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Villa TG, Abril AG, Sánchez S, de Miguel T, Sánchez-Pérez A. Animal and human RNA viruses: genetic variability and ability to overcome vaccines. Arch Microbiol 2020; 203:443-464. [PMID: 32989475 PMCID: PMC7521576 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-020-02040-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
RNA viruses, in general, exhibit high mutation rates; this is mainly due to the low fidelity displayed by the RNA-dependent polymerases required for their replication that lack the proofreading machinery to correct misincorporated nucleotides and produce high mutation rates. This lack of replication fidelity, together with the fact that RNA viruses can undergo spontaneous mutations, results in genetic variants displaying different viral morphogenesis, as well as variation on their surface glycoproteins that affect viral antigenicity. This diverse viral population, routinely containing a variety of mutants, is known as a viral ‘quasispecies’. The mutability of their virions allows for fast evolution of RNA viruses that develop antiviral resistance and overcome vaccines much more rapidly than DNA viruses. This also translates into the fact that pathogenic RNA viruses, that cause many diseases and deaths in humans, represent the major viral group involved in zoonotic disease transmission, and are responsible for worldwide pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Villa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 5706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Ana G Abril
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 5706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - S Sánchez
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 5706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - T de Miguel
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 5706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - A Sánchez-Pérez
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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Bacterial-induced cell fusion is a danger signal triggering cGAS-STING pathway via micronuclei formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:15923-15934. [PMID: 32571920 PMCID: PMC7355030 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2006908117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is a bacterial pathogen that causes melioidosis, an infectious disease in the tropics with high morbidity and mortality. It has a unique property among bacteria: to fuse infected host cells. We found that our immune system detects bacterial- or chemical-induced host cell fusion as a danger signal. Abnormal cell fusion leads to genomic instability and formation of micronuclei. This triggers the host to activate a signaling pathway leading to a form of cell death known as autophagic death, which likely serves to limit abnormal cellular transformation. Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, an infectious disease in the tropics and subtropics with high morbidity and mortality. The facultative intracellular bacterium induces host cell fusion through its type VI secretion system 5 (T6SS5) as an important part of its pathogenesis in mammalian hosts. This allows it to spread intercellularly without encountering extracellular host defenses. We report that bacterial T6SS5-dependent cell fusion triggers type I IFN gene expression in the host and leads to activation of the cGAMP synthase–stimulator of IFN genes (cGAS–STING) pathway, independent of bacterial ligands. Aberrant and abortive mitotic events result in the formation of micronuclei colocalizing with cGAS, which is activated by double-stranded DNA. Surprisingly, cGAS–STING activation leads to type I IFN transcription but not its production. Instead, the activation of cGAS and STING results in autophagic cell death. We also observed type I IFN gene expression, micronuclei formation, and death of chemically induced cell fusions. Therefore, we propose that the cGAS–STING pathway senses unnatural cell fusion through micronuclei formation as a danger signal, and consequently limits aberrant cell division and potential cellular transformation through autophagic death induction.
