (+252±234%; P=0.021) were still different compared with PRE. CONCLUSIONS A 3-stage trail running race induces an inflammatory status and muscle damage and functional consequences on some physiological systems that may not be completely recovered within a short period.
Collapse
|
16
|
Miller GD, Beharry A, Teramoto M, Lai A, Willick SE, Eichner D. Hematological changes following an Ironman triathlon: An antidoping perspective. Drug Test Anal 2020; 11:1747-1754. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam Beharry
- United States Anti‐Doping Agency Colorado Springs CO USA
| | - Masaru Teramoto
- Division of Physical Medicine and RehabilitationUniversity of Utah School of Medicine Salt Lake City UT USA
| | - Auriella Lai
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory Salt Lake City UT USA
| | - Stuart E. Willick
- Division of Physical Medicine and RehabilitationUniversity of Utah School of Medicine Salt Lake City UT USA
| | - Daniel Eichner
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory Salt Lake City UT USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Impact of a 10 km running trial on eryptosis, red blood cell rheology, and electrophysiology in endurance trained athletes: a pilot study. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 120:255-266. [PMID: 31776697 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04271-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Blood rheology is a key determinant of blood flow and tissue perfusion. There are still large discrepancies regarding the effects of an acute running exercise on blood rheological properties and red blood cell (RBC) physiology. We investigated the effect of a 10 km running trial on markers of blood rheology and RBC physiology in endurance trained athletes. METHODS Blood was sampled before and after the exercise to measure lactate and glucose, hematological and hemorheological parameters (blood viscosity, RBC deformability, and aggregation), eryptosis markers (phosphatidylserine and CD47 exposure, RBC reactive oxygen species), RBC-derived microparticles (RBC-MPs), and RBC electrophysiological activity. Weight was measured before and after exercise. Peripheral oxygen saturation and heart rate were monitored before and during the trial. RESULTS Blood lactate and glucose levels increased after exercise and subjects significantly lost weight. All athletes experienced a significant fall in oxygen saturation. Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) was increased from 95.1 ± 3.2 to 96.0 ± 3.3 and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) decreased after exercise suggesting a slight RBC rehydration. Exercise increased RBC deformability from 0.344 ± 0.04 to 0.378 ± 0.07, decreased RBC aggregates strength and blood viscosity, while hematocrit (Hct) remained unaffected. While RBC electrophysiological recording suggested a modulation in RBC calcium content and/or chloride conductance, eryptosis markers and RBC-MPs were not modified by the exercise. CONCLUSION A 10 km acute running exercise had no effect on RBC senescence and membrane blebbing. In contrast, this exercise increased RBC deformability, probably through rehydration process which resulted in a decrease in blood viscosity.
Collapse
|
18
|
Nader E, Skinner S, Romana M, Fort R, Lemonne N, Guillot N, Gauthier A, Antoine-Jonville S, Renoux C, Hardy-Dessources MD, Stauffer E, Joly P, Bertrand Y, Connes P. Blood Rheology: Key Parameters, Impact on Blood Flow, Role in Sickle Cell Disease and Effects of Exercise. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1329. [PMID: 31749708 PMCID: PMC6842957 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood viscosity is an important determinant of local flow characteristics, which exhibits shear thinning behavior: it decreases exponentially with increasing shear rates. Both hematocrit and plasma viscosity influence blood viscosity. The shear thinning property of blood is mainly attributed to red blood cell (RBC) rheological properties. RBC aggregation occurs at low shear rates, and increases blood viscosity and depends on both cellular (RBC aggregability) and plasma factors. Blood flow in the microcirculation is highly dependent on the ability of RBC to deform, but RBC deformability also affects blood flow in the macrocirculation since a loss of deformability causes a rise in blood viscosity. Indeed, any changes in one or several of these parameters may affect blood viscosity differently. Poiseuille's Law predicts that any increase in blood viscosity should cause a rise in vascular resistance. However, blood viscosity, through its effects on wall shear stress, is a key modulator of nitric oxide (NO) production by the endothelial NO-synthase. Indeed, any increase in blood viscosity should promote vasodilation. This is the case in healthy individuals when vascular function is intact and able to adapt to blood rheological strains. However, in sickle cell disease (SCD) vascular function is impaired. In this context, any increase in blood viscosity can promote vaso-occlusive like events. We previously showed that sickle cell patients with high blood viscosity usually have more frequent vaso-occlusive crises than those with low blood viscosity. However, while the deformability of RBC decreases during acute vaso-occlusive events in SCD, patients with the highest RBC deformability at steady-state have a higher risk of developing frequent painful vaso-occlusive crises. This paradox seems to be due to the fact that in SCD RBC with the highest deformability are also the most adherent, which would trigger vaso-occlusion. While acute, intense exercise may increase blood viscosity in healthy individuals, recent works conducted in sickle cell patients have shown that light cycling exercise did not cause dramatic changes in blood rheology. Moreover, regular physical exercise has been shown to decrease blood viscosity in sickle cell mice, which could be beneficial for adequate blood flow and tissue perfusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elie Nader
- Laboratory LIBM EA7424, Team "Vascular Biology and Red Blood Cell", University of Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Sarah Skinner
- Laboratory LIBM EA7424, Team "Vascular Biology and Red Blood Cell", University of Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Marc Romana
- Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France.,Biologie Intégrée du Globule Rouge, Université de Paris, UMR_S1134, BIGR, INSERM, F-75015, Paris, France.,Biologie Intégrée du Globule Rouge, The Université des Antilles, UMR_S1134, BIGR, F- 97157, Pointe-a-Pitre, France
| | - Romain Fort
- Laboratory LIBM EA7424, Team "Vascular Biology and Red Blood Cell", University of Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France.,Département de Médecine, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Nathalie Lemonne
- Unité Transversale de la Drépanocytose, Hôpital de Pointe-a-Pitre, Hôpital Ricou, Pointe-a-Pitre, France
| | - Nicolas Guillot
- Laboratoire Carmen INSERM 1060, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Alexandra Gauthier
- Laboratory LIBM EA7424, Team "Vascular Biology and Red Blood Cell", University of Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France.,d'Hématologie et d'Oncologie Pédiatrique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - Céline Renoux
- Laboratory LIBM EA7424, Team "Vascular Biology and Red Blood Cell", University of Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France.,Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Biologie Moleìculaire, UF de Biochimie des Pathologies Eìrythrocytaires, Centre de Biologie et de Pathologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Marie-Dominique Hardy-Dessources
- Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France.,Biologie Intégrée du Globule Rouge, Université de Paris, UMR_S1134, BIGR, INSERM, F-75015, Paris, France.,Biologie Intégrée du Globule Rouge, The Université des Antilles, UMR_S1134, BIGR, F- 97157, Pointe-a-Pitre, France
| | - Emeric Stauffer
- Laboratory LIBM EA7424, Team "Vascular Biology and Red Blood Cell", University of Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France.,Centre de Médecine du Sommeil et des Maladies Respiratoires, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital de la Croix Rousse, Lyon, France
| | - Philippe Joly
- Laboratory LIBM EA7424, Team "Vascular Biology and Red Blood Cell", University of Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France.,Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Biologie Moleìculaire, UF de Biochimie des Pathologies Eìrythrocytaires, Centre de Biologie et de Pathologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Yves Bertrand
- d'Hématologie et d'Oncologie Pédiatrique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Philippe Connes
- Laboratory LIBM EA7424, Team "Vascular Biology and Red Blood Cell", University of Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sierra APR, Oliveira RA, Silva ED, Lima GHO, Benetti MP, Kiss MAP, Sierra CA, Ghorayeb N, Seto JT, Pesquero JB, Cury-Boaventura MF. Association Between Hematological Parameters and Iron Metabolism Response After Marathon Race and ACTN3 Genotype. Front Physiol 2019; 10:697. [PMID: 31244673 PMCID: PMC6580990 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Actinin-3 (ACTN3 R577X, rs.1815739) polymorphism is a genetic variation that shows the most consistent influence on metabolic pathway and muscle phenotype. XX genotype is associated with higher metabolic efficiency of skeletal muscle; however, the role of ACTN3 polymorphism in oxygen transport and utilization system has not yet been investigated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the influence of ACTN3 polymorphisms on hematological and iron metabolism response induced by marathon race. Eighty-one Brazilian amateur male endurance runners participated in the study. Blood samples and urine were collected before; immediately after; and 1, 3, and 15 days after the marathon race. Urine, hematological parameters, iron metabolism, and ACTN3 genotyping analyses were performed. The marathon race induced a decrease in erythrocytes, Hb, and Ht, and an increase in hematuria, creatinine, myoglobin, red cell distribution width, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, direct and indirect bilirubin and erythropoietin. Moreover, an elevation immediately or 1 day after the marathon race follows a reduction 3 or 15 days after the marathon race were observed on transferrin saturation and iron and transferrin levels. Hematological parameters and iron metabolism changes induced by marathon race were not observed in XX genotypes. Hematuria and decreased erythrocytes, Hb, Ht, and iron and transferrin levels were observed only in RR and/or RX genotypes but not in XX genotypes. The percentage of runners with hematuria, leukocyturia, iron deficiency, creatinine, myoglobin, and bilirubin imbalance was higher in RR compared to XX genotypes. ACTN3 polymorphism is associated with iron metabolism and hematological responses after endurance exercise. Despite these results being based on a small sample, they highlight a protective role of the XX genotype on hematological and renal changes induced by long-distance exercise. Therefore, these findings should be further replicated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Renno Sierra
