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Wyatt S, Fenn J, Beltran E. Transcerebellar ventriculoperitoneal shunt for management of presumed arachnoid diverticulum in the fourth ventricle of a dog. Vet Surg 2024. [PMID: 38519448 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.14090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the approach for placement of a transcerebellar fourth ventriculoperitoneal shunt for management of presumed fourth ventricle arachnoid diverticulum and secondary obstructive hydrocephalus of a dog. To describe the outcome of this procedure. STUDY DESIGN Case report. ANIMALS Male entire English springer spaniel, 3 years 9 months of age. METHODS The dog was initially presented for management of acute, progressive, and multifocal brainstem and forebrain dysfunction. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed internal obstructive hypertensive hydrocephalus. The dog was managed via ventriculoperitoneal shunting from the left lateral ventricle and made an excellent recovery. The dog acutely deteriorated 18 months after initial discharge and follow-up magnetic resonance imaging confirmed the ventricular shunt remained in situ with normal-sized lateral ventricles but revealed a cystlike lesion within the fourth ventricle, presumed to be a fourth ventricle arachnoid diverticulum. The diverticulum was causing mass effect and resultant compression of adjacent neuroparenchyma. A second ventriculoperitoneal shunt was subsequently placed into the fourth ventricle via the caudal cranial fossa and cerebellum. This was attached to a three-way connector, to which the existing shunt (within the left lateral ventricle) was also attached, and then secured to the existing medium-pressure valve. RESULTS Postoperatively, the dog immediately developed mild vestibular-cerebellar ataxia, with a marked improvement after 3 months. There were no shunt-associated complications. Long-term follow up at 40 months after the second surgical procedure revealed a normal neurological examination. CONCLUSION Transcerebellar ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement for treatment of a presumed fourth ventricle arachnoid diverticulum was performed and was associated with a favorable long-term outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joe Fenn
- Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
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2
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Itoh H, Itamoto T, Tani K, Sunahara H, Nemoto Y, Nakaichi M, Iseri T, Horikirizono H, Itamoto K. Relationship between clinical parameters and malformations in dogs diagnosed with atlanto-axial instability. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0293363. [PMID: 38324604 PMCID: PMC10849214 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Atlanto-axial instability is a common disease that affects toy-breed dogs. Most cases of atlanto-axial instability are congenital. Furthermore, patients with atlanto-axial instability are predisposed to other concurrent diseases. Therefore, this study aimed to retrospectively determine the presence of concurrent diseases in cases with atlanto-axial instability using imaging data and analyze the relationship between clinical parameters and the incidence of complex malformations. The clinical data and imaging findings of 41 toy-breed dogs diagnosed with atlanto-axial instability were analyzed using their medical records and imaging data. Occipital dysplasia (17/27), atlanto-occipital overlapping (22/34), dens dysplasia (27/41), Chiari-like malformation (8/34), syringomyelia (5/34), lateral ventricular enlargement (20/36), and intracranial arachnoid cyst (5/35) were observed in patients with atlanto-axial instability. The body weight of the patients in the groups with atlanto-occipital overlapping and lateral ventricular enlargement was lower than that of those in the groups without these diseases (1.78 ± 0.71 vs 2.71 ± 1.15 kg, P = 0.0269, 1.60 ± 0.40 vs 2.75 ± 1.08 kg, P = 0.001, respectively). Furthermore, when the correlation between the total number of concurrent diseases and the age at onset and body weight was examined, it became clear that lower body weight was associated with the incidence of a greater number of concurrent diseases. Thus, the findings of this study suggest that toy-breed dogs are more likely to present with complex malformations and should be evaluated carefully with additional examinations and treatment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harumichi Itoh
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi City, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Takuya Itamoto
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi City, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Kenji Tani
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi City, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sunahara
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi City, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Yuki Nemoto
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi City, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Munekazu Nakaichi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi City, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Toshie Iseri
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi City, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Hiro Horikirizono
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi City, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Itamoto
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi City, Yamaguchi, Japan
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3
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Mieszkowska M, Michalska K, Mieszkowski M, Dowgierd M, Zhalniarovich Y. A quadrigeminal arachnoid cyst as a cause of neurological symptoms in an 11-month-old Brussels Griffon - A case study. VET MED-CZECH 2023; 68:343-348. [PMID: 37982125 PMCID: PMC10646537 DOI: 10.17221/53/2023-vetmed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
An intracranial arachnoid cyst (IAC) is a rare developmental disorder that is consistent with cerebrospinal fluid accumulation between the brain and the arachnoid membrane. A quadrigeminal cyst is a specific type of cyst that is identified based on its localization. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report on this type of pathology in a Brussels Griffon. This case study describes an 11-month-old female Brussels Griffon with symptoms of reluctance to lower the head and eat from a bowl placed on the ground, combined with episodes of vocalization. The patient was subsequently diagnosed with a quadrigeminal cyst during a low-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) exam, and she tested positive for toxoplasmosis in the blood test. Arachnoid cysts are often described as incidental findings, but the characteristics of neurological symptoms in the presented patient suggest that the cyst was clinically significant. The currently known options of pharmacological and surgical treatment give some hope for symptomatic patients, although their definitive success rate is not yet fully known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Mieszkowska
- Department of Surgery and Radiology with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Korina Michalska
- Department of Surgery and Radiology with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Marcin Mieszkowski
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Michalina Dowgierd
- Student of the 4 year, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Yauheni Zhalniarovich
- Department of Surgery and Radiology with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
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4