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Koltsova AS, Pendina AA, Efimova OA, Chiryaeva OG, Kuznetzova TV, Baranov VS. On the Complexity of Mechanisms and Consequences of Chromothripsis: An Update. Front Genet 2019; 10:393. [PMID: 31114609 PMCID: PMC6503150 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present review, we focus on the phenomenon of chromothripsis, a new type of complex chromosomal rearrangements. We discuss the challenges of chromothripsis detection and its distinction from other chromoanagenesis events. Along with already known causes and mechanisms, we introduce aberrant epigenetic regulation as a possible pathway to chromothripsis. We address the issue of chromothripsis characteristics in cancers and benign tumours, as well as chromothripsis inheritance in cases of its occurrence in germ cells, zygotes and early embryos. Summarising the presented data on different phenotypic effect of chromothripsis, we assume that its consequences are most likely determined not by the chromosome shattering and reassembly themselves, but by the genome regions involved in the rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla S Koltsova
- D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, Saint Petersburg, Russia.,Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna A Pendina
- D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga A Efimova
- D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga G Chiryaeva
- D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tatyana V Kuznetzova
- D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vladislav S Baranov
- D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, Saint Petersburg, Russia.,Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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Modulation of DNA damage and repair pathways by human tumour viruses. Viruses 2015; 7:2542-91. [PMID: 26008701 PMCID: PMC4452920 DOI: 10.3390/v7052542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
With between 10% and 15% of human cancers attributable to viral infection, there is great interest, from both a scientific and clinical viewpoint, as to how these pathogens modulate host cell functions. Seven human tumour viruses have been identified as being involved in the development of specific malignancies. It has long been known that the introduction of chromosomal aberrations is a common feature of viral infections. Intensive research over the past two decades has subsequently revealed that viruses specifically interact with cellular mechanisms responsible for the recognition and repair of DNA lesions, collectively known as the DNA damage response (DDR). These interactions can involve activation and deactivation of individual DDR pathways as well as the recruitment of specific proteins to sites of viral replication. Since the DDR has evolved to protect the genome from the accumulation of deleterious mutations, deregulation is inevitably associated with an increased risk of tumour formation. This review summarises the current literature regarding the complex relationship between known human tumour viruses and the DDR and aims to shed light on how these interactions can contribute to genomic instability and ultimately the development of human cancers.
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Donley N, Smith L, Thayer MJ. ASAR15, A cis-acting locus that controls chromosome-wide replication timing and stability of human chromosome 15. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1004923. [PMID: 25569254 PMCID: PMC4287527 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA replication initiates at multiple sites along each mammalian chromosome at different times during each S phase, following a temporal replication program. We have used a Cre/loxP-based strategy to identify cis-acting elements that control this replication-timing program on individual human chromosomes. In this report, we show that rearrangements at a complex locus at chromosome 15q24.3 result in delayed replication and structural instability of human chromosome 15. Characterization of this locus identified long, RNA transcripts that are retained in the nucleus and form a “cloud” on one homolog of chromosome 15. We also found that this locus displays asynchronous replication that is coordinated with other random monoallelic genes on chromosome 15. We have named this locus ASynchronous replication and Autosomal RNA on chromosome 15, or ASAR15. Previously, we found that disruption of the ASAR6 lincRNA gene results in delayed replication, delayed mitotic condensation and structural instability of human chromosome 6. Previous studies in the mouse found that deletion of the Xist gene, from the X chromosome in adult somatic cells, results in a delayed replication and instability phenotype that is indistinguishable from the phenotype caused by disruption of either ASAR6 or ASAR15. In addition, delayed replication and chromosome instability were detected following structural rearrangement of many different human or mouse chromosomes. These observations suggest that all mammalian chromosomes contain similar cis-acting loci. Thus, under this scenario, all mammalian chromosomes contain four distinct types of essential cis-acting elements: origins, telomeres, centromeres and “inactivation/stability centers”, all functioning to promote proper replication, segregation and structural stability of each chromosome. Mammalian cells replicate their DNA along each chromosome during a precise temporal replication program. In this report, we used a novel “chromosome-engineering” strategy to identify a DNA element that controls this replication-timing program of human chromosome 15. Characterization of this element indicated that it encodes large non-protein-coding RNAs that are retained in the nucleus and form a “cloud” on one copy of chromosome 15. Previously, we found that structural rearrangements of a similar element on human chromosome 6 causes delayed replication