- Department of Biodynamics of Human Movements, School of Physical Education and Sports, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Sports Cardiology Department, Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Assunção Oliveira
- Department of Interdisciplinary in Health Sciences, Institute of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elton Dias Silva
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giscard Humberto Oliveira Lima
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Program of Human Movement and Sport Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Marino Pereira Benetti
- Department of Biodynamics of Human Movements, School of Physical Education and Sports, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Augusta Pedanti Kiss
- Department of Biodynamics of Human Movements, School of Physical Education and Sports, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Anibal Sierra
- Sports Cardiology Department, Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nabil Ghorayeb
- Sports Cardiology Department, Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jane T Seto
- Neuromuscular Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - João Bosco Pesquero
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Fernanda Cury-Boaventura
- Department of Interdisciplinary in Health Sciences, Institute of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lippi G, Sanchis-Gomar F. Epidemiological, biological and clinical update on exercise-induced hemolysis. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019; 7:270. [PMID: 31355237 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.05.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Exercise-induced hemolysis can be conventionally defined as rupture and destruction of erythrocytes during physical exercise. The currently available epidemiologic information attests that a substantial degree of exercise-induced hemolysis is commonplace after short-, medium-, long- and ultra-long distance running, as reflected by significant decrease of serum or plasma haptoglobin and significant increase of plasma concentration (or overall blood content) of free hemoglobin. This paraphysiological intravascular hemolysis is typically mild (average variations of hemolysis biomarkers are usually comprised between 1.2- and 1.8-fold), almost self-limiting (completely resolving within 24-48 hours), with severity depending on athlete population, analytical technique used for detecting intravascular hemolysis, as well as on number, frequency and intensity of ground contacts, but not on running technique. Additional lines of evidence support the notion that both osmotic fragility and membrane structure of erythrocytes are considerably modified during endurance exercise. This fact goes hand in hand with findings that erythrocyte lifespan in runners is approximately 40% shorter than in sedentary controls. Direct mechanical injury caused by forceful ground contacts, repeated muscle contractile activity or vasoconstriction in internal organs are three potential sources of exercise-induced hemolysis, whilst metabolic abnormalities developing while exercising (e.g., hyperthermia, dehydration, hypotonic shock, hypoxia, lactic acidosis, shear stress, oxidative damage, proteolysis, increased concentration of catecholamines and lysolecithin) may actively contribute to trigger, accelerate or amplify this phenomenon. Although no systematic evidence is available, it seems also reasonable to hypothesize that patients bearing erythrocyte disorders may be particularly vulnerable to developing exercise-induced hemolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lippi
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Fabian Sanchis-Gomar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia and INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Rubio-Arias JÁ, Ávila-Gandía V, López-Román FJ, Soto-Méndez F, Alcaraz PE, Ramos-Campo DJ. Muscle damage and inflammation biomarkers after two ultra-endurance mountain races of different distances: 54 km vs 111 km. Physiol Behav 2019; 205:51-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
22
|
YAMAGATA TETSUYUKI, SAKURABA KEISHOKU. Changes in Urine Components and Characteristics During a 415-km Mountain Ultra-Marathon. JUNTENDO IJI ZASSHI 2019. [DOI: 10.14789/jmj.2019.65.jmj19-oa03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- TETSUYUKI YAMAGATA
- Department of Sports Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
- Department of Physical Therapy, Japanese School of Technology for Social Medicine
| | - KEISHOKU SAKURABA
- Department of Sports Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
- Department of Sports Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Health and Sports Science
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Montero D, Lundby C. Regulation of Red Blood Cell Volume with Exercise Training. Compr Physiol 2018; 9:149-164. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c180004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
24
|
Moretti D, Mettler S, Zeder C, Lundby C, Geurts-Moetspot A, Monnard A, Swinkels DW, Brittenham GM, Zimmermann MB. An intensified training schedule in recreational male runners is associated with increases in erythropoiesis and inflammation and a net reduction in plasma hepcidin. Am J Clin Nutr 2018; 108:1324-1333. [PMID: 30351387 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Iron status is a determinant of physical performance, but training may induce both low-grade inflammation and erythropoiesis, exerting opposing influences on hepcidin and iron metabolism. To our knowledge, the combined effects on iron absorption and utilization during training have not been examined directly in humans. Objective We hypothesized that 3 wk of exercise training in recreational male runners would decrease oral iron bioavailability by increasing inflammation and hepcidin concentrations. Design In a prospective intervention, nonanemic, iron-sufficient men (n = 10) completed a 34-d study consisting of a 16-d control phase and a 22-d exercise-training phase of 8 km running every second day. We measured oral iron absorption and erythroid iron utilization using oral 57Fe and intravenous 58Fe tracers administered before and during training. We measured hemoglobin mass (mHb) and total red blood cell volume (RCV) by carbon monoxide rebreathing. Iron status, interleukin-6 (IL-6), plasma hepcidin (PHep), erythropoietin (EPO), and erythroferrone were measured before, during, and after training. Results Exercise training induced inflammation, as indicated by an increased mean ± SD IL-6 (0.87 ± 1.1 to 5.17 ± 2.2 pg/mL; P < 0.01), while also enhancing erythropoiesis, as indicated by an increase in mean EPO (0.66 ± 0.42 to 2.06 ± 1.6 IU/L), mHb (10.5 ± 1.6 to 10.8 ± 1.8 g/kg body weight), and mean RCV (30.7 ± 4.3 to 32.7 ± 4.6 mL/kg) (all P < 0.05). Training tended to increase geometric mean iron absorption by 24% (P = 0.083), consistent with a decreased mean ± SD PHep (7.25 ± 2.14 to 5.17 ± 2.24 nM; P < 0.05). The increase in mHb and erythroid iron utilization were associated with the decrease in PHep (P < 0.05). Compartmental modeling indicated that iron for the increase in mHb was obtained predominantly (>80%) from stores mobilization rather than from increased dietary absorption. Conclusions In iron-sufficient men, mild intensification of exercise intensity increases both inflammation and erythropoiesis. The net effect is to decrease hepcidin concentrations and to tend to increase oral iron absorption. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01730521.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Moretti
- Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Mettler
- Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Swiss Federal Institute of Sports, Magglingen, Switzerland.,Department of Business, Health, and Social Work, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Zeder
- Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carsten Lundby
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anneke Geurts-Moetspot
- Hepcidinanalysis.com and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Arnaud Monnard
- Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dorine W Swinkels
- Hepcidinanalysis.com and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Gary M Brittenham
- Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael B Zimmermann
- Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Alonso I, Matos A, Ribeiro R, Gil Â, Cardoso C, Sardinha LB, Bicho M. Mountain Cycling Ultramarathon Effects on Inflammatory and Hemoglobin Responses. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018; 50:353-360. [PMID: 28991044 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to analyze the cumulative physiological burden of repetitive, strenuous exercise held during mountain cycling ultramarathon on regulatory mechanisms of hemoglobin degradation. METHODS Fifty-five nonprofessional athletes (mean age, 44.8 ± 7.1 yr) participating in a 9-consecutive-day mountain cycling ultramarathon (TransPortugal) underwent anthropometric, hematological, and biochemical assessments before and immediately after the race. Participants were further stratified as completers (nine courses) or noncompleters and were divided according to the time they took to complete the race. The heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1) functional genetic polymorphism and haptoglobin (HP) phenotypic variants were also analyzed. RESULTS Total leukocytes, neutrophil count, and monocyte count increased, whereas decreases in erythrocyte counts and hemoglobin were found between pre- and postultramarathon. Circulating haptoglobin (Hp) was increased, whereas its soluble receptor (sCD163) decreased. Athletes who completed all nine courses presented with increased leukocyte, neutrophil, and erythrocyte counts, as well as hemoglobin, red cell distribution width, total bilirubin, and total cholesterol levels. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein and Hp decreased in comparison with noncompleters. HMOX1 and HP genetic polymorphisms were associated with biochemical profile, notably with Hp levels. Analysis of covariance showed a significant effect of HP phenotype in Hp circulating levels at the end of race and on the magnitude of variation from pre- to postrace. CONCLUSIONS Present findings support a comodulatory influence of genetic- and exercise-associated factors on resulting inflammatory and hemoglobin catabolic marker Hp after highly demanding endurance exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isanete Alonso
- Laboratory of Genetics and Environmental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, PORTUGAL.,Laboratory of Genetics and Environmental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, PORTUGAL.,Laboratory of Genetics and Environmental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, PORTUGAL
| | - Andreia Matos
- Laboratory of Genetics and Environmental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, PORTUGAL.,Laboratory of Genetics and Environmental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, PORTUGAL
| | - Ricardo Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Genetics and Environmental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, PORTUGAL.,Laboratory of Genetics and Environmental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, PORTUGAL.,Laboratory of Genetics and Environmental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, PORTUGAL.,Laboratory of Genetics and Environmental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, PORTUGAL
| | - Ângela Gil
- Laboratory of Genetics and Environmental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, PORTUGAL.,Laboratory of Genetics and Environmental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, PORTUGAL
| | - Carlos Cardoso
- Laboratory of Genetics and Environmental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, PORTUGAL
| | - Luís B Sardinha
- Laboratory of Genetics and Environmental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, PORTUGAL
| | - Manuel Bicho
- Laboratory of Genetics and Environmental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, PORTUGAL.,Laboratory of Genetics and Environmental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, PORTUGAL
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Matomäki P, Kainulainen H, Kyröläinen H. Corrected whole blood biomarkers - the equation of Dill and Costill revisited. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13749. [PMID: 29939499 PMCID: PMC6016620 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
An exercise bout or a dehydration often causes a reduction in plasma volume, which should be acknowledged when considering the change in biomarkers before and after the plasma changing event. The classic equation from Dill and Costill (1974, J. Appl. Physiol., 37, 247-248) for plasma volume shift is usually utilized in such a case. Although this works well with plasma and serum biomarkers, we argue in this note that this traditional approach gives misleading results in the context of whole blood biomarkers, such as lactate, white cells, and thrombocytes. In this study, we demonstrate that to calculate the change in the total amount of circulating whole blood biomarker, one should utilize a formula [Formula: see text] Here Hb and BM are, respectively, the concentrations for the hemoglobin and for the inspected whole blood biomarker before (pre) and after (post) the plasma changing incident.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pekka Matomäki
- Faculty of Sport and Health SciencesBiology of Physical ActivityUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Heikki Kainulainen
- Faculty of Sport and Health SciencesBiology of Physical ActivityUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Heikki Kyröläinen
- Faculty of Sport and Health SciencesBiology of Physical ActivityUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Knechtle B, Nikolaidis PT. Physiology and Pathophysiology in Ultra-Marathon Running. Front Physiol 2018; 9:634. [PMID: 29910741 PMCID: PMC5992463 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In this overview, we summarize the findings of the literature with regards to physiology and pathophysiology of ultra-marathon running. The number of ultra-marathon races and the number of official finishers considerably increased in the last decades especially due to the increased number of female and age-group runners. A typical ultra-marathoner is male, married, well-educated, and ~45 years old. Female ultra-marathoners account for ~20% of the total number of finishers. Ultra-marathoners are older and have a larger weekly training volume, but run more slowly during training compared to marathoners. Previous experience (e.g., number of finishes in ultra-marathon races and personal best marathon time) is the most important predictor variable for a successful ultra-marathon performance followed by specific anthropometric (e.g., low body mass index, BMI, and low body fat) and training (e.g., high volume and running speed during training) characteristics. Women are slower than men, but the sex difference in performance decreased in recent years to ~10–20% depending upon the length of the ultra-marathon. The fastest ultra-marathon race times are generally achieved at the age of 35–45 years or older for both women and men, and the age of peak performance increases with increasing race distance or duration. An ultra-marathon leads to an energy deficit resulting in a reduction of both body fat and skeletal muscle mass. An ultra-marathon in combination with other risk factors, such as extreme weather conditions (either heat or cold) or the country where the race is held, can lead to exercise-associated hyponatremia. An ultra-marathon can also lead to changes in biomarkers indicating a pathological process in specific organs or organ systems such as skeletal muscles, heart, liver, kidney, immune and endocrine system. These changes are usually temporary, depending on intensity and duration of the performance, and usually normalize after the race. In longer ultra-marathons, ~50–60% of the participants experience musculoskeletal problems. The most common injuries in ultra-marathoners involve the lower limb, such as the ankle and the knee. An ultra-marathon can lead to an increase in creatine-kinase to values of 100,000–200,000 U/l depending upon the fitness level of the athlete and the length of the race. Furthermore, an ultra-marathon can lead to changes in the heart as shown by changes in cardiac biomarkers, electro- and echocardiography. Ultra-marathoners often suffer from digestive problems and gastrointestinal bleeding after an ultra-marathon is not uncommon. Liver enzymes can also considerably increase during an ultra-marathon. An ultra-marathon often leads to a temporary reduction in renal function. Ultra-marathoners often suffer from upper respiratory infections after an ultra-marathon. Considering the increased number of participants in ultra-marathons, the findings of the present review would have practical applications for a large number of sports scientists and sports medicine practitioners working in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Minuzzi LG, Teixeira AM, Carvalho HM, Costa RJD, Rama L. DAILY HEMATOLOGIC ASSESSMENT DURING A 230-KM MULTISTAGE ULTRAMARATHON. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-869220182403171999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: The popularity of ultra-endurance events is increasing worldwide. However, information about hematological parameters during repeated bouts of long-duration running, such as stages during a multi-stage ultramarathon (MSUM) is scarce. Objective: The purpose of the study was to monitor daily hematologic assessment in a 230-km multistage ultramarathon (MSUM) in hot environmental conditions. Methods: Eleven male and three female (n = 14) ultra-endurance runners entered this MSUM, which was conducted over five stages, covering a total distance of 230 km in hot ambient conditions. Peripheral blood samples were collected before and after each stage to determine leukocyte and erythrocytes parameters. Results: Multilevel modelling considering all measurement points showed an increase for whole blood leukocyte and granulocyte counts at five stages of the MSUM and for monocytes until Stage 3 of the race. For erythrocyte parameters, decreases across stages were observed in hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit responses when computing/considering all measurement points. Conclusions: The results indicate that MSUM in a hot environment leads to a greater impact on leukocyte population responses and platelet variation in the initial stages of the race. We suggest that athletes may have a decrease in immune function in the early stages of the MSUM, probably with some transient risk of infectious. Nevertheless, a physiological adaptation to physical exertion and heat mitigates these changes in the subsequent stages of MSUM. Level of Evidence III; Case-control study.