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Schuwerk L, Lemke L, Hünerfauth E, Hewicker-Trautwein M. Atypically located arachnoid cyst in a five-year-old cat. J Comp Pathol 2023; 200:46-50. [PMID: 36641986 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Arachnoid cysts are cystic lesions that occur in spinal or intracranial locations in the leptomeningeal space. Four intracranial cases have been described in cats, three of which were diagnosed by imaging techniques alone. We now report the clinical, gross and histopathological findings in a 5-year-old, male-neutered European Shorthair cat that presented with chronic, asymmetrical encephalopathy. Using magnetic resonance imaging, a focal, fluid-filled cavity that did not show contrast enhancement was identified in the left temporal and piriform lobes. Necropsy confirmed the presence of a cystic, meningeal cavity filled with clear, serous fluid. Histologically, the cyst had an irregular, hypereosinophilic surface and single psammoma bodies with moderate perivascular oedema in the adjacent neuroparenchyma. Immunohistochemical evidence of meningeal tissue surrounding the cyst confirmed the diagnosis of an arachnoid cyst, which should be considered as a differential diagnosis of intracranial, fluid-filled cavities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Schuwerk
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Laura Lemke
- Department for Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Enrice Hünerfauth
- Department for Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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5
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Duperrier C, Fusellier M, Lenaerts H, Drut A, Hernandez J. A case of central diabetes insipidus associated with a congenital cyst of the sella turcica in a young cat. JFMS Open Rep 2020; 6:2055116920935017. [PMID: 35145725 PMCID: PMC8822338 DOI: 10.1177/2055116920935017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Case summary A 1-year-old neutered male domestic shorthair cat was presented for polyuria and polydipsia which had progressed since adoption, 7 months previously. On admission, clinical examination did not reveal any remarkable features. Urinalysis showed marked hyposthenuria and calculated plasma osmolality was high, suggesting diabetes insipidus. A positive response to desmopressin administration appeared to confirm pituitary dysfunction. Brain MRI revealed a lesion compatible with a cyst or a neoplasm compressing the pituitary gland. A follow-up MRI performed 9 months later showed that the lesion was stable, which at first argued in favour of a congenital pituitary cyst. Intranasal administration of desmopressin was then used to achieve a long-term clinical response. Relevance and novel information Central diabetes insipidus (CDI) is a rare cause of polyuria and polydipsia in cats, resulting from inadequate or impaired secretion of antidiuretic hormone from the posterior pituitary gland. Recognised causes include head trauma, central nervous system (CNS) neoplasia, idiopathic CDI and congenital pituitary cysts. Apart from one cat with CNS lymphoma, the few previously reported feline cases have described CDI in young cats with a previous history of trauma, but brain imaging has rarely been performed to look for underlying anatomical abnormalities. This report describes the first case of CDI in a cat with a confirmed congenital pituitary cyst and, as in previous cases, demonstrates successful treatment with desmopressin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Duperrier
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nantes-Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine and Food Sciences (Oniris), Nantes, France
| | - Marion Fusellier
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Nantes-Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine and Food Sciences (Oniris), Nantes, France
| | - Hendrik Lenaerts
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nantes-Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine and Food Sciences (Oniris), Nantes, France
| | - Amandine Drut
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nantes-Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine and Food Sciences (Oniris), Nantes, France
| | - Juan Hernandez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nantes-Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine and Food Sciences (Oniris), Nantes, France
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6
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Martin S, Shivapour S, Beltran E. Supracollicular fluid accumulation type 3 with concurrent hydrocephalus in a five‐month‐old crossbreed dog. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2018-000800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Shivapour
- Department of Clinical Science and ServicesRoyal Veterinary CollegeNorth MymmsHatfieldUK
| | - Elsa Beltran
- Department of Clinical Science and ServicesRoyal Veterinary CollegeNorth MymmsHatfieldUK
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7
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Dolera M, Malfassi L, Carrara N, Finesso S, Marcarini S, Mazza G, Pavesi S, Sala M, Urso G. Volumetric Modulated Arc (Radio) Therapy in Pets Treatment: The "La Cittadina Fondazione" Experience. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:E30. [PMID: 29364837 PMCID: PMC5836062 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT) is a modern technique, widely used in human radiotherapy, which allows a high dose to be delivered to tumor volumes and low doses to the surrounding organs at risk (OAR). Veterinary clinics takes advantage of this feature due to the small target volumes and distances between the target and the OAR. Sparing the OAR permits dose escalation, and hypofractionation regimens reduce the number of treatment sessions with a simpler manageability in the veterinary field. Multimodal volumes definition is mandatory for the small volumes involved and a positioning device precisely reproducible with a setup confirmation is needed before each session for avoiding missing the target. Additionally, the elaborate treatment plan must pursue hard constraints and objectives, and its feasibility must be evaluated with a per patient quality control. The aim of this work is to report results with regard to brain meningiomas and gliomas, trigeminal nerve tumors, brachial plexus tumors, adrenal tumors with vascular invasion and rabbit thymomas, in comparison with literature to determine if VMAT is a safe and viable alternative to surgery or chemotherapy alone, or as an adjuvant therapy in pets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Dolera
- La Cittadina Fondazione Studi e Ricerche Veterinarie, 26014 Romanengo, Italy.
| | - Luca Malfassi
- La Cittadina Fondazione Studi e Ricerche Veterinarie, 26014 Romanengo, Italy.
| | - Nancy Carrara
- La Cittadina Fondazione Studi e Ricerche Veterinarie, 26014 Romanengo, Italy.
| | - Sara Finesso
- La Cittadina Fondazione Studi e Ricerche Veterinarie, 26014 Romanengo, Italy.
| | - Silvia Marcarini
- La Cittadina Fondazione Studi e Ricerche Veterinarie, 26014 Romanengo, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Mazza
- La Cittadina Fondazione Studi e Ricerche Veterinarie, 26014 Romanengo, Italy.
| | - Simone Pavesi
- La Cittadina Fondazione Studi e Ricerche Veterinarie, 26014 Romanengo, Italy.
| | - Massimo Sala
- La Cittadina Fondazione Studi e Ricerche Veterinarie, 26014 Romanengo, Italy.
| | - Gaetano Urso
- Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale della provincia di Lodi, 26841 Casalpusterlengo, Italy.
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8
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Abstract
A 1-year-old neutered male Pekingese was presented for evaluation and further treatment
of cluster seizures. The dog had behavioral abnormalities, and a prosencephalic lesion was
suspected following neurological examination. The dog showed signs of learning difficulty.
Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain revealed a remarkably smooth cerebral cortex with
a reduced number of gyri, as well as a cystic lesion associated with the quadrigeminal
cistern. A diagnosis of lissencephaly, concurrent with a quadrigeminal cisternal cyst, was
made. High-dose and multiple anticonvulsants were necessary to control the seizures. This
is the first report of lissencephaly in a Pekingese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genya Shimbo
- Veterinary Medical Center, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Michihito Tagawa
- Veterinary Medical Center, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Eiji Oohashi
- Akashiya Animal Clinic, Satsunai Sakura-machi, Makubetsu-cho, Nakagawa-gun, Hokkaido 089-0535, Japan
| | - Masashi Yanagawa
- Department of Applied Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Kazuro Miyahara
- Veterinary Medical Center, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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9
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Kent M, Glass EN, Miller AD, de Lahunta A. Neuroendodermal cyst in the fourth ventricle of a dog. Aust Vet J 2017; 95:294-298. [PMID: 28749028 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
CASE REPORT We describe the MRI appearance and surgical outcome of a rare neuroendodermal cyst in the fourth ventricle of a German Shorthaired Pointer. The dog presented with uncoordinated gait and occasional falling that increased when she became excited. The MRI appearance is shown and the surgical treatment described. Recurrence occurred on two occasions and the dog was euthanased. CONCLUSION Recurrence of these cysts is highly likely unless there is complete surgical resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kent
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 2200 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - E N Glass
- Section of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Red Bank Veterinary Hospital, Tinton Falls, NJ, USA
| | - A D Miller
- Section of Anatomic Pathology, Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - A de Lahunta
- Section of Anatomic Pathology, Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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10
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Dolera M, Malfassi L, Bianchi C, Carrara N, Finesso S, Marcarini S, Mazza G, Pavesi S, Sala M, Urso G. Frameless stereotactic radiotherapy alone and combined with temozolomide for presumed canine gliomas. Vet Comp Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/vco.12316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Dolera
- La Cittadina Fondazione Studi e Ricerche Veterinarie; Romanengo Italy
| | - L. Malfassi
- La Cittadina Fondazione Studi e Ricerche Veterinarie; Romanengo Italy
| | - C. Bianchi
- La Cittadina Fondazione Studi e Ricerche Veterinarie; Romanengo Italy
| | - N. Carrara
- La Cittadina Fondazione Studi e Ricerche Veterinarie; Romanengo Italy
| | - S. Finesso
- La Cittadina Fondazione Studi e Ricerche Veterinarie; Romanengo Italy
| | - S. Marcarini
- La Cittadina Fondazione Studi e Ricerche Veterinarie; Romanengo Italy
| | - G. Mazza
- La Cittadina Fondazione Studi e Ricerche Veterinarie; Romanengo Italy
| | - S. Pavesi
- La Cittadina Fondazione Studi e Ricerche Veterinarie; Romanengo Italy
| | - M. Sala
- La Cittadina Fondazione Studi e Ricerche Veterinarie; Romanengo Italy
| | - G. Urso
- La Cittadina Fondazione Studi e Ricerche Veterinarie; Romanengo Italy
- Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale di Lodi; Lodi Italy
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11
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Bertolini G, Ricciardi M, Caldin M. MULTIDETECTOR COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC AND LOW-FIELD MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING ANATOMY OF THE QUADRIGEMINAL CISTERN AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SUPRACOLLICULAR FLUID ACCUMULATIONS IN DOGS. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2016; 57:259-68. [PMID: 26880608 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal fluid accumulations in the supracollicular region are commonly termed quadrigeminal cysts and may be either subclinical or associated with neurologic deficits in dogs. Little published information is available on normal imaging anatomy and anatomic relationships for the canine quadrigeminal cistern. Objectives of this observational, cross-sectional study were to describe normal quadrigeminal cistern anatomy and determine the prevalence and characteristics of supracollicular fluid accumulations in dogs. Normal descriptions were accomplished using computed tomographic (CT) cisternography in one canine cadaver, and CT and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of the brain in four prospectively recruited dogs with no evidence of intracranial disease. Prevalence and characteristics descriptions were accomplished using a retrospective review of brain CT or MRI studies performed during the period of 2005-2015. The normal quadrigeminal cistern consistently exhibited a complex H shape and was separated from the third ventricle by a thin membrane. Prevalence of supracollicular fluid accumulations (SFAs) was 2.19% among CT studies (n = 4427) and 2.2% among MRI studies (n = 626). Dogs with SFA were significantly younger than control dogs (P < 0.0001). Shih-tzu (OR = 111.6), Chihuahua (OR = 81.1), and Maltese (OR = 27.6) breed dogs were predisposed (P < 0.0001). Among dogs with SFAs, the following three patterns were defined: (1) third ventricle (49.54%), (2) quadrigeminal cistern (13.51%), and (3) both third ventricle and quadrigeminal cistern (36.93%). Authors recommend that the term supracollicular fluid accumulation (SFA) should be used rather than the term quadrigeminal cyst to describe these focal fluid accumulations in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bertolini
- San Marco Veterinary Clinic, Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Division, 35141, Padova, Italy
| | - M Ricciardi
- Pingry Veterinary Hospital, via Medaglie d'Oro 5, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - M Caldin
- San Marco Veterinary Laboratory, 35141, Padova, Italy
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12
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Platt S, Hicks J, Matiasek L. Intracranial Intra-arachnoid Diverticula and Cyst-like Abnormalities of the Brain. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2015; 46:253-63. [PMID: 26704659 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Primary intracranial cystic or cyst-like lesions include intra-arachnoid, epidermoid, dermoid, and choroid plexus cysts. Differentiation of these cystic lesions can usually be accomplished by imaging studies alone; however, some cysts are similar in appearance and require histopathology for definitive diagnosis. Clinical signs often reflect the location of the cysts within the intracranial cavity rather than the type of cyst. If clinical signs are significant and progressive, surgical removal is warranted and may be successful, although cystic contents could be harmful if allowed to contact surrounding brain parenchyma or meninges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Platt
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Service, Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 2200 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Jill Hicks
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 2200 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Lara Matiasek
- Neurology Referral Service, Tierklinik Haar, Keferloher Strasse 25, 85540 Haar, Germany
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13
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Taroni M, Seurin MJ, Carozzo C, Escriou C. Supratentorial arachnoid cyst management by cystoperitoneal shunt in a 1-year-old European cat. JFMS Open Rep 2015; 1:2055116915593970. [PMID: 28491374 PMCID: PMC5367260 DOI: 10.1177/2055116915593970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Arachnoid cysts are defined as an accumulation of fluid within the arachnoid membrane. Feline intracranial arachnoid cysts are seldom reported, with only three cases in the veterinary literature. A 1-year-old male neutered European cat with a 24 h history of seizures was presented to the small animal neurology department at Vetagro Sup, Lyon. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a large intracranial arachnoid cyst ventral to the brain in the left temporal area. Cystoperitoneal shunt placement resulted in complete resolution of the cyst without recurrence (follow-up MRIs 3 weeks and 21 months after surgery). Anticonvulsant treatment (phenobarbital 2.5 mg/kg q12h) was initiated at presentation and gradually stopped after 17 months. Seizures recurred 4 months after ending treatment, and seizure therapy was therefore restarted at the initial dose. We report a case of an intracranial arachnoid cyst in an unusual location not previously described. A cystoperitoneal shunt resolved the cyst without complications. Maintenance anticonvulsant treatment was required to control symptomatic epilepsy.
