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Barman M, Ray S. Cytogenotoxic effects of 3-epicaryoptin in Allium cepa L. root apical meristem cells. PROTOPLASMA 2023; 260:1163-1177. [PMID: 36735079 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-023-01838-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Diterpenoid 3-epicaryoptin (C26H36O9) is abundant in the leaves of Clerodendrum inerme, a traditionally used medicinal plant, and has insect antifeedant activities. Here, we aim to explore the cytogenotoxic effects of compound 3-epicaryoptin in Allium cepa root apical meristem cells. 3-epicaryoptin (concentrations of 100, 150, and 200 µg mL-1) and the standard compound colchicine (200 µg mL-1) were applied to A. cepa roots for 2, 4, and 4 + 16 h (4-h treatment followed by 16-h recovery). Cytogenotoxicity was analyzed by studying the root growth retardation (RGR), mitotic index (MI), and chromosomal aberrations. The result showed statistically significant (p < 0.01), concentration-dependent RGR effects of 3-epicaryoptin treatment compared with the negative control. A study of cell frequency in different phases of cell division observed a significant (p < 0.001) increase in the metaphase cell percentage (66.2 ± 0.58%, 150 µg mL-1), which subsequently caused an increase in the frequency of MI (12.29 ± 0.34%, 150 µg mL-1) at 4 h of 3-epicaryoptin treatment and that was comparable with the colchicine action. The cytological study revealed that the 3-epicaryoptin treatment could induce different types of chromosomal abnormalities, such as colchicine-like metaphase, vagrant chromosomes, sticky chromosomes, anaphase bridge, lagging chromosomes, multipolar anaphase-telophase, and an increased frequency of micronuclei and polyploid cells. These findings indicate that 3-epicaryoptin is cytogenotoxic, and thus, C. inerme should be used with caution in traditional medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabendu Barman
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Purba Bardhaman-713104, Golapbag, West Bengal, India
| | - Sanjib Ray
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Purba Bardhaman-713104, Golapbag, West Bengal, India.
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Soni SK, Kumar G, Bajpai A, Singh R, Bajapi Y, Tiwari S. Hexavalent chromium-reducing plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria are utilized to bio-fortify trivalent chromium in fenugreek by promoting plant development and decreasing the toxicity of hexavalent chromium in the soil. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2023; 76:127116. [PMID: 36481602 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2022.127116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fenugreek is known to have good anti-diabetes properties. Moreover, several studies accounted that the trivalent form of chromium [Cr(III)] also have anti-diabetic properties. However, its hexavalent form i.e., Cr(VI) is known to be highly toxic and carcinogenic to living beings and retarded plant growth even if it is present in low concentration in soil. Many plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are reported to have the potential to reduce the Cr(VI) into Cr(III) in soil. In view of the above, the present objective was designed to effectively utilize Cr(VI) reducing PGPRs for the growth and development of fenugreek plant in Cr(VI) amended soil, apart from reducing Cr(VI) in soil and fortification of Cr(III) in the aerial part of plants. METHODS The experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of Cr(VI)-reducing PGPRs viz. Bacillus cereus (SUCR44); Microbacterium sp. (SUCR140); Bacillus thuringiensis (SUCR186) and B. subtilis (SUCR188) on growth, uptake and translocation of Cr as well as other physiological parameters in fenugreek grown under artificially Cr(VI) amended soil (100 mg kg-1 of Cr(VI) in soil). RESULTS The aforementioned concentration of Cr(VI) in soil cause severe reduction in root length (41 %), plant height (43 %), dry root (38 %) and herb biomass (48 %), when compared with control negative (CN; uninoculated plant not grown in Cr(VI) contaminated soil). However, the presence of Microbacterium sp.-SURC140 (MB) mitigates the Cr toxicity resulting in improved root length (92 %), plant height (86 %), dry root (74 %) and herb biomass (99 %) as compared with control positive (CP; uninoculated plants grown in Cr(VI) contaminated soil). The maximum reduction in bioavailability (82 %) of Cr(VI) in soil and its uptake (50 %) by the plant were also observed in MB-treated plants. However, All Cr(VI)-reducing PGPRs failed to decrease the translocation of Cr to the aerial parts. Moreover, the plant treated with MB observed diminution in relative water content (13 %), electrolyte leakage (16%) and lipid peroxidation (38 %) as well as higher chlorophyll (37 %) carotenoids (17 %) contents and antioxidants (18%) potential. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that MB can lower the Cr(VI) toxicity to the plant by reducing the bioavailable Cr(VI), consequently reducing the Cr(VI) toxicity level in soil and helping in improving the growth and yield of fenugreek. Additionally, Cr(III) uptakes and translocation may improve the effectiveness of fenugreek in treating diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit K Soni
- Department of Microbial Technology Division, CSIR, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, India; Crop Improvement and Biotechnology Division, ICAR, Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Rehmankhera, P.O. Kakori, Lucknow 226101, India.