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Wir stellen die wichtigsten Erkenntnisse zu Organschädigungen durch einen Ultramarathon zusammen. Nach einem Ultramarathon können kardiale Biomarker wie CK, CK-MB, kardiales Troponin I (cTnI) und N-terminales pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide (NT-pro BNP) erhöht sein. Bis 80 % und mehr der Finisher klagen über Verdauungsprobleme, die einer der Hauptgründe sind, einen Ultramarathon nicht zu finishen. Bis zu 90 % der Läufer, die einen Ultramarathon aufgeben, klagen über Übelkeit. Nach einem Ultramarathon steigen die Leberwerte oft an, schwerwiegende Konsequenzen bleiben meist aus. Risikofaktoren für eine Einschränkung der Nierenfunktion sind eine ausgeprägte Muskelschädigung mit Rhabdomyolyse, Dehydratation, Hypotonie, Hyperurikämie, Hyponatriämie, geringe Wettkampferfahrung sowie die Einnahme von NSARs. Ultraläufer leiden nach einem Ultramarathon oft an Infekten der oberen Atemwege.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beat Knechtle
- 1 Medbase St. Gallen
- 2 Institut für Hausarztmedizin, Universität Zürich
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Impact of Hot Environment on Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalance, Renal Damage, Hemolysis, and Immune Activation Postmarathon. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:9824192. [PMID: 29430287 PMCID: PMC5753004 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9824192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated the physiological changes induced by exercise exposure in hot environments. We investigated the hematological and oxidative changes and tissue damage induced by marathon race in different thermal conditions. Twenty-six male runners completed the São Paulo International Marathon both in hot environment (HE) and in temperate environment (TE). Blood and urine samples were collected 1 day before, immediately after, 1 day after, and 3 days after the marathon to analyze the hematological parameters, electrolytes, markers of tissue damage, and oxidative status. In both environments, the marathon race promotes fluid and electrolyte imbalance, hemolysis, oxidative stress, immune activation, and tissue damage. The marathon runner's performance was approximately 13.5% lower in HE compared to TE; however, in HE, our results demonstrated more pronounced fluid and electrolyte imbalance, renal damage, hemolysis, and immune activation. Moreover, oxidative stress induced by marathon in HE is presumed to be related to protein/purine oxidation instead of other oxidative sources. Fluid and electrolyte imbalance and protein/purine oxidation may be important factors responsible for hemolysis, renal damage, immune activation, and impaired performance after long-term exercise in HE. Nonetheless, we suggested that the impairment on performance in HE was not associated to the muscle damage and lipoperoxidation.
Collapse
|
31
|
Fornasiero A, Savoldelli A, Fruet D, Boccia G, Pellegrini B, Schena F. Physiological intensity profile, exercise load and performance predictors of a 65-km mountain ultra-marathon. J Sports Sci 2017; 36:1287-1295. [PMID: 28869746 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1374707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The aims of the study were to describe the physiological profile of a 65-km (4000-m cumulative elevation gain) running mountain ultra-marathon (MUM) and to identify predictors of MUM performance. Twenty-three amateur trail-runners performed anthropometric evaluations and an uphill graded exercise test (GXT) for VO2max, ventilatory thresholds (VTs), power outputs (PMax, PVTs) and heart rate response (HRmax, HR@VTs). Heart rate (HR) was monitored during the race and intensity was expressed as: Zone I (<VT1), Zone II (VT1-VT2), Zone III (>VT2) for exercise load calculation (training impulse, TRIMP). Mean race intensity was 77.1%±4.4% of HRmax distributed as: 85.7%±19.4% Zone I, 13.9%±18.6% Zone II, 0.4%±0.9% Zone III. Exercise load was 766±110 TRIMP units. Race time (11.8±1.6h) was negatively correlated with VO2max (r = -0.66, P <0.001) and PMax (r = -0.73, P <0.001), resulting these variables determinant in predicting MUM performance, whereas exercise thresholds did not improve performance prediction. Laboratory variables explained only 59% of race time variance, underlining the multi-factorial character of MUM performance. Our results support the idea that VT1 represents a boundary of tolerable intensity in this kind of events, where exercise load is extremely high. This information can be helpful in identifying optimal pacing strategies to complete such extremely demanding MUMs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Fornasiero
- a CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Center , University of Verona , Rovereto , Italy.,b Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences , University of Verona , Verona , Italy
| | - Aldo Savoldelli
- a CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Center , University of Verona , Rovereto , Italy.,b Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences , University of Verona , Verona , Italy
| | - Damiano Fruet
- a CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Center , University of Verona , Rovereto , Italy
| | - Gennaro Boccia
- a CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Center , University of Verona , Rovereto , Italy.,b Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences , University of Verona , Verona , Italy.,c NeuroMuscular Function research group, School of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Department of Medical Sciences , University of Turin , Turin , Italy
| | - Barbara Pellegrini
- a CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Center , University of Verona , Rovereto , Italy.,b Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences , University of Verona , Verona , Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- a CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Center , University of Verona , Rovereto , Italy.,b Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences , University of Verona , Verona , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Lundby C, Montero D, Joyner M. Biology of VO 2 max: looking under the physiology lamp. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2017; 220:218-228. [PMID: 27888580 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we argue that several key features of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) should underpin discussions about the biological and reductionist determinants of its interindividual variability: (i) training-induced increases in VO2 max are largely facilitated by expansion of red blood cell volume and an associated improvement in stroke volume, which also adapts independent of changes in red blood cell volume. These general concepts are also informed by cross-sectional studies in athletes that have very high values for VO2 max. Therefore, (ii) variations in VO2 max improvements with exercise training are also likely related to variations in these physiological determinants. (iii) All previously untrained individuals will respond to endurance exercise training in terms of improvements in VO2 max provided the stimulus exceeds a certain volume and/or intensity. Thus, genetic analysis and/or reductionist studies performed to understand or predict such variations might focus specifically on DNA variants or other molecular phenomena of relevance to these physiological pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C. Lundby
- Zürich Center for Integrative Human Physiology; Institute of Physiology; University of Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
| | - D. Montero
- Department of Cardiology; University Hospital Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
| | - M. Joyner