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14
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Bazelle J, Caine A, Palus V, Summers BA, Cherubini GB. MRI characteristics of fourth ventricle arachnoid diverticula in five dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2014; 56:196-203. [PMID: 25385344 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracranial arachnoid diverticula (cysts) are rare accumulations of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the arachnoid membrane. The purpose of this retrospective study was to describe magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics of fourth ventricle arachnoid diverticula in a group of dogs. The hospital's medical records were searched for dogs with MRI studies of the brain and a diagnosis of fourth ventricle arachnoid diverticulum. Clinical characteristics were recorded from medical records and MRI studies were reinterpreted by a board-certified veterinary radiologist. Five pediatric dogs fulfilled inclusion criteria. Clinical signs included cervical hyperaesthesia, obtundation, tetraparesis, and/or central vestibular syndrome. In all five dogs, MRI findings were consistent with obstructive hydrocephalus, based on dilation of all ventricles and compression of the cerebellum and brainstem. All five dogs also had cervical syringohydromyelia, with T2-weighted hyperintensity of the gray matter of the cord adjacent to the syringohydromyelia. A signal void, interpreted as flow disturbance, was observed at the mesencephalic aqueduct in all dogs. Four dogs underwent surgical treatment with occipitalectomy and durotomy. A cystic lesion emerging from the fourth ventricle was detected in all four dogs during surgery and histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of arachnoid diverticula. Three dogs made excellent recovery but deteriorated shortly after surgery and were euthanized. Repeat MRI in two dogs revealed improved hydrocephalus but worsening of the syringohydromyelia. Findings from the current study supported theories that fourth ventricle arachnoid diverticula are secondary to partial obstruction of the central canal or lateral apertures and that arachnoid diverticula are developmental lesions in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Bazelle
- Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service, Highlands Road, Shirley, Solihull, West Midlands, B90 4NH, UK
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15
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Rohdin C, Nyman HT, Wohlsein P, Hultin Jäderlund K. Cervical spinal intradural arachnoid cysts in related, young pugs. J Small Anim Pract 2013; 55:229-34. [PMID: 24372140 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Seven related young pugs were diagnosed with cervical spinal intradural arachnoid cysts by magnetic resonance imaging (n = 6) and myelography (n = 1). All dogs were presented with skin abrasions on their thoracic limbs and non-painful neurological deficits, indicating a C1-T2 myelopathy. In all six dogs examined by magnetic resonance imaging not only the spinal arachnoid cyst but also a concomitant, most likely secondary, syringohydromyelia was confirmed. Pedigree analysis suggested a genetic predisposition for spinal arachnoid cysts in this family of pugs. Generalised proprioceptive deficits more pronounced in the thoracic limbs suggesting a focal cervical spinal cord lesion, with concomitant skin abrasions on the dorsal aspect of the thoracic limbs in a young pug, should alert veterinarians to the possibility of cervical spinal arachnoid cysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rohdin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University Animal Hospital, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden; Albano Small Animal Hospital, Rinkebyvägen 21, 182 36, Danderyd, Sweden
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16
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Miyabe-Nishiwaki T, Kaneko T, Sakai T, Kaneko A, Watanabe A, Watanabe S, Maeda N, Kumazaki K, Suzuki J, Fujiwara R, Makishima H, Nishimura T, Hayashi M, Tomonaga M, Matsuzawa T, Mikami A. Intracranial arachnoid cysts in a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). Primates 2013; 55:7-12. [PMID: 24068629 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-013-0384-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An intracranial arachnoid cyst was detected in a 32-year-old, 44.6-kg, female chimpanzee at the Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) were performed and the cognitive studies in which she participated were reviewed. MRI revealed that the cyst was present in the chimpanzee's right occipital convexity, and was located in close proximity to the posterior horn of the right lateral ventricle without ventriculomegaly. CT confirmed the presence of the cyst and no apparent signs indicating previous skull fractures were found. The thickness of the mandible was asymmetrical, whereas the temporomandibular joints and dentition were symmetrical. She showed no abnormalities in various cognitive studies since she was 3 years old, except a different behavioural pattern during a recent study, indicating a possible visual field defect. Detailed cognitive studies, long-term observation of her physical condition and follow-up MRI will be continued.
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17
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Hardefeldt LA, Rylander H, Iskandar BJ, Ellison M, Peek SF. Diagnosis and surgical treatment of an intracranial cyst in an alpaca cria. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012; 240:1501-6. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.240.12.1501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Mathes RL, Holmes SP, Coleman KD, Radlinsky MAG, Moore PA. Calvarial hyperostosis presenting as unilateral exophthalmos in a female English Springer Spaniel. Vet Ophthalmol 2011; 15:263-70. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2011.00969.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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19
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MacKillop E. Magnetic resonance imaging of intracranial malformations in dogs and cats. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2011; 52:S42-51. [PMID: 21392155 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2010.01784.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracranial malformations may occur because of an inherent developmental defect or secondary to in utero injury to the brain with subsequent hypoplasia and atrophy. They can cause neurologic deficits in growing animals, although some anomalies may not produce clinical signs until adulthood. Malformations of the brain include hydrocephalus, hydranencephaly/porencephaly, holoprosencephaly, corpus callosum agenesis/dysgenesis, lissencephaly, polymicrogyria, meningoencephalocele, intracranial cysts, cerebellar malformations, and hamartomas. These conditions are defined and reviewed with an emphasis on their features in magnetic resonance images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward MacKillop
- Pittsburgh Veterinary Specialty and Emergency Center (PVS-EC), Pittsburgh, PA 15237, USA.