| | - Govind Kumar
- Crop Production Division, ICAR, Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Rehmankhera, P.O. Kakori, Lucknow 226101, India
| | - Anju Bajpai
- Crop Improvement and Biotechnology Division, ICAR, Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Rehmankhera, P.O. Kakori, Lucknow 226101, India
| | - Rakshapal Singh
- Department of Microbial Technology Division, CSIR, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, India; Biological Central Facility, CSIR, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Yashi Bajapi
- Crop Improvement and Biotechnology Division, ICAR, Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Rehmankhera, P.O. Kakori, Lucknow 226101, India
| | - Sudeep Tiwari
- Department of Geography and Environmental Development, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653 Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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Rasgele PG. Assessment of Geno- and Cytotoxic Effects of Propineb Using Onion Apical Root Meristem. CYTOL GENET+ 2023. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452723010097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
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Saud S, Wang D, Fahad S, Javed T, Jaremko M, Abdelsalam NR, Ghareeb RY. The impact of chromium ion stress on plant growth, developmental physiology, and molecular regulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:994785. [PMID: 36388512 PMCID: PMC9651928 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.994785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, heavy metals-induced soil pollution has increased due to the widespread usage of chromium (Cr) in chemical industries. The release of Cr into the environment has reached its peak causing hazardous environmental pollution. Heavy metal-induced soil pollution is one of the most important abiotic stress affecting the dynamic stages of plant growth and development. In severe cases, it can kill the plants and their derivatives and thereby pose a potential threat to human food safety. The chromium ion effect on plants varies and depends upon its severity range. It mainly impacts the numerous regular activities of the plant's life cycle, by hindering the germination of plant seeds, inhibiting the growth of hypocotyl and epicotyl parts of the plants, as well as damaging the chloroplast cell structures. In this review article, we tried to summarize the possible effects of chromium-induced stress on plant growth, developmental physiology, biochemistry, and molecular regulation and provided the important theoretical basis for selecting remedial plants in chromium-induced contaminated soils, breeding of low toxicity tolerant varieties, and analyzing the mechanism of plant resistance mechanisms in response to heavy metal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shah Saud
- College of Life Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Depeng Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Shah Fahad
- Department of Agronomy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Talha Javed
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mariusz Jaremko
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Smart-Health Initiative and Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nader R. Abdelsalam
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Rehab Y. Ghareeb
- Plant Protection and Biomolecular Diagnosis Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, The City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg El Arab, Egypt
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Effects of Chromium Toxicity on Physiological Performance and Nutrient Uptake in Two Grapevine Cultivars (Vitis vinifera L.) Growing on Own Roots or Grafted onto Different Rootstocks. HORTICULTURAE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8060493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chromium toxicity is considered within the most severe and dangerous nutritional disorders, and it can often be observed in crops grown in industrial areas. The present study aims to determine the effects of Cr(VI) toxicity on the growth, nutrition, and physiological performance of grapevines. In a pot hydroponic experiment, own-rooted Merlot and Cabernet Franc grapevine cultivars or cultivars grafted onto 1103P and 101-14 Mgt rootstocks were exposed to 120 μM Cr(VI). Leaf interveinal chlorosis appeared after forty-five days of treatment. Overall leaf chlorosis and brown root coloration after sixty days was reported. A significant effect on the majority of the measured parameters due to the Cr(VI) treatment was observed. Chromium stress increased the total Cr concentrations in all parts of the vines, i.e., leaves, shoots, roots, and trunks. When comparing between the studied plant sections, the roots presented the highest Cr concentrations, ranging from 396 to 868 mg kg−1 d. w., and then, in descending order, the Cr concentrations ranged from 41 to 102 mg kg−1 d. w. in the trunks, from 2.0 to 3.3 mg kg−1 d. w. in the leaves, and from 1.9 to 3.0 mg kg−1 d. w. in the shoots. Between the assessed rootstocks, 1103P was identified to be a better excluder of Cr concentration in the roots and other aerial parts of the vines. Additionally, chromium toxicity negatively affected the concentrations and compartmentalization of the most important nutrients. Leaf chlorophyll (Chl) concentration decreased down to approximately 53% after sixty days of Cr stress. Chromium toxicity significantly reduced the stem water potential (SWP), net CO2 assimilation rate (A), stomatal conductance (gs), and PSII maximum quantum yield in all the cases of grafted or own-rooted vines. At this stage, chromium stress increased the leaf total phenolic content from 46.14% in Merlot vines to 75.91% in Cabernet Franc vines.
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Acar A. Therapeutic effects of royal jelly against sodium benzoate-induced toxicity: cytotoxic, genotoxic, and biochemical assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:34410-34425. [PMID: 33646542 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13172-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the protective role of royal jelly (RJ) against the potential toxic effects of sodium benzoate was investigated in Allium cepa L. test material with physiological, genetic, and biochemical parameters. Physiological changes were evaluated by determining weight gain, rooting percentage, root length, and relative injury rate. The genetic evaluations were carried out with chromosomal abnormalities (CAs), micronucleus (MN), tail DNA formation, and mitotic index (MI) ratio parameters. The biochemical evaluations were carried out by determining lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities by determining levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione reductase (GR), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT). Further, the interaction of sodium benzoate with antioxidant enzymes was evaluated with molecular docking analysis. The antimutagenic effect of RJ was evaluated as the inhibition of chromosomal abnormalities (CAs) and tail DNA formations. A total of six groups were formed in the study. A. cepa L. bulbs in the control group were treated with tap water; the bulbs in the administration groups were treated with sodium benzoate (100 mg/L), RJ (25 mg/L and 50 mg/L doses), and sodium benzoate-RJ combinations with these doses for 72 h. As a result, it was determined that sodium benzoate application caused inhibition of physiological parameters and MI; induced MN, CAs, and DNA damage; and also caused oxidative stress. Depending on the concentration of RJ application, it reduced sodium benzoate toxicity by showing therapeutic effects in all these parameters. Also, the interaction of sodium benzoate with antioxidant enzyme residues was determined by molecular docking analysis. As a result, it has been understood that abandoning the use of sodium benzoate will be beneficial for the environment and human health and concluded that the use of RJ in the daily diet will be effective in reducing the impact of exposed toxic ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Acar
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Vocational School of Health Services, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey.