and structural instability of chromosome 6. Mammalian chromosomes are known to contain three distinct types of essential DNA elements that promote proper chromosome function. Thus, every chromosome contains: 1) origins of replication, which are responsible for proper initiation of DNA synthesis; 2) centromeres, which are responsible for proper chromosome separation during cell division; and 3) telomeres, which are responsible for replication and protection of the ends of linear chromosomes. Our work supports a model in which all mammalian chromosomes contain a fourth type of essential DNA element, the “inactivation/stability center”, which is responsible for proper DNA replication timing and structural stability of each chromosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Donley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Leslie Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Mathew J. Thayer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Thayer MJ. Mammalian chromosomes contain cis-acting elements that control replication timing, mitotic condensation, and stability of entire chromosomes. Bioessays 2012; 34:760-70. [PMID: 22706734 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201200035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that mammalian chromosomes contain discrete cis-acting loci that control replication timing, mitotic condensation, and stability of entire chromosomes. Disruption of the large non-coding RNA gene ASAR6 results in late replication, an under-condensed appearance during mitosis, and structural instability of human chromosome 6. Similarly, disruption of the mouse Xist gene in adult somatic cells results in a late replication and instability phenotype on the X chromosome. ASAR6 shares many characteristics with Xist, including random mono-allelic expression and asynchronous replication timing. Additional "chromosome engineering" studies indicate that certain chromosome rearrangements affecting many different chromosomes display this abnormal replication and instability phenotype. These observations suggest that all mammalian chromosomes contain "inactivation/stability centers" that control proper replication, condensation, and stability of individual chromosomes. Therefore, mammalian chromosomes contain four types of cis-acting elements, origins, telomeres, centromeres, and "inactivation/stability centers", all functioning to ensure proper replication, condensation, segregation, and stability of individual chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew J Thayer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, USA.
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DNA breaks and chromosome pulverization from errors in mitosis. Nature 2012; 482:53-8. [PMID: 22258507 PMCID: PMC3271137 DOI: 10.1038/nature10802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 895] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of whole-chromosome aneuploidy in tumorigenesis is the subject of debate, in large part because of the lack of insight into underlying mechanisms. Here we identify a mechanism by which errors in mitotic chromosome segregation generate DNA breaks via the formation of structures called micronuclei. Whole-chromosome-containing micronuclei form when mitotic errors produce lagging chromosomes. We tracked the fate of newly generated micronuclei and found that they undergo defective and asynchronous DNA replication, resulting in DNA damage and often extensive fragmentation of the chromosome in the micronucleus. Micronuclei can persist in cells over several generations but the chromosome in the micronucleus can also be distributed to daughter nuclei. Thus, chromosome segregation errors potentially lead to mutations and chromosome rearrangements that can integrate into the genome. Pulverization of chromosomes in micronuclei may also be one explanation for 'chromothripsis' in cancer and developmental disorders, where isolated chromosomes or chromosome arms undergo massive local DNA breakage and rearrangement.
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Stoffregen EP, Donley N, Stauffer D, Smith L, Thayer MJ. An autosomal locus that controls chromosome-wide replication timing and mono-allelic expression. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 20:2366-78. [PMID: 21459774 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian DNA replication initiates at multiple sites along chromosomes at different times, following a temporal replication program. Homologous alleles typically replicate synchronously; however, mono-allelically expressed genes such as imprinted genes, allelically excluded genes and genes on the female X chromosome replicate asynchronously. We have used a chromosome engineering strategy to identify a human autosomal locus that controls this replication timing program in cis. We show that Cre/loxP-mediated rearrangements at a discrete locus at 6q16.1 result in delayed replication of the entire chromosome. This locus displays asynchronous replication timing that is coordinated with other mono-allelically expressed genes on chromosome 6. Characterization of this locus revealed mono-allelic expression of a large intergenic non-coding RNA, which we have named asynchronous replication and autosomal RNA on chromosome 6, ASAR6. Finally, disruption of this locus results in the activation of the previously silent alleles of linked mono-allelically expressed genes. We previously found that chromosome rearrangements involving eight different autosomes display delayed replication timing, and that cells containing chromosomes with delayed replication timing have a 30-80-fold increase in the rate at which new gross chromosomal rearrangements occurred. Taken together, these observations indicate that human autosomes contain discrete cis-acting loci that control chromosome-wide replication timing, mono-allelic expression and the stability of entire chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric P Stoffregen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S W Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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Heneen WK, Nichols WW, Levan A, Norrby E. Studies on syncytia formation in a cell line (LU 106) of human origin after treatment with measles virus. Hereditas 2009; 57:369-72. [PMID: 5587101 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1967.tb02121.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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Aula P. Electron-microscopic observations on Sendai virus-induced chromosome pulverization in HeLa cells. Hereditas 2009; 65:163-9. [PMID: 4337837 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1970.tb02314.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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15