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20
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Vite CH, Cross JR. Correlating magnetic resonance findings with neuropathology and clinical signs in dogs and cats. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2011; 52:S23-31. [PMID: 21392153 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2010.01782.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The histologic characteristics that are the basis for diagnosis of central nervous system conditions cannot be visualized directly using magnetic resonance (MR) methods, but clinical diagnosis may be based on the frequency and pattern of MR imaging signs, which represent predominantly the gross morphologic features of lesions. Additional quantitative MR measures of myelination, cell swelling, gliosis, and neuronal loss may also be used for more specific characterization of lesions. These measures include magnetization transfer ratio, apparent diffusion coefficient, and the concentrations or ratios of metabolites identified by spectroscopy. Confidence that an MR abnormality is responsible for the clinical signs depends primarily on the degree of correspondence between the site of the lesion and the neuroanatomical localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles H Vite
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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21
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Lee KI, Lim CY, Kang BT, Park HM. Clinical and MRI findings of lissencephaly in a mixed breed dog. J Vet Med Sci 2011; 73:1385-8. [PMID: 21685716 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.11-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A 7-year-old castrated male mixed-breed dog was presented with a complaint of acute pain. The dog had suffered from isolated seizures for two years. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain revealed a smooth brain surface due to lack of gyri and sulci formation of the cerebrum and thick cortical grey matter. Additionally, ventriculomegaly and an arachnoid cyst were noted. Multiple spinal cord compressions induced by intervertebral disc protrusion were observed on a cervical MRI. Based on these findings, the dog was diagnosed as having lissencephaly concurrent with intervertebral cervical disease. After therapy for seizure and cervical pain, the clinical signs were completely resolved. To the author's knowledge, this is the case report to diagnose lissencephaly in a mixed-breed dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyo-Im Lee
- BK21 Basic & Diagnostic Veterinary Specialist Program for Animal Diseases and Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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22
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Cramer SD, Miller AD, Medici EL, Brunker JD, Ritchey JW. Sellar Xanthogranuloma in a Dog. J Vet Diagn Invest 2011; 23:387-90. [DOI: 10.1177/104063871102300236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A 7-year-old, intact male standard Poodle dog with hypothyroidism and atypical hyperadrenocorticism developed acute signs of lethargy, weakness, inappetence, vomiting, and diarrhea. Clinical signs progressed to hind limb proprioceptive deficits, aggressive behavior with obtundation, and an equivocal seizure. Necropsy revealed a mass in the sellar region that histologically consisted of multinucleated giant cells, macrophages, and hemosiderin-laden macrophages with fewer lymphocytes and plasma cells admixed with large regions of cholesterol cleft deposition, fibrin, and prominent Rosenthal fibers. Pituitary tissue was not identified on gross or histologic examination, but the mass was partially bordered by epithelial cells. The histologic characteristics are similar to changes described in the human medical literature as xanthogranuloma of the sellar region and xanthogranulomatous hypophysitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah D. Cramer
- Oklahoma State University Departments of Veterinary Pathobiology
| | - Andrew D. Miller
- Stillwater, OK; and the New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, MA
| | | | | | - Jerry W. Ritchey
- Oklahoma State University Departments of Veterinary Pathobiology
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23
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Kim JW, Jung DI, Kang BT, Kang MH, Park HM. Unilateral facial paresis secondary to a suspected brainstem arachnoid cyst in a Maltese dog. J Vet Med Sci 2010; 73:459-62. [PMID: 21068518 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.09-0455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An 8-year-old, intact female Maltese dog was presented with decreased tear production and unilateral loss of eye blinking. Neuro-ophthalmic examination and brain magnetic resonance imaging were performed to determine the origin of facial paresis. A cystic lesion in the left pontomedullary region which displayed equal intensity to cerebrospinal fluid was revealed. Hyposignality was noted on fluid attenuated inversion recovery sequences, and the lesion was suggestive of an arachnoid cyst. This report described unilateral facial nerve dysfunction that resulted from a suspected brainstem arachnoid cyst in an unusual anatomic location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Won Kim
- BK21 Basic & Diagnostic Veterinary Specialist Program for Animal Diseases and Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Soeul, Korea
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Lee K, Yamada K, Tsuneda R, Kishimoto M, Shimizu J, Kobayashi Y, Furuoka H, Matsui T, Sasaki N, Ishii M, Inokuma H, Iwasaki T, Miyake Y. Clinical experience of using multidetector-row CT for the diagnosis of disorders in cattle. Vet Rec 2010; 165:559-62. [PMID: 19897870 DOI: 10.1136/vr.165.19.559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
To determine the clinical usefulness of multidetector-row CT for the diagnosis of disorders in cattle, images were obtained from 27 cattle, which were then subjected to postmortem and histopathological examinations. The cattle were divided into three categories of disorder: neurological (18 cases), skeletal (four cases) and other (five cases). In five cattle, which were suspected to have brain diseases, no abnormalities were identified by either CT or histopathological examination. Eight types of lesions were detected by CT in the cattle with neurological and vestibular disorders. The diseases diagnosed included hydrocephalus (three cases), intracranial arachnoid cysts (three cases), otitis media (five cases), cerebral abscess (one case), meningoencephalocele (one case), porencephaly (one case), bicephalus (one case) and rupture of the spinal cord (one case). Lesions were identified in all the cattle with skeletal disorders, including luxation (two cases), fracture (two cases), spondylosis (one case) and congenital disorders of the skeletal system (one case). Morphological disorders in the eyes (one case), nasal cavity (two cases), frontal sinuses (one case), thyroid glands (two cases), lung fields (two cases) and abdominal organs (two cases) were diagnosed by CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lee
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
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25
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Hecht S, Adams WH. MRI of Brain Disease in Veterinary Patients Part 1: Basic Principles and Congenital Brain Disorders. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2010; 40:21-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2009.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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26
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Reed S, Cho DY, Paulsen D. Quadrigeminal arachnoid cysts in a kitten and a dog. J Vet Diagn Invest 2009; 21:707-10. [PMID: 19737770 DOI: 10.1177/104063870902100519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Two quadrigeminal arachnoid cysts with different pathogenesis are described in 2 different species. A 10-week-old male Persian kitten with a progressively decreasing level of consciousness died spontaneously. At necropsy, mild internal hydrocephalus, caudal cerebellar coning, and cerebellar herniation through the foramen magnum were associated with a congenital quadrigeminal arachnoid cyst compressing the rostral cerebellum and shifting the entire cerebellum caudally. In contrast, a possibly acquired quadrigeminal cyst was observed in a 2-year-old male neutered Yorkshire Terrier in association with necrotizing encephalitis. Quadrigeminal arachnoid cysts have been rarely reported in dogs and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Reed
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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HASEGAWA DAISUKE, UCHIDA KAZUYUKI, KOBAYASHI MASANORI, KUWABARA TAKAYUKI, IDE TETSUYA, OGAWA FUKIE, FUJITA MICHIO, ORIMA HIROMITSU. IMAGING DIAGNOSIS-RATHKE'S CLEFT CYST. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2009; 50:298-300. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2009.01537.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Lowrie M, Wessmann A, Gunn-Moore D, Penderis J. Quadrigeminal cyst management by cystoperitoneal shunt in a 4-year-old Persian cat. J Feline Med Surg 2009; 11:711-3. [PMID: 19261501 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2009.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Quadrigeminal cysts represent intracranial cystic accumulations of cerebrospinal fluid within the arachnoid mater at the level of the quadrigeminal cistern. Quadrigeminal cysts are rare in cats, with only one previous report in the veterinary literature. A 4-year-old, male-neutered Persian cat was presented with a 1-year duration of initially episodic, but later progressive, obtundation and collapse. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain revealed a quadrigeminal cyst with marked compression of the adjacent neural structures, cerebellar herniation and obstructive hydrocephalus. Cystoperitoneal shunt placement was performed after the cat became refractory to medical therapy and this resulted in return of normal neurological status. The improvement in the neurological deficits following placement of a cystoperitoneal shunt in this case appeared to be correlated with resolution of the secondary effects (in particular the obstructive hydrocephalus) rather than resolution of the quadrigeminal cyst. Cystoperitoneal shunt placement was an effective long-term treatment option for the management of the quadrigeminal cyst in this cat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Lowrie
- Division of Companion Animal Sciences, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
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29
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Windsor R, Sturges B, Vernau K, Vernau W. Cerebrospinal Fluid Eosinophilia in Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2009; 23:275-81. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0276.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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30
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Smith PM, Talbot CE, Jeffery ND. Findings on low-field cranial MR images in epileptic dogs that lack interictal neurological deficits. Vet J 2008; 176:320-5. [PMID: 17499532 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2006] [Revised: 03/09/2007] [Accepted: 03/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent seizuring is a common neurological problem in dogs and can present diagnostic difficulties for the attending clinician. Associated interictal neurological deficits strongly suggest brain disease but the frequency of structural abnormalities in patients without such deficits is unknown. In this study the prevalence of clinically significant magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) abnormalities was determined in two groups of interictally normal dogs, those younger than 6 years and those older than 6 years of age. In the former group, only 1/46 dogs (2.2%) had significant MRI abnormalities, whereas in the latter group, 8/30 (26.7%) were abnormal. None of the dogs had an identifiable metabolic cause for the seizures. These findings suggest that the diagnostic yield of advanced neuroimaging techniques in young seizuring dogs without interictal neurological deficits is low, but reaffirms their value in similar older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Smith
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, UK.