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Alias C, Feretti D, Benassi L, Abbà A, Gelatti U, Sorlini S, Zerbini I, Piovani G. The release of contaminants from steel slags and natural aggregates: Evaluation of toxicity and genotoxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2021; 62:66-77. [PMID: 32926468 DOI: 10.1002/em.22407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Steel slags (SS) are the major waste produced by iron and steel industry. Slags may be reused as recycled materials, instead of natural aggregates (NA), to reduce the final disposal in a landfill and the exploitation of raw materials. However, the reuse of SS may generate a potential release of toxic compounds for the environment and humans. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the toxicity and genotoxicity of SS, in comparison with NA, by using an integrated chemical-biological approach to enable their safe reuse in engineering applications. Leaching solutions from samples were obtained by using short-term leaching tests (CEN EN 12457-2, 2004) usually adopted for the evaluation of waste recovery and final disposal. Chemical analyses of leachates were performed according to the Italian legislation on waste recovery (Ministerial Decree 186/2006). The leaching solutions were assayed by using toxicity test on Daphnia magna. Moreover, mutagenicity/genotoxicity tests on Salmonella typhimurium, Allium cepa, and human leucocytes and fibroblasts were carried out. The releases of pollutants from all samples were within the limits of the Italian legislation for waste recovery. Despite the effects that SS and NA could have on different cells, in terms of toxicity and genotoxicity, globally, SS do not seem to be any more hazardous than NA. This ecotoxicological assessment, never studied before, is important for promoting further studies that may support the decision-making process regarding the use of such types of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Alias
- B+LabNet Environmental Sustainability Laboratory, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Donatella Feretti
- B+LabNet Environmental Sustainability Laboratory, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health Department, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Laura Benassi
- B+LabNet Environmental Sustainability Laboratory, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Abbà
- B+LabNet Environmental Sustainability Laboratory, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Civil, Environmental, Architectural Engineering and Mathematics Department, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Umberto Gelatti
- B+LabNet Environmental Sustainability Laboratory, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health Department, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sabrina Sorlini
- B+LabNet Environmental Sustainability Laboratory, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Civil, Environmental, Architectural Engineering and Mathematics Department, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Zerbini
- B+LabNet Environmental Sustainability Laboratory, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health Department, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanna Piovani
- B+LabNet Environmental Sustainability Laboratory, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Molecular and Translational Medicine Department, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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Sharma S, Singh AK, Tiwari MK, Uttam KN. Prompt Screening of the Alterations in Biochemical and Mineral Profile of Wheat Plants Treated with Chromium Using Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and X-ray Fluorescence Excited by Synchrotron Radiation. ANAL LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2019.1656729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sweta Sharma
- Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
| | - A. K. Singh
- Synchrotron Utilization Section, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore, India
| | - M. K. Tiwari
- Synchrotron Utilization Section, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore, India
| | - K. N. Uttam
- Saha’s Spectroscopy Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
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Sun Z, Xiong T, Zhang T, Wang N, Chen D, Li S. Influences of zinc oxide nanoparticles on Allium cepa root cells and the primary cause of phytotoxicity. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2019; 28:175-188. [PMID: 30612257 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-018-2010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) are widely used in consumer products, which have raised concerns about their impact on the human health and environment. In this study, Allium cepa were treated with 5 and 50 μg/mL ZnO-NPs solutions for 12, 24, and 36 h, respectively. The cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of ZnO-NPs in root meristems of Allium cepa cells were characterized by cell membrane integrity, metabolic activity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, DNA damage, chromosome aberration, and cell cycle progression. Substantially elevated Zn levels were observed in the cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions, and the accumulation of zinc in the nuclear fraction (up to 9764 μg/g) was one magnitude greater than that in the cytoplasm (up to 541 μg/g). The complexation of Zn2+ with diethylene triamine pentacetic acid (DTPA) was performed to explicate the respective contribution of insoluble particles or Zn2+ to ZnO-NPs toxicity. We found that the inhibition of root growth accounted for 24.2% or 36.1% when the plants were exposed to Zn2+ that released from 5 or 50 μg/mL of ZnO-NPs for 36 h, respectively, whereas the exposure to 5 or 50 μg/mL of insoluble particles resulted in 75.8% or 63.9% of inhibition, respectively. These findings demonstrated that adverse effects exerted not just by Zn2+ released from ZnO-NPs, but also directly from the nanoparticles. These findings contribute to a better understanding of ZnO-NPs cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in plant cells and provide valuable information for further research on the phytotoxic mechanisms of ZnO-NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, 510631, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tiantian Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, 510631, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, 510631, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nanfang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, 510631, Guangzhou, China
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaoshan Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, 510631, Guangzhou, China.
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Kundu D, Dey S, Raychaudhuri SS. Chromium (VI) - induced stress response in the plant Plantago ovata Forsk in vitro. Genes Environ 2018; 40:21. [PMID: 30349616 PMCID: PMC6192006 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-018-0109-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plants experience severe physiological stress from heavy metal pollution caused by improper discarding of the industrial wastes. Hexavalent chromium [Cr (VI)] is one of the major heavy metal pollutants in India and is present particularly in some regions where Plantago ovata grows to a great extent. This study was aimed at finding the effects of Cr (VI) on P. ovata and manoeuvres of the plant to combat such heavy metal exposure in vitro. Methods Potassium dichromate was used as a source of Cr (VI) to induce the heavy metal stress. Range of Cr (VI) sublethal doses [0 mM (control), 0.1 mM, 0.3 mM, 0.5 mM, 1 mM, 1.5 mM and1.8 mM] was used to observe its effect on the plant. The seeds of the plant were grown on sucrose-agar media with different concentrations of potassium dichromate, and ten-day old seedlings were then harvested and examined. Results The germination rate reduced below 50% at 1.9 mM Cr (VI) concentration and thus, 0 mM–1.8 mM concentration ranges were found to be suitable for sublethal dose. Morphological changes namely, reduction of the shoot-root length and multiple root development were caused by Cr (VI) in a dose-dependent manner. The plant showed elevated responses against Cr (VI), up to 1.5 mM (10 days treated) in terms of increasing accumulation of secondary metabolites like polyphenols, chlorophyll content (chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll), carotenoids and total antioxidant activity. DPPH radical scavenging activity along with malondialdehyde (MDA) content was not significantly elevated with the increase in Cr (VI) concentration indicating that the lipid peroxidation rate within the tissue was low. Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) gene expressions were upregulated by 1 mM Cr (VI) concentration, which decreased at higher concentrations. The atomic absorption spectroscopy analysis also showed significant accumulation of Cr (VI) in the shoot and root with an increase in the potassium dichromate concentration. Conclusion Cr (VI) reduced the shoot-root length and seed germination in a dose-dependent manner. The plant system tried to combat the Cr (VI) stress by upregulating the stress response genes in the phenylpropanoid pathway along with an increase in polyphenol and antioxidant contents, which were evident from the lowering of lipid peroxidation rate and increase in PAL and PPO gene expressions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s41021-018-0109-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debangana Kundu
- Department of Biophysics, Molecular Biology, and Bioinformatics, University of Calcutta, 92, APC Road, Kolkata, 700009 India
| | - Sankalan Dey
- Department of Biophysics, Molecular Biology, and Bioinformatics, University of Calcutta, 92, APC Road, Kolkata, 700009 India
| | - Sarmistha Sen Raychaudhuri
- Department of Biophysics, Molecular Biology, and Bioinformatics, University of Calcutta, 92, APC Road, Kolkata, 700009 India
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Pekol S. X-ray fluorescence spectrometry characteristics of oily waste water from steel processing and an evaluation of its impact on the environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:17100-17108. [PMID: 29644610 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1923-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Metal-cutting fluids, one of the most consumed materials in the metallurgy industry, turn into oily wastewater after being used in the metalworking processes. The amount of cutting fluids used can reach up to millions of tons. And these invaluable fluids are difficult to distil and expensive, and impossible to store. Even after it is disposed and recaptured, the end product has no commercial value. In this study, the effect of this mixture was examined on the ecosystem using the Allium cepa test system in which onion root tips were treated with three different concentrations of waste-cutting fluid, based on a 24- and 48-h cell cycle. The oily wastewater exhibited a mechanism which triggered the chromosomal and nuclear abnormalities in the onion root-tip meristem and reduced the mitotic index. Common abnormalities observed in the experimental groups based on the water concentration were chromosome stickiness, c-mitosis, and micronuclei formation. In the experimental group with the lowest water concentration, budding nuclei were observed at a different level than all of the other experimental groups. The x-ray fluorescence analysis showed that the concentrations of elements, such as silicon, calcium, iron, and zinc, were higher in the oily wastewater than those in the unused cutting oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sefa Pekol
- Faculty of Education, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey.