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Heneen WK, Nichols WW, Levan A, Norrby E. Polykaryocytosis and mitosis in a human cell line after treatment with measles virus. Hereditas 2009; 64:53-84. [PMID: 5525758 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1970.tb02273.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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Stenman S, Saksela E. The relationship of Sendai virus-induced chromosome pulverization to cell cyclus in HeLa cells. Hereditas 2009; 69:1-14. [PMID: 4376137 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1971.tb02412.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Kato R. Localization of "spontaneous" and Rous sarcoma virus-induced breakage in specific regions of the chromosomes of the Chinese hamster. Hereditas 2009; 58:221-47. [PMID: 4296940 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1967.tb02152.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Aula P. Virus-induced premature chromosome condensation (PCC) in single cells and G-bands of PCC-chromatin. Hereditas 2009; 74:81-7. [PMID: 4357198 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1973.tb01106.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Moro L, Alves C, Santos F, Nunes J, Carneiro R, Vasconcelos A. Ocorrência de apoptose em leucócitos no esfregaço de sangue periférico e em sincícios na infecção in vivo pelo vírus da cinomose canina. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2003. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352003000100018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Genghini R, Tiranti I, Segade G, Amado J, Wittouck P, Mian L. In vivo effect on pig chromosomes of high dosage vaccine against classic swine fever. Mutat Res 1998; 422:357-65. [PMID: 9838191 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-5107(98)00157-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hog cholera virus (HCV) can induce chromosome abnormalities in diseased pigs as well as in those vaccinated with attenuated virus vaccine against classic swine fever. An experiment was made using animals from potency and safety control tests of commercial vaccines in Argentina. The different types of chromosomal alterations observed were chromatid and chromosome breaks, chromatid exchanges, polyploid, multiple aberrations cells, and chromosome pulverization. In this study the occurrence of chromosome alterations in pigs receiving either 1 or 10 vaccine doses was evaluated by means of blood sampling at different periods after vaccination. An essay comparing prolificity between treated and non-treated sows was also made. Significant differences in the amount of damaged chromosomes as well as differences in the type of predominant alterations between the two treatments were observed. Aberration frequencies increased from the 5-day postvaccination period reaching the highest value of 4.14% at the 10th, for the one-dose treatment; and highest value of 42.7% including 33.96% of cell with chromosome pulverization which was found in the 7th day interval when applying 10 doses. From then on, the proportion of affected cells dropped until the 20th day interval, which was the last recorded. The prolificity trial did not show any difference between treated and control sows, indicating that chromosome alteration might be limited to lymphocytes. It is concluded that HCV maintains its mutagenic potentiality in the attenuated vaccine, being able to induce chromosomal damage as it does in classic swine fever diseased animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Genghini
- Genética, Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, 5800, Río Cuarto,
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Abstract
To determine the mechanism of measles virus-induced cell death, we studied the infection of Vero cells and monocytic cell lines with wild-type (Chicago-1) and vaccine (Edmonston) strains of measles virus. DNA fragmentation indicative of apoptosis was apparent by flow cytometry, agarose gel electrophoresis, and electron microscopy. Within syncytia, DNA strand breaks were demonstrated by end labeling with terminal transferase and then by visualization.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Esolen
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Hittelman WN. The technique of premature chromosome condensation to study the leukemic process: review and speculations. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 1986; 6:147-221. [PMID: 3539379 DOI: 10.1016/s1040-8428(86)80020-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The technique of premature chromosome condensation involves the fusion of mitotic cells with interphase cells resulting in the immediate condensation of the interphase chromatin into discrete chromosome units, the prematurely condensed chromosomes (PCC). The ability to visualize the interphase chromosomes of bone marrow and blood cells by this technique has proved useful in the study of human leukemia. This article describes how the PCC technique has been used to predict clinical outcome as well as gain insight into the biology of leukemia.