- Department of Anesthesiology; Mayo Clinic; Rochester MN USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Montero D, Breenfeldt-Andersen A, Oberholzer L, Haider T, Goetze JP, Meinild-Lundby AK, Lundby C. Erythropoiesis with endurance training: dynamics and mechanisms. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 312:R894-R902. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00012.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to characterize the progression of red blood cell volume (RBCV) expansion and potential volumetric and endocrine regulators of erythropoiesis during endurance training (ET). Nine healthy, untrained volunteers (age = 27 ± 4 yr) underwent supervised ET consisting of 3–4 × 60 min cycle ergometry sessions per week for 8 wk. Plasma volume (PV), RBCV, and overnight fasting hematological markers were determined before and at weeks 2, 4, and 8 of ET. In addition, plasma erythropoietin (EPO), cortisol, copeptin, and proatrial natriuretic peptide concentrations were measured during a 3-h morning period at baseline and postexercise at weeks 1 and 8. PV increased from baseline (2,405 ± 335 ml) at weeks 2, 4, and 8 (+374 ± 194, +505 ± 156, and +341 ± 160 ml, respectively, P < 0.001). Increases in RBCV from baseline (1,737 ± 442 ml) were manifested at week 4 (+109 ± 114 ml, P = 0.030) and week 8 (+205 ± 109 ml, P = 0.001). Overnight fasting plasma EPO concentration increased from baseline (11.3 ± 4.8 mIU/ml) at week 2 (+2.5 ± 2.8 mIU·ml−1, P = 0.027) and returned to baseline concentration at weeks 4 and 8. Higher 3-h-postexercise EPO concentration was observed at week 1 (11.6 mIU/ml) compared with week 8 (8.4 ± 3.9 mIU/ml, P = 0.009) and baseline (9.0 ± 4.2 mIU/ml, P = 0.019). Linear relationships between EPO concentration and hematocrit (β = −56.2, P < 0.001) and cortisol (β = 0.037, P < 0.001) were detected throughout the ET intervention. In conclusion, ET leads to mild, transient increases in circulating EPO concentration, concurring with early PV expansion and lowered hematocrit, preceding gradual RBCV enhancement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Montero
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Breenfeldt-Andersen
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Laura Oberholzer
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Haider
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jens P. Goetze
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen, and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anne-Kristine Meinild-Lundby
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carsten Lundby
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Medeiros-Lima DJM, Mendes-Ribeiro AC, Brunini TMC, Martins MA, Mury WV, Freire RA, Monteiro WD, Farinatti PTV, Matsuura C. Erythrocyte nitric oxide availability and oxidative stress following exercise. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2017; 65:219-228. [DOI: 10.3233/ch-16162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marcela Anjos Martins
- Department of Pharmacology and Psychobiology, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wanda Vianna Mury
- Department of Pharmacology and Psychobiology, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Raul Almeira Freire
- Physical Activity and Health Promotion Laboratory, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Walace David Monteiro
- Physical Activity and Health Promotion Laboratory, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Salgado de Oliveira University Physical Activity Sciences Graduate Program, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo Tarso Veras Farinatti
- Physical Activity and Health Promotion Laboratory, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Salgado de Oliveira University Physical Activity Sciences Graduate Program, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Matsuura
- Department of Pharmacology and Psychobiology, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Zanchi D, Viallon M, Le Goff C, Millet GP, Giardini G, Croisille P, Haller S. Extreme Mountain Ultra-Marathon Leads to Acute but Transient Increase in Cerebral Water Diffusivity and Plasma Biomarkers Levels Changes. Front Physiol 2017; 7:664. [PMID: 28105018 PMCID: PMC5214892 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Pioneer studies demonstrate the impact of extreme sport load on the human brain, leading to threatening conditions for athlete's health such as cerebral edema. The investigation of brain water diffusivity, allowing the measurement of the intercellular water and the assessment of cerebral edema, can give a great contribution to the investigation of the effects of extreme sports on the brain. We therefore assessed the effect of supra-physiological effort (extreme distance and elevation changes) in mountain ultra-marathons (MUMs) athletes combining for the first time brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and blood parameters. Methods:This longitudinal study included 19 volunteers (44.2 ± 9.5 years) finishing a MUM (330 km, elevation + 24000 m). Quantitative measurements of brain diffusion-weighted images (DWI) were performed at 3 time-points: Before the race, upon arrival and after 48 h. Multiple blood biomarkers were simultaneously investigated. Data analyses included brain apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and physiological data comparisons between three time-points. Results:The whole brain ADC significantly increased from baseline to arrival (p = 0.005) and then significantly decreased at recovery (p = 0.005) to lower values than at baseline (p = 0.005). While sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride as well as hematocrit (HCT) changed over time, the serum osmolality remained constant. Significant correlations were found between whole brain ADC changes and osmolality (p = 0.01), cholesterol (p = 0.009), c-reactive protein (p = 0.04), sodium (p = 0.01), and chloride (p = 0.002) plasma level variations. Conclusions:These results suggest the relative increase of the inter-cellular volume upon arrival, and subsequently its reduction to lower values than at baseline, indicating that even after 48 h the brain has not fully recovered to its equilibrium state. Even though serum electrolytes may only indirectly indicate modifications at the brain level due to the blood brain barrier, the results concerning osmolality suggest that body water might directly influence the change in cerebral ADC. These findings establish therefore a direct link between general brain inter-cellular water content and physiological biomarkers modifications produced by extreme sport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Zanchi
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Basel Basel, Switzerland
| | - Magalie Viallon
- CREATIS, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5220, INSERM U1206, Université de Lyon, INSA Lyon, Université Jean Monnet Saint-EtienneSaint Etienne, France; Radiology Department, CHU de Saint EtienneSaint Etienne, France
| | - Caroline Le Goff
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Liège Liège, Belgium
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Guido Giardini
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit, Mountain Medicine and Neurology Center Valle d'Aosta Regional Hospital Aosta, Italy
| | - Pierre Croisille
- CREATIS, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5220, INSERM U1206, Université de Lyon, INSA Lyon, Université Jean Monnet Saint-EtienneSaint Etienne, France; Radiology Department, CHU de Saint EtienneSaint Etienne, France
| | - Sven Haller
- Affidea Centre de Diagnostic Radiologique de Carouge CDRCGeneva, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine, University of GenevaGeneva, Switzerland; Department of Surgical Sciences, Radiology, Uppsala UniversityUppsala, Sweden; Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital FreiburgGermany
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Montero D, Lundby C. Red cell volume response to exercise training: Association with aging. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2016; 27:674-683. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Montero
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP); Institute of Physiology; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - C. Lundby
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP); Institute of Physiology; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