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Verma S, Srivastava A. Cyto-genotoxic consequences of carbendazim treatment monitored by cytogenetical analysis using Allium root tip bioassay. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2018; 190:238. [PMID: 29564638 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-6616-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution is one of the major problems of these days. One of the reasons of environmental pollution is the indiscriminate use of agrochemicals in agriculture. Fungicides are being extensively used in agriculture for enhancing crop yield and growth by controlling fungal growth. Fungicide carbendazim is widely applied to soil and seeds of vegetable/cereal crops in India and is effective against a very broad spectrum of fungi. The present study was designed to monitor the cyto-genotoxic effects of carbendazim directly in treated soils by cytogenetical analysis using Allium cepa root tip bioassay. In a pot experiment, fungicide carbendazim was added to soil at the rates of 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 mg kg-1 soil and uniform size onion bulb was planted in each pot, and three replicates were maintained for each dose at 1, 7, 15, 30, and 45 days after application and roots from onion bulbs were fixed for cytogenetical analysis. Findings indicate that carbendazim treatment leads to a significant dose and duration-dependent decrease in percent mitotic index with related increase in mitotic inhibition. Statistical analysis showed a significant effect of carbendazim doses and duration of treatment on the percentage relative abnormality rate of A. cepa. Phase indices of our study showed high numbers of cells in prophase as compared to other phases at some doses of treatment. The different types of chromosomal abnormalities observed in our study serve as indicators of genotoxicity of carbendazim and we report for the first time the effect of its application directly in soil using a plant test system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Verma
- In Vitro Culture and Plant Genetics Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, UP, 226007, India
| | - Alka Srivastava
- In Vitro Culture and Plant Genetics Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, UP, 226007, India.
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Oliviero M, Schiavo S, Rametta G, Miglietta ML, Manzo S. Different sizes of ZnO diversely affected the cytogenesis of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 607-608:176-183. [PMID: 28689122 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Today nanoparticles (NPs) have many applications in commercial products due to their small size and peculiar properties that, conversely, make them potentially toxic for humans and the environment. ZnO NPs are largely used in many personal care products, such as sunscreens and cosmetics. In this study the cytotoxic effects of ZnO particles with different sizes (ZnO Bulk, >100nm; ZnO NPs, 100nm and ZnO NPs, 14nm) upon the first developmental stages of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus, are evaluated. Morphological alterations are also assessed by embryotoxicity tests. The cytogenetic analysis highlighted that ZnO NPs interfere with cell cycle inducing a dose-dependent decrease of mitotic activity and chromosomal aberrations at higher concentrations (30μM). Moreover, the larval development was affected by ZnO NPs 100nm (EC50=0.46 [0.30-0.63] μM [Zn]) in a dose-dependent way. Size-dependent toxicity was instead not obtained for ZnO NPs. From our results could be highlighted that the presence of embryos, blocked in pre-larval stage, could be due to the induction of chromosome aberrations by ZnO particles, confirming that cytogenetic analyses allow evaluating possible NPs action mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Oliviero
- Department of Science and Technology, Parthenope University of Naples, Centro Direzionale, Isola C4, 80143 Naples, Italy; Enea CR Portici, P.le E. Fermi, 1, 80055 Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Simona Schiavo
- Enea CR Portici, P.le E. Fermi, 1, 80055 Portici, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Sonia Manzo
- Enea CR Portici, P.le E. Fermi, 1, 80055 Portici, Naples, Italy.
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Kumar G, Bhardwaj M. Comparative genotoxicity of heavy metals in root meristems of Cuminum cyminum L. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.3199/iscb.12.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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15
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Segura FR, Nunes EA, Paniz FP, Paulelli ACC, Rodrigues GB, Braga GÚL, Dos Reis Pedreira Filho W, Barbosa F, Cerchiaro G, Silva FF, Batista BL. Potential risks of the residue from Samarco's mine dam burst (Bento Rodrigues, Brazil). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 218:813-825. [PMID: 27524249 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
On November 5th, 2015, Samarco's iron mine dam - called Fundão - spilled 50-60 million m3 of mud into Gualaxo do Norte, a river that belongs to Rio Doce Basin. Approximately 15 km2 were flooded along the rivers Gualaxo do Norte, Carmo and Doce, reaching the Atlantic Ocean on November 22nd, 2015. Six days after, our group collected mud, soil and water samples in Bento Rodrigues (Minas Gerais, Brazil), which was the first impacted area. Overall, the results, water samples - potable and surface water from river - presented chemical elements concentration according to Brazilian environmental legislations, except silver concentration in surface water that ranged from 1.5 to 1087 μg L-1. In addition, water mud-containing presented Fe and Mn concentrations approximately 4-fold higher than the maximum limit for water bodies quality assessment, according to Brazilian laws. Mud particle size ranged from 1 to 200 μm. SEM-EDS spot provided us some semi quantitative data. Leaching/extraction tests suggested that Ba, Pb, As, Sr, Fe, Mn and Al have high potential mobilization from mud to water. Low microbial diversity in mud samples compared to background soil samples. Toxicological bioassays (HepG2 and Allium cepa) indicated potential risks of cytotoxicity and DNA damage in mud and soil samples used in both assays. The present study provides preliminary information aiming to collaborate to the development of future works for monitoring and risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Roberta Segura
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, 09210-170, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Emilene Arusievicz Nunes
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, 09210-170, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Pollo Paniz
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, 09210-170, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Cavalheiro Paulelli
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Braga Rodrigues
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Úbida Leite Braga
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Walter Dos Reis Pedreira Filho
- Fundação Jorge Duprat Figueiredo de Segurança e Medicina do Trabalho, Ministério do Trabalho e Previdência Social, 05409-002, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Barbosa
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Giselle Cerchiaro
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, 09210-170, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Lemos Batista
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, 09210-170, Santo André, SP, Brazil.