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Pandita TK, Khoshoo V, Saxena PN. Sister chromatid exchange and mitotic index of cultured lymphocytes in patients with measles. Indian J Pediatr 1984; 51:145-7. [PMID: 6500641 DOI: 10.1007/bf02825919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Cremer C, Cremer T, Zorn C, Zimmer J. Induction of chromosome shattering by ultraviolet irradiation and caffeine: comparison of whole-cell and partial-cell irradiation. Mutat Res 1981; 84:331-48. [PMID: 7335101 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(81)90202-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Synchronized and asynchronously growing cells of a V79 sub-line of the Chinese hamster were either whole-cell irradiated ( gamma, 254 nm) or laser-UV-microirradiated ( gamma, 257 nm). Post-incubation with caffeine (1-2 mM) often resulted in chromosome shattering, which was a rare event in the absence of this compound. In experiments with caffeine, the following results were obtained. Shattering of all the chromosomes of a cell (generalized chromosome shattering, GCS) was induced by whole-cell irradiation at the first post-irradiation mitosis when the UV fluence exceeded a "threshold" value in the sensitive phases of the cell cycle (G1 and S). GCS was also induced by laser-UV-microirradiation of a small part of the nucleus in G1 or S whereas microirradiation of cytoplasm beside the nucleus was not effective. An upper limit of the UV fluence in the non-irradiated nuclear part due to scattering of the microbeam was experimentally obtained. This UV fluence was significantly below the threshold fluence necessary to induce GCS in whole-cell irradiation experiments. In other cells, partial nuclear irradiation resulted in shattering of a few chromosomes only, while the majority remained intact (partial chromosome shattering, PCS). G1/early S was the most sensitive phase for induction of GCS by whole-cell and partial nuclear irradiation. The frequency of PCS was observed to increase when partial nuclear irradiation was performed either at lower incident doses or at later stages of S. We suggest that PCS and GCS indicate 2 levels of chromosome damage which can be produced by the synergistic action of UV irradiation and caffeine. PCS may be restricted to microirradiated chromatin whereas GCS involves both irradiated and unirradiated chromosomes in the microirradiated nucleus.
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Goh KO, Lee H, Klemperer M. Evidence of clastogens in acute leukemia. Chromosomal abnormalities in healthy parents of congenital leukemic patients. Cancer 1980; 46:109-17. [PMID: 7388755 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(19800701)46:1<109::aid-cncr2820460119>3.0.co;2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
If leukemia is caused by an "agent" which can pass through the placenta, it could produce leukemic transformation in the maternal cells. Cytogenetic studies were carried out in 5 acute lymphoblastic leukemic children and their parents. Significant abnormalities were found in 3 of the fathers, 4 of the mothers, and all the leukemic children. All but one abnormal metaphase from the mothers of the 2 leukemic boys had a XX sex pattern, indicating that these abnormal metaphases originated in the mother and probably were caused by a chromosomal breaking agent. The abnormal metaphases found in the fathers suggests that they too were exposed to this agent. Therefore, this agent must be present in the immediate environment, and this can pass from the material circulation to the fetus through the placenta and effect the fetus cells. The failure of the infant to eradicate these abnormal cells results in the phenotypical expression of clinical leukemia.