- Food, Nutrition & Sport Science; Gothenburg University; Gothenburg Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Vernillo G, Savoldelli A, Skafidas S, Zignoli A, La Torre A, Pellegrini B, Giardini G, Trabucchi P, Millet GP, Schena F. An Extreme Mountain Ultra-Marathon Decreases the Cost of Uphill Walking and Running. Front Physiol 2016; 7:530. [PMID: 27877137 PMCID: PMC5100553 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To examine the effects of the world's most challenging mountain ultramarathon (MUM, 330 km, cumulative elevation gain of +24,000 m) on the energy cost and kinematics of different uphill gaits. Methods: Before (PRE) and immediately after (POST) the competition, 19 male athletes performed three submaximal 5-min treadmill exercise trials in a randomized order: walking at 5 km·h−1, +20%; running at 6 km·h−1, +15%; and running at 8 km·h−1, +10%. During the three trials, energy cost was assessed using an indirect calorimetry system and spatiotemporal gait parameters were acquired with a floor-level high-density photoelectric cells system. Results: The average time of the study participants to complete the MUM was 129 h 43 min 48 s (range: 107 h 29 min 24 s to 144 h 21 min 0 s). Energy costs in walking (−11.5 ± 5.5%, P < 0.001), as well as in the first (−7.2 ± 3.1%, P = 0.01) and second (−7.0 ± 3.9%, P = 0.02) running condition decreased between PRE and POST, with a reduction both in the heart rate (−11.3, −10.0, and −9.3%, respectively) and oxygen uptake only for the walking condition (−6.5%). No consistent and significant changes in the kinematics variables were detected (P-values from 0.10 to 0.96). Conclusion: Though fatigued after completing the MUM, the subjects were still able to maintain their uphill locomotion patterns noted at PRE. The decrease (improvement) in the energy costs was likely due to the prolonged and repetitive walking/running, reflecting a generic improvement in the mechanical efficiency of locomotion after ~130 h of uphill locomotion rather than constraints imposed by the activity on the musculoskeletal structure and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Vernillo
- Research Center for Sport, Mountain and Health (CeRiSM), University of VeronaRovereto, Italy; Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of CalgaryCalgary, Canada
| | - Aldo Savoldelli
- Research Center for Sport, Mountain and Health (CeRiSM), University of VeronaRovereto, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of VeronaVerona, Italy
| | - Spyros Skafidas
- Research Center for Sport, Mountain and Health (CeRiSM), University of VeronaRovereto, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Università degli Studi di BolognaBologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Zignoli
- Research Center for Sport, Mountain and Health (CeRiSM), University of VeronaRovereto, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of VeronaVerona, Italy
| | - Antonio La Torre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Pellegrini
- Research Center for Sport, Mountain and Health (CeRiSM), University of VeronaRovereto, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of VeronaVerona, Italy
| | - Guido Giardini
- Neurological Division, Headache Regional Centre of Aosta Valley, Regional Hospital of Aosta Valley Aosta, Italy
| | - Pietro Trabucchi
- Research Center for Sport, Mountain and Health (CeRiSM), University of VeronaRovereto, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of VeronaVerona, Italy
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Federico Schena
- Research Center for Sport, Mountain and Health (CeRiSM), University of VeronaRovereto, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of VeronaVerona, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
In this reported clinical case, a healthy and well-trained male subject [aged 37 years, maximal oxygen uptake (V[Combining Dot Above]O2max) 64 mL·kg·min] ran for 23 hours and 35 minutes covering 160 km (6.7 km/h average running speed). The analysis of hematological and biochemical parameters 3 days before the event, just after termination of exercise, and after 24 and 48 hours of recovery revealed important changes on muscle and liver function, and hemolysis. The analysis of urine sediments showed an increment of red and white blood cells filtrations, compatible with transient nephritis. After 48 hours, most of these alterations were recovered. Physicians and health professionals who monitor such athletic events should be aware that these athletes could exhibit transient symptoms compatible with severe pathologies and diseases, although the genesis of these blood and urinary abnormalities are attributable to transient physiological adaptations rather to pathological status.
Collapse
|
39
|
[Diagnostic approach to iron deficiency anemia]. Wien Med Wochenschr 2016; 166:402-410. [PMID: 27565993 DOI: 10.1007/s10354-016-0495-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Anemia affects a fourth of the global population, with iron deficiency remaining the primary cause. It is associated with diminished work capacity, fatigue, impaired cognitive function, and can negatively impact the course of diseases like chronic heart failure or chronic kidney disease. Treatment options include oral and intravenous iron; however, conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, or autoimmune gastritis can diminish the efficacy of oral iron. Timely recognition of iron deficiency anemia and administration of appropriate therapy not only improves quality of life, but also reduces the need for blood transfusions. Proper selection of iron-deficient patients for whom further diagnostic testing is necessary facilitates identification of underlying diseases that require specific treatment, and avoids unnecessary invasive testing.
Collapse
|
40
|
Maufrais C, Millet GP, Schuster I, Rupp T, Nottin S. Progressive and biphasic cardiac responses during extreme mountain ultramarathon. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 310:H1340-8. [PMID: 26921434 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00037.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Investigations on the cardiac function consequences of mountain ultramarathon (MUM) >100 h are lacking. The present study assessed the progressive cardiac responses during the world's most challenging MUM (Tor des Géants; Italy; 330 km; 24,000 m of cumulative elevation gain). Resting echocardiographic evaluation of morphology, function, and mechanics of left and right ventricle (LV and RV) including speckle tracking echocardiography was conducted in 15 male participants (46 ± 13 yr) before (pre), during (mid; 148 km), and after (post) the race. Runners completed the race in 126 ± 15 h. From pre to post, the increase in stroke volume (SV) (103 ± 19 vs. 110 ± 23 vs. 116 ± 21 ml; P < 0.001 at pre, mid, and post) was concomitant to the increase in LV early filling (peak E; 72.9 ± 15.7 vs. 74.6 ± 13.1 vs. 82.1 ± 11.5 cm/s; P < 0.05). Left and right atrial end-diastolic areas, RV end-diastolic area, and LV end-diastolic volume were 12-19% higher at post compared with pre (P < 0.05). Resting heart rate and LV systolic strain rates demonstrated a biphasic adaptation with an increase from pre to mid (55 ± 8 vs. 72 ± 11 beats/min, P < 0.001) and a return to baseline values from mid to post (59 ± 8 beats/min). Significant correlations were found between pre-to-post percent changes in peak E and LV end-diastolic volume (r = 0.63, P < 0.05) or RV (r = 0.82, P < 0.001) or atrial end-diastolic areas (r = 0.83, P < 0.001). An extreme MUM induced a biphasic pattern of heart rate in parallel with specific cardiac responses characterized by a progressive increase in diastolic filling, biventricular volumes, and SV. The underlying mechanisms and their clinical implications remain challenging for the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- ISSUL Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Department of Physiology-University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Iris Schuster
- Dysfunction of Vascular Interfaces Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Montpellier I University and Nîmes University Hospital Center, Nîmes, France; and
| | - Thomas Rupp
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, University of Savoie, Chambery, France
| | - Stéphane Nottin
- Avignon University, LAPEC EA 4278, F-84000, Avignon, France;