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Kuchy AH, Wani AA, Kamili AN. Cytogenetic effects of three commercially formulated pesticides on somatic and germ cells of Allium cepa. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:6895-906. [PMID: 26670031 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5912-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Cytological effects of Endosri-ES (endosulfan), Nuvan-NU (dichlorvos), and Kvistin-KS (carbendazim) were evaluated on mitotic and meiotic cells of Allium cepa. Test concentrations were chosen by calculating EC50 values of formulated ES, NU, and KS, which turned to be 60, 200, and 500 ppm (parts per million), respectively. Cytological studies were undertaken on root meristem cells of A. cepa using EC50, 1/2 × EC50, and 2 × EC50 of these pesticides for 24 and 48 h. Similarly, a meiotic study was conducted by applying the pesticides at the aforesaid concentrations from seedling to bud stage. A set of onion bulbs exposed to tap water was run parallel for negative control and maleic hydrazide (112.09 ppm) as positive control. During the study period, mitotic index (MI) decreased at all the pesticide concentrations compared to the negative control. Among various chromosomal aberrations, chromatin bridges, breaks, stickiness, laggard, vagrant chromosomes, fragments, C-mitosis, multipolarity, ring chromosome as well as micronuclei were observed in mitotic preparations. In contrast, meiotic aberrations revealed comparatively less frequency of chromosomal aberrations and the most frequent were lagging chromosome, stray bivalents, secondary association, chromatin bridge, disturbed anaphase, and stickiness. Comparative analysis of the pesticides showed that NU was highly toxic to plant cells than KS, while as ES showed intermediate effects between the two. Further, our study revealed that all the three pesticides produce genotoxic effects which can cause health risks to the human populations. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aashiq H Kuchy
- Department of Environmental Science/Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, Srinagar (J&K), 190006, India.
| | - Aijaz A Wani
- Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar (J&K), 190006, India
| | - Azra N Kamili
- Department of Environmental Science/Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, Srinagar (J&K), 190006, India.
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Singh S, Parihar P, Singh R, Singh VP, Prasad SM. Heavy Metal Tolerance in Plants: Role of Transcriptomics, Proteomics, Metabolomics, and Ionomics. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 6:1143. [PMID: 26904030 PMCID: PMC4744854 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 422] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal contamination of soil and water causing toxicity/stress has become one important constraint to crop productivity and quality. This situation has further worsened by the increasing population growth and inherent food demand. It has been reported in several studies that counterbalancing toxicity due to heavy metal requires complex mechanisms at molecular, biochemical, physiological, cellular, tissue, and whole plant level, which might manifest in terms of improved crop productivity. Recent advances in various disciplines of biological sciences such as metabolomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, etc., have assisted in the characterization of metabolites, transcription factors, and stress-inducible proteins involved in heavy metal tolerance, which in turn can be utilized for generating heavy metal-tolerant crops. This review summarizes various tolerance strategies of plants under heavy metal toxicity covering the role of metabolites (metabolomics), trace elements (ionomics), transcription factors (transcriptomics), various stress-inducible proteins (proteomics) as well as the role of plant hormones. We also provide a glance of some strategies adopted by metal-accumulating plants, also known as "metallophytes."
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Affiliation(s)
- Samiksha Singh
- Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of AllahabadAllahabad, India
| | - Parul Parihar
- Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of AllahabadAllahabad, India
| | - Rachana Singh
- Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of AllahabadAllahabad, India
| | - Vijay P. Singh
- Department of Botany, Government Ramanuj Pratap Singhdev Post Graduate College, Sarguja UniversityBaikunthpur, India
| | - Sheo M. Prasad
- Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of AllahabadAllahabad, India
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18
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Pathiratne A, Hemachandra CK, De Silva N. Efficacy of Allium cepa test system for screening cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of industrial effluents originated from different industrial activities. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 187:730. [PMID: 26547320 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4954-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Efficacy of Allium cepa test system for screening cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of treated effluents originated from four types of industrial activities (two textile industries, three rubber based industries, two common treatment plants of industrial zones, and two water treatment plants) was assessed. Physico-chemical parameters including the heavy metal/metalloid levels of the effluents varied depending on the industry profile, but most of the measured parameters in the effluents were within the specified tolerance limits of Sri Lankan environmental regulations for discharge of industrial effluents into inland surface waters. In the A. cepa test system, the undiluted effluents induced statistically significant root growth retardation, mitosis depression, and chromosomal aberrations in root meristematic cells in most cases in comparison to the dilution water and upstream water signifying effluent induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Ethyl methane sulphonate (a mutagen, positive control) and all the effluents under 1:8 dilution significantly induced total chromosomal aberrations in root meristematic cells in comparison to the dilution water and upstream water indicating inadequacy of expected 1:8 dilutions in the receiving waters for curtailing genotoxic impacts. The results support the use of a practically feasible A. cepa test system for rapid screening of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of diverse industrial effluents discharging into inland surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asoka Pathiratne
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Management, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya GQ, 11600, Sri Lanka.