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Burkhardt WC, Jackson JF, Songcharoen S, Meydrech EF. Spontaneous and X-ray induced chromosomal aberrations in selected connective tissue diseases. Clin Genet 1980; 17:108-14. [PMID: 7363495 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1980.tb00116.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Chromosome studies were performed on peripheral blood lymphocytes of 28 patients with connective tissue disease (6 with progressive systemic sclerosis, 6 with systemic lupus erythematosus, 6 with anti-nuclear antibody positive rheumatoid arthritis, 6 with anti-nuclear antibody negative rheumatoid arthritis, and 4 with mixed connective tissue disease) and on 17 controls to determine the frequency of spontaneous as well as X-ray (75 rads) induced aberrations. The mean spontaneous chromosomal aberration frequency for the 28 patients (9.1%) was significantly (P = 0.038) greater than that of controls (6.4%). When patients were categorized into specific clinically designated connective tissue disease subdivisions for comparison with the controls, only X-irradiated cells from the progressive systemic sclerosis group displayed significantly elevated levels of total chromosomal aberrations over those of the control group. The X-irradiated lymphocytes from these patients had an average of 23.6% aberrations per patient, while those of the control group showed an average of 14.9% per patient (P less than 0.05).
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Pruslin FH, Rodman TC. Venezuelan encephalitis virus: in vivo induction of a chromosomal abnormality in hamster bone marrow cells. Infect Immun 1978; 19:1104-6. [PMID: 640727 PMCID: PMC422305 DOI: 10.1128/iai.19.3.1104-1106.1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reports the induction in vivo of aneuploidy in bone marrow cells of the Syrian hamster after short-term infection with Venezuelan encephalitis virus.
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Abstract
The application of the phenomenon of premature chromosome condensation for cell cycle analysis in HeLa and CHO cells has been examined. Random populations of HeLa and CHO cells pulse labelled with H3-TdR were separately fused with mitotic HeLa cells using U.V. inactivated Sendai virus. The resulting prematurely condensed chromosomes (PCC) were scored and classified into G1, S and G2-PCC on the basis of both morphological and autoradiographic data, The results of this study indicated that the G1, S and G2 phase cells are equally susceptible to virus-induced fusion with mitotic cells and subsequent induction into PCC. Hence the PCC method for cell cycle analysis is both practical and accurate. This study also revealed that the process of chromosome decondensation initiated during the telophase of mitosis continues throughout the G1 period reaching an ultimate state of decondensation by the end of G1, at which point the fusion of such cells with those in mitosis yield PCC with the most diffused morphology instead of the discrete single stranded structures characteristic of early G1-PCC. Thus, the decondensation of chromatin during G1 appears to be a prerequisite for the subsequent initiation of DNA synthesis.
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Abstract
A detailed survey is given of the types and classification of primary structural changes that can be induced in chromosomes and observed at the first metaphase after the initial damage. Comments upon identification and scoring are given for the benefit of new workers. The annotation concludes with a brief discussion of the potential relationships between the primary types, and the secondary or derived types encountered in clinical studies.
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Osunkoya BO, Adeleye GI, Adejumo TA, Salimonu LS. Studies on leukocyte cultures in measles. II. Detection of measles virus antigen in human leucocytes by immunofluorescence. ARCHIV FUR DIE GESAMTE VIRUSFORSCHUNG 1974; 44:323-9. [PMID: 4605163 DOI: 10.1007/bf01251013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Sperling K, Rao PN. The phenomenon of premature chromosome condensation: its relevance to basic and applied research. HUMANGENETIK 1974; 23:235-58. [PMID: 4138742 DOI: 10.1007/bf00272508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Bishun NP, Raven RW, Williams DC. Chromosomes and cancer. J Surg Oncol 1974; 6:163-81. [PMID: 4604219 DOI: 10.1002/jso.2930060211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Hsu LY, Hirschhorn K. The potential usefulness of computerized chromosome analysis in human genetics. Comput Biol Med 1972; 2:99-106. [PMID: 4274148 DOI: 10.1016/0010-4825(72)90041-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Matsui SI, Yoshida H, Weinfeld H, Sandberg AA. Induction of prophase in interphase nuclei by fusion with metaphase cells. J Cell Biol 1972; 54:120-32. [PMID: 4338960 PMCID: PMC2108859 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.54.1.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusion of an interphase cell with a metaphase cell results in profound changes in the interphase chromatin that have been called "chromosome pulverization" or "premature chromosome condensation" In addition to the usual light microscopy, the nature of the changes has been investigated in the present study with electron microscopy and biochemical techniques Metaphase and interphase cells were mixed and fused at 37 degrees C by means of ultraviolet-inactivated Sendai virus. After cell fusion, morphological changes in interphase nuclei occurred only in binucleate cells which contained one intact set of metaphase chromosomes Irrespective of the nuclear stage at the time of cell fusion, the morphologic changes that occurred 5-20 min later simulated very closely a sequence of events that characterizes the normal G(2)-prophase transition. Radioautography revealed that, late in the process, substantial amounts of RNA and probably protein were transferred from the interphase nucleus into the cytoplasm of fused cells. Thus, the findings indicate the existence in metaphase cells of factor(s) which are capable of initiating biochemical and morphological events in interphase nuclei intrinsic to the normal mitotic process.