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31
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Bergin IL, Campbell B, Agnew DW. Ependymal cyst in a cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis). J Med Primatol 2008; 37:239-44. [PMID: 18466284 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2008.00286.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A focal hypointense intracranial lesion was detected by magnetic resonance imaging in the right caudal occipital lobe of the cerebrum in an asymptomatic cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis). RESULTS Following euthanasia, gross evaluation of the lesion revealed a 1 cm diameter, wedge-shaped intracranial cavitation without apparent communication with the ventricles. Histologically, the lesion was lined by ciliated cuboidal to low columnar epithelium that showed immunopositivity for cytokeratin, S-100, and GFAP. CONCLUSION Based upon the gross, histologic, and immunohistochemical findings, this lesion was classified as an ependymal cyst. In the human patients, ependymal cysts are benign, non-infectious, non-inflammatory lesions of the central nervous system that are believed to originate from aberrant migration of ependymal cells during development. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an ependymal cyst in a non-rodent veterinary species and the first report of a benign intracranial cyst of any classification in a non-human primate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid L Bergin
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University Lansing, MI 48910, USA.
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Abstract
This chapter discusses the anatomy, functions, and biochemistry of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). CSF has four major functions: physical support of neural structures, excretion and “sink” action, intracerebral transport, and control of the chemical environment of the central nervous system. CSF provides a “water jacket” of physical support and buoyancy. The CSF is protective because its volume changes reciprocally with changes in the volume of intracranial contents, particularly blood. Thus, the CSF protects the brain from changes in arterial and central venous pressure associated with posture, respiration, and exertion. Acute or chronic pathological changes in intracranial contents can be accommodated, to a point, by changes in the CSF volume. The direct transfer of brain metabolites into the CSF provides excretory function. This capacity is important because the brain lacks a lymphatic system. The lymphatic function of the CSF is also manifested in the removal of large proteins and cells, such as bacteria or blood cells, by bulk CSF absorption. The “sink” action of the CSF arises from the restricted access of water-soluble substances to the CSF and the low concentration of these solutes in the CSF.
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Matiasek LA, Platt SR, Shaw S, Dennis R. Clinical and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Characteristics of Quadrigeminal Cysts in Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.tb03059.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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34
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Schenk HC, Ganter M, Seehusen F, Schroeder C, Gerdwilker A, Baumgaertner W, Tipold A. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in Metabolic and Toxic Disorders of 3 Small Ruminants. J Vet Intern Med 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.tb03034.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Dewey CW, Krotscheck U, Bailey KS, Marino DJ. Craniotomy with Cystoperitoneal Shunting for Treatment of Intracranial Arachnoid Cysts in Dogs. Vet Surg 2007; 36:416-22. [PMID: 17614922 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2007.00287.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe a technique of decompressive craniotomy with cystoperitoneal shunt (CPS) placement for treatment of canine intracranial arachnoid cyst (IAC), and to evaluate outcome in 4 dogs. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective study. ANIMALS Dogs (n=4) with IAC. METHODS Medical records of dogs diagnosed with IAC by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI; 3 dogs) or computed tomography (CT; 1 dog) were evaluated. All dogs had varying degrees of neurologic dysfunction before surgery. A combined lateral (rostrotentorial)/suboccipital craniotomy was performed sacrificing the transverse sinus on the operated side. The rostral (ventricular) end of a low-pressure valve shunt (3.0 mm outer diameter, 7.0 cm length) was placed transversely into the cyst cavity; the distal end was placed in the peritoneal cavity. All dogs were rechecked at various intervals by >or=1 of the authors either directly, by telephone consultation with owners, or both. Three dogs were imaged postoperatively (CT-1 dog; MRI-1; ultrasonography-1). RESULTS Intraoperative complications were limited to excessive transverse sinus hemorrhage requiring blood transfusion in 1 dog. There were no postoperative complications. Clinical signs of neurologic dysfunction resolved in 3 dogs and improved substantially in 1 dog. The latter dog required long-term, low-dose corticosteroid therapy. No dogs required repeat surgery. Mean follow-up time was 23.8 months (range, 12-43 months). Collapse of the intracranial cyst was verified in 3 dogs with repeat imaging. In 2 dogs, there was no evidence of the cyst on CT or MRI; in the third dog, a small amount of fluid was demonstrated rostral to the cerebellum on ultrasonography, but there was no identifiable cyst. In 1 dog, the rostral aspect of the shunt had shifted; however, this was not associated with any clinical deterioration. CONCLUSION Craniotomy with CPS placement was well tolerated and resulted in sustained improvement or resolution of dysfunction. Cyst decompression was verified in 3 dogs that were re-imaged. None of the patients required re-operation. Excessive transverse sinus hemorrhage is a potential danger that may necessitate blood transfusion. Other IAC patients treated with this method will need to be evaluated to fully evaluate its effectiveness. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Craniotomy with CPS placement may be an effective treatment method for dogs clinically affected with IAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis W Dewey
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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36
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Steinberg T, Matiasek K, Brühschwein A, Fischer A. IMAGING DIAGNOSIS - INTRACRANIAL EPIDERMOID CYST IN A DOBERMAN PINSCHER. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2007; 48:250-3. [PMID: 17508513 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2007.00238.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A 4-year-old Doberman Pinscher was evaluated for chronic progressive central vestibular disease and aggressiveness. A cyst-like lesion was identified in the region of the left cerebellopontine angle. The lesion was hypointense on T1-weighted and hyperintense on T2-weighted images. Differentials included an epidermoid or dermoid cyst, cystic neoplasm, and brain abscess. Hyperintensity on subsequent fluid-attenuated inversion recovery images excluded an arachnoid cyst. The histopathologic diagnosis was epidermoid cyst within the fourth ventricle.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Steinberg
- Department of Small Animal Medicine, Section of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
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37
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Ohlerth S, Scharf G. Computed tomography in small animals – Basic principles and state of the art applications. Vet J 2007; 173:254-71. [PMID: 16516508 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2005.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/23/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Since its clinical introduction, computed tomography (CT) has revolutionized veterinary medicine and is considered to be one of the most valuable tools for the imaging work-up of neurological, oncological and orthopaedic canine and feline patients. In small animals with acute trauma, particularly those involving complex anatomic areas such as the head, spine or pelvis, CT has been established as a standard imaging method. With the increasing availability of radiation therapy in veterinary medicine, CT has also become the principal tool to stage a tumour, assess response, and guide radiation therapy. The increasing availability of helical CT in veterinary medicine has allowed novel techniques such as spiral CT angiography and high-resolution CT. This review provides a brief overview of the historical and technical development of CT and literature reviews of the major clinical CT applications in small animals such as intracranial and extracranial lesions, the spine, the appendicular skeleton, and abdominal and thoracic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Ohlerth