| | - Chamini K Hemachandra
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Management, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya GQ, 11600, Sri Lanka
| | - Nimal De Silva
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
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Mohammed KP, Aarey A, Tamkeen S, Jahan P. Forskolin: Genotoxicity assessment in Allium cepa. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2015; 777:29-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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20
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Pradas del Real AE, Pérez-Sanz A, Lobo MC, McNear DH. The chromium detoxification pathway in the multimetal accumulator Silene vulgaris. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:11479-11486. [PMID: 25188746 DOI: 10.1021/es502099g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Phytomanagement could be a viable alternative in areas polluted with wastes from chromium-using industries. This study investigated the ability of Silene vulgaris to take up Cr(III) and Cr(VI) with special attention on the mechanism used by this species to tolerate high doses of Cr(VI). Plants were grown semihydroponically with different concentrations of either Cr(III) or Cr(VI). A combination of synchrotron X-ray spectroscopic techniques, scanning electron and light microscopy and infrared spectroscopy were used to determine the distribution and speciation of Cr. S. vulgaris accumulated more Cr when grown with Cr(VI) resulting in an overall reduction in biomass. Starch accumulation in leaves may be attributed to an impartment between carbon utilization and assimilation resulted from stunted plant growth but not the complete inhibition of photosynthesis indicating that S. vulgaris possess tolerance mechanisms that allows it to survive in Cr(VI) rich environments. These primary tolerance mechanisms are (a) the total reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) in the rhizosphere or just after uptake in the fine lateral root tips and (b) chelation of Cr(III) to the cell wall both of which reduce metal interference with critical cell functions. These mechanisms make S. vulgaris suitable for in situ remediation of Cr polluted soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Elena Pradas del Real
- Dpto. de Investigación Agroambiental, IMIDRA, Finca "El Encín″, A-II Km, 38.200, 28800, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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21
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Mekki L. Cytogenetic Effects of Crude Extracts of Peganum harmala Seeds and Their Effects on Vicia faba Plants. CYTOLOGIA 2014. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.79.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laila Mekki
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Suiz Canal University
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22
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Eleftheriou EP, Adamakis IDS, Fatsiou M, Panteris E. Hexavalent chromium disrupts mitosis by stabilizing microtubules in Lens culinaris root tip cells. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2013; 147:169-80. [PMID: 22607451 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2012.01652.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is an accumulating environmental pollutant due to anthropogenic activities, toxic for humans, animals and plants. Therefore, the effects of Cr(VI) on dividing root cells of lentil (Lens culinaris) were investigated by tubulin immunofluorescence and DNA staining. In Cr(VI)-treated roots, cell divisions were perturbed, the chromosomes formed irregular aggregations, multinucleate cells were produced and tubulin clusters were entrapped within the nuclei. All cell cycle-specific microtubule (MT) arrays were affected, indicating a stabilizing effect of Cr(VI) on the MTs of L. culinaris. Besides, a time- and concentration-dependent gradual increase of acetylated α-tubulin, an indicator of MT stabilization, was observed in Cr(VI)-treated roots by both immunofluorescence and western blotting. Evidence is also provided that reactive oxygen species (ROS) caused by Cr(VI), determined with the specific marker dichlorofluorescein, may be responsible for MT stabilization. Combined treatments with Cr(VI) and oryzalin revealed that Cr(VI) overcomes the depolymerizing ability of oryzalin, as it does experimentally introduced hydrogen peroxide, further supporting its stabilizing effect. In conclusion, it is suggested that the mitotic aberrations caused by Cr(VI) in L. culinaris root cells may be the result of MT stabilization rather than depolymerization, which consequently disturbs MT dynamics and their related functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftherios P Eleftheriou
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Eleftheriou EP, Adamakis IDS, Melissa P. Effects of hexavalent chromium on microtubule organization, ER distribution and callose deposition in root tip cells of Allium cepa L. PROTOPLASMA 2012; 249:401-16. [PMID: 21633932 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-011-0292-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The subcellular targets of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] were examined in Allium cepa root tips with confocal laser scanning microscopy. Cr(VI) exerted dose- and time-dependent negative effects on root growth rate, the mitotic index and microtubule (MT) organization during cell division cycle. Interphase MTs were more resistant than the mitotic ones, but when affected they were shorter, sparse and disoriented. The preprophase band of MTs became poorly organized, branched or with fragmented MTs, whilst neither a perinuclear array nor a prophase spindle was formed. Metaphase spindles converged to eccentric mini poles or consisted of dissimilar halves and were unable to correctly orient the chromosomes. Anaphase spindles were less disturbed, but chromatids failed to separate; neither did they move to the poles. At telophase, projecting, lagging or bridging chromosomes and micronuclei also occurred. Phragmoplasts were unilaterally developed, split, located at unexpected sites and frequently dissociated from the branched and misaligned cell plates. Chromosomal aberrations were directly correlated with MT disturbance. The morphology and distribution of endoplasmic reticulum was severely perturbed and presumably contributed to MT disassembly. Heavy callose apposition was also induced by Cr(VI), maybe in the context of a cellular defence reaction. Results indicate that MTs are one of the main subcellular targets of Cr(VI), MT impairment underlies chromosomal and mitotic aberrations, and MTs may constitute a reliable biomonitoring system for Cr(VI) toxicity in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftherios P Eleftheriou
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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González PS, Maglione GA, Giordana M, Paisio CE, Talano MA, Agostini E. Evaluation of phenol detoxification by Brassica napus hairy roots, using Allium cepa test. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 19:482-491. [PMID: 21822930 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-011-0581-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Meristematic mitotic cells of Allium cepa constitute an adequate material for cytotoxicity and genotoxicity evaluation of environmental pollutants, such as phenol, which is a contaminant frequently found in several industrial effluents. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In the present work, Brassica napus hairy roots (HR) were used for phenol removal assays. The toxicity of post-removal solutions (PRS) and phenol solutions was analyzed. These HR removed the contaminant with high efficiency (100-80% for phenol solutions containing 10-250 mg/L, respectively). Phenol solutions treated with B. napus HR showed a significant reduction of general toxicity compared to untreated phenol solutions, since the IC50 values were 318.39 and 229.02 mg/L, respectively. Moreover, PRS presented lower cytotoxicity and genotoxicity than that found in phenol solutions untreated. The mitotic index (MI) observed in meristematic cells treated with PRS (100 and 250 mg/L of phenol) showed an increase of 35% and 42%, whereas the chromosome aberrations showed a significant decrease. According to these results, B. napus HR cultures could be used for the treatment of solutions contaminated with phenol, since we observed not only high removal efficiency, but also an important reduction of the general toxicity, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola S González
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, FCEFQN, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, 5800, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina,
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Foltête AS, Dhyèvre A, Férard JF, Cotelle S. Improvement of Vicia-micronucleus test for assessment of soil quality: a proposal for international standardization. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 85:1624-1629. [PMID: 21906776 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The Viciafaba root tip micronucleus test is one of the most employed plant genotoxicity assays, and has been used on various types of contaminated materials. This test has been standardized by AFNOR, the French member organization of ISO. However, this test is usually performed with a water extraction step but soil genotoxicity assessment would be more relevant when performed directly in the soil itself. In order to harmonize these protocols, an ISO standard for the V.faba micronucleus test in both liquid phase (exposure of plants to different liquid matrix, including soil water extracts) and solid phase (direct exposure of plants to the soil) would be very useful. In this context, we compared two exposure durations in the solid phase (48 h and 5 d) for the V.faba micronucleus test with two different well-known genotoxicants, maleic hydrazide and copper sulfate. We concluded that these two durations induced equivalent sensitivity: the micronucleus frequency was significantly increased with 5 μmol maleic hydrazide per kg dry soil and with 2 mmol copper sulfate per kg dry soil with both exposure durations. However, exposing roots to soil during 48 h is more practical. Moreover, organically and conventionally cultured seeds were employed to determine whether the seed provenance influenced the test sensitivity. Organic seeds were less sensitive to copper, possibly because copper-based treatments are permitted, and often applied, in organic farms. Therefore, in the absence of completely non-treated seeds, organically-cultured seeds did not appear to offer any advantages over conventional seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Foltête
- Laboratoire des Interactions Ecotoxicologie, Biodiversité, Ecosystèmes, Université Paul Verlaine-Metz, CNRS UMR 7146, Campus Bridoux, Avenue du Général Delestraint, 57070 Metz, France.