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Mrakic-Sposta S, Gussoni M, Moretti S, Pratali L, Giardini G, Tacchini P, Dellanoce C, Tonacci A, Mastorci F, Borghini A, Montorsi M, Vezzoli A. Effects of Mountain Ultra-Marathon Running on ROS Production and Oxidative Damage by Micro-Invasive Analytic Techniques. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141780. [PMID: 26540518 PMCID: PMC4634988 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Aiming to gain a detailed insight into the physiological mechanisms involved under extreme conditions, a group of experienced ultra-marathon runners, performing the mountain Tor des Géants® ultra-marathon: 330 km trail-run in Valle d'Aosta, 24000 m of positive and negative elevation changes, was monitored. ROS production rate, antioxidant capacity, oxidative damage and inflammation markers were assessed, adopting micro-invasive analytic techniques. METHODS Forty-six male athletes (45.04±8.75 yr, 72.6±8.4 kg, 1.76±0.05 m) were tested. Capillary blood and urine were collected before (Pre-), in the middle (Middle-) and immediately after (Post-) Race. Samples were analyzed for: Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance; Antioxidant Capacity by Electrochemistry; oxidative damage (8-hydroxy-2-deoxy Guanosine: 8-OH-dG; 8-isoprostane: 8-isoPGF2α) and nitric oxide metabolites by enzymatic assays; inflammatory biomarkers (plasma and urine interleukin-6: IL-6-P and IL-6-U) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA); Creatinine and Neopterin by HPLC, hematologic (lactate, glucose and hematocrit) and urine parameters by standard analyses. RESULTS Twenty-five athletes finished the race, while twenty-one dropped out of it. A significant increase (Post-Race vs Pre) of the ROS production rate (2.20±0.27 vs 1.65±0.22 μmol.min-1), oxidative damage biomarkers (8-OH-dG: 6.32±2.38 vs 4.16±1.25 ng.mg-1 Creatinine and 8-isoPGF2α: 1404.0±518.30 vs 822.51±448.91 pg.mg-1Creatinine), inflammatory state (IL-6-P: 66.42±36.92 vs 1.29±0.54 pg.mL-1 and IL-6-U: 1.33±0.56 vs 0.71±0.17 pg.mL1) and lactate production (+190%), associated with a decrease of both antioxidant capacity (-7%) and renal function (i.e. Creatinine level +76%) was found. CONCLUSIONS The used micro-invasive analytic methods allowed us to perform most of them before, during and immediately after the race directly in the field, by passing the need of storing and transporting samples for further analysis. Considered altogether the investigated variables showed up that exhaustive and prolonged exercise not only promotes the generation of ROS but also induces oxidative stress, transient renal impairment and inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Mrakic-Sposta
- Institute of Bioimaging and Molecular Physiology, National Council of Research (CNR), Segrate (Milan), Italy
| | - Maristella Gussoni
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation−Physiology Section, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sarah Moretti
- Institute of Bioimaging and Molecular Physiology, National Council of Research (CNR), Segrate (Milan), Italy
| | - Lorenza Pratali
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Council of Research (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Guido Giardini
- Neurology and Neurophysiology Department. Mountain Medicine Center Valle d’Aosta Regional Hospital Umberto Parini, Aosta, Italy
| | | | - Cinzia Dellanoce
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Council of Research (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Tonacci
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Council of Research (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Mastorci
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Council of Research (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Borghini
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Council of Research (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Vezzoli
- Institute of Bioimaging and Molecular Physiology, National Council of Research (CNR), Segrate (Milan), Italy
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Hematological and Biochemical Parameters in Elite Soccer Players During A Competitive Half Season. J Med Biochem 2015; 34:460-466. [PMID: 28356856 PMCID: PMC4922354 DOI: 10.2478/jomb-2014-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of the present study was to report and discuss the hematological and biochemical behavior of elite soccer players, in order to get more insight in the physiological characteristics of these sportsmen and to provide trainers and sports doctors with useful indicators. Methods Nineteen male soccer players volunteered to participate in this study. We followed the young elite soccer players during a competitive half season. Venous blood samples were collected between 9:00 and 10:00 a.m. after an overnight fast (10 h) at baseline, after 45 and 90 days and hematological and biochemical parameters were measured. Results Hemoglobin and hematocrit levels were significantly reduced over the observational period (p<0.05), but erythrocyte count and iron levels remained unchanged. Bilirubin and ferritin levels significantly increased in response to regular soccer training (p<0.05). We observed a significant decrease in muscle enzyme plasma activity during the 90 days study period. ANOVA analysis revealed a significant increase in the leukocyte and neutrophil counts (p<0.05), in parallel with a significant decrease in the lymphocyte count (p<0.05) after the observational period of 90 days. Conclusions Elite soccer players are characterized by significant changes in biochemical and hematological parameters over the half season, which are linked to training workload, as well as adaptation induced by the soccer training. Although the values of the measured parameters fell within the reference range, regular monitoring of the biochemical and hematological parameters is fundamental for the identification of a healthy status and related optimal performances by sport doctors and trainers and selection of a correct workload by trainers.
Collapse
|
43
|
Posthuma JJ, van der Meijden PE, ten Cate H, Spronk HM. Short- and Long-term exercise induced alterations in haemostasis: a review of the literature. Blood Rev 2015; 29:171-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
44
|
Cotter JD, Thornton SN, Lee JK, Laursen PB. Are we being drowned in hydration advice? Thirsty for more? EXTREME PHYSIOLOGY & MEDICINE 2014; 3:18. [PMID: 25356197 PMCID: PMC4212586 DOI: 10.1186/2046-7648-3-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hydration pertains simplistically to body water volume. Functionally, however, hydration is one aspect of fluid regulation that is far more complex, as it involves the homeostatic regulation of total body fluid volume, composition and distribution. Deliberate or pathological alteration of these regulated factors can be disabling or fatal, whereas they are impacted by exercise and by all environmental stressors (e.g. heat, immersion, gravity) both acutely and chronically. For example, dehydration during exercising and environmental heat stress reduces water volume more than electrolyte content, causing hyperosmotic hypohydration. If exercise continues for many hours with access to food and water, composition returns to normal but extracellular volume increases well above baseline (if exercising upright and at low altitude). Repeating bouts of exercise or heat stress does likewise. Dehydration due to physical activity or environmental heat is a routine fluid-regulatory stress. How to gauge such dehydration and - more importantly-what to do about it, are contested heavily within sports medicine and nutrition. Drinking to limit changes in body mass is commonly advocated (to maintain ≤2% reduction), rather than relying on behavioural cues (mainly thirst) because the latter has been deemed too insensitive. This review, as part of the series on moving in extreme environments, critiques the validity, problems and merits of externally versus autonomously controlled fluid-regulatory behaviours, both acutely and chronically. Our contention is that externally advocated hydration policies (especially based on change in body mass with exercise in healthy individuals) have limited merit and are extrapolated and imposed too widely upon society, at the expense of autonomy. More research is warranted to examine whether ad libitum versus avid drinking is beneficial, detrimental or neither in: acute settings; adapting for obligatory dehydration (e.g. elite endurance competition in the heat), and; development of chronic diseases that are associated with an extreme lack of environmental stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James David Cotter
- Exercise and Environmental Physiology, School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, Division of Sciences, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Simon N Thornton
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lorraine, U 1116 -INSERM-UL, 9, Avenue de la forêt de Haye, CS50-184 - 54505 VANDŒUVRE, Les Nancy cedex, France
| | - Jason Kw Lee
- Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore ; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore ; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Paul B Laursen