- Section of Diagnostic Imaging and Radio-Oncology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
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38
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Fluehmann G, Konar M, Jaggy A, Nicolier AI, Vandevelde M. Cerebral Cholesterol Granuloma in a Cat. J Vet Intern Med 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb00731.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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39
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MacKillop E, Schatzberg SJ, De Lahunta A. INTRACRANIAL EPIDERMOID CYST AND SYRINGOHYDROMYELIA IN A DOG. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2006; 47:339-44. [PMID: 16863050 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2006.00150.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A 5-year-old female Cocker Spaniel dog had a sudden onset of vestibular disease that localized to the caudal fossa. Upon computed tomography of the brain, a large, hypoattenuating mass with a slight peripheral ring enhancement pattern was detected ventral to the cerebellum. A hypoattenuating region was also identified in the center of the C2 spinal cord segment, consistent with syringohydromyelia. Postmortem examination of the brain revealed a fluid filled, cystic mass located dorsal to medulla oblongata that caused severe compression of the overlying cerebellum. The histopathologic diagnosis was an epidermoid cyst. Extensive syringohydromyelia and obstructive hydrocephalus were identified, both thought to be secondary to overcrowding of the caudal fossa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward MacKillop
- North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606-1428, USA.
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40
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Abstract
The neurologic examination in the puppy or kitten can be a challenging experience. Understanding the development of behavior reflexes and movement in puppies and kittens enables us to overcome some of these challenges and to recognize the neurologically abnormal patient. Subsequently,we can identify the neuroanatomic localization and generate a differential diagnosis list. This article first reviews the pediatric neurologic examination and then discusses diseases unique to these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Lavely
- The Animal Care Center, 6470 Redwood Drive, Rohnert Park, CA 94928, USA.
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41
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De Rycke LM, Gielen IM, Van Meervenne SA, Simoens PJ, van Bree HJ. Computed tomography and cross-sectional anatomy of the brain in clinically normal dogs. Am J Vet Res 2005; 66:1743-56. [PMID: 16273906 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.1743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide a detailed anatomic description of brain structures in clinically normal dogs by means of computed tomography (CT). ANIMALS 4 clinically normal adult German Shepherd Dogs weighing 30 to 35 kg. PROCEDURE Each dog was anesthetized and positioned in ventral recumbency for CT examination of the brain; transverse scans were completed at 2-mm intervals from the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone to the cranial part of the atlas by use of a third-generation CT scanner. Contrast material was injected IV, and a second series of scans was completed. Images (with or without contrast) from all dogs were reviewed by use of a soft tissue setting (window width, 150 Hounsfield units; window level, 50 Hounsfield units). One of the dogs was euthanatized, and a 3.5% formaldehyde solution was perfused via the common carotid arteries. After fixation, the brain was embedded in gelatin and sectioned into 5-mm-thick transverse sections by use of a stainless-steel knife. Anatomic sections were photographed and compared with the corresponding CT views. RESULTS Most features of the brain that were identified on anatomic sections could be identified on the corresponding CT scans despite the low contrast between structures, particularly if adjacent bony and soft tissue structures were used as landmarks. Additional anatomic structures surrounding the brain were also identifiable on the CT images. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Images obtained in this study could be used as a guide for evaluation of CT images of the brain in dogs with brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieve M De Rycke
- Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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42
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Duque C, Parent J, Brisson B, Costa R, Poma R. Intracranial Arachnoid Cysts: Are They Clinically Significant? J Vet Intern Med 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02761.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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43
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Saunders JH, Clercx C, Snaps FR, Sullivan M, Duchateau L, van Bree HJ, Dondelinger RE. Radiographic, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomographic, and rhinoscopic features of nasal aspergillosis in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005; 225:1703-12. [PMID: 15626220 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2004.225.1703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine radiographic, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), and rhinoscopic features of nasal aspergillosis in dogs. DESIGN Prospective study. ANIMALS 15 client-owned dogs. PROCEDURE All dogs had clinical signs of chronic nasal disease; the diagnosis of nasal aspergillosis was made on the basis of positive results for at least 2 diagnostic tests (serology, cytology, histology, or fungal culture) and detection of typical intrasinusal and intranasal fungal colonies and turbinate destruction via rhinoscopy. Radiography, MRI, and CT were performed under general anesthesia. Rhinoscopy was repeated to evaluate lesions and initiate treatment. Findings of radiography, MRI, CT, and rhinoscopy were compared. RESULTS MRI and CT revealed lesions suggestive of nasal aspergillosis more frequently than did radiography. Computed tomography was the best technique for detection of cortical bone lesions; the nature of abnormal soft tissue, however, could not be identified. Magnetic resonance imaging allowed evaluation of lesions of the frontal bone and was especially useful for differentiating between a thickened mucosa and secretions or fungal colonies; however, fungal colonies could not be differentiated from secretions. Rhinoscopy allowed identification of the nature of intranasal and intrasinusal soft tissue but was not as useful as CT and MRI for defining the extent of lesions and provided no information regarding bone lesions. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The value of CT and MRI for diagnosis of nasal aspergillosis was similar and greater than that of radiography. Rhinoscopy is necessary because it is the only technique that allows direct visualization of fungal colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy H Saunders
- Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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44