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Barbério A, Voltolini JC, Mello MLS. Standardization of bulb and root sample sizes for the Allium cepa test. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2011; 20:927-935. [PMID: 21298340 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-011-0602-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Although the Allium cepa test has been widely used to identify potentially cytotoxic and genotoxic pollutants in aquatic environments, variable non-standardized choices have been made regarding the number of plant bulbs and roots analyzed. We propose numbers for bulbs and roots per bulb when comparing the frequencies of micronuclei, mitotic anomalies and mitotic index with this test. Roots that had been treated with aqueous solutions, such as water samples collected in August 2007 from the Paraíba do Sul River at the Brazilian cities of Tremembé and Aparecida; negative and positive controls were used for bioassays. The presence of pollutants in the river water had been presumed based on our previous cytological data and an official report by the São Paulo State Environmental Agency (Brazil) on presence of fecal contaminants (Tremembé and Aparecida) and elevated dissolved aluminium (Aparecida) in the water under study. The sampling of ten bulbs and five roots per bulb was found adequate for comparative studies to evaluate with the A. cepa test the potential damage inflicted by pollutants in aquatic environments. Furthermore, even one bulb and one root per bulb was sufficient in discerning this damage, thereby shortening the time required to attain a statistically confident comparative evaluation. However, to allow for the use of statistical programs based on the evaluation of average values, and to avoid criticism based on genetic variability, we propose that three bulbs and three roots per bulb be considered as standard sample sizes for the A. cepa test.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Barbério
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-863, Brazil.
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Nunes EA, de Lemos CT, Gavronski L, Moreira TN, Oliveira NCD, da Silva J. Genotoxic assessment on river water using different biological systems. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 84:47-53. [PMID: 21435689 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports genotoxicity and toxicity data in water samples collected in Sinos River, an important water course in the hydrographic region of Guaíba Lake, Rio Grande do Sul State, south of Brazil. This river is exposed to intense anthropic influence by numerous shoes, leather, petrochemical, and metallurgy industries. Water samples were collected at two moments (winter 2006 and spring 2006) at five sites of Sinos River and evaluated using in vitro V79 Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts (cytotoxicity, comet assay and micronucleus test) and Allium cepa test (toxicity and micronucleus test). Comet and micronucleus tests revealed that water samples collected exerted cytotoxic, toxic, genotoxic and mutagenic effects. The results showed the toxic action of organic and inorganic agents found in the water samples in all sites of Sinos River, for both data collections. The main causes behind pollution were the domestic and industrial toxic discharges. The V79 and A. cepa tests were proved efficient to detect toxicity and genotoxicity caused by complex mixtures. This study also showed the need for constant monitoring in sites with strong environmental degradation caused by industrial discharges and urban sewages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilene Arusievicz Nunes
- Foundation of the State Environmental Protection Henrique Luís Roessler/FEPAM - Cytogenetics Laboratory, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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28
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Barbério A, Barros L, Voltolini JC, Mello MLS. Evaluation of the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of water from the River Paraíba do Sul, in Brazil, with the Allium cepa L. test. BRAZ J BIOL 2010; 69:837-42. [PMID: 19802442 DOI: 10.1590/s1519-69842009000400010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This work investigated the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of water from the River Paraíba do Sul (Brazil) using Allium cepa roots. An anatomo-morphological parameter (root length), mitotic indices, and frequency of micronuclei were analysed. Eight bulbs were chosen at random for treatment for 24 to 120 hours with the River water collected in the years of 2005 and 2006 from sites in the cities of Tremembé and Aparecida (São Paulo state, Brazil). Daily measurements of the length of the roots grown from each bulb were carried out throughout the experiment. Mitotic index (MI) and frequency of micronuclei (MN) were determined for 2000 cells per root, using 3-5 root tips from other bulbs (7-10). Only in the roots treated with samples of the River water collected in 2005 in Tremembé city was there a decrease in the root length growth compared to the respective control. However, a reduction in MI values was verified for both sites analysed for that year. Considering the data involving root length growth and especially MI values, a cytotoxic potential is suggested for the water of the River Paraíba do Sul at Tremembé and Aparecida, in the year of 2005. On the other hand, since in this year the MN frequency was not affected with the river water treatments, genotoxicity is not assumed for the river water sampled at the aforementioned places.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Barbério
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil 13083-862.