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Zakharov AF, Egolina NA. Differential spiralization along mammalian mitotic chromosomes. I. BUdR-revealed differentiation in Chinese hamster chromosomes. Chromosoma 1972; 38:341-65. [PMID: 4672290 DOI: 10.1007/bf00320156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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O'Neill FJ, Rapp F. Early events required for induction of chromosome abnormalities in human cells by herpes simplex virus. Virology 1971; 44:544-53. [PMID: 4332968 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(71)90368-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Johnson RT, Rao PN. Nucleo-cytoplasmic interactions in the acheivement of nuclear synchrony in DNA synthesis and mitosis in multinucleate cells. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 1971; 46:97-155. [PMID: 4399534 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.1971.tb01180.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Blood Cell Count
- Bone Marrow Cells
- Cell Division
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Chromosomes, Human, 1-3
- Chromosomes, Human, 13-15
- Chromosomes, Human, 16-18
- Chromosomes, Human, 19-20
- Chromosomes, Human, 21-22 and Y
- Chromosomes, Human, 4-5
- Chromosomes, Human, 6-12 and X
- Clone Cells
- Female
- Folic Acid/blood
- Humans
- Karyotyping
- Leukemia/diagnosis
- Leukemia/genetics
- Leukocytes
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Vitamin B 12/blood
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Heltne PG, Singer R. Cytogenetic studies in the Hottentot population: count distribution, report of a fragment, and preliminary description of morphology. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 1971; 34:1-35. [PMID: 5540493 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.1330340102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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45
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Stenman S, Nordling S, Holsti LR, Saksela E. Chromosome aberrations induced by x-ray therapy and myxovirus infection in human peripheral leukocytes. Mutat Res 1970; 10:607-16. [PMID: 4326478 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(70)90088-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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46
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Johnson RT, Rao PN. Mammalian cell fusion: induction of premature chromosome condensation in interphase nuclei. Nature 1970; 226:717-22. [PMID: 5443247 DOI: 10.1038/226717a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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47
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Mark J, Granberg I. The chromosomal aberration of double-minutes in three gliomas. Acta Neuropathol 1970; 16:194-204. [PMID: 4320188 DOI: 10.1007/bf00687359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Freed JJ, Schatz SA. Chromosome aberrations in cultured cells deprived of single essential amino acids. Exp Cell Res 1969; 55:393-409. [PMID: 5815057 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(69)90574-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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49
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Miles CP, O'Neill F. 3H labeling patterns of permanent cell line chromosomes showing pulverization or accentuated secondary constrictions. J Cell Biol 1969; 40:553-61. [PMID: 5812475 PMCID: PMC2107620 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.40.2.553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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50
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Ada P, Nichols WW, Levan A. VIRUS-INDUCED CHROMOSOME CHANGES. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1969. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1969.tb50296.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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