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Gnirs K, Ruel Y, Blot S, Begon D, Rault D, Delisle F, Boulouha L, Colle MA, Carozzo C, Moissonnier P. Spinal subarachnoid cysts in 13 dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2003; 44:402-8. [PMID: 12939056 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2003.tb00476.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirteen dogs, including 6 Rottweiler dogs, exhibiting clinical signs of spinal cord dysfunction and myelographically confirmed subarachnoid space enlargement were investigated. To characterize the lesions and to get a better understanding of their pathogenesis, different imaging techniques were used in association with explorative surgical procedures (12 dogs) and histopathologic techniques (5 dogs). All subjects underwent preoperative myelography, five of which were examined by computed tomography (CT) scanning and one by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as well as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow measurement (velocimetry). Most animals were <12 months old (7/13 dogs) and Rottweilers were over-represented (6/13 dogs). The lesions were mainly located dorsally with respect to the spinal cord (10/13 dogs) and in the cranial cervical area (8/13 dogs). MRI suggested spinal cord deviation with signs of ventral leptomeningeal adhesion opposite the enlarged space. In one dog, velocimetry confirmed that the "cyst" was freely communicating with the surrounding CSF space. Surgical investigation confirmed leptomeninges-induced ventral adhesion in 4/5 dogs. Follow-up studies, carried out from 6 months to 2.5 years postoperatively, showed there was full recovery in 8/13 dogs. This study suggests that the compression of the spinal cord is possibly not caused by a cyst. Adhesion resulting from a combination of microtrauma and chronic inflammatory processes induces a secondary enlargement of the subarachnoid space and may be a significant causative factor in spinal cord compression and dysfunction. The over-representation of Rottweilers and the young age of the animals in the study suggest a possible genetic predisposition and an inherited etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Gnirs
- Unité Médico-chirurgicale de Neurologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon, F-69 Marcy-l'Etoile
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45
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Abstract
Arachnoid cysts of the quadrigeminal cisterna are infratentorial cystic lesions located between the collicular plate and the incisural notch of the tentorium. We report here five cases of quadrigeminal cisterna arachnoid cysts in dogs. In this study, four of the five dogs were male, three showed signs of seizures, and one dog was over 10 years of age. In two of the dogs, cysts were discovered incidentally. In previous reports, most intracranial arachnoid cysts were located in the quadrigeminal cisterna. The presence of cysts should be considered in toy breeds presenting for seizures or ataxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kitagawa
- Nihon University School of Veterinary Medicine, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-8510, Japan
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46
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Abstract
Pathological neck and back pain occurs in many medical conditions of dogs and cats. Pain may arise from a variety of structures including the intervertebral discs, facet joint capsules, dorsal root ganglia, vertebral ligaments, the vertebral periosteum, and the meninges. The source of this pain is dependent upon the type of disease process and its location within or surrounding the spinal column. Diseases can directly or indirectly stimulate pain sensors (nociceptors). Inflammatory diseases may hypersensitize these receptors or nociceptive pathways with inflammatory mediating substances such as serotonin, histamine and potassium. Diseases resulting in mechanical compression of nociceptors or nociceptive pathways may also result in neck or back pain. A thorough understanding of spinal pain occurring in dogs and cats will lead to more accurate diagnoses and treatments and may provide information regarding prognoses for various diseases. Evidence pointing to sources of spinal pain taken from scientific and clinical studies of a variety of species including humans is provided. Suspected or known sources of neck and back pain occurring in several clinical conditions of dogs and cats are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aubrey A Webb
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, 52 Campus Drive, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask., Canada S7N 5B4.
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47
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What was your diagnosis? J Small Anim Pract 2002. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2002.tb07056.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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48
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Vernau KM, LeCouteur RA, Sturges BK, Samii V, Higgins RJ, Koblik PD, Vernau W. Intracranial intra-arachnoid cyst with intracystic hemorrhage in two dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2002; 43:449-54. [PMID: 12375779 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2002.tb01032.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical signs, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features, treatment, and outcome of two adult dogs with neurologic dysfunction resulting from hemorrhage into a quadrigeminal intracranial intra-arachnoid cyst are described. In dog 1, the cyst was hyperintense to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) on T1-weighted MRI and hypointense to CSF on T2-weighted images. In dog 2, the cyst was isointense to CSF on T1- and T2-weighted images. Both dogs were treated with craniotomy and cyst fenestration. A large blood clot was removed from the lumen of the cyst in each dog. Dog 1 is clinically normal 3.5 years post-surgery and has a persistent cyst. Dog 2 had a good initial response to therapy but was euthanized 2.5 years post-operatively due to generalized seizures. The late onset of clinical signs in these dogs most likely resulted from hemorrhage into the cyst. Surgical fenestration and hematoma removal appear to provide a satisfactory treatment for adult dogs with an intracranial intra-arachnoid cyst and intracystic hemorrhage. Persistence of the cyst may occur in some dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Vernau
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, 95616, USA
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49
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Kitagawa M, Okada M, Oogushi N, Dei H, Yamamura H, Kanayama K, Sakai T. A canine case of gliosis with cyst formation in the posterior fossa. J Vet Med Sci 2002; 64:611-4. [PMID: 12185316 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.64.611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A 5-month-old male Great Pyrenees with symptoms of convulsions, circling, and a head tilt was referred to the Animal Medical Center of Nihon University. On a magnetic resonance image (MRI), a cyst in the posterior fossa was noted and a part of the cyst enhanced by gadoteridol. Based on MRI and clinical findings, the patient was tentatively diagnosed with a cyst formation tumor, and an operation to open the cyst and remove the part enhanced by contrast was performed. Postoperatively, the clinical course was good. Pathologically, the removed tissue was diagnosed as a gliosis with cyst formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Kitagawa
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Nihon University School of Veterinary Medicine, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-8510, Japan
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50
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Saito M, Sharp NJH, Kortz GD, de Lahunta A, Leventer RJ, Tokuriki M, Thrall DE. Magnetic resonance imaging features of lissencephaly in 2 Lhasa Apsos. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2002; 43:331-7. [PMID: 12174995 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2002.tb01013.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Two Lhasa Apsos were diagnosed with lissencephaly based on MR imaging and clinical findings. Histologic confirmation of the diagnosis was obtained in one dog. The MR imaging appearance of the brain in 2 Lhasa Apsos with lissencephaly was of a smooth cerebral surface and a thick neocortex with an absence of the corona radiata. This correlated very well with the histopathologic findings in the dog. Our findings, together with the histopathologic features reported previously, are most consistent with Lhasa Apsos having the canine equivalent of human classical lissencephaly. MR is the imaging modality of choice for antemortem diagnosis of canine lissencephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyoko Saito
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, USA
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