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Yildiz M, Ciğerci IH, Konuk M, Fidan AF, Terzi H. Determination of genotoxic effects of copper sulphate and cobalt chloride in Allium cepa root cells by chromosome aberration and comet assays. CHEMOSPHERE 2009; 75:934-938. [PMID: 19201446 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2008] [Revised: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/02/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We used the anaphase-telophase chromosome aberration and comet (Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis, SCGE) assays to evaluate the genotoxic effects of copper sulphate (CS) and cobalt chloride (CC) chemicals prepared in two concentrations (EC(50), 2xEC(50)), using methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) as a positive control and untreated cells as a negative control. In Allium root growth inhibition test, EC(50) values for CS and CC are 1.5 and 5.5 ppm, respectively. Mitotic index (MI) decreased in all concentrations tested of CS and CC compared to the control at each exposure time. The bridge, stickiness, vagrant chromosomes, fragments, c-anaphase and multipolarity chromosome aberrations were observed in anaphase-telophase cells. The total chromosome aberrations were more frequent with an increasing in the exposure time and the concentrations of both chemicals. The genotoxicity of CS and CC in Allium cepa root cells was analyzed using a mild alkaline comet assay at pH 12.3, which allows the detection of single strand breaks. In all the concentrations, CS and CC induced a significant increase (P<0.05) in DNA damage. No significant difference was found between positive control (300+/-5.81) and 3 ppm CS (280+/-4.61). The methods used are applicable for biological monitoring of environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Yildiz
- Afyon Kocatepe University, Faculty of Science and Literatures, Department of Biology, 03200 Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
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Benzarti S, Mohri S, Ono Y. Plant response to heavy metal toxicity: comparative study between the hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens (ecotype Ganges) and nonaccumulator plants: lettuce, radish, and alfalfa. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2008; 23:607-16. [PMID: 18528911 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2007] [Accepted: 04/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Thlaspi caerulescens (alpine pennycress) is one of the best-known heavy metal (HM) hyperaccumulating plant species. It exhibits the ability to extract and accumulate various HM at extremely high concentrations. In this hydroponic study, the performance of T. caerulescens (ecotype Ganges) to accumulate Cd, Zn, and Cu was compared with that of three nonaccumulator plants: alfalfa (Medicago sativa), radish (Raphanus sativus), and lettuce (Lactuca sativa). Plants were exposed to the separately dissolved HM salts for 7 days at a wide range of increasing concentrations: 0 (control: 1/5 Hoagland nutrient solution), 0.1, 1, 10, 100, and 1000 microM. The comparative study combined chemical, physiological, and ecotoxicological assessments. Excessive concentrations of HM (100 and 1000 microM) affected plant growth, photosynthesis, and phytoaccumulation efficiency. Root exudation for all plant species was highly and significantly correlated to HM concentration in exposure solutions and proved its importance to counter effect toxicity. T. caerulescens resisted better the phytotoxic effects of Cd and Zn (at 1000 microM each), and translocated them significantly within tissues (366 and 1290 microg g(-1), respectively). At the same HM level, T. caerulescens exhibited lower performances in accumulating Cu when compared with the rest of plant species, mainly alfalfa (298 microg g(-1)). Root elongation inhibition test confirmed the selective aptitude of T. caerulescens to better cope with Cd and Zn toxicities. MetPLATE bioassay showed greater sensitivity to HM toxicity with much lower EC(50) values for beta-galactosidase activity in E. coli. Nevertheless, exaggerated HM concentrations coupled with relatively short exposure time did not allow for an efficient metal phytoextraction thus a significant reduction of ecotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saoussen Benzarti
- The Graduate School of Environmental Science, Okayama University. 3-1-1, Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
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Almeida AAFD, Valle RR, Mielke MS, Gomes FP. Tolerance and prospection of phytoremediator woody species of Cd, Pb, Cu and Cr. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1590/s1677-04202007000200001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
High concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cu and Cr can cause harmful effects to the environment. These highly toxic pollutants constitute a risk for aquatic and terrestrial life. They are associated with diverse bioavailable geochemical fractions, like the water-soluble fraction and the exchangeable fraction, and non-available fractions like those associated with the crystalline net of clays and silica minerals. Depending upon their chemical and physical properties we can distinguish different mechanisms of metal toxicity in plants, such as production of reactive oxygen species from auto-oxidation, blocking and/or displacement of essential functional groups or metallic ions of biomolecules, changes in the permeability of cellular membranes, reactions of sulphydryl groups with cations, affinity for reactions with phosphate groups and active groups of ADP or ATP, substitution of essential ions, induction of chromosomal anomalies and decrease of the cellular division rate. However, some plant species have developed tolerance or resistance to these metals naturally. Such evolution of ecotypes is a classic example of local adaptation and microevolution, restricted to species with appropriate genetic variability. Phytoremediator woody species, with (i) high biomass production, (ii) a deep root system, (iii) high growth rate, (iv) high capacity to grow in impoverished soils, and (v) high capacity to allocate metals in the trunk, can be an alternative for the recovery of degraded soils due to excess of metallic elements. Phytoremediation using woody species presents advantageous characteristics as an economic and ecologically viable system, making it an appropriate, practical and successful technology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raúl R. Valle
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Brasil; Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau, Brasil
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Monarca S, Feretti D, Zerbini I, Alberti A, Zani C, Resola S, Gelatti U, Nardi G. Soil contamination detected using bacterial and plant mutagenicity tests and chemical analyses. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2002; 88:64-69. [PMID: 11896670 DOI: 10.1006/enrs.2001.4317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Soil contaminants are common in industrialized countries, causing widespread contamination directly of soil and indirectly of ground water and food. Among these pollutants particular attention should be paid to soil mutagens and carcinogens due to their potentially hazardous effects on animal populations and human health. The aim of this research was to evaluate the genotoxicity of contaminated soils by means of an integrated chemical/biological approach, using a short-term bacterial mutagenicity test (Ames test), a plant genotoxicity test (Tradescantia/micronucleus test), and chemical analyses. Soil samples were collected in a highly industrialized area in the Lombardy region, in Northern Italy. Soil samples were extracted with water or with organic solvents. Water extracts of soil samples were tested using the Tradescantia genotoxicity test and organic solvent extracts were analyzed for their polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations and for their mutagenicity with the Ames test. Heavy metal concentrations were also studied. Some soil samples showed mutagenic activity with the Ames test and clastogenicity with the Tradescantia/micronucleus test. The same soils showed high concentrations of genotoxic PAH and heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvano Monarca
- Department of Experimental and Applied Medicine, University of Brescia, I-25123 Brescia, Italy.
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Rank J, Nielsen MH. Evaluation of the Allium anaphase-telophase test in relation to genotoxicity screening of industrial wastewater. Mutat Res 1994; 312:17-24. [PMID: 7507212 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1161(94)90004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The Allium anaphase-telophase test was evaluated to find out if it could be recommended in the screening of wastewater for genotoxicity. Five mutagenic or carcinogenic chemicals usually found in wastewater were tested in the Allium anaphase-telophase test. Sodium dichromate (25 microM), benzene (100 microM), dichloromethane (175 microM) and 1,1,1-trichloromethane (175 microM) increased the frequency of chromosome aberrations in the root cells, whereas formaldehyde (1 mM) was found to be non-mutagenic in this test system. Other studies where chemicals were tested in the Allium test were reviewed. For 15 chemicals the results were compared with results from the Ames test, the Microscreen assay, and carcinogenicity tests in rodents. The sensitivity of the Allium test was calculated to be 82%. In conclusion the Allium test is recommended for the screening of wastewater because it has a high sensitivity, is cheap, rapid, easy to handle, and because it can be used on wastewater without pretreatment of the sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rank
- Department of Environment, Technology and Social Studies, Roskilde University, Denmark
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