- High Performance Sport New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand ; Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Degache F, Van Zaen J, Oehen L, Guex K, Trabucchi P, Millet G. Alterations in postural control during the world's most challenging mountain ultra-marathon. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84554. [PMID: 24465417 PMCID: PMC3897373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated postural control (PC) effects of a mountain ultra-marathon (MUM): a 330-km trail run with 24000 m of positive and negative change in elevation. PC was assessed prior to (PRE), during (MID) and after (POST) the MUM in experienced ultra-marathon runners (n = 18; finish time = 126 ± 16 h) and in a control group (n = 8) with a similar level of sleep deprivation. Subjects were instructed to stand upright on a posturographic platform over a period of 51.2 seconds using a double-leg stance under two test conditions: eyes open (EO) and eyes closed (EC). Traditional measures of postural stability (center of pressure trajectory analysis) and stabilogram-diffusion analysis (SDA) parameters were analysed. For the SDA, a significantly greater short-term effective diffusion was found at POST compared with PRE in the medio-lateral (ML; Dxs) and antero-posterior (AP) directions (Dys) in runners (p<0.05) The critical time interval (Ctx) in the ML direction was significantly higher at MID (p<0.001) and POST (p<0.05) than at PRE in runners. At MID (p<0.001) and POST (p<0.05), there was a significant difference between the two groups. The critical displacement (Cdx) in the ML was significantly higher at MID and at POST (p<0.001) compared with PRE for runners. A significant difference in Cdx was observed between groups in EO at MID (p<0.05) and POST (p<0.005) in the ML direction and in EC at POST in the ML and AP directions (p<0.05). Our findings revealed significant effects of fatigue on PC in runners, including, a significant increase in Ctx (critical time in ML plan) in EO and EC conditions. Thus, runners take longer to stabilise their body at POST than at MID. It is likely that the mountainous characteristics of MUM (unstable ground, primarily uphill/downhill running, and altitude) increase this fatigue, leading to difficulty in maintaining balance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francis Degache
- School of Health Sciences, Health Research Unit, University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Van Zaen
- Applied Signal Processing Group, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Oehen
- Institute of Sports Sciences, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kenny Guex
- School of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy, University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Gégoire Millet
- Institute of Sports Sciences, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Saugy J, Place N, Millet GY, Degache F, Schena F, Millet GP. Alterations of Neuromuscular Function after the World's Most Challenging Mountain Ultra-Marathon. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65596. [PMID: 23840345 PMCID: PMC3694082 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the physiological consequences of the most challenging mountain ultra-marathon (MUM) in the world: a 330-km trail run with 24000 m of positive and negative elevation change. Neuromuscular fatigue (NMF) was assessed before (Pre-), during (Mid-) and after (Post-) the MUM in experienced ultra-marathon runners (n = 15; finish time = 122.43 hours ±17.21 hours) and in Pre- and Post- in a control group with a similar level of sleep deprivation (n = 8). Blood markers of muscle inflammation and damage were analyzed at Pre- and Post-. Mean ± SD maximal voluntary contraction force declined significantly at Mid- (−13±17% and −10±16%, P<0.05 for knee extensor, KE, and plantar flexor muscles, PF, respectively), and further decreased at Post- (−24±13% and −26±19%, P<0.01) with alteration of the central activation ratio (−24±24% and −28±34% between Pre- and Post-, P<0.05) in runners whereas these parameters did not change in the control group. Peripheral NMF markers such as 100 Hz doublet (KE: −18±18% and PF: −20±15%, P<0.01) and peak twitch (KE: −33±12%, P<0.001 and PF: −19±14%, P<0.01) were also altered in runners but not in controls. Post-MUM blood concentrations of creatine kinase (3719±3045 Ul·1), lactate dehydrogenase (1145±511 UI·L−1), C-Reactive Protein (13.1±7.5 mg·L−1) and myoglobin (449.3±338.2 µg·L−1) were higher (P<0.001) than at Pre- in runners but not in controls. Our findings revealed less neuromuscular fatigue, muscle damage and inflammation than in shorter MUMs. In conclusion, paradoxically, such extreme exercise seems to induce a relative muscle preservation process due likely to a protective anticipatory pacing strategy during the first half of MUM and sleep deprivation in the second half.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Saugy
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Nicolas Place
- Institute of Movement Sciences and Sports Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Y. Millet
- Universite de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France and Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Jean Monnet University, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Francis Degache
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Federico Schena
- Faculty of Motor Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Grégoire P. Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
The carbon monoxide re-breathing method can underestimate Hbmass due to incomplete blood mixing. Eur J Appl Physiol 2013; 113:2425-30. [PMID: 23771574 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-013-2681-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hemoglobin mass (Hbmass) is commonly assessed using the CO re-breathing method with the subject in the seated position. This may lead to an underestimation of Hbmass as blood in lower extremity veins while seated may not be tagged with carbon monoxide (CO) during the re-breathing period. METHODS To test this hypothesis, CO re-breathing was performed on four occasions in nine male subjects, twice in the seated position and twice in combination with light cycle ergometer exercise (1 W/kg body-weight) intending to accelerate blood circulation and thereby potentially allowing for a better distribution of CO throughout the circulation as compared to in the seated position. Blood samples were drawn from an antecubital vein and the saphenous magna vein following the re-breathing procedure. RESULTS In the seated position, CO re-breathing increased the percent carboxyhemoglobin (%HbCO) in the antecubital vein to 8.9 % (7.8-10.7) [median (min-max)], but less (P = 0.017) in the saphenous magna vein [7.8 % (5.0-9.9)]. With exercise, no differences in %HbCO were observed between sampling sites. As a result, CO re-breathing in combination with exercise revealed a ~3 % higher (P = 0.008) Hbmass, i.e., 936 g (757-1,018) as compared to 908 g (718-940) at seated rest. CONCLUSION This study suggests an uneven distribution of CO in the circulation if the CO re-breathing procedure is performed at rest in the seated position and therefore can underestimate Hbmass.
Collapse
|
48
|
Topping KA, Cembrowski GS. Within-individual hematocrit variations and self-monitoring of blood glucose. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2013; 7:190-2. [PMID: 23439177 PMCID: PMC3692233 DOI: 10.1177/193229681300700124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Many self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) systems have generated artefactually increased glucose results in low-hematocrit patients (e.g., intensive care unit and renal failure patients); conversely, these devices could produce artefactually decreased glucose results in high-hematocrit patients (e.g., neonates). The introduction of hematocrit-independent SMBG systems permits more accurate testing in anemic or polycythemic individuals. In this issue of Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, Ramljak and coauthors have created glucose bias graphs for 19 common SMBG devices and declared certain systems to be optimally accurate because of insensitivity to hematocrit variation over a broad hematocrit range. Luckily, the average within-individual variation of hematocrit is low (between 2.9 and 3.3%). As such, a larger spectrum of SMBG devices can be regarded as optimally hematocrit independent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaila A Topping
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Vitiello D, Rupp T, Bussière JL, Robach P, Polge A, Millet GY, Nottin S. Myocardial damages and left and right ventricular strains after an extreme mountain ultra-long duration exercise. Int J Cardiol 2012; 165:391-2. [PMID: 23031